"Quasispecies and Drug Resistance". Handbook of Antimicrobial Resistance. Springer New York. pp. 123-147. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939 ... the rate at which viral RNA or DNA is synthesized intracellularly for viral progeny production), viral load (the total amount ... Suppression of drug-resistant viral mutants during antiviral therapy. Opposite to suppression is maintenance of a mutant either ... Domingo E (1989). "RNA virus evolution and the control of viral disease". Progress in Drug Research. pp. 93-133. doi:10.1007/ ...
HAART also reduces the risk of developing drug resistance. Viral load tests are used to monitor the effects ART, to track viral ... High level and sustained increases in viral load are frequently related to the development of drug resistance and/or viral ... Viral load in blood corresponds imperfectly to viral load in other parts of the body. Individuals with undetectable viral loads ... These transient blips do not indicate that the virus is developing resistance to drug therapy. Blips appear to be more common ...
Two of the drugs were further checked for resistance potential. It turns out that the virus can become resistant in laboratory ... Viral infectivity factor, or Vif, is an accessory protein found in HIV and other lentiviruses. Its role is to disrupt the ... In the absence of Vif, APOBEC3G causes hypermutation of the viral genome, rendering it dead-on-arrival at the next host cell. ... Ever since the 2000s, there has been interest in developing drugs that disarm the virus by inhibiting Vif. An 2018 review lists ...
Luciani F, Sisson SA, Jiang H, Francis AR, Tanaka MM (August 2009). "The epidemiological fitness cost of drug resistance in ... Antiviral treatment also creates selective pressure for the evolution of drug resistance in virus populations, and can thereby ... Sequencing of virus from newly diagnosed patients is now routine in many countries for surveillance of drug resistance ... Patterns of viral genetic variation will also be affected by selection acting on viral phenotypes. Although viruses can differ ...
Stanford University Drug Resistance Database. Koziel MJ, Peters MG (April 2007). "Viral hepatitis in HIV infection". The New ... A better explanation of the data is that lamivudine continues to have a partial anti-viral effect even in the presence of the ... Other resistance mutations are L80V/I, V173L and L180M. Minor side effects may include nausea, fatigue, headaches, diarrhea, ... The drug can trigger an inflammatory response to opportunistic infections (e.g., Mycobacterium avium complex [MAC], M. ...
Kurt Yilmaz N, Swanstrom R, Schiffer CA (July 2016). "Improving Viral Protease Inhibitors to Counter Drug Resistance". Trends ... Skoreński M, Sieńczyk M (2013). "Viral proteases as targets for drug design". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 19 (6): 1126-1153 ... Southan C (July 2001). "A genomic perspective on human proteases as drug targets". Drug Discovery Today. 6 (13): 681-688. doi: ... Blood clotting (such as thrombin) and viral polyprotein processing (such as TEV protease) requires this level of specificity in ...
Her work on ABC transporters includes investigating their role in resistance to chemotherapy drugs; antigen presentation in ... Nature 523 (7561), 425-430 A mechanism of viral immune evasion revealed by cryo-EM analysis of the TAP transporter. ML Oldham, ... This initial work has led to new insights into a mechanism by which some cancer cells mount resistance to chemotherapy. ... e9 Structural basis of substrate recognition by the multidrug resistance protein MRP1. ZL Johnson, J Chen. Cell 168 (6), 1075- ...
BBC News: Flu drug 'shows promise' in overcoming resistance (accessed 22 February 2013) Kim J-H et al. Mechanism-based covalent ... Viral neuraminidase is a type of neuraminidase found on the surface of influenza viruses that enables the virus to be released ... The drug is used to treat patients that have contracted influenza. However, the Vietnamese girl who had received a prophylactic ... Viral neuraminidases are the members of the glycoside hydrolase family 34 CAZY GH_34 which comprises enzymes with only one ...
The drug binds in and occludes the central pore. In the presence of amantadine, viral uncoating and disassembly is incomplete. ... Mutations conferring resistance to adamantane drugs, including amantadine and rimantadine, occur in the transmembrane region ... The M2 channel protein is an essential component of the viral envelope because of its ability to form a highly selective, pH- ... Resistance to adamantanes among circulating influenza A viruses varies by region but has globally increased significantly since ...
In Dubin-Johnson syndrome, a mutation in multiple drug-resistance protein 2 (MRP2) causes a rise in conjugated bilirubin. In ... In acute viral hepatitis, the GGT levels can peak at 2nd and 3rd week of illness, and remained elevated at 6 weeks of illness. ... Acute viral hepatitis usually has normal or increased ALP. For example, hepatitis A has increased ALP due to cholestasis ( ... Viral hepatitis can also cause the rise in conjugated bilirubin. In parenchymal liver disease and incomplete extrahepatic ...
"Effects of drug resistance on viral load in patients failing antiretroviral therapy." Journal of medical virology 78, no. 5 ( ... "Switch from enfuvirtide to raltegravir in patients with undetectable viral load: efficacy and safety at 24 weeks in a Montreal ...
Influenza viruses can show resistance to anti-viral drugs. Like the development of bacterial antibiotic resistance, this can ... Generally, anti-viral drugs work optimally when taken within a few days of the onset of symptoms. Certain drugs are used ... Wu J, Yan P, Archibald C (2007). "Modelling the evolution of drug resistance in the presence of antiviral drugs". BMC Public ... However, virus strains have emerged that show drug resistance to some classes of drug. The United States authority on disease ...
... identify infection by obtaining the nucleic acid sequence of viral samples to identify the virus and antiviral drug resistance ... These drugs are only functional against IAV but are no longer recommended for use because of widespread resistance to them ... The viral life cycle begins by binding to a target cell. Binding is mediated by the viral HA proteins on the surface of the ... The viral genome is incorporated inside a viral envelope derived from portions of the cell membrane that have HA, NA, and M2 ...
Major risk factors for HCMV drug resistance are the residual capacity of the host's immune system to control viral replication ... HCMV antiviral drug resistance can be detected by phenotypic or by genotypic drug resistance testing. Phenotypic resistance ... "A new tool linking human cytomegalovirus drug resistance mutations to resistance phenotypes". Antiviral Research. 85 (2): 318- ... of amino acid changes in the UL97 protein kinase and the viral DNA polymerase have been reported to cause drug resistance. ...
In the herpes virus, drugs mainly target the viral DNA polymerase. As a result, mutations in the viral DNA polymerase that make ... HIV drug resistance mutations figures FDA-Approved HIV Medicines CDC Explanation of Influenza Resistance Mutations (Articles ... "HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations: Potential Applications for Point-of-Care Genotypic Resistance Testing". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): ... There are five classes of drug that are used to treat HIV infection, and resistance mutations can effect the efficacy of these ...
Many drugs have been discovered to treat the disease but mutations in the virus and resistance to the drugs make development ... The viral genome is reversely transcribed into the DNA of the infected cell by viral reverse transcriptase, the DNA is then ... Resistance of INI corresponds to those of other ARV drugs. First IN resistance is caused by primary mutations that decrease INI ... Some mutations increase resistance to the drugs to a large extent than others. For example, one of the most common mutation ...
Cabozantinib: Drugs from the MRP2 inhibitor (Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 inhibitors) family such as abacavir ... CBV-TP competes with the viral molecules and is incorporated into the viral DNA. Once CBV-TP is integrated into the viral DNA, ... Infobox drug with local INN variant, Drugs with non-standard legal status, ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata, Drug has EMA link, ... "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Safety Review update of Abacavir and possible increased risk of heart attack". Food and Drug ...
"Use of viral resistance patterns to antiretroviral drugs in optimising selection of drug combinations and sequences". Drugs. ... and accordingly the drugs should not be administered together. Additionally, zalcitabine should not be used with other drugs ... History of an AIDS drug. "HIVID (zalcitabine) tablets" (PDF). M.D./alert. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. June 2006. ... Resistance to zalcitabine develops infrequently compared with other nRTIs, and generally only occurs at a low level. The most ...
"Use of viral resistance patterns to antiretroviral drugs in optimising selection of drug combinations and sequences". Drugs. 52 ... Drug resistance to didanosine does develop, though slower than to zidovudine (ZDV). The most common mutation observed in vivo ... "Didanosine Side Effects in Detail - Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2018-08-08. "VIDEX (didanosine): chewable/dispersible ... The related pro-drug of didanosine, 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (ddA), was initially synthesized by Morris J. Robins (professor of ...
Given the importance of viral evolution to disease emergence, pathogenesis, drug resistance, and vaccine efficacy, it has been ... Myxomatosis (a viral disease of rabbits, caused by the myxoma virus) had been introduced to New Zealand in 1952, but failed to ... Both in modes of resistance and of virulence, and in all countries in which the virus has been introduced for control of feral ... It can also be used on paraffin-embedded tissue samples to confirm the presence of Myxoma virus and identify the viral strain. ...
"Genetic diversity among human immunodeficiency virus-1 non-B subtypes in viral load and drug resistance assays". Clinical ... In addition, HIV-1 genetic diversity limits the use of currently available viral load and resistance tests. Coronavirus ... gambiae mosquitoes to a population of Anopheles coluzziin mosquitoes resulted in a transfer of the beneficial resistance gene ...
... a class of HIV drug, into the viral DNA. One known cause of HIV drug resistance is lack of adherence to the prescribed drug ... One of the two types of HIV drug resistance is induced resistance. Induced resistance refers to resistance that occurs as a ... The other type of HIV drug resistance is primary resistance. Primary resistance refers to resistance that is not incurred as a ... Drug resistance Larder B (2001). "Mechanisms of HIV-1 drug resistance". AIDS. 15 Suppl 5: S27-34. doi:10.1097/00002030- ...
Most current antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV do not directly target the viral capsid. These have also been termed " ... Additionally, drug resistances can be acquired or transmitted due to suboptimal pharmokinetics or lack of patient adherence to ... "FDA Approves New HIV Drug for Adults with Limited Treatment Options" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). ... This process involves both viral and cellular proteins which reverse transcribe the viral RNA to double-stranded DNA, and ...
December 2008). "Mechanism of Antiviral Drug Resistance of Vaccinia Virus: Identification of Residues in the Viral DNA ... Polymerase Conferring Differential Resistance to Antipoxvirus Drugs". Journal of Virology. 82 (24): 12520-12534. doi:10.1128/ ... Recent highlights in the development of new antiviral drugs v t e (Orphaned articles from October 2017, All orphaned articles, ... HMPO-DAPy is an experimental antiviral drug. Gammon, Don B.; Snoeck, Robert; et al. ( ...
... may prove to be a valuable component for combination therapy and may help to prevent the apparition of drug resistance. Long- ... an enzyme that plays a critical role in viral maturation by initiating the processing of the N-linked oligosaccharides of viral ... KEGG DRUG: Celgosivir Hydrochloride (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Drugs with ... Drugs missing an ATC code, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Antiviral drugs, Iminosugars, Butyrate esters, ...
This methodology was used to map viral glycoproteins, plaque morphology, and drug resistance markers, and to construct a ... He defined the structure of viral chromatin during latent infection of neurons and the mechanisms by which viral DNA is kept ... Orzalli, Megan H.; Knipe, David M. (2014). "Cellular Sensing of Viral DNA and Viral Evasion Mechanisms". Annual Review of ... to the viral replication compartments and that some of these inhibit viral replication while some are essential for viral ...
... the outset azoximer bromide was identified as an immune modulator drug that had the potential to increase a host's resistance ... Currently, azoximer bromide it is indicated for the treatment of viral infections. One of the first clinical applications of ... Drugs with no legal status, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Copolymers, Immunomodulating drugs, Bromides). ... viral and other diseases) may benefit from the use of azoximer bromide. However, authors also note that the detected increase ...
... in the HIV genome by ADAR1 might in some cases lead to beneficial viral mutations which could contribute to drug resistance. ... Valenzuela A, Blanco J, Callebaut C, Jacotot E, Lluis C, Hovanessian AG, Franco R (1997). "HIV-1 envelope gp120 and viral ... The inflammation is caused by incorrect activation of interferon inducible genes such as those activated to fight off viral ... Pfaller CK, George CX, Samuel CE (September 2021). "Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA (ADARs) and Viral Infections". Annual ...
... often associated with amino acid substitutions that confer upon the virus a robust drug resistance without impairing the viral ... The potential HCV resistance against DAA drugs is a concern. Among the HCV quasispecies there are pre-existing variants with ... Recently, the central role of NS5A in viral proliferation has made it the target for drug development. As a result, new ... Shorter therapies with milder side effects would yield greater adherence, and the ever present spectre of drug resistance is ...
Drug resistance is a serious clinical concern in treatment of viral infection, and it is a particularly difficult problem in ... Resistance mutations are known for all approved NRTIs. Two main mechanisms are known that cause NRTI drug resistance: ... Drug-resistant viruses are an inevitable consequence of prolonged exposure of HIV-1 to anti-HIV drugs. In the summer of 1981 ... Between HIV Drug Resistance and RNase H", Viruses, 2 (7): 1476-1503, doi:10.3390/v2071476, PMC 2982141, PMID 21088701 Kirby, K. ...