This widespread consumption turned it into Paraguay's main commodity above other wares, such as tobacco, and the labour of ... Yerba mate contains three xanthines: caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline, the main one being caffeine. Caffeine content ... Its consumption became widespread during European colonization, particularly in the Spanish colony of Paraguay in the late 16th ... After the Jesuits discovered its commercialization potential, yerba mate became widespread throughout the province and even ...

This refuted the widespread Enlightenment belief that nature in the New World was inferior to the Old World. The poem has been ... Guanine was first obtained from guano by Julius Bodo Unger [de], who described it as xanthine in 1844. After he was corrected, ...

Later came the widespread adoption of major tranquilizers such as chlorpromazine and the drug reserpine. In 1970, sales began ... xanthines for asthma, and typical antipsychotics for psychosis.: 23-24 As of 2007, thousands of approved drugs have been ... The Second World War saw the introduction of widespread and effective antimicrobial therapy with the development and mass ... and that lack of widespread access to these medicines arise from issues fundamental to economic development - lack of ...

The so-called cable bacteria are widespread in shallow marine sediments, and are believed to conduct electrons through ... Three different groups of these enzymes are recognized (the xanthine oxidase, sulfite oxidase (SO) and dimethyl sulfoxide ... widespread in green sulfur bacteria, that involves the formation of intermediate compounds such as sulfite (SO32-) and ...

Of the five known families of transporters that act on nucleobases, NCS2/NAT is the only one that is most widespread. Many ... A few types of proteins that make up the NCS2/NAT family include: Xanthine permeases, including PbuX (XanP) of Bacillus ... Christiansen LC, Schou S, Nygaard P, Saxild HH (Apr 1997). "Xanthine metabolism in Bacillus subtilis: characterization of the ... from the Cys-scanning analysis of xanthine permease XanQ". International Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 3 (3): ...

Morton, J. F. (1992). Widespread tannin intake via stimulants and masticatories, especially guarana, kola nut, betel vine, and ... a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor obtained from the leaves of betel, Piper betle". Journal of Natural Medicines. 63 (3): 355- ...

Historians and epidemiologists argue that the widespread use of nitrite in meat-curing is closely linked to the development of ... Several mechanisms for nitrite conversion to NO have been described, including enzymatic reduction by xanthine oxidoreductase, ...

In the United States, milk pasteurization became "widespread" in the 1920s and it was considered "one of the major ... Concerns that uptake of the protein xanthine oxidase is increased by homogenization, leading to hardening of the arteries ( ... Subsequent research "failed to substantiate, and in many cases has refuted" a plausible effect of xanthine oxidase from ... Clifford AJ, Ho CY, Swenerton H (August 1983). "Homogenized bovine milk xanthine oxidase: a critique of the hypothesis relating ...

The Rnf complex is a widespread membrane protein in bacteria that reversibly transfers electrons between NADH and ferredoxin ... xanthine oxidase (N-terminal), phthalate dioxygenase reductase (C-terminal), succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulphur protein (N- ...

The most widespread species other than S. scabiei are S. turgidiscabies and S. acidiscabies, which can be distinguished based ... Defining characteristics of strains of S. scabiei are that they grow on the sugar raffinose, are unable to degrade xanthine and ...

When xanthine based DPP-4 inhibitors are compared with sitagliptin and vildagliptin it has shown a superior profile. Xanthines ... The most widespread technique to improve chemical stability is to incorporate a steric bulk. The two cyanopyrrolidines that ... X-ray crystallography has shown that that xanthine type binds the DPP-4 complex in a different way than other inhibitors: 1. ... The first patents describing xanthines (Figure 10) as DPP-4 inhibitors came from Boehringer-Ingelheim(BI) and Novo Nordisk. ...

In August 2011, NASA studied meteorites found on Antarctica, finding adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine and xanthine. Adenine and ... The possibility of extraterrestrials remained a widespread speculation as scientific discovery accelerated. William Herschel, ...

Gold H, Kwit NT, Otto H (1937). "The Xanthines (Theobromine and Aminophyllin) in the treatment of cardiac pain". JAMA: The ... Placebos remained widespread in medicine until the 20th century, and they were sometimes endorsed as necessary deceptions. In ... " ("Guérir quelquefois, soulager souvent, consoler toujours"). Accordingly, placebos were widespread in medicine until the 20th ...

People affected by xanthinuria often produce stones composed of xanthine. People affected by adenine phosphoribosyltransferase ... and this technique has since come into widespread use. The term renal calculus is from the Latin rēnēs, meaning "kidneys", and ...

... narcotics trafficking in Syria has become more expansive and widespread. In parallel, the decimation of conventional economic ... Xanthines, Codrugs, Adenosine receptor antagonists, Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents, Stimulants, 1961 introductions, ...

The most widespread worry about protocells is their potential threat to human health and the environment through uncontrolled ... Palmour RM, Goodyer P, Reade T, Chang TM (September 1989). "Microencapsulated xanthine oxidase as experimental therapy in Lesch ...

The xanthine core of caffeine contains two fused rings, a pyrimidinedione and imidazole. The pyrimidinedione in turn contains ... "Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use". Pharmacological ... Of the latter group are the xanthines DMPX and 8-chlorotheophylline, which is an ingredient in dramamine. Members of a class of ... Caffeine, like other xanthines, also acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. As a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase ...

Among the most common are xanthin (yellow) and erythrin (red). An amelanistic reptile therefore, may still have pale yellow, ... Indeed, two Mendelian pigment phenotypes (albinism and brown) are both widespread, highly penetrant, and mediated through loss- ...

... reported that saliva testing had become so widespread that it had begun to replace urine testing as the standard for detecting ... critical role for erythrocytic xanthine oxidoreductase and translational potential". Hypertension. 61 (5): 1091-102. doi: ...