... has been used clinically to relieve negative affects associated with heroin withdrawal. In the U.S., tetrodotoxin ... Tetrodotoxin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Tetrodotoxin: essential data (1999) ... This is the first reported case in which tetrodotoxin has been found to occur in a venom. "Tetrodotoxin". PubChem. National ... and tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channels (TTX-r Na+ channels). Tetrodotoxin inhibits TTX-s Na+ channels at ...

Members of this family also synthesize tetrodotoxin (TTX), an ancient marine alkaloid and powerful neurotoxin (Na+ pump ... Johnson J (2002-01-05). "Tetrodotoxin". Molecule of the Month. Retrieved 2008-10-07. Edwards N (1998-08-18). "Saxitoxin". ...

Toxins such as neosaxitoxin and tetrodotoxin have less affinity for most cardiac Nav channels than for most Nav channels in ... How CK, Chern CH, Huang YC, Wang LM, Lee CH (January 2003). "Tetrodotoxin poisoning". The American Journal of Emergency ... Vornanen M, Hassinen M, Haverinen J (2011). "Tetrodotoxin sensitivity of the vertebrate cardiac Na+ current". Marine Drugs. 9 ( ... Schwartz DM, Duncan KG, Fields HL, Jones MR (October 1998). "Tetrodotoxin: anesthetic activity in the de-epithelialized cornea ...

Researchers have determined that a fugu's tetrodotoxin comes from eating other animals infested with tetrodotoxin-laden ... Finch, Sarah; Boundy, Michael; Harwood, D. (2018-10-23). "The Acute Toxicity of Tetrodotoxin and Tetrodotoxin-Saxitoxin ... Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a natural product that has, as of 2015, been isolated not only from pufferfish, but also from octopuses, ... Whether tetrodotoxin is sequestered from or produced by symbiotic bacteria is still debated. As such, efforts have been made in ...

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a poison produced by organisms belonging to the Tetraodontiformes order, which includes the puffer fish, ... How, C (2003). "Tetrodotoxin Poisoning". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 21 (1): 51-54. doi:10.1053/ajem.2003.50008 ... Chowdhury, F. R.; Ahasan, H A M. Nazmul; Rashid, A K M. Mamunur; Mamun, A. Al; Khaliduzzaman, S. M. (2007). "Tetrodotoxin ... Kiernan, Matthew C.; Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Cindy; Lin, S.-Y.; Burke, David; Bostock, Hugh (2005). "Acute Tetrodotoxin-induced ...

Benedek, C.; Rivier, L. (1989). "Evidence for the presence of tetrodotoxin in a powder used in Haiti for zombification". ... They reported that only "insignificant traces of tetrodotoxin [were found] in the samples of 'zombie powder' which were ... In 1983, Davis first advanced his hypothesis that tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning could explain the existence of Haitian zombies. ... Kao, C.Y.; Yasumoto, T. (1990). "Tetrodotoxin in 'Zombie Powder'". Toxicon. 28 (2): 129-132. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(90)90330-a. ...

According to psychologist Terence Hines, the scientific community dismisses tetrodotoxin as the cause of this state, and Davis ... Terence Hines (2008). "Zombies and Tetrodotoxin". Skeptical Inquirer (csicop.org). Retrieved 9 March 2018. Booth, W. (1988). " ... includes tetrodotoxin (TTX), a powerful and frequently fatal neurotoxin found in the flesh of the pufferfish (family ...

Woodward, R. B.; Gougoutas, J. Z. (1964). "The Structure of Tetrodotoxin". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86 (22): 5030. doi:10.1021/ ... tetrodotoxin) compounds with a strong electron-withdrawing group attached to the acyl carbon (e.g. N,N- ...

Though most sodium channels are blocked by tetrodotoxin, Nav1.9 is tetrodotoxin-resistant due to the presence of serine on an ... Qiu F, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Mi W (March 2012). "Increased expression of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels Nav1.8 and ... Dib-Hajj SD, Tyrrell L, Cummins TR, Black JA, Wood PM, Waxman SG (November 1999). "Two tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels ... Baker MD, Chandra SY, Ding Y, Waxman SG, Wood JN (April 2003). "GTP-induced tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ current regulates ...

The fish contains lethal amounts of the poison tetrodotoxin in the internal organs, especially the liver and the ovaries, but ... Pufferfish that are born and grown in captivity do not produce tetrodotoxin until they receive some of the poison-producing ... The toxin is called tetrodotoxin, or more precisely anhydrotetrodotoxin 4-epitetrodotoxin and is about 1200 times deadlier than ... 1 July 1987). "Marine Bacteria Which Produce Tetrodotoxin". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. ASM. 53 (7): 1714-5. ...

Tetrodotoxin is a powerful neurotoxin. This defensive system constitutes an additional device to dissuade the potential ... The porcupinefish concentrates a poison, called tetrodotoxin, in certain parts of its body such as the liver, skin, gonads and ...

Thuesen EV (1991). "The Tetrodotoxin Venom of Chaetognaths". In Bone Q, Kapp H, Pierrot-Bults AC (eds.). The Biology of ... Chaetognaths are known to use the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin to subdue prey, possibly synthesized by Vibrio bacterial species. The ...

It secretes the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin. It was originally described in 1990 as Alteromonas tetraodonis but was reclassified ...

The Lombardo methylenation has been used in the total synthesis of tetrodotoxin and hirustene. Lombardo, Luciano (1982-07-27 ... Hinman, Andrew; Du Bois, Justin (2003-08-30). "A Stereoselective Synthesis of (−)-Tetrodotoxin". Journal of the American ...

It contains tetrodotoxin, which causes paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles. This causes ... "What makes blue-rings so deadly? Blue-ringed octopus have tetrodotoxin". The Cephalopod Page. Retrieved 12 April 2017. Wells ( ...

Cottrell, C; Giffin, JP; Hartung, J; Shwiry, B (1984). "Intracranial Pressure During Tetrodotoxin-induced Hypotension". ...

Tetrodotoxin (TTX), a toxin found in pufferfish, completely blocks sodium ion transportation by blocking the selectivity filter ... Moore JW, Blaustein MP, Anderson NC, Narahashi T (May 1967). "Basis of tetrodotoxin's selectivity in blockage of squid axons". ... Evans MH (September 1969). "Mechanism of saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin poisoning". British Medical Bulletin. 25 (3): 263-7. doi: ...

The source of tetrodotoxin in puffers has been a matter of debate, but it is increasingly accepted that bacteria in the fish's ... Pufferfish tetrodotoxin deadens the tongue and lips, and induces dizziness and vomiting, followed by numbness and prickling ... In certain species, the internal organs, such as the liver, and sometimes the skin, contain tetrodotoxin, and are highly toxic ... and predators that do manage to swallow the puffer may find their stomachs full of tetrodotoxin (TTX), making puffers an ...

... the saturation of the eft's tissues with tetrodotoxin) to potential predators. Their tetrodotoxin is a neurotoxin which is also ... This special toxin is known as tetrodotoxin. Several studies have found that newt larvae increase the production of this toxin ... The eastern newt produces tetrodotoxin, which makes the species unpalatable to predatory fish and crayfish. It has a lifespan ... while in the presence of predators (dragonflies). Tetrodotoxin is known to cause muscle paralysis, skin irritation, and even ...

Conotoxin Grayanotoxin Quisqualic acid Tetrodotoxin "Ibotenic acid". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Stebelska, Katarzyna (August ...

... they produced tetrodotoxin, a potent neurotoxin. Anatomy The toad lacks a middle ear and uses other means to transfer sound to ...

Its adult length can range from 5 to 8 in (13 to 20 cm). Its skin produces the potent toxin tetrodotoxin. Taricha torosa was ... Garter snakes are the most common, and some species have developed a genetic resistance to tetrodotoxin. The mutations in the ... Like other genus Taricha members, the glands in the skin of Taricha torosa secrete the potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, which is ... Researchers believe bacteria synthesize tetrodotoxin, and the animals that employ the neurotoxin acquire it through consumption ...

Puffer fish also accumulate a structurally distinct toxin, tetrodotoxin. Saxitoxin dihydrochloride is an amorphous hygroscopic ... and tetrodotoxin (TTX)-induced cardiorespiratory depression in chronically instrumented guinea pigs". Fundamental and Applied ... "On the origins and biosynthesis of tetrodotoxin" (PDF). Aquatic Toxicology. 104 (1-2): 61-72. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.04.001 ... "Protection against nerve toxicity by monoclonal antibodies to the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin". Journal of Clinical ...

Voltage-gated sodium channel Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Chambers, Michael. "ChemIDplus - 0062996387 - Zetekitoxin AB - Searchable ...

The tetrodotoxin in blue-lined octopuses is so lethal that it has been estimated that the venom from a single 25-gram octopus ... They do not use their venom (known as tetrodotoxin) to kill their prey, but instead trap it inside their arms and pierce them ... Kim, Ji-Hoe; Kim, Dong-Wook; Cho, Sung-Rae; Lee, Ka-Jeong; Mok, Jong-Soo (11 April 2023). "Tetrodotoxin and the Geographic ... Their saliva contain a special neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin. However, the species is more likely to flee and find shelter in ...

Zygophyllaceae); also in animals (e. g. tetrodotoxin) and bacteria. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quinazoline ...

Tetrodotoxin causes severe and often total body paralysis. Tetrodotoxin envenomation can result in victims being fully aware of ... The octopus's own sodium channels are adapted to be resistant to tetrodotoxin. The tetrodotoxin is produced by bacteria in the ... Tetrodotoxin can be found in nearly every organ and gland of its body. Even sensitive areas such as the Needham's sac, ... This effect is temporary and will fade over a period of hours as the tetrodotoxin is metabolized and excreted by the body. The ...

"Tetrodotoxin-resistant dendritic spikes in avian Purkinje cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73 (7): 2520-3. Bibcode: ...

Boxfish also accumulate tetrodotoxin and are poisonous to eat. This is the Yellow boxfish, Ostracion cubicus which is ... Pufferfish, including this masked puffer accumulate a neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin in their skin and internal organs. This ...

"Taxonomy of Four Marine Bacterial Strains That Produce Tetrodotoxin". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 40 (4 ...