... -3. The second non-visual arrestin cloned was first termed β-arrestin-2 (retroactively changing the name of β-arrestin ... In mammals, arrestin-1 and arrestin-4 are largely confined to photoreceptors, whereas arrestin-2 and arrestin-3 are ubiquitous ... Arrestin-2 was the first non-visual arrestin cloned. It was first named β-arrestin simply because of the two GPCRs available in ... Arrestin-4 was cloned by two groups and termed cone arrestin, after photoreceptor type that expresses it, and X-arrestin, after ...

... β-arrestins (also referred to as visual and non-visual arrestins) and Vps26-like arrestins proteins. The α-Arrestins are an ... The arrestin family of proteins is subdivided into α-arrestins (also referred to as arrestin-related trafficking adaptors (ARTs ... It is unclear if α-arrestins lack each of these structural features thought to distinguish the β-arrestins from the α-arrestins ... β-arrestins contain a polar core flanked on both sides by the arrestin N- and C-terminal fold domains. They also contain ...

Beta-arrestin-2, also known as arrestin beta-2, is an intracellular protein that in humans is encoded by the ARRB2 gene. ... Arrestin beta 2 is crucial for the development of tolerance to morphine and other opioids. Arrestin beta 2 has been shown to ... Arrestin beta 2, like arrestin beta 1, was shown to inhibit beta-adrenergic receptor function in vitro. It is expressed at high ... Members of arrestin/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of G protein- ...

Arrestin, beta 1, also known as ARRB1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ARRB1 gene. Members of arrestin/beta- ... "Entrez Gene: ARRB1 arrestin, beta 1". Peterson YK, Luttrell LM (July 2017). "The Diverse Roles of Arrestin Scaffolds in G ... "Substance P-induced trafficking of beta-arrestins. The role of beta-arrestins in endocytosis of the neurokinin-1 receptor". The ... Beta-arrestin has been shown to play a role as a scaffold that binds intermediates and may direct G-protein signaling by ...

1997). "Arrestin/clathrin interaction. Localization of the arrestin binding locus to the clathrin terminal domain". J. Biol. ...

S-arrestin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SAG gene. Members of arrestin/beta-arrestin protein family are thought ... 1995). "Chromosome mapping of the human arrestin (SAG), beta-arrestin 2 (ARRB2), and beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 (ADRBK2 ... S-arrestin, also known as S-antigen, is a major soluble protein in photoreceptor cells that is involved in desensitization of ... Additionally, S-arrestin is highly antigenic, and is capable of inducing experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Mutations in ...

Crystal structure of rhodopsin bound to arrestin determined by femtosecond X-ray laser Nature 526: 561-567 T. Hua, K. Vemuri, M ... and the human Rhodopsin-Arrestin complex. 2016: The marijuana receptor-human Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and the human C- ...

Bruchas MR, Macey TA, Lowe JD, Chavkin C (June 2006). "Kappa opioid receptor activation of p38 MAPK is GRK3- and arrestin- ... β-arrestin antagonist Nalfurafine (Remitch), which was introduced in 2009, is the first selective KOR agonist to enter clinical ... β-arrestin antagonist Zyklophin - selective peptide antagonist; dynorphin A analogue KSC-12-192 - selective, biased ligand: G ... β-arrestin antagonist Amentoflavone - non-selective; naturally-occurring AT-076 - non-selective, likely long acting; JDTic ...

"Prolonged photoresponses in transgenic mouse rods lacking arrestin". Nature. 389 (6650): 505-509. Bibcode:1997Natur.389..505X. ...

Unlike most μ-opioid receptor agonists, herkinorin does not promote the recruitment of β-arrestin 2 to the intracellular domain ... April 2008). "Herkinorin analogues with differential beta-arrestin-2 interactions". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (8): ... arrestin interactions or receptor internalization". Molecular Pharmacology. 71 (2): 549-57. doi:10.1124/mol.106.028258. PMC ... and some other analogues related to herkinorin can recruit β-arrestins. Kurkinorin Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether RB-64 ...

2006). "Stable rhodopsin/arrestin complex leads to retinal degeneration in a transgenic mouse model of autosomal dominant ... In this research null mutations in the rhodopsin kinase and arrestin genes, each of which plays a role in terminating rhodopsin ... Besides this, the stable rhodopsin and arrestin complexes are shown to mislocalize and accumulate in the inner segments of rod ... The R135 mutant rhodopsin is noted to form stable complex with arrestin and undergo endocytosis resulting in aberrant endocytic ...

While it binds to the same receptors as opioid analgesics, TRV734 has very weak β-arrestin recruitment, unlike other available ... Violin, Jonathan D.; Lefkowitz, Robert J. (2007). "Β-Arrestin-biased ligands at seven-transmembrane receptors". Trends in ... ß-arrestin-biased ligand at the angiotensin II type I receptor, in healthy and heart failure canines: A novel therapeutic ... but Trevena hopes to avoid this with TRV250 by bypassing the β-arrestin pathway. TRV734 is an oral follow-up to the injected ...

Kim Y, Kim H, Lee J, Lee JK, Min SJ, Seong J, Rhim H, Tae J, Lee HJ, Choo H (August 2018). "Discovery of β-Arrestin Biased ... beta-arrestin recruitment, and receptor internalization. Inactivating antagonists all likely interact with the 5-HT7 receptor ... role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins in receptor desensitization and resensitization". Receptors & Channels ...

He is the author of fundamental scientific works in pharmacology of dopamine, β-Arrestins and NMDA receptors. He is a pioneer ... Beaulieu JM, Sotnikova TD, Marion S, Lefkowitz RJ, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2005-07-29). "An Akt/β-Arrestin 2/PP2A Signaling ... "Enhanced Morphine Analgesia in Mice Lacking β-Arrestin 2". Science. 286 (5449): 2495-2498. doi:10.1126/science.286.5449.2495. ...

Kim YM, Barak LS, Caron MG, Benovic JL (May 2002). "Regulation of arrestin-3 phosphorylation by casein kinase II". The Journal ...

Lohse, Martin J.; Benovic, Jeffrey L.; Codina, Juan; Caron, Marc G.; Lefkowitz, Robert J. (22 June 1990). "β-Arrestin: a ... While working with Robert Lefkowitz at Duke University he discovered beta-arrestins, proteins that regulate the function of ...

In many cases, arrestin's binding to the receptor is a prerequisite for translocation. For example, beta-arrestin bound to β2- ... Arrestin linking: The phosphorylated receptor can be linked to arrestin molecules that prevent it from binding (and activating ... Upon GRK phosphorylation, the GPCR's affinity for β-arrestin (β-arrestin-1/2 in most tissues) is increased, at which point β- ... Once β-arrestin is bound to a GPCR, it undergoes a conformational change allowing it to serve as a scaffolding protein for an ...

Reiter, Eric; Ahn, Seungkirl; Shukla, Arun K.; Lefkowitz, Robert J. (11 January 2012). "Molecular Mechanism of β-Arrestin- ... India portal Biology portal Cell signaling Arrestin Membrane proteins Please see Selected bibliography section "Arun K. Shukla ... "Functional specialization of β-arrestin interactions revealed by proteomic analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... "Global phosphorylation analysis of β-arrestin-mediated signaling downstream of a seven transmembrane receptor (7TMR)". ...

... via protein kinase phosphorylation or b-arrestin-dependent internalization. A study was conducted where a point mutation was ...

van Koppen, C. J.; Jakobs, K. H. Arrestin-Independent Internalization of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Molecular Pharmacology ... of β-arrestin and the activation of the p38 MAPK and other secondary signaling cascades that are dependent on β-arrestin. INTA ... to form a conformation to block the recruitment of a protein family known as the β-arrestins. These proteins are responsible ...

Differential regulation of beta-arrestins 1 and 2". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (52): 50422-30. doi:10.1074/jbc. ...

August 2016). "GPCR-G Protein-β-Arrestin Super-Complex Mediates Sustained G Protein Signaling". Cell. 166 (4): 907-919. doi: ... "Absence of a stable secondary structure is not a limitation for photoswitchable inhibitors of β-arrestin/β-Adaptin 2 protein- ...

... which has been observed for arrestins. Moreover, Vps26 does not have similar sequences as arrestins for GPCR and phospholipid ... Both Vps26 and arrestins are composed of two structurally related β-sheet domains forming extensive interfaces with each other ... Vps26 is a 38-kDa subunit that has a two-lobed structure with a polar core that resembles the arrestin family of trafficking ... Shi H, Rojas R, Bonifacino JS, Hurley JH (2006). "The retromer subunit Vps26 has an arrestin fold and binds Vps35 through its C ...

The V2R continues to activate Gs after being internalized by β-arrestin rather than being desensitized. This internalized Gs ... "GPCR-G Protein-β-Arrestin Super-Complex Mediates Sustained G Protein Signaling". Cell. 166 (4): 907-19. doi:10.1016/j.cell. ... signaling by V2R is explained by the receptors ability to form "mega-complexes" consisting of a single V2R, β-arrestin, and ...

Arrestin-C, also known as retinal cone arrestin-3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARR3 gene. Arrestin GRCh38: ... "Entrez Gene: ARR3 arrestin 3, retinal (X-arrestin)". Craft CM, Whitmore DH, Wiechmann AF (1994). "Cone arrestin identified by ... Murakami A, Yajima T, Sakuma H, McLaren MJ, Inana G (Dec 1993). "X-arrestin: a new retinal arrestin mapping to the X chromosome ... 2002). "Mouse cone arrestin expression pattern: light induced translocation in cone photoreceptors". Mol. Vis. 8: 462-71. PMID ...

May 2009). "Lipid G protein-coupled receptor ligand identification using beta-arrestin PathHunter assay". The Journal of ... however this result was not confirmed in a β-arrestin recruitment assay. Mice lacking GPR3 were found to develop late-onset ...

"Activity-dependent internalization of smoothened mediated by beta-arrestin 2 and GRK2". Science. 306 (5705): 2257-60. Bibcode: ...

December 2004). "Activity-dependent internalization of smoothened mediated by beta-arrestin 2 and GRK2". Science. 306 (5705): ...

These include mutations in the arrestin gene or the rhodopsin kinase gene. The condition is more frequent in individuals of ...

Moreover Arrestin binding to a phosphorylated, active receptor also enables receptor signaling through arrestin partner ... which promotes the binding of an arrestin protein to the receptor. Arrestin binding to a phosphorylated, active receptor ... Consequently the GRK/arrestin system serves as a signaling switch for G protein-coupled receptors. GRK4 is most highly ... Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV (2019). "GPCR Signaling Regulation: The Role of GRKs and Arrestins". Front Pharmacol. 10: 125. doi: ...