Sphagnum
Sporophytes are raised on stalks to facilitate spore dispersal, but unlike other mosses, Sphagnum stalks are produced by the ... An individual Sphagnum plant consists of a main stem, with tightly arranged clusters of branch fascicles usually consisting of ... Sphagnum is induced to produce nonphotosynthetic gemmae that can survive the fungal attack and months later germinate to ... As with many other mosses, Sphagnum species disperse spores through the wind. The tops of spore capsules are only about 1 cm (1 ...
Germination
In the bryophytes (e.g., mosses and liverworts), spores germinate into protonemata, similar to fungal hyphae, from which the ... The mortality between dispersal of seeds and completion of the establishment can be so high that many species have adapted to ... Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration, the main source of the seedling's energy until it grows leaves. Oxygen is an atmospheric ... lack branches, exhibit determinate growth and home toward each other. Each cell is of a tubular shape, but the conidial ...
Cladonia arbuscula
"Breeding systems in the lichen-forming fungal genus Cladonia". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 42 (6): 554-563. doi:10.1016/j.fgb. ... These sexual spores are contained in an ascus located at the tip of the podetia, and are dispersed via wind. This lichen does ... The species can be found growing in association with mosses in some cases, which is thought to help with their attachment to ... Lichen fragments can be dispersed from animals at longer distances, but this is not the main method used in reproduction and ...
Erioderma pedicellatum
Natural dispersal of E. pedicellatum is evidently possible within these old-growth forests, but there are no known examples of ... Two of the main populations of E. pedicellatum in Newfoundland are currently within protected areas: Jipujijkuei Kuespem ... Erioderma pedicellatum grows on mossy trunks and branches of trees on slopes in areas that have a constant supply of moisture, ... The symbiosis between the free-living Scytonema and the germinating ascomycete spores of E. pedicellatum is hypothesized to ...
Glossary of lichen terms
branch A lateral growth of the main stem of a thallus in usneoid lichens; various features of a branch are diagnostically ... ascospore A sexual, haploid spore produced in an ascus. ascus Plural asci. A sexual, fungal spore-bearing structure, typically ... A lichen that grows on a moss or liverwort - i.e. on a bryophyte. A hepaticolous lichen is found only on liverworts, while a ... diaspore A sexual or asexual propagule used for dispersal; in lichens, usually used to refer to isidia and soredia. dichotomous ...
Tree
This may allow fungal spores to gain admittance and attack the tree. Dutch elm disease is caused by a fungus (Ophiostoma ... Above ground, the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots. The shoots typically bear leaves, which capture light ... The main purpose of the trunk is to raise the leaves above the ground, enabling the tree to overtop other plants and outcompete ... Many seeds such as birch are small and have papery wings to aid dispersal by the wind. Ash trees and maples have larger seeds ...
Outline of lichens
... fungal spore-bearing structure, typically sac-like Ascospore - a fungal spore, the product of meiosis, produced in an ascus ... Ascolichen - a lichen whose fungal partner is a member of the Ascomycota, one of the two main fungal divisions Basidiolichen - ... using one or more of various methods which allow the dispersal of bundles of both fungal hyphae and photobionts Sexual ... on mosses or liverworts Hepaticolous lichen - on liverworts Muscicolous lichen - on mosses Corticolous lichen - on bark ...
Torreya taxifolia
These branches are spreading to slightly drooping. The bark of two-year-old branches are coloured yellowish-green, yellowish- ... August 2018, the main images and results were aggregated into a new webpage on their site, "Historic Groves of Torreya Trees: ... The loss of T. taxifolia is thought to have primarily been a result of fungal pathogens during the 1950s and 1960s, and/ or a ... Extremely leaning stems within a shady subcanopy gather moss as they age. An old leaning stem that fails to access sunlight ...
Glossary of botanical terms
... an indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these. ... The cups function in spore dispersal, in which the energy of raindrops falling into the cup causes the water to splash outward ... 2. In mosses, the leaves surrounding the antheridia, also called a splash-cup, e.g. in Polytrichum juniperinum. perigynium A ... decurrent Extending downward beyond the point of insertion, e.g. when the base of a leaf or a fungal gill is prolonged downward ...
Lichen
Following dispersal, such fungal spores must meet with a compatible algal partner before a functional lichen can form. Some ... They are abundant growing on bark, leaves, mosses, or other lichens and hanging from branches "living on thin air" (epiphytes) ... Since it is part of the reproductive tissue, podetia are not considered part of the main body (thallus), but may be visually ... Common names for lichens may contain the word moss (e.g., "reindeer moss", "Iceland moss"), and lichens may superficially look ...
Evolutionary history of plants
This group, recognisable by their kidney-shaped sporangia which grew on short lateral branches close to the main axes, ... A close examination of algal spores shows that none have trilete spores, either because their walls are not resistant enough, ... 2001). "A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution". Mycol. Res. 105 (12): 1416. doi:10.1017/ ... Two trends are apparent: bryophytes (liverworts, mosses and hornworts) have developed the gametophyte as the dominant phase of ...
Biodiversity of South Africa
Van Rooy (2000) considers this to be one of the main centres of diversity of mosses in southern Africa. Soutpansberg Centre - ... Spore bearing vascular plants of the division Lycopodiophyta recorded from South Africa List of mosses of South Africa - Small ... By 1950 the collection included more than 35 000 fungal specimens. The collections of P.A. van der Bijl and L. Verwoerd were ... Branch, G; Fairweather, T.; Taljaard, S.; Weerts, S.; Cowley, P.; Awad, A.; Halpern, B.; Grantham, H; Wolf, T. (2012). National ...
Verrucariaceae
Historically, there were three main morphological criteria used to separate genera in the Verrucariaceae: spore septation (the ... The medulla is the internal layer of fungal hyphae below the cortex and the algal layer; three types occur in the ... In Psoroglaena stigonemoides, the thallus consists of tiny coral-like branches of algal threads that are covered by a layer of ... Some species grow on mosses, and some grow on leaves, including all species of genus Phylloblastia. Several Verrucariaceae ...
Termite
Over 34 fungal species are known to live as parasites on the exoskeleton of termites, with many being host-specific and only ... Vane, C.H.; Kim, A.W.; Moss-Hayes, V.; Snape, C.E.; Diaz, M.C.; Khan, N.S.; Engelhart, S.E.; Horton, B.P. (2013). "Degradation ... The main distinction being that while larvae are wholly dependent on other nestmates to survive, workers are independent and ... When the fungi are eaten, their spores pass undamaged through the intestines of the termites to complete the cycle by ...
2019 in science
Zimmer, Carl (30 January 2019). "High Ceilings and a Lovely View: Denisova Cave Was Home to a Lost Branch of Humanity". The New ... related image) The Israeli Beresheet probe crashes on the Moon after a technical glitch causes its main engine to switch off. ... 18 March 2019). "A dispersal of Homo sapiens from southern to eastern Africa immediately preceded the out-of-Africa migration ... 8 April 2019). "Characterization of the total and viable bacterial and fungal communities associated with the International ...