Of the six alkaline earth metals, beryllium, calcium, barium, and radium have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope; ... To produce barium, barite (impure barium sulfate) is converted to barium sulfide by carbothermic reduction (such as with coke ... Calcium and barium are weakly radioactive: calcium contains about 0.1874% calcium-48, and barium contains about 0.1062% barium- ... such as barium nitrate. These in turn are calcined into barium oxide, which eventually yields pure barium after reduction with ...
It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Barium is never found in nature in its pure ... Iridium radioisotopes are used in some radioisotope thermoelectric generators. Iridium is found in meteorites with an abundance ... Barium compounds impart a green color to flames and have been used in fireworks. Barium sulfate is used for its density, ... Soluble barium compounds are poisonous due to release of the soluble barium ion, and have been used as rodenticides. New uses ...
Another use is as a carrier of strontium-90 radioisotope in radioisotope thermoelectric generators. John Rumble (June 18, 2018 ... ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. Ab initio model potential study of the equilibrium geometry of alkaline earth dihalides: MX2 (M = Mg, ... Its optical properties are intermediate to calcium fluoride and barium fluoride. Strontium fluoride is used as an optical ... Alkaline earth metal halides, Fluorite crystal structure). ...
... way similar to that of alkaline earth metals and therefore it can be precipitated as a carbonate or co-precipitated with barium ... Besides the natural radioisotope 151Eu, 35 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized, the most stable being 150Eu with a ... In terms of size and coordination number, europium(II) and barium(II) are similar. The sulfates of both barium and europium(II ... the divalent form is sufficiently stable that it tends to be incorporated into minerals of calcium and the other alkaline ...
137Cs beta decays to barium-137m (a short-lived nuclear isomer) then to nonradioactive barium-137. Caesium-137 does not emit ... The longest-lived radioisotopes are 135Cs with a half-life of 2.3 million years, 137 Cs with a half-life of 30.1671 years and ... Caesium-135 is one of the seven long-lived fission products and the only alkaline one. In most types of nuclear reprocessing, ... Caesium (55Cs) has 40 known isotopes, making it, along with barium and mercury, one of the elements with the most isotopes. The ...
In the periodic table, it appears to the right of the alkaline earth metal barium and to the left of the lanthanide cerium. ... Lanthanum telluride (La3Te4) is considered to be applied in the field of radioisotope power system (nuclear power plant) due to ... Lanthanum-barium radiometric dating is used to estimate age of rocks and ores, though the technique has limited popularity. ... Naturally occurring lanthanum is made up of two isotopes, the stable 139La and the primordial long-lived radioisotope 138La. ...
... is the most readily soluble among the alkaline earth hydroxides and is a stronger base than its barium congener, barium ... More recently discovered radioisotopes, such as cobalt-60 and caesium-137, are replacing radium in even these limited uses ... Small amounts of barium impurities give the compound a rose color.(pp 4-8) It is soluble in water, though less so than barium ... Radium has a density of 5.5 g/cm3, higher than that of barium, again confirming periodic trends; the radium-barium density ...
In total, barium has 40 known isotopes, ranging in mass between 114 and 153. The most stable artificial radioisotope is barium- ... It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium ... The most common minerals of barium are baryte (barium sulfate, BaSO4) and witherite (barium carbonate, BaCO3). The name barium ... Barium in seawater Barium exists in seawater as the Ba2+ ion with an average oceanic concentration of 109 nmol/kg. Barium also ...
... , strontium, barium, and radium are always considered to be alkaline earth metals; the lighter beryllium and magnesium, ... Many other calcium radioisotopes are known, ranging from 35Ca to 60Ca. They are all much shorter-lived than 41Ca, the most ... As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical ... Like strontium and barium, as well as the alkali metals and the divalent lanthanides europium and ytterbium, calcium metal ...
Similar solutions are formed by the heavy divalent alkaline earth metals calcium, strontium, barium, as well as the divalent ... Radioisotopes of francium would presumably be dangerous as well due to their high decay energy and short half-life, but none ... the heavy alkaline earth metals calcium, strontium, and barium, as well as the divalent lanthanides europium and ytterbium, are ... Radioisotopes of caesium require special precautions: the improper handling of caesium-137 gamma ray sources can lead to ...
... and barium of the alkaline earth metals; and europium and ytterbium of the rare earth metals. Partial exceptions include the ... It is therefore used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators and radioisotope heater units such as those in the Cassini, ... This was not the first time somebody suggested that an element be named "plutonium". A decade after barium was discovered, a ... Plutonium-244 has been found in interstellar space and it has the longest half-life of any non-primordial radioisotope. The ...
The most stable radioisotopes are 107Pd with a half-life of 6.5 million years (found in nature), 103Pd with 17 days, and 100Pd ... It is used to prepare heterogeneous palladium catalysts such as palladium on barium sulfate, palladium on carbon, and palladium ... palladium is an excellent electrocatalyst for oxidation of primary alcohols in alkaline media. Palladium is also a versatile ... Eighteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 90.94948(64) u (91Pd) to 122.93426(64) u ...
An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white yellowish metallic element that is highly chemically reactive. The ... Like calcium and barium, as well as the alkali metals and the divalent lanthanides europium and ytterbium, strontium metal ... "Radioisotopes That May Impact Food Resources" (PDF). Epidemiology, Health and Social Services, State of Alaska. Archived from ... The metal itself has a limited use as a getter, to remove unwanted gases in vacuums by reacting with them, although barium may ...
The most stable bromine radioisotope is 77Br (t1/2 = 57.04 h). The primary decay mode of isotopes lighter than 79Br is electron ... It oxidises iodine to iodine pentoxide and benzene to 1,4-benzoquinone; in alkaline solutions, it gives the hypobromite anion. ... although the strontium and barium bromites are known. More important are the bromates, which are prepared on a small scale by ... perbromates are produced by the oxidation of alkaline bromate solutions by fluorine gas. Excess bromate and fluoride are ...
... radioisotope Radium Radon Radon difluoride Raman spectroscopy Raoult's law Redox Reduction Reflux Reversible reaction Rhazes ... number Atomic orbital Atomic radius Atomic weight Auger electron spectroscopy Augite Axinite Azurite Baddeleyite Barite Barium ... alcohol aldehyde Alexandrite Alfred Stock Alfred Werner alicyclic compound aliphatic compound Alkali Alkali metal Alkaline ... Svante Arrhenius Syenite Sylvite synthetic radioisotope systematic element name Tabun Talc Talcum Tantalite Tantalum Tanzanite ...
The alkaline earth metals were precipitated either as sulfates or oxalates, leaving the alkali metal in the solution. After ... Caesium chloride and the other caesium halides can be reduced at 700 to 800 °C (1,292 to 1,472 °F) with calcium or barium, and ... Caesium-137 is a radioisotope commonly used as a gamma-emitter in industrial applications. Its advantages include a half-life ... 137Cs decomposes to a short-lived 137mBa by beta decay, and then to nonradioactive barium, while 134Cs transforms into 134Ba ...
In total, 32 radioisotopes have been characterised, which range in mass number from 207 to 238. After 232Th, the most stable of ... Alkaline earth metal carbonates may be removed after reaction with hydrogen chloride; then follow thickening, filtration, and ... Many polynary halides with the alkali metals, barium, thallium, and ammonium are known for thorium fluorides, chlorides, and ... These rely on the fact that 232Th is a primordial radioisotope, but 230Th only occurs as an intermediate decay product in the ...
By 2003, at least 32 radioisotopes had been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 81 to 113. The most stable is 92Nb with ... Nb(V) is also slightly soluble in alkaline media due to the formation of soluble polyoxoniobate species. Niobium forms oxides ... It belongs to the ABO3 structure ferroelectrics like lithium tantalate and barium titanate. Niobium capacitors are available as ... and in alkaline intrusive rocks. Less common are the niobates of calcium, uranium, thorium and the rare earth elements. ...
The most stable chlorine radioisotope is 36Cl. The primary decay mode of isotopes lighter than 35Cl is electron capture to ... chlorine is much more stable towards disproportionation in acidic solutions than in alkaline solutions: The hypochlorite ions ... and perchloric acid is made by reacting anhydrous sodium perchlorate or barium perchlorate with concentrated hydrochloric acid ...
AgF4]2− is also known in its violet barium salt, as are some silver(II) complexes with N- or O-donor ligands such as pyridine ... Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been characterized, the most stable being 105Ag with a half-life of 41.29 days, 111Ag with a ... with alkaline peroxodisulfate. The yellow diamagnetic [AgF4]− is much less stable, fuming in moist air and reacting with glass ... are used for carrying out alkaline fusion. Copper and silver are also used when doing chemistry with fluorine. Equipment made ...
These effects can be achieved by using a maximum amount of actinides and a minimum amount of alkaline/earth alkaline elements ... Just because a radioisotope is released it does not mean it will enter a human and then cause harm. For instance, the migration ... Also present within the SIMFUEL was a cubic perovskite phase which is a barium strontium zirconate (BaxSr1−xZrO3). Uranium ... This paper also reports details of the effect of potassium, ammonium and calcium ions on the uptake of the radioisotopes. In ...
ISBN 978-0-8176-3732-3. Hahn, O.; Strassmann, F. (10 February 1939). "Proof of the Formation of Active Isotopes of Barium from ... One noted neutron-producing radioisotope, californium-252 decays (half-life 2.65 years) by spontaneous fission 3% of the time ... On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons]. Die ... Nuclear reaction sources (that involve two materials) powered by radioisotopes use an alpha decay source plus a beryllium ...
The most ionic of these nitrides are those of the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, Li3N (Na, K, Rb, and Cs do not form ... The radioisotope 16N is the dominant radionuclide in the coolant of pressurised water reactors or boiling water reactors during ... 3(NH4)2Cr2O7 → 2N2 + 9H2O + 3Cr2O3 + 2NH3 + 32O2 Very pure nitrogen can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of barium ... Given the half-life difference, 13N is the most important nitrogen radioisotope, being relatively long-lived enough to use in ...
... and barium (3.6 g/cm3) are here treated as light metals and, in general, are not further considered. The heaviness of naturally ... are the alkali and alkaline earths, aluminium, the group 3 metals, and the lanthanides and actinides. Class B metals, which ... heavy metals are also employed as spallation targets for the production of neutrons or radioisotopes such as astatine (using ...
24 neptunium radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 237Np with a half-life of 2.14 million years, ... Artificial 237Np metal is usually isolated through a reaction of 237NpF3 with liquid barium or lithium at around 1200 °C and is ... Additional compounds have been produced by reacting NpO3 and water with solid alkali and alkaline peroxides at temperatures of ... A large number of additional alkali and alkaline neptunium oxide compounds such as Cs4Np5O17 and Cs2Np3O10 have been ...
At this point, the only evidence that they had was the barium. Logically, if barium was formed, the other element must be ... They were the first scientists to measure the 23-minute half life of the synthetic radioisotope uranium-239 and to establish ... Concerning the existence of alkaline earth metals resulting from neutron irradiation of uranium]. Naturwissenschaften (in ... and used fractional crystallisation to separate it from its barium carrier by adding barium bromide crystals in four steps. ...