Many insects acquire toxins from their food plants; Danaus caterpillars accumulate toxic cardenolides from milkweeds ( ... In the absence of toxins or other defences, this is essentially bluffing, in contrast to aposematism which involves honest ... many toxins are bitter-tasting. A last-ditch defence is for the animal's flesh itself to be toxic, as in the puffer fish, ...
The main toxins are the cardenolides called thevetin A and thevetin B; others include peruvoside, neriifolin, thevetoxin and ... These cardenolides are not destroyed by drying or heating and they are very similar to digoxin from Digitalis purpurea. They ... Biological pest control The plant's toxins have tested in experiments for uses in biological pest control. T. peruviana seed ... Plant toxin insecticides, Garden plants of North America, Garden plants of Central America, Drought-tolerant plants, Constantly ...
It is used as a toxin for arrows, darts, and blowdarts in Island Southeast Asian cultures. In various ethnic groups of the ... The latex of Antiaris toxicaria contains intensely toxic cardenolides, in particular a cardiac glycoside named antiarin. ...
... eating the thorax and abdomen first to avoid the greatest concentration of cardenolide toxins. Kurt Mead. Dragonflies of the ...
Parsons, J. A. (May 1, 1965). "A digitalis-like toxin in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L". The Journal of Physiology ... 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ... 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ... A. tuberosa) is the least favored by monarch caterpillars .... because it has very little toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its ...
Plants in this genus contain toxins (cardenolides) that, when ingested, are fatal to many organisms, including humans, causing ... If threatened, the beetle can secrete the cardenolides as a defense mechanism. Cardenolides bind to and block the Na+/K+-ATPase ... However, the dogbane beetle is able to consume the plant and compartmentalize the cardenolides into glands. ... especially because this same mutation has been shown in the cardenolide-insensitive monarch butterfly. Adult male and female ...
... neofunctionalization of Atpα1 have been observed in insects that are adapted to cardiotonic steroid toxins such as cardenolides ... 2019 "New ways to acquire resistance: imperfect convergence in insect adaptations to a potent plant toxin". Lu Yang, Flora ... 2023 "The path to "femmes fatales": the evolution of toxin resistance in predatory fireflies". doi:10.1101/2023.03.08.531760. ... Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings ...
... is genetically conserved in animals; therefore, cardenolides which are toxic steroids produced by plants that act on ... Transmembrane ATPases import metabolites necessary for cell metabolism and export toxins, wastes, and solutes that can hinder ... "Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase". ... ATPases, make general and effective animal toxins that act dose dependently. Besides exchangers, other categories of ...
... , with its five-membered ring, belongs to the cardenolide class; cardenolides are 23-carbon steroids with methyl groups ... Forensic sources indicate presentations for cardiac toxin poisonings that additionally include burning sensations in the mouth ... Cheenpracha, S.; Karalai, C.; Rat-A-Pa, Y.; Ponglimanont, C.; Chantrapromma, K. (2004). "New cytotoxic cardenolide glycoside ... These toxins act mainly on the heart, either directly or through the nerves. Ouabain and digoxin have half-lives of about 20 ...
"Na+/K+-ATPase resistance and cardenolide sequestration: basal adaptations to host plant toxins in the milkweed bugs (Hemiptera ... A. melanocephalus, unlike many Lygaeinae species, only stored less than 7% of the cardenolides [3H]-ouabain or [3H]-digoxin ten ... the other Arocatus which could not store cardenolides. It has been found on Ulmus (elm) species, Platanus orientalis (old world ...
... cardenolide toxins, and latex fluids. Data from a DNA study indicate that, generally, more recently evolved milkweed species (" ... Most species are toxic to humans and many other species, primarily due to the presence of cardenolides. However, as with many ... It is the least favored by monarch caterpillars though because it has very little toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its leaves, but ... 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ...
For example, caterpillars of the monarch butterfly sequester cardenolide toxins from their milkweed host-plants and are able to ... Many zoanthids produce potent toxins, such as palytoxin, which is one of the most poisonous known substances. Some species of ... Whereas most insects are killed by cardenolides, which are potent inhibitors of the Na+/K+-ATPase, monarchs have evolved ... For example, the finless sole (Pardachirus marmoratus) produces a toxin that paralyzes the jaws of would-be predators. ...
It has been found that monarchs are able to sequester cardenolides most effectively from plants of intermediate cardenolide ... Toxin levels in Asclepias species vary. Not all monarchs are unpalatable, but exhibit Batesian or automimics. Cardiac ... Monarchs and other cardenolide-resistant insects rely on a resistant form of the Na+/ K+-ATPase enzyme to tolerate ... The latex of A. tuberosa seems to be different from other Asclepias species due to the fact that even though cardenolides are ...
... a digoxin-type cardenolide and cardiac glycoside toxin that blocks the calcium ion channels in heart muscle, causing disruption ... James Randerson, 2004, "'Suicide tree' toxin is 'perfect' murder weapon" [commentary on Gaillard, et al., 2004, op. cit.], New ...
... and various phytosterols Toxins such as steroidal saponins and cardenolides/cardiac glycosides As well as the following class ... Uemura E, Kita M, Arimoto H, Kitamura M (2009). "Recent aspects of chemical ecology: Natural toxins, coral communities, and ...
Cardenolides, Cardiac glycosides, Plant toxins). ... Activated charcoal is still used, since it binds toxins in the ...
Cardenolides, Rhamnosides, Aldehydes, Plant toxins). ... "Mode of action and toxicology of plant toxins and poisonous ... Levrier, C; Kiremire, B; Guéritte, F; Litaudon, M (2012). "Toxicarioside M, a new cytotoxic 10β-hydroxy-19-nor-cardenolide from ... Schönsee, C (2018-04-16). "Convallatoxin - the toxin of wild garlic's deadly doppelgänger". University of Copenhagen. Retrieved ... "Cytotoxic effects of the cardenolide convallatoxin and its Na, K-ATPase regulation". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 428 ( ...
These aposematic bugs are usually rejected by predators because of their toxins derived from the host plant. Biolib Fauna ... DL Evans Cardenolides in the Defense of Caenocoris nerii (Hemiptera) S. Bettini Arthropod Venoms Euw, J. von. Reichstein, T. ...
2 October 2019). "Genome editing retraces the evolution of toxin resistance in the monarch butterfly". Nature. 574 (7778): 409- ... "Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase". ...
... is a cardenolide found in species of the genus Strophanthus. It is the aglycone of k-strophanthin, an analogue ... Native African tribes used Strophantidin among other toxins as arrow poison. Arrow poison of the plant Acokanthera schimperi ... Fricke U, Klaus W (1981). "The influence of reduced serum potassium level on the toxicity of some cardenolides in guinea pigs ...
They are proteinaceous toxins that inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains.[citation needed] The ... Saponins Present Anthraquinones Present Anthocyanosides Present Cyanogenic glycosides Absent Cardiac glycosides Cardenolides ...
... from 5β-cardenolide-free and 5β-cardenolide-producing angiosperms". Phytochemistry. 71 (13): 1495-1505. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem ... Giller, Geoffrey (2015-11-04). "Butterflies Weaponize Milkweed Toxins". The Scientist. Retrieved 2018-04-25. Morgan, David E. ( ... Cardenolides such as calotropin inhibit the sodium-potassium pump, Na+/K+-ATPase. This enzyme is responsible for active ... However, it is believed that many cardenolides are synthesized in plants by a similar process, but this process is not yet well ...
The hemolymph toxins originate from autogenous de novo biosynthesis by the Chrysomelina beetle. Essential amino acids, such as ... Class I chemicals include bufadienolides, cantharidin, cyanides, cardenolides, and alkaloids, all of which have greater effects ... The amino group in β-alanine is then oxidized to yield either an oxime or the nitro-toxin 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA). The ... As previously mentioned, the discharged blood may contain toxins produced within the insect source or externally from plants ...
Further, it is one of the very lowest Asclepias species in cardenolide content, making it a poor source of protection from bird ... Use of the plant is contraindicated in pregnancy, during lactation or with infants due to its toxins, which include resinoids ... Though cardenolides are considered to be characteristic constituents of Asclepias spp. together with pregnane glycosides, we ... 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and ...
Fink, Linda S.; Brower, Lincoln P. (May 1981). "Birds can overcome the cardenolide defence of monarch butterflies in Mexico". ... "Genome editing retraces the evolution of toxin resistance in the monarch butterfly". Nature. 574 (7778): 409-412. doi:10.1038/ ...
Another toxin BgK, a K+ channel-blocking toxin from the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera and scorpions adopt distinct ... Community-wide convergent evolution in insect adaptation to toxic cardenolides by substitutions in the Na,K-ATPase. Proceedings ... Stimulant toxins: Plants which are only distantly related to each other, such as coffee and tea, produce caffeine to deter ... Hallucinogenic toxins independently came about in: peyotecactus, Ayahuasca vine, some fungi like psilocybin mushroom. Plant ...
Cardenolides have a bitter taste and influence NA+/K+ activated ATPases in human heart, they may slow or strengthen the heart ... A toxin from Corynebacterium insidiosum causes plugging of the plant stem interfering with water movement between cells. ...
Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae), also known as White Oleander, is a source of the potent cardiac toxin oleandrin. Within these ... Cardenolide Cardiac glycoside Phytochemical Hostettmann, K.; A. Marston (1995). Saponins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ...
... t-2 toxin MeSH D04.345.891.900 - trichodermin MeSH D04.615.117.050 - dithranol (anthralin) MeSH D04.615.117.159 - ... cardenolides MeSH D04.808.155.160.278 - digitoxin MeSH D04.808.155.160.278.259 - acetyldigitoxins MeSH D04.808.155.160.278.350 ...
Others have developed chemical defences such as the deadly toxins of certain snakes and wasps, or the noxious scent of the ... ISBN 978-1-4899-3368-3. [Consider the case where one monarch caterpillar is feeding on cardenolide-containing milkweed, the ... Some feed on more toxic plants and store these toxins within themselves. The more palatable caterpillars thus profit from the ...