Spoel, SH (February 2012). "How do plants achieve immunity? Defence without specialized immune cells". Nature Reviews ... Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is one of the pathways, along with the Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) pathway, by which the ... and evade immunity, allowing the pathogen to propagate in the host. ETI was first identified in plants but has also been ... Flor proposed that plants may express resistance (R) proteins that recognise avirulence (Avr) proteins from pathogens, thus ...

To combat these fungi, healthy ants actively search for corpses on plant stems and attempt to remove them before they can ... Social immunity is the evolution of an additional level of immunity in the colonies of eusocial insects (some bees and wasps, ... Social immunity efforts peaks during middle-age, in contrast to efforts in personal immunity increasing or being maintained ... Social immunity (also termed collective immunity) describes the additional level of disease protection arising in social groups ...

Innate Immunity is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering innate immunity in humans, animals, and plants. It is published ... "Innate Immunity". 2012 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2013. Official website ... International Endotoxin & Innate Immunity Society v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from ... by SAGE Publications on behalf of the International Endotoxin & Innate Immunity Society and the editor-in-chief is Otto Holst ( ...

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Schneider D. "Innate Immunity - Lecture 4: Plant immune responses" (PDF). Stanford University Department of Microbiology and ... but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond ... ISBN 978-0-44451-755-5. Iriti M (2019). Plant Innate Immunity 2.0. Basel: MDPI. doi:10.3390/books978-3-03897-581-6. ISBN 978-3- ... When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response, whereby cells at the site of ...

Luigi Ferrini was an Italian who was deported from occupied Italy and forced to work in a munitions plant in Germany. During ... Secondly, the court rejected a more expansive exception to state immunity, by which immunity would be lost if serious human ... The court cited the European Convention on State Immunity, the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States ... Dissenting Judge Bennouna said there was a difference between state immunity and state responsibility. Granting immunity does ...

L.J.C. van Loon (2009). Plant Innate Immunity. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-088879-8. MycoBank Straininfo of Penicillium ... "Plant Growth-promoting Fungus Penicillium oxalicum Enhances Plant Growth and Induces Resistance in Pearl Millet Against Downy ... Plant Disease. 89 (12): 1317-1323. doi:10.1094/PD-89-1317. PMID 30791311. Sabuquillo, P.; Cal, A. D.; Melgarejo, P. (2006). " ... Plant Disease. 89 (12): 1317-1323. doi:10.1094/PD-89-1317. PMID 30791311. Pascual, S.; Melgarejo, P.; Magan, N. (1997). " ...

This permitted him to obtain the first evidence that certain plant pathogens multiply not only in plants, but also in specific ... Invertebrate Immunity, 1975. Legume Diseases in the Tropics, 1975. Invertebrate Tissue Culture-Research Application, 1976. ... Pathogens, Vectors and Plant Diseases- Approaches to Control, 1982. Subviral Pathogens of Plants and Animals, 1985. Viral ... Biotechnology and Plant Protection in Forestry, 1998. Maintenance of Human, Animal and Plant Pathogen Vectors, 1999. 40-48. ...

The associations of virulence factors are the same for plant and animal infections. In both insects and plants, P. aeruginosa ... 2019): Bacteriophage trigger antiviral immunity and prevent clearance of bacterial infection, Science 29 Mar 2019: Vol. 363, ... January 2004). "Pseudomonas aeruginosa-plant root interactions. Pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and root exudation". Plant ... In higher plants, P. aeruginosa induces soft rot, for example in Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress) and Lactuca sativa (lettuce ...

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Plant defensins were discovered in 1990 and have subsequently been found in most plant tissues with antimicrobial activities, ... Specific immunity in invertebrates. 48 (2): 324-41. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.020. PMID 24950415. Thomma BP, Cammue BP, ... Sathoff AE, Samac DA (May 2019). "Antibacterial Activity of Plant Defensins". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 32 (5): 507 ... Plant Signaling Peptides. Signaling and Communication in Plants. Vol. 16. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 77-92. doi:10.1007/ ...

"Bacteria-responsive microRNAs regulate plant innate immunity by modulating plant hormone networks". Plant Molecular Biology. 75 ... appropriate planting date and plant density, control of field moisture, and pesticide use. Plant cuticle/surface Plant cell ... The two above-described tiers are central to plant immunity but do not fully describe plant immune systems. In addition, many ... Moore, J. W.; Loake, G. J.; Spoel, S. H. (12 August 2011). "Transcription Dynamics in Plant Immunity". The Plant Cell. 23 (8): ...

Laloi C, Havaux M (2015). "Key players of singlet oxygen-induced cell death in plants". Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 39. doi: ... May 2013). "Bacterial-derived uracil as a modulator of mucosal immunity and gut-microbe homeostasis in Drosophila". Cell. 153 ( ... Waszczak C, Carmody M, Kangasjärvi J (April 2018). "Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Signaling". Annual Review of Plant Biology ... Waszczak C, Carmody M, Kangasjärvi J (April 2018). "Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Signaling". Annual Review of Plant Biology ...

In the early 1940s, McClintock was studying the progeny of self-pollinated maize plants which resulted from crosses having a ... "Transposon Mutagenisis" - Food Ingredient News Eller JJ (1989). "Pathogenesis and Immunity in Pertussis". JAMA. 261 (13): 1981- ... "Jumping genes: from phenomenon to tool". Genetic Engineering: Plants: Environment. GMO-Safety.eu. 21 April 2006. " ... broken chromosome 9. These plants were missing their telomeres. This research prompted the first discovery of a transposable ...

Howe GA, Jander G (2008). "Plant Immunity to Insect Herbivores". Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59: 41-66. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant. ... Plant hormones frequently regulate the concentrations of other plant hormones. Plants also move hormones around the plant ... The biosynthesis of plant hormones within plant tissues is often diffuse and not always localized. Plants lack glands to ... They are used to regulate the growth of cultivated plants, weeds, and in vitro-grown plants and plant cells; these manmade ...

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Howe, Gregg A.; Jander, Georg (2008). "Plant Immunity to Insect Herbivores". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59 (1): 41-66. doi ... This, according to Plants of the Word Online, is done in their volume, Malyschev, L I; Peschkova, G A, eds. (2004). Flora of ... "Erysimum odoratum Ehrh". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 19 October 2021. Kew Science; Royal Botanic Gardens. "Erysimum ... ex DC". Plants of the World Online. Polatschek, Adolf (1974). "Systematisch-nomenklatorische Vorarbeit zur Gattung Erysimum in ...

"Priming in Systemic Plant Immunity". Science. 324 (3 April 2009): 89-91. Bibcode:2009Sci...324...89W. doi:10.1126/science. ... Farmer, Edward E. (1994). "Fatty acid signalling in plants and their associated microorganisms". Plant Molecular Biology. 26 (5 ... Azelaic acid was identified as a molecule that accumulated at elevated levels in some parts of plants and was shown to be able ... This dicarboxylic acid was shown to be a potent wound healing agent in plant that stimulates cell division near a wound site, ...

Pieterse CM, Van der Does D, Zamioudis C, Leon-Reyes A, Van Wees SC (2012-10-11). "Hormonal modulation of plant immunity". ... Nematodes also produce plant hormones such as cytokinins that aid in the establishment of association with plants. Perhaps even ... Rattlebox plants produce various alkaloid compounds that insects use as a precursor for sex pheromone synthesis. Many plant ... For example, plant cutins trigger arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and symbiosis but can also be recognized by plant- ...

Boller, T; He, SY (2009). "Innate immunity in plants: an arms race between pattern recognition receptors in plants and ... The use of hormones and innate immunity presents parallels between animal and plant defenses, though pattern-triggered immunity ... Bari, Rajendra; Jones, Jonathan D. G. (2009). "Role of plant hormones in plant defence responses". Plant Molecular Biology. 69 ... Often a plant's first line of defense against microbes occurs at the plant cell surface and involves the detection of ...

In plants, NO also regulates some plant-pathogen interaction, promotion of the plant hypersensitive response, symbiosis (for ... Green, SJ; Mellouk, S; Hoffman, SL; Meltzer, MS; Nacy, CA (1990). "Cellular mechanisms of nonspecific immunity to intracellular ... "Plant-based Diets , Plant-based Foods , Beetroot Juice , Nitric Oxide Vegetables". Berkeley Test. Archived from the original on ... "Nitric oxide in plants: an assessment of the current state of knowledge". AoB Plants. 5: pls052. doi:10.1093/aobpla/pls052. PMC ...

Howe, Gregg A.; Jander, Georg (2008). "Plant Immunity to Insect Herbivores". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59 (1): 41-66. doi ... Wiklund, Christer; Åhrberg, Carl; Ahrberg, Carl (1978). "Host Plants, Nectar Source Plants, and Habitat Selection of Males and ... Archibald William Smith A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins, p. 148, at Google Books Ihsan A. Al- ... "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 45. Retrieved 2 May 2018. "Wallflower price 2022 - ...

Jung, H. W.; Tschaplinski, T. J.; Wang, L.; Glazebrook, J.; Greenberg, J. T. (2009). "Priming in Systemic Plant Immunity". ... In plants, azelaic acid serves as a "distress flare" involved in defense responses after infection. It serves as a signal that ... induces the accumulation of salicylic acid, an important component of a plant's defensive response. The mechanism of action in ...

"Hormonal Modulation of Plant Immunity". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. Annual Reviews. 28 (1): 489-521. doi: ... Oryza sativa, also known as rice, is the plant species most commonly referred to in English as rice. It is the type of farmed ... Jiang et al., 2010 finds SA broadly upregulates and ABA broadly downregulates immunity to M. grisea, and success depends on the ... Atkinson, Nicky J.; Urwin, Peter E. (March 30, 2012). "The interaction of plant biotic and abiotic stresses: from genes to the ...

In 1897, Paul Ehrlich showed that antibodies form against the plant toxins ricin and abrin, and proposed that these antibodies ... It contrasts with cell-mediated immunity. Humoral immunity is also referred to as antibody-mediated immunity. The study of the ... Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules - including secreted antibodies, complement ... The complement system is involved in the activities of both innate immunity and acquired immunity. Activation of this system ...

Ding, S. W.; Voinnet, O. (2007). "Antiviral Immunity Directed by Small RNAs". Cell. 130 (3): 413-426. doi:10.1016/j.cell. ... Most plants do not move, and so plant-to-plant transmission usually involves vectors (such as insects). Plant cells are ... Plant Viruses Online, a full list of plant viruses DPVweb, on-line plant virus database Plant virus symptoms Danish Institute ... Plant viruses can be pathogenic to vascular plants ("higher plants"). Most plant viruses are rod-shaped, with protein discs ...

Jin L, Chen M, Xiang M, Guo Z (February 2022). "RNAi-Based Antiviral Innate Immunity in Plants". Viruses. 14 (2): 432. doi: ... DCL2 (an abbreviation of Dicer-like 2) is a gene in plants that codes for the DCL2 protein, a ribonuclease III enzyme involved ... In Arabidopsis and most of land Plants, there are mainly four Dicer-like proteins (DCL): DCL1, DCL2, DCL3, and DCL4. They all ... Other examples of exogenous source of dsRNAs are transgenic with several insertion loci along the plant hos genome. DCL2 also ...

Currently, there is research being undergone into plant vaccines, which come under the category of vector vaccines. Domestic ... Several such vaccines have successfully produced immunity. Antenucci et al. 2020 demonstrates the most consistent product and ...

Malzahn A, Lowder L, Qi Y (2017-04-24). "Plant genome editing with TALEN and CRISPR". Cell & Bioscience. 7 (1): 21. doi:10.1186 ... Barrangou R (February 2015). "The roles of CRISPR-Cas systems in adaptive immunity and beyond". Current Opinion in Immunology. ... July 2020). "Disruption of miRNA sequences by TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 induces varied lengths of miRNA production". Plant ... Charpentier E, Marraffini LA (June 2014). "Harnessing CRISPR-Cas9 immunity for genetic engineering". Current Opinion in ...

Melotto, Maeli; Panchal, Shweta; Roy, Debanjana (2014). "Plant innate immunity against human bacterial pathogens". Frontiers in ... Many plants have evolved stomatal defense machinery to close the stomata upon perception of bacterial surface structures, known ... The identity and diversity of the endophytic microbiome of above-and below-ground tissues may also differ within the plant. ... Light is one of the driving forces that can promote infiltration of pathogenic bacteria into plant leaves. Incubation of S. ...