Neuromuscular junction: 1. Axon 2. Muscle cell membrane 3. Synaptic vesicle 4. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 5. ...

In axons, similar effects can be seen. There is swelling in mitochondria and other membrane bound organelles. There is also a ... Despite these alterations, synaptic specializations appear unchanged. There are varying degrees of degeneration. In mild ... It is often termed "dying forward," and is also referred to as trans-synaptic degeneration. Anterograde degeneration can occur ... Transneuronal degeneration affects dendrites and axons as well. There is evident shrinkage in the main dendritic shafts. The ...

The axon terminal is found at the end of the axon farthest from the soma and contains synapses. Synaptic boutons are ... The end of the axon has branching axon terminals that release neurotransmitters into a gap called the synaptic cleft between ... This potential travels rapidly along the axon and activates synaptic connections as it reaches them. Synaptic signals may be ... The part of the axon where it emerges from the soma is called the axon hillock. Besides being an anatomical structure, the axon ...

Squid giant axon Young, John Z. (25 May 1939). "Fused neurons and synaptic contacts in the giant nerve fibers of cephalopods". ... Each secondary axon branches at the stellate ganglion and contacts all the tertiary axons; thus, information concerning ... Takeuchi, Akira; Takeuchi, Noriko (July 1962). "Electrical changes in the pre and postsynaptic axons of the giant synapse of ... Katz, B.; Miledi, R. (September 1967). "A study of synaptic transmission in the absence of nerve impulses". Journal of ...

Regehr was one of the first to use fluorescent imaging to see the synaptic activity occurring in the brain. A dye alters the ... Axon terminals "Wade Regehr, Ph.D." Retrieved 2009-07-09. "The Neurobiology Department at Harvard Medical School: Wade Regehr ... "Visualizing the Synaptic Connection". Archived from the original on 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2009-07-09. Huttunen, Kristiina (2004 ... Regehr's laboratory studies the implication of calcium Ca2+ as it affects synaptic strength. Neurons communicate with one ...

Using fluorescently labeled ChR2, light-stimulated axons and synapses can be identified. This is useful to study the molecular ... Zhang YP, Oertner TG (February 2007). "Optical induction of synaptic plasticity using a light-sensitive channel". Nature ... May 2007). "High-speed mapping of synaptic connectivity using photostimulation in Channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mice". ... events during the induction of synaptic plasticity. Transfected cultured neuronal networks can be stimulated to perform some ...

Filopodia may synapse with neighboring axons both along the length of the filopodium and at the tip. Synaptic activity on ... Therefore, dendritic filopodia may be used by post-synaptic cells to detect passing axons. After contact between dendritic ... Selection of synaptic partners may be dependent on detected synaptic activity in the vicinity of the filopodium. Localized ... Synaptic contacts may occur along the length of the filopodia, not only at the end. Dendritic filopodia may be the site of ...

G-actin is uniformly distributed throughout the axon and the dendrite. The balance of F and G-actin is in a constant state of ... Remodeling of synaptic actin induced by photoconductive stimulation. Cell 107:605-16 Fischer M, Kaech S, Knutti D, Matus A. ... However, synaptic activity favors the activation of LIMK1, a protein that phosphorylates the ADF/Cofilin complex at its ... G-actin is the monomer form of actin, and is uniformly distributed throughout the axon and the dendrite. F-actin is the polymer ...

... is known to transport Rab3-coated vesicles in the axon. Rab3 functions as a synaptic vesicle protein that controls the ... It was also found that KIF1A expressed abundantly in neurons, suggesting its role in axons as an axonal transport motor. To ... The main function of KIF1A is the long-distance transport of membranous cargo, such as synaptic vesicle precursors (SVPs) and ... Hall DH, Hedgecock EM (May 1991). "Kinesin-related gene unc-104 is required for axonal transport of synaptic vesicles in C. ...

A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling ... The synaptic network that finally emerges is only partly determined by genes, though. In many parts of the brain, axons ... Once a neuron is in place, it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it. Axons, because they commonly extend a ... Shepherd, Gordon M. (2004). "1. Introduction to synaptic circuits". The Synaptic Organization of the Brain (5th ed.). New York ...

The dendrites of relay cells form a synaptic nest with ascending axons from the inferior colliculus and intrathalamic ... There is also at least one type of interneuron that appears to not be involved in the synaptic nests. The VMGN is thought to be ... This type of synaptic nesting is characteristic of other regions in the thalamus as well. Intrathalamic Interneurons: These ... In this synapse, relay cells are excited by input from the IC axons. At the same time, they are inhibited by dendritic synapses ...

The peripheral axons of auditory nerve fibers form synaptic connections with the hair cells of the cochlea via ribbon synapses ... The central axons form synaptic connections with cells in the cochlear nucleus of the brainstem. The cell bodies of the ... "peripheral axon" and the "central axon", respectively. The peripheral process is sometimes referred to as a dendrite, although ... Each type I axon innervates only a single inner hair cell, but each inner hair cell is innervated by up to 30 such nerve fibers ...

These transmit axons of upper motor neurons. The midbrain consists of: Periaqueductal gray: The area of gray matter around the ... When stimulated by a signal, the synaptic connections activate neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus; the pathway then projects ... Descending tracts are the axons of upper motor neurons destined to synapse on lower motor neurons in the ventral horn and ... Instead, they have facial nerve axons traversing superficial to underlying abducens (CN VI) nuclei. Lateral to all these bumps ...

... that takes place as axons prune their motor units but add more synaptic areas at the NMJs with which they remain in contact. ... growing axons compete for limiting amounts of target-derived trophic factors and axons that fail to receive sufficient trophic ... Once axons reach their target areas, activity-dependent mechanisms come into play. Although synapse formation is an activity- ... Synaptic communication between neurons leads to the establishment of functional neural circuits that mediate sensory and motor ...

In 1982, Kramer postulated that isoneuronal axons (axons growing from the same neuron), contrarily to heteroneuronal axons, ... Dendritic patterning by Dscam and synaptic partner matching in the Drosophila antennal lobe. Nat. Neurosci. 9:349-55 Hattori D ... interference with the outgrowth of a field axon branch resulted in the spread of the axon branch of the other field into what ... The authors then suggested a mechanism for the spatial arrangement of axons in which "a fiber might repel other branches more ...

Excitatory amino acids (EAA) will activate post-synaptic cells. inhibitory amino acids (IAA) depress the activity of post- ... synaptic cells. Amino acid non-protein functions Monoamine neurotransmitter "Axon Terminal : on Medical Dictionary Online". ... Neurotransmitters (chemicals) are packaged into vesicles that cluster beneath the axon terminal membrane on the presynaptic ...

When an axon is severed, the segment of the axon distal to the cut degenerates and is absorbed by Schwann cells. The proximal ... segment fuses, retracts, and swells, forming a "retraction bulb". The synaptic terminal function is lost, as axoplasmic ... The nucleus of the damaged axon undergoes chromatolysis in preparation for axon regeneration. Schwann cells in the distal stump ... If the regenerating axon is halted by damaged tissue, neurofibrils may create a mass known as a neuroma. If an injured neuron ...

Since the post-synaptic cell is hypersensitive, the neurotransmitters that reach it from an axon of another nerve will ... nearby residual undamaged axons can provide a source of neurotransmitter to the deprived post-synaptic cell. ... The post-synaptic cell consequently becomes deprived of input and becomes more sensitive to neurotransmitters (e.g. creating ... Once the compression has relieved, regeneration of axons from the lesion site begins. This time though, only 50% of the set of ...

Following this award, McCormick's laboratory discovered that "intracortical synaptic communication operates through both an ... analog and digital mode." As such, he began investigating the mechanisms by which axons and synapses may operate in this regime ...

... -111 is a major substrate along which nerve axons will grow, both in vivo and in vitro. For example, it lays down a path ... it is required for synaptic specialisation. The structure of the laminin-G domain has been predicted to resemble that of ...

Their axons enter the SCG to synapse with postganglionic neurons whose axons then exit the rostral end of the SCG and proceed ... These ganglia are studied as synaptic connections show many similarities to the central nervous system (CNS) and are also ... The postganglionic axons of the SCG innervate the pineal gland and are involved in circadian rhythm. This connection regulates ... The postganglionic axons of the SCG form the internal carotid plexus. The internal carotid plexus carries the postganglionic ...

... assisting-the propagation of signals along the neuron's axon toward synaptic boutons situated at the ends of an axon; these ... Immediately after the axon hillock is the axon. This is a thin tubular protrusion traveling away from the soma. The axon is ... a single axon and one or more axon terminals. Dendrites are cellular projections whose primary function is to receive synaptic ... the axon loses its insulation and begins to branch into several axon terminals. These presynaptic terminals, or synaptic ...

... studies suggest that it plays a role in restricting the mobility of synaptic vesicles, consequently attenuating synaptic ... In the brain, alpha-synuclein is found mainly in the axon terminals of presynaptic neurons. Within these terminals, alpha- ... Scott DA, Tabarean I, Tang Y, Cartier A, Masliah E, Roy S (June 2010). "A pathologic cascade leading to synaptic dysfunction in ... Wang L, Das U, Scott DA, Tang Y, McLean PJ, Roy S (October 2014). "α-synuclein multimers cluster synaptic vesicles and ...

... it begins to sprout axons and the presence of growth cones can be detected. The proximal axons are able to regrow as long as ... In the CNS, synaptic stripping occurs as glial foot processes invade the dead synapse. Nervous system injuries affect over ... When a nerve axon is severed, the end still attached to the cell body is labeled the proximal segment, while the other end is ... The axons themselves also lose the potential for growth with age, due to a decrease in GAP43 expression, among others. Slower ...

The membrane then shrinks to form a cylindrical axon shaft around the bundle of microtubules. One form of axon branching also ... A growth cone is a large actin-supported extension of a developing or regenerating neurite seeking its synaptic target. It is ... This results in the bifurcation of the main axon. An additional form of axon branching is termed collateral (or interstitial) ... Established collateral branches, like the main axon, exhibit a growth cone and develop independently of the main axon tip. ...

In white matter, OPCs are found along unmyelinated axons as well as along myelinated axons, engulfing nodes of Ranvier. ... OPCs receive synaptic contacts onto their processes from both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. OPCs receive preferred ... They give rise to oligodendrocytes, which then ensheath axons and provide electrical insulation in the form of a myelin sheath ... Ziskin JL, Nishiyama A, Rubio M, Fukaya M, Bergles DE (March 2007). "Vesicular release of glutamate from unmyelinated axons in ...

Cpg15 had been found to be a target of intracellular signaling pathways important for synaptic plasticity. Increases in cpg15 ... expression caused changes in axon and dendrite growth, as well as synapse formation. Harwell and his colleague Ulrich Putz ... "Sonic hedgehog signaling in astrocytes mediates cell type-specific synaptic organization". eLife. 8. doi:10.7554/eLife.45545. ... "Regulation of cpg15 by signaling pathways that mediate synaptic plasticity". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 24 (3): 538- ...

The pioneers in this area included Bernard Katz and Alan Hodgkin, who used the squid giant axon as an experimental model for ... Another factor that should be considered is the summation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. The spatial summation ... The closer the dendritic input is to the axon hillock, the more the potential will influence the probability of the firing of ... If a target neuron receives input from a single axon terminal and that input occurs repeatedly at short intervals, the inputs ...

The synaptic current at the neuromuscular junction was significantly reduced in ennui which means that the neuromuscular ... Ennui is very important in nerve-dependent acetylcholine clustering and the stability of axon growth. In mice, chemical ... The shi gene is used for synaptic vesicle recycling, and a change in the temperature would cause an accelerated and reversible ... Genetic mosaic analysis revealed that ennui is necessary cell autonomously in muscle fibers for normal synaptic localization of ...

When initially cultured, these cells are spherical and over time begin to form axons, dendrites, and eventually develop ... synaptic loss, gliosis, and neuronal loss. As current models are highly reliant on FAD mutations to induce Alzheimer's like ... "Image-Based Profiling of Synaptic Connectivity in Primary Neuronal Cell Culture". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12: 389. doi: ... synaptic connections. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines are unique in which differentiated somatic ...