The salts caesium superoxide (CsO2), rubidium superoxide (RbO2), potassium superoxide (KO2), and sodium superoxide (NaO2) are ... In chemistry, a superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula O−2. The systematic ... Superoxide can also be generated in aprotic solvents by cyclic voltammetry. Superoxide salts also decompose in the solid state ... Superoxide was historically also known as "hyperoxide". Superoxide forms salts with alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. ...

... or Rubidium hyperoxide is a compound with the formula RbO2. In terms of oxidation states, the negatively ... Kraus, D. L.; Petrocelli, A. W. (1962). "The Thermal Decomposition of Rubidium Superoxide". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. ... Between 280 and 360 °C, Rubidium superoxide will decompose, leaving not rubidium sesquioxide (Rb2O3), but rather rubidium ... Kováčik, Roman; Werner, Philipp; Dymkowski, Krzysztof; Ederer, Claude (2012-08-17). "Rubidium superoxide: A p-electron Mott ...

... is a source of superoxide, which is a reductant and a nucleophile, depending on its reaction partner. Upon ... It is a rare example of a stable salt of the superoxide anion. It is used as a CO 2 scrubber, H 2O dehumidifier, and O 2 ... Potassium superoxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KO2. It is a yellow paramagnetic solid that decomposes in moist ... Potassium superoxide is produced by burning molten potassium in an atmosphere of excess oxygen. K + O 2 → KO 2 The salt ...

Like other superoxides, lithium superoxide is the product of a one-electron reduction of an oxygen molecule. It thus appears ... Lithium superoxide is also a transient species during the reduction of oxygen in a lithium-air galvanic cell, and serves as a ... Lithium superoxide is an unstable inorganic salt with formula LiO2. A radical compound, it can be produced at low temperature ... Lithium superoxide is extremely reactive because of the odd number of electrons present in the π* molecular orbital of the ...

... is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of highly reactive and toxic superoxide (O2−) into less toxic ... "Reaction of the desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfoarculus baarsii with superoxide anion. Evidence for a superoxide reductase ... Yeh AP, Hu Y, Jenney FE, Adams MW, Rees DC (2000). "Structures of the superoxide reductase from Pyrococcus furiosus in the ... The 3 substrates of this enzyme are reduced rubredoxin, superoxide, and H+, whereas its two products are rubredoxin and H2O2. ...

... the reaction of superoxide with SOD is first order with respect to superoxide concentration. Moreover, superoxide dismutase has ... SOD out-competes damaging reactions of superoxide, thus protecting the cell from superoxide toxicity. The reaction of ... Because the uncatalysed dismutation reaction for superoxide requires two superoxide molecules to react with each other, the ... oxidation of superoxide) Cu+ −SOD + O− 2 + 2H+ → Cu2+ −SOD + H 2O 2 (oxidation of copper; reduction of superoxide) where M = Cu ...

... is the superoxide of caesium. It is an orange solid. Burning caesium in excess oxygen will produce caesium ... The standard enthalpy of formation ΔHf0 of caesium superoxide is −295 kJ/mol. Caesium superoxide reacts with ozone to form ... Cs + O2 → CsO2 Caesium superoxide's crystal structure is same as calcium carbide. It contains direct oxygen-oxygen bonding. It ... Superoxides, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...

... is the inorganic compound with the formula NaO2. This yellow-orange solid is a salt of the superoxide anion. ... Stephen E. Stephanou, Edgar J. Seyb Jr., Jacob Kleinberg "Sodium Superoxide" Inorganic Syntheses 1953; Vol. 4, 82-85. Sasol ... Hayyan, Maan; Hashim, Mohd Ali; AlNashef, Inas M. (2016-02-15). "Superoxide Ion: Generation and Chemical Implications". ... Superoxides, Sodium compounds, Photographic chemicals, Oxidizing agents, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...

... (FeSOD) is a metalloenzyme that belongs to the superoxide dismutases family of enzymes. Like other ... 1 April 2014). "Superoxide Dismutases and Superoxide Reductases". Chemical Reviews. 114 (7): 3854-3918. doi:10.1021/cr4005296. ... in 1973 and was the third discovery in the family of bacterial superoxide dismutases, with copper-zinc superoxide dismutase ... It is important for organisms to disproportionate superoxides, as superoxides themselves are not particularly harmful but have ...

... (Ni-SOD) is a metalloenzyme that, like the other superoxide dismutases, protects cells from ... Sheng, Yuewei (2014). "Superoxide Dismutases and Superoxide Reductases". Chemical Reviews. 114 (7): 3854-3918. doi:10.1021/ ... The equation for the disproportionation of superoxide is shown below: 2 O 2 − + 2 H + → N i c k e l S u p e r o x i d e D i s m ... Nickel superoxide dismutase is an incredibly efficient enzyme, indicating the redox mechanism is very fast. This means that ...

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics are synthetic compounds that mimic the native superoxide dismutase enzyme. SOD mimetics ... "Lifespan extension and rescue of spongiform encephalopathy in superoxide dismutase 2 nullizygous mice treated with superoxide ... Miller AF (2004). "Superoxide dismutases: active sites that save, but a protein that kills". Current Opinion in Chemical ... Mn) is reduced by superoxide, yielding molecular oxygen and a reduced form of manganese (Mn-1). The metal (Mn-1) is then ...

The compound is unstable at room temperature and decomposes at -10 °C to sodium superoxide and oxygen. 2 NaO 3 ⟶ 2 NaO 2 + O 2 ... Part V. Ozonides and superoxides". Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed). Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC): 952. doi: ...

However, superoxide is often produced with nitric oxide. In the presence of nitric oxide, the reduction of cytochrome c3+ is ... As superoxide is produced, the number of oxidised cytochrome c3+ increases, and reduced cytochrome c2+ decreases. ... McCord JM, Fridovich I (November 1969). "Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein)". The ... implications for superoxide measurements in nitric oxide-producing biological systems". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics ...

2002). Superoxide dismutase. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-08-049697-0. List of Streptomyces species LPSN bacterio.net ... from is involved in expression of nickel-containing superoxide dismutase". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 228 (1): 21-26. doi: ... "Examination of the Nickel Site Structure and Reaction Mechanism in Superoxide Dismutase". Biochemistry. 38 (12): 3744-3752. doi ...

Gardner, Paul R. (2002). "Aconitase: Sensitive target and measure of superoxide". Superoxide Dismutase. Methods in Enzymology. ... The iron sulfur cluster is highly sensitive to oxidation by superoxide. Aconitase employs a dehydration-hydration mechanism. ...

Keele BB, McCord JM, Fridovich I (November 1970). "Superoxide dismutase from escherichia coli B. A new manganese-containing ... McCord JM, Fridovich I (November 1969). "Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein)". J. Biol. ... he and his supervisor Irwin Fridovich were the first to describe the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase. McCord joined ... "The induction of human superoxide dismutase and catalase in vivo: a fundamentally new approach to antioxidant therapy". Free ...

... in some cases catalyzing the production of superoxide from dioxygen or hydrogen peroxide from superoxide. The immune system ... These include superoxide (•O− 2), nitric oxide (•NO) and their particularly reactive product, peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Although ... Base damage is mostly indirect and caused by the reactive oxygen species generated, e.g., O2− (superoxide radical), OH ( ... Some of the less reactive of these species (such as superoxide) can be converted by oxidoreduction reactions with transition ...

It is formed in vivo from the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitrogen monoxide (ON•) and superoxide (O•− 2). It is an isomer ...

Both peroxides and superoxides may react explosively with metallic potassium. Because potassium reacts with water vapor in the ... One example is potassium superoxide, KO2, an orange solid that acts as a portable source of oxygen and a carbon dioxide ... Four oxides of potassium are well studied: potassium oxide (K2O), potassium peroxide (K2O2), potassium superoxide (KO2) and ... During storage, potassium forms peroxides and superoxides. These peroxides may react violently with organic compounds such as ...

It neutralizes superoxides and harmful free radicals. By its nature, it is less stable than the ubiquinone form. The ...

... superoxide) → ONOO− (peroxynitrite) Superoxide anion (O2−) is a reactive oxygen species that reacts quickly with nitric oxide ( ... RNS are produced in animals starting with the reaction of nitric oxide (•NO) with superoxide (O2•−) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO ... Guzik TJ, West NE, Pillai R, Taggart DP, Channon KM (June 2002). "Nitric oxide modulates superoxide release and peroxynitrite ... Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are a family of antimicrobial molecules derived from nitric oxide (•NO) and superoxide (O2•−) ...

Fridovich I (1995). "Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutases" (PDF). Annual Review of Biochemistry. 64: 97-112. doi: ... Kresge N, Simoni RD, Hill RL (2006). "Forty Years of Superoxide Dismutase Research: the Work of Irwin Fridovich (JBC Classics: ... He spent the rest of his career studying the biochemical mechanisms of SOD and of biological superoxide toxicity, using ... BB Keele Jr; JM McCord; I Fridovich (1970). "Superoxide Dismutase from Escherichia coli B: A new manganese-containing enzyme". ...

This unstable superoxide, generated at the extracellular surface, may rapidly convert to hydrogen peroxide and be utilized by ... The current model for ROS generation by C. elegans DUOX1 (CeDUOX1) proposes that superoxide is generated through reduction of ... Cross AR, Jones OT (May 1991). "Enzymic mechanisms of superoxide production". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1057 (3): 281-98. doi: ... superoxide dismutase activity, instead of peroxidase activity; a novel peroxidase mechanism; a protein-protein or Ca2+ induced ...

Petkau also discovered that superoxide dismutase was elevated in the leukocytes (white blood cells) in a sub-population of ... Petkau conducted further experiments with simulated cells in 1976 and found that the enzyme superoxide dismutase protected the ... Petkau, A. (June 1987). "Role of superoxide dismutase in modification of radiation injury". The British Journal of Cancer. ... 10 mSv in 6 months), further supporting the hypothesis that superoxide dismutase is a radioprotective agent. Thus, Petkau's ...

These species include singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide (O2−) ions. They can interact with cellular ... For example, the photosensitiser radical anion can react instantaneously with molecular oxygen (3O2) to generate a superoxide ...

Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and ... This unstable species can lead to electron "leakage" when electrons transfer directly to oxygen, forming superoxide. As the ... "Superoxide activates mitochondrial uncoupling proteins". Nature. 415 (6867): 96-9. Bibcode:2002Natur.415...96E. doi:10.1038/ ... transfer of one or two electrons produces superoxide or peroxide anions, which are dangerously reactive. These reactive oxygen ...

The dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide can also be catalyzed by the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase with a ... Since superoxide is also moderately reactive towards trace metals and dissolved organic matter, any remaining superoxide is ... Many phytoplankton, for instance, have been found to have numerous superoxide-scavenging (superoxide dismutase) and hydrogen ... The antioxidant superoxide dismutase catalyses the formation of hydrogen peroxide from the superoxide anion through the ...

Protective effect of superoxide dismutase". Annals of Surgery. 202 (5): 628-641. doi:10.1097/00000658-198511000-00016. ISSN ... Dryer SE; Dryer RL; Autor AP (1 February 1980). "Enhancement of mitochondrial, cyanide-resistant superoxide dismutase in the ...

"Superoxide activates mitochondrial uncoupling proteins". Nature. 415 (6867): 96-9. Bibcode:2002Natur.415...96E. doi:10.1038/ ...

Superoxide ions and transition metals act in a synergistic way in the appearance of free radical damages. Therefore, although ... Hayyan, M.; Hashim, M. A.; Al Nashef, I. M. (2016). "Superoxide ion: Generation and chemical implications". Chemical Reviews. ...