... is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme. Xanthine is used as a drug ... Derivatives of xanthine (known collectively as xanthines) are a group of alkaloids commonly used for their effects as mild ... Several stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. Xanthine is a product on the ... lack sufficient xanthine oxidase and cannot convert xanthine to uric acid. Studies reported in 2008, based on 12C/13C isotopic ...

... xanthine, phospho-D-ribosyltransferase, 9-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)xanthine:diphosphate, and 5-phospho-alpha-D- ... In enzymology, a xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.22) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction XMP + ... Krenitsky TA, Neil SM, Miller RL (1970). "Guanine and xanthine phosphoribosyltransfer activities of Lactobacillus casei and ... whereas its two products are 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate and xanthine. This enzyme belongs to the family of ...

... xanthine-NAD+ oxidoreductase, xanthine/NAD+ oxidoreductase, and xanthine oxidoreductase. Defects in xanthine dehydrogenase ... Xanthine dehydrogenase, also known as XDH, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the XDH gene. Xanthine dehydrogenase ... Xanthine dehydrogenase can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic ... Aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase, a/b hammerhead domain MOCOS Xanthine oxidase GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ...

The following chemical reactions are catalyzed by xanthine oxidase: hypoxanthine + H2O + O2 ⇌ xanthine + H2O2 xanthine + H2O + ... explaining why xanthine oxidase is being researched for links to cardiovascular health. Both xanthine oxidase and xanthine ... Xanthine oxidase (XO, sometimes 'XAO') is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen ... Because xanthine oxidase is a metabolic pathway for uric acid formation, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol is used in ...

A xanthine oxidase inhibitor is any substance that inhibits the activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in purine ... Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are being investigated for management of reperfusion injury. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors are of two ... In humans, inhibition of xanthine oxidase reduces the production of uric acid, and several medications that inhibit xanthine ... is only a weak inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Pacher P, Nivorozhkin A, Szabó C (March 2006). "Therapeutic Effects of Xanthine ...

The xanthine core of caffeine contains two fused rings, a pyrimidinedione and imidazole. The pyrimidinedione in turn contains ... Of the latter group are the xanthines DMPX and 8-chlorotheophylline, which is an ingredient in dramamine. Members of a class of ... Caffeine, like other xanthines, also acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. As a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase ... Bempong DK, Houghton PJ, Steadman K (1993). "The xanthine content of guarana and its preparations" (PDF). Int J Pharmacog. 31 ( ...

The best known are xanthines and their derivatives (natural: caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine; and synthetic: PSB-1901 ... Xanthines as adenosine receptor antagonists. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 200. pp. 151-99. doi:10.1007/978-3-642 ... but there are also non-xanthine representatives (e.g. ISAM-140, ISAM-R316, Etrumadenant, and AZD-4635) Adenosine receptor ...

See Xanthine oxidase. Volodymyr Vernadsky (1863-1945), mineralogist and geochemist, founder and first chairman of the Ukrainian ...

Stoychev G, Kierdaszuk B, Shugar D (Aug 2002). "Xanthosine and xanthine. Substrate properties with purine nucleoside ...

"Xanthine Agar YM Agar • YM Broth" (PDF). Becton, Dickinson and Company. Retrieved 2008-07-13. Carlos Rosa, Gábor Péter (2005-11 ...

He investigated xanthine oxidase, and thereby elucidated many aspects of the chemistry of dehydrogenases. He showed that the ... Dixon, M.; Keilin, D. (1936). "The action of cyanide and other respiratory inhibitors on xanthine oxidase". Proceedings of the ... Dixon, Malcolm (1925). "Studies on Xanthine Oxidase". Biochemical Journal. 19 (3): 507-512. doi:10.1042/bj0190507. PMC 1259209 ... hydrogen peroxide formed in the reaction of xanthine oxidase with molecular oxygen inactivated the enzyme and that the ...

canines' inability to metabolize xanthines such as caffeine). Some drugs undergo metabolism in both species via different ...

Xanthine "International Non-Proprietary Names. Recommended International Non-Proprietary Names (Rec. I.N.N.): List 1" (PDF). ... Schwabe U, Ukena D, Lohse MJ (September 1985). "Xanthine derivatives as antagonists at A1 and A2 adenosine receptors". Naunyn- ... Iancu L, Shneur A, Cohen H (1979). "Trials with xanthine derivatives in systemic treatment of psoriasis". Dermatologica. 159 (1 ... Diprophylline (INN) or dyphylline (USAN) (trade names Dilor, Lufyllin), is a xanthine derivative with bronchodilator and ...

Xanthine oxidase Gennaro, M. C.; Abrigo, C. (1992). "Caffeine and theobromine in coffee, tea and cola-beverages or any other ... Theobromine poisoning, also informally called chocolate poisoning or cocoa poisoning, is an overdosage reaction to the xanthine ...

DMPX CPX Xanthine Martinson EA, Johnson RA, Wells JN (March 1987). "Potent adenosine receptor antagonists that are selective ... It has high selectivity for A1 over other adenosine receptor subtypes, but as with other xanthine derivatives DPCPX also acts ... Coates J, Sheehan MJ, Strong P (May 1994). "1,3-Dipropyl-8-cyclopentyl xanthine (DPCPX): a useful tool for pharmacologists and ... Ukena D, Schudt C, Sybrecht GW (February 1993). "Adenosine receptor-blocking xanthines as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase ...

Methylated xanthines and derivatives: caffeine, a minor stimulant aminophylline IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine), used as ... Ukena D, Schudt C, Sybrecht GW (February 1993). "Adenosine receptor-blocking xanthines as inhibitors of phosphodiesterase ... and a wide range of synthetic xanthine derivatives (some nonmethylated) have been developed in the search for compounds with ... a bronchodilator Methylated xanthines act as both competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which raise ...

Type I xanthinuria can be caused by a deficiency of xanthine oxidase, which is an enzyme necessary for converting xanthine to ... Xanthinuria, also known as xanthine oxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine. It is ... Ichida K, Amaya Y, Kamatani N, Nishino T, Hosoya T, Sakai O (May 1997). "Identification of two mutations in human xanthine ... Affected people have unusually high concentrations of xanthine in their blood and urine, which can lead to health problems such ...

Mastitic milk generally has lower SNF (solid-not-fat). Xanthine oxidase reduces by nearly half. Cattle affected by mastitis can ...

Synthesis of theobromine from xanthine was first reported in 1882 by Hermann Emil Fischer. Theobromine is derived from ... In the liver, theobromine is metabolized into xanthine and subsequently into methyluric acid. Important enzymes include CYP1A2 ... Fischer E (1882). "Über Caffein, Theobromin, Xanthin und Guanin". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 215 (3): 253-320. doi: ... It is also classified as a dimethyl xanthine. Related compounds include theophylline, caffeine, paraxanthine, and 7- ...

... of guanine results in the formation of xanthine. Xanthine, however, still pairs with cytosine. Deamination of ...

Xanthine formed from deamination of guanine. (Thymidine products following deamination of 5-methylcytosine are more difficult ...

Xanthines such as caffeine and theobromine are cAMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitors. However, the inhibitory effect of xanthines ...

... (8-phenyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine, 8-PT) is a drug derived from the xanthine family which acts as a potent ... Howell LL, Morse WH, Spealman RD (September 1990). "Respiratory effects of xanthines and adenosine analogs in rhesus monkeys". ... 8-Chlorotheophylline 8-Cyclopentyltheophylline DPCPX DMPX Xanthine Scotini E, Carpenedo F, Fassina G (February 1983). "New ... Xanthines, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ... but unlike other xanthine derivatives has virtually no activity ...

Several xanthines and non-xanthines are under development as potential anti-parkinsonism agents, which are selective for A2A ... A2A antagonists have been classified as xanthines and non-xanthines. Caffeine and theophylline (found in coffee and tea, ... In recent studies, the consumption of caffeine-containing beverages and a certain non-xanthine A2A receptor antagonist appear ... The derivatives for non-xanthine-based adenosine A2A receptor antagonists have been classified based on their core structures, ...

In some enzymes, such as xanthine oxidase, the metal is bound to one molybdopterin, whereas, in other enzymes, e.g., DMSO ... Although a tungsten-containing xanthine dehydrogenase from bacteria has been found to contain tungsten-molybdopterin and also ... Enzymes that contain the molybdopterin cofactor include xanthine oxidase, DMSO reductase, sulfite oxidase, and nitrate ... Schräder T, Rienhöfer A, Andreesen JR (September 1999). "Selenium-containing xanthine dehydrogenase from Eubacterium barkeri". ...

Olson, J S; Ballou, D P; Palmer, G; Massey, V (1974). "Reaction of xanthine-oxidase with molecular-oxygen". J. Biol. Chem. 249 ... Palmer, G; Massey, V (1969). "Electron paramagnetic resonance and circular dichroism studies on milk xanthine oxidase". J. Biol ...

Alloxanthine is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. It is also an isostere of xanthine, the normal substrate for the enzyme. ...

"Xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Archidendron clypearia (Jack.) I.C. Nielsen: Results from systematic screening of Vietnamese ...

First, guanine gets deaminated to become xanthine. Guanine oxidizes more readily than adenine, the other purine-derivative base ...

... is a xanthine diuretic drug. It is the main active ingredient in pamabrom where it is sold as an over-the- ... September 1993). "Effect of trifluoromethyl and other substituents on activity of xanthines at adenosine receptors". Journal of ... Xanthines, Diuretics, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ...