Galinier R, Gout E, Lortat-Jacob H, Wood J, Chroboczek J (2003). "Adenovirus protein involved in virus internalization recruits ... "Latent membrane protein 2A of Epstein-Barr virus binds WW domain E3 protein-ubiquitin ligases that ubiquitinate B-cell tyrosine ...

Galinier R, Gout E, Lortat-Jacob H, Wood J, Chroboczek J (2003). "Adenovirus protein involved in virus internalization recruits ...

It was reported that virus internalization is limited upon cholesterol depletion. The receptor used for cell entry is alpha- ... Lassa viruses are enveloped, single-stranded, bisegmented, ambisense RNA viruses. Their genome is contained in two RNA segments ... Alpha-dystroglycan is also used as a receptor by viruses of the New World clade C arenaviruses (Oliveros and Latino viruses). ... Jamie Dyal and Ben Fohner Lassa virus Stanford University Humans and Viruses Class of 2005, n.d. accessed 9 May 2018 Lashley, ...

Immediately after internalization of the particle, the viral RNA is released. Poliovirus is a positive-stranded RNA virus. Thus ... and allowing the virus to infect nervous tissue. The mutation rate in the virus is relatively high even for an RNA virus with a ... Virus is shed in the feces of infected individuals. In 95% of cases only a primary, transient presence of viremia (virus in the ... Medicine portal Viruses portal ICTVdb virus classification 2006 Home of Picornaviruses (latest updates of species, serotypes ...

... internalization, of these cells' sialic acid receptors along with their attached viruses. A portion of the sialic acid receptor ... "The G Protein-Coupled Receptor FFAR2 Promotes Internalization during Influenza A Virus Entry". Journal of Virology. 94 (2). doi ... 4-CMTB and Compound 58 acted to block the ability of the sialic acid-bound virus to enhance endocytosis. The FFAR2-FFAR3 ... Thus, SCFA activated FFAR2 appeared to reduce the severity of this viruses infection in mice. Different results were found in a ...

AXL mediates internalization into the endosome from which these viruses escape and initiate replication. Studies have shown ... AXL also play an important role in Zika virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection, allowing for entry of the virus into host cells. This ... "Expression Analysis Highlights AXL as a Candidate Zika Virus Entry Receptor in Neural Stem Cells". Cell Stem Cell. 18 (5): 591- ...

Overall, the most effective infection occurred by internalization through membrane lesions of the host. One specific protein, ... Broad bean mottle virus Brome mosaic virus Cassia yellow blotch virus Melandrium yellow fletch virus Spring beauty latent virus ... Typical virus infection involves an exponential increase in virus concentration followed by a rapid decline of virus ... Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, known by the abbreviation CCMV, is a virus that specifically infects the cowpea plant, or black- ...

"Analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus attachment and internalization: distinctive roles for heparan ... Members of the species are also known as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2. Member viruses are a type of ... By 2010, of the top ten swine production states in the United States, viruses in 3 of the 9 major lineages were present. Two of ... Type 2 PRRSV is an enveloped virus with a non-isometric nucleocapsid core. The Type 2 PRRSV genome has 10 open reading frames ( ...

These receptors promote virus-antibody internalization by the immune cells, which should be followed by the virus destruction. ... When an antibody to a virus is unable to neutralize the virus, it forms sub-neutralizing virus-antibody complexes. Upon ... bringing the virus and the cell close enough for a specific virus receptor to bind the virus, beginning infection. This ... Interaction of a virus with antibodies must prevent the virus from attaching to the host cell entry receptors. However, instead ...

April 2010). "Apoptosis induced by Oropouche virus infection in HeLa cells is dependent on virus protein expression". Virus ... In order for apoptosis to occur within OROV, viral uncoating, viral internalization, along with the replication of cells is ... Whilst a number of viruses can block the effects of TNF and Fas. For example, the M-T2 protein of myxoma viruses can bind TNF ... Some viruses express caspase inhibitors that inhibit caspase activity and an example is the CrmA protein of cowpox viruses. ...

... of the internalization signal in the Y543 influenza virus hemagglutinin suggest a model for recognition of internalization ... Measles virus matrix protein specifies apical virus release and glycoprotein sorting in epithelial cells. EMBO J. 19, 3576-3585 ... Basis for selective incorporation of glycoproteins into influenza virus envelope. J. Virol. 67, 4831-4841 Measles Viruses with ... Oncolytic measles virus in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas mount anti-tumor immune responses in vivo and target interferon resistant ...

Olson JK, Grose C (May 1997). "Endocytosis and recycling of varicella-zoster virus Fc receptor glycoprotein gE: internalization ... Although this process is primarily used by non-enveloped viruses, enveloped viruses may also use this. HIV is an example of an ... Payne, Susan (2017). "Virus Interactions With the Cell". Viruses: 23-25. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00003-9. ISBN ... Payne, Susan (2017). "Virus Interactions With the Cell". Viruses: 23-25. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803109-4.00003-9. ISBN ...

Internalization of the virus into myocytes occurs by binding to coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptors (CAR) located in tight ... with sCAR-Fc-virus binding causing the loss of the virus' internal capsid protein, VP4. This irreversible reaction prevents the ... sCAR-Fc prevents the virus entering the cell by competitively binding to coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptors (CAR) on the ... Once the virus penetrates the host's systemic circulation via contaminated water or food, it can travel and infect the heart ...

... the virus is brought into the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Following the internalization of the virus, the viral ... Some diseases that occur as a result of this virus or are associated with this virus include mild upper respiratory illness, ... from respiratory enteric orphan virus. The Mammalian orthoreovirus was labeled an orphan virus in the 1950s when it was ... After the virus has been fully assembled and matured, the newly formed Mammalian orthoreovirus particle is released from the ...

The virus was then known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Charles D. Hudson and Fred Robert Beaudette cultivated the virus ... can enter cells by either fusing to their lipid envelope with the cell membrane on the cell surface or by internalization via ... Once released the viruses can infect other host cells. Infected carriers are able to shed viruses into the environment. The ... The virus can spread to different organs throughout the chicken. The virus is transmitted by aerosol and food contaminated by ...

... of TRAIL amplified apoptotic signaling with reduced TRAIL internalization to enhance antitumor efficacy Oncolytic viruses ... Oncolytic viruses include adenoviruses, Herpes simplex viruses, Semliki forest viruses, poxviruses, among others. They can be ... Cytokine-loaded oncolytic viruses have shown activity in murine models, with several clinical trials under investigation. ... IMLYGIC (talimogene laherparepvec) was the first FDA-approved oncolytic virus for cancer treatment. It is a modified herpes ...

"Internalization of exogenous human immunodeficiency virus-1 protein, Tat, by KG-1 oligodendroglioma cells followed by ... Krachmarov CP, Chepenik LG, Barr-Vagell S, Khalili K, Johnson EM (November 1996). "Activation of the JC virus Tat-responsive ... of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protein Tat and cellular protein Puralpha on DNA replication initiated at the JC virus ... "Interaction of the single-stranded DNA-binding protein Puralpha with the human polyomavirus JC virus early protein T-antigen". ...

... to host integrin entry receptors mediates internalization into the host cell by clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the virus and ... "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021. ... The virus exits the host cell by nuclear envelope breakdown, viroporins, and lysis. Human, mammals, and vertebrates serve as ... Mastadenovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Adenoviridae. Humans and other mammals serve as natural hosts. There are 51 ...

Cell uptake/internalisation still represents the biggest hurdle towards successful ON therapeutics. A straightforward uptake, ... The antisense oligonucleotides have also been used to inhibit influenza virus replication in cell lines. Neurodegenerative ... productive), cell internalisation mostly proceeds in an energy-dependant way (receptor mediated endocytosis) but energy- ... "Nucleic acid-mediated cleavage of M1 gene of influenza A virus is significantly augmented by antisense molecules targeted to ...

... actin polymerization is stimulated in the initial steps of the internalization of some viruses, notably HIV, by, for example, ... The make-up of the cytoskeleton is also related to the pathogenicity of intracellular bacteria and viruses, particularly in the ... In addition the vaccine virus Vaccinia also uses elements of the actin cytoskeleton for its dissemination. Pseudomonas ...

"Genetically Modified Viruses Help Save a Patient With a 'Superbug' Infection". NPR.org. Gallagher J (8 May 2019). "Phage ... Even engineered phages and induced artificial internalization of phages into mammalian cells do not result in phage propagation ... "Scientists Modify Viruses with CRISPR to Create New Weapon Against Superbugs". NPR. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019. Eanes, ... Bacteriophages, known as phages, are a form of virus that attach to bacterial cells and inject their genome into the cell. The ...

... internalization of artificial "viruses"). Subsequently, and led initially by chance to a discovery, he systematically worked ...

Like other nonenveloped DNA viruses, pathogenicity of parvovirus B19 involves binding to host cell receptors, internalization, ... B19 virus is most known for causing disease in the pediatric population; however, it can also affect adults. It is the classic ... This is due to a combination of hemolysis of the red blood cells, as well as the virus directly negatively affecting the red ... This rate is similar to that of other single-stranded DNA viruses. VP2 codons were found to be under purifying selection. In ...

... causing as a result the internalization of the virus. Secondarily, HA is responsible for the fusion of the viral envelope with ... The hemagglutinin of the H5N1 virus has been associated with the high pathogenicity of this flu virus strain, apparently due to ... how influenza A virus hemagglutinin affects host-specific virus infection". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes ... Therefore, HA is responsible for binding Influenza virus to sialic acid on the surface of target cells, such as cells in the ...

In culture blocking endocytosis traps the virus on the surface. The binding of the SARS-CoV-2 virus through mACE2 receptors ... of the spike protein of the coronavirus with mACE2 induces a drop in the levels of mACE2 in cells through internalization and ... the virus that causes SARS), and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). More specifically, the binding of the spike S1 ... But even with only tiny amounts of mACE2, SARS-CoV-2 virus can gain entry into cells if TMPRSS2 is present. Both ACE inhibitors ...

... as the HIV gp120 molecule causes co-internalization of the DC-SIGN molecule and HIV virus particle (virion). The dendritic cell ... Different studies have demonstrated that the ebola virus infection process starts when the virus reaches the cellular DC-SIGN ... Baribaud F, Doms RW, Pöhlmann S (2006). "The role of DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR in HIV and Ebola virus infection: can potential ... Bénichou S, Benmerah A (2003). "[The HIV nef and the Kaposi-sarcoma-associated virus K3/K5 proteins: "parasites"of the ...

The most understood helical virus is the tobacco mosaic virus. The virus is a single molecule of (+) strand RNA. Each coat ... leading to penetration of the host cell membrane and internalization of the capsid. Delivery of the genome occurs by subsequent ... In other viruses, especially more complex viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes, the capsid proteins assemble into empty ... The size is also different; the tobacco mosaic virus has a 16.33 protein subunits per helical turn, while the influenza A virus ...

TIM-1 enhanced dengue virus infectivity by 500-fold, particularly increased virus internalization. TIM-1 directly interacted ... TIM-1 binds to Ebola virus glycoproteins (GP) and mediates Ebola virus cellular entry by increasing Ebola virus infectivity in ... that include viruses such as dengue and ebola. Entry of Lassa fever virus, influenza A virus, and SARS coronavirus were not ... is a natural ligand of hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1), and the association of IgA with HAVCR1 enhances virus- ...

Carriers can be bio-inspired, such as reconstituted viruses, virus like particles, vesicles, cell ghosts, and functional ... For example, GalNAc-siRNA conjugates not only provide an approach for ligand based cell internalization without the need of ... Virus-like Particles. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are assemblies of viral proteins that package cargo materials such as mRNAs, ... adeno-associated virus(AAV), and other viruses) Re-purposed bacterial toxins and viral components Research into how carriers ...

... simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), wobbly possum disease virus, and lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV). PRRSV is a ... Upon binding and internalization, GP2-GP3-GP4 interacts with CD163 mediating the disassembly and release of the nucleocapsid. ... virus isolate and the virus dose. It was shown that pigs could be infected with PRRS virus by several routes of exposure: ... Betaarterivirus suid 1, commonly Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is a virus that causes a disease ...