A helper virus is a virus that allows an otherwise-deficient coinfecting virus to replicate. These can be naturally occurring ... Helper viruses are also commonly used to replicate and spread viral vectors for gene expression and gene therapy. Helper ... v t e (Virology, All stub articles, Virus stubs). ... as with Hepatitis D virus, which requires Hepatitis B virus to ... dependent virus Virophage Graham BS, Crowe JE, Ledgerwood JE (2007). "14 - Immunization Against Viral Diseases". In Knipe DM, ...

A helper dependent virus, also termed a gutless virus, is a synthetic viral vector dependent on the assistance of a helper ... Helper dependent viruses can also occur in nature without being "gutted". The term satellite virus has been given to a large ... Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an example of a replication defective, helper dependent ssRNA virus because it requires Hepatitis B ... Naturally-occurring satellite viruses are also helper virus dependent, and can sometimes be modified to become viral vectors. ...

Pirone TP, Blanc S (September 1996). "Helper-dependent vector transmission of plant viruses". Annual Review of Phytopathology. ... Pleione virus Y Plum pox virus Pokeweed mosaic virus Potato virus A Potato virus V Potato virus Y Potato yellow blotch virus ... virus Y Apium virus Y Araujia mosaic virus Arracacha mottle virus Asparagus virus 1 Banana bract mosaic virus Barbacena virus Y ... break virus Iris fulva mosaic virus Iris mild mosaic virus Iris severe mosaic virus Japanese yam mosaic virus Jasmine virus T ...

... they are not always found within their helper viruses. Satellite viruses Single-stranded RNA satellite viruses (unnamed family ... and foot-and-mouth virus), SARS virus, hepatitis C virus, yellow fever virus, and rubella virus. Group V: viruses possess ... Viruses that cause chickenpox and herpes are found here. Group II: viruses possess single-stranded DNA. All viruses that have ... which is normally the parental virus. They can also interfere with the helper virus. Defective interfering particles (RNA) ...

... a group of small DNA viruses that infect protists and require a helper virus to replicate; they are a type of satellite virus. ... Zamilon is restricted in its range of helper viruses; it can be supported by viruses from Mimivirus-like Mimiviridae lineages B ... Although the helper virus formed a high proportion of abnormal virions in the presence of Zamilon, these were also observed at ... Zamilon does not appear to inhibit the ability of its helper virus to replicate significantly, nor to lyse its host amoebae ...

... "helper" virus. TBSV infections often produce significant numbers of DIs from consistent parts of the genome under experimental ... Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) is a virus of the tombusvirus family. It was first reported in tomatoes in 1935 and primarily ... Yamamura, Y; Scholthof, HB (1 September 2005). "Tomato bushy stunt virus: a resilient model system to study virus-plant ... Martelli, G.P.; Russo, M.; Rubino, L. (December 2001). "Tomato bushy stunt virus". Descriptions of Plant Viruses. Association ...

THαβ helper cells provide the host immunity against viruses. Their differentiation is triggered by IFN α/β or IL-10. Their key ... Th17 helper cells are a subset of T helper cells developmentally distinct from Th1 and Th2 lineages producing interleukin 17 ( ... The novel characterisation of another T helper subtype, T helper 17 cells (Th17) has cast further doubt on the basic Th1/Th2 ... also known as Type 1 and Type 2 helper T cells, respectively). Th1 helper cells lead to an increased cell-mediated response ( ...

The helper virus identifies and responds to signals within the IBV D-RNA that are responsible for replication and packaging of ... With the helper virus dependent system, chIFN-gamma-containing IBV D-RNA was successfully used to induce the expression of ... One particularly promising method of IBV D-RNA-mediated heterologous gene expression uses the helper virus dependent system to ... virus internal ribosome entry site sequence in avian infectious bronchitis virus defective RNAs abolishes rescue by helper ...

They are only limited by the virus they must infect with, also known as the helper virus. These helper viruses are necessary ... A common helper virus in humans is the adenovirus.[citation needed] Dependoparvovirus is not infectious enough to trigger an ... viruses because they cannot replicate productively in their host cell without the cell being coinfected by a helper virus such ... Dependoparvovirus (formerly Dependovirus or Adeno-associated virus group) is a genus in the subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus ...

... spreads by co-infecting a cell with a helper virus. The first helper virus that was described as ... When the helper virus kills the host cell, the new AAV virions are released. If there is not a helper virus present, AAV ... If there is a helper virus, AAV's gene expression activates, allowing the virus to replicate using the host cell's polymerase. ... "Adeno-associated virus vectors can be efficiently produced without helper virus". Gene Therapy. 5 (7): 938-45. doi:10.1038/sj. ...

Plant satellite RNAs and virusoids depend on their respective helper viruses for replication, while the helper viruses ... Virusoids, while being studied in virology, are subviral particles rather than viruses. Since they depend on helper viruses, ... and supported by a helper virus (Hepatitis B virus) to form virions; however, the virions possess a much larger genome size (~ ... Virusoids are essentially viroids that have been encapsulated by a helper virus coat protein. They are thus similar to viroids ...

The virus activates a subset of T-helper cells called Th1 cells. The result is a proliferation of Th1 cells and overproduction ... Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 or human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I), also called the adult T-cell lymphoma virus type ... Few, if any, free virions are produced and there is usually no detectable virus in the blood plasma though the virus is present ... In Americas the virus is found in indigenous populations and descendants of African ancestry from where it is thought to have ...

Virophages are viruses that replicate only when host cells are co-infected with helper viruses. Following co-infection, helper ... The replication of virophages can negatively impact the replication of helper viruses. Sputnik and mavirus are examples of ... Prophages are genomes of bacteriophages (a type of virus) that are inserted into bacterial chromosomes; prophages can then be ... Miller DW, Miller LK (October 1982). "A virus mutant with an insertion of a copia-like transposable element". Nature. 299 (5883 ...

"Role of T-Helper 9 Cells in Chronic Hepatitis C-Infected Patients". Viruses. 10 (7): 341. doi:10.3390/v10070341. PMC 6071239. ... In cell biology, TH9 cells (T helper type 9 cells, CD4+IL-9+IL-13−IFNγ − ) are a sub-population of CD4+T cells that produce ... Kaplan, Mark H.; Hufford, Matthew M.; Olson, Matthew R. (May 2015). "The development and in vivo function of T helper 9 cells ... GATA-3 in TH9 cells development represses transcriptional factor FOXP3, which would other wise let to other T helper cell ...

Having this would possibly reduce the need for a replication-competent helper virus. Other advantages are human to human ... Foamy virus in humans occurs only as a result of zoonotic infection. The first description of foamy virus (FV) was in 1954. It ... Liu W, Liu Z, Cao X, Cao Z, Xue L, Zhu F, He X, Li W (2007). "Recombinant human foamy virus, a novel vector for neurological ... Human foamy virus (HFV) is a retrovirus and specifically belongs to the genus Spumavirus. The spumaviruses are complex and ...

Rather, they associate with a second viral-encoded accessory protein, termed "helper component" (HC). The virion and the HC ... "Carrot virus Y". www.agric.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 2019-12-13. "Carrot virus Y: Page 2 of 2". www.agric.wa.gov.au. Archived from ... Carrot virus Y (CarVY) is a (+)ss-RNA virus that affects crops of the carrot family (Apiaceae), such as carrots, anise, chervil ... This is a result of the virus using the plant as a host, as the plant's energy is diverted to the virus rather than to the ...

... are completely dependent on a helper virus for replication. The symbiotic relationship between a satellite and a helper virus ... The tobacco necrosis virus was the virus that led to the discovery of the first satellite virus in 1962. Scientists discovered ... maydis virus H satellite M Ustilago maydis M-P1 virus satellite Ustilago maydis M-P4 virus satellite Ustilago maydis M-P6 virus ... virus satellite RNA Tomato black ring virus satellite RNA Beet ringspot virus satellite RNA Beet necrotic yellow vein virus ...

It is a satellite virus, requiring P2-related helper phage to grow lytically. The P4 virion has a tail and an icosahedral head ... It is a satellite virus which cannot engage in lytic growth without the presence of a P2-related helper phage. It generally ... Enterobacteria phage P4 (also known as satellite phage P4) is a temperate bacteriophage strain of species Escherichia virus P2 ... Christie, GE; Calendar, R (1990). "Interactions between satellite bacteriophage P4 and its helpers". Annual Review of Genetics ...

October 2002). "Subcellular Location of the Helper Component-Proteinase of Cowpea Aphid-Borne Mosaic Virus". Virus Genes. 25 (2 ... Her main area of research has been viruses which attack the cowpea, one of the major food crops of Zimbabwe. Idah Sithole was ... Returning to Zimbabwe, she became a Lecturer at the University of Zimbabwe in 1992 on viruses which infect plants. Her chief ... When she was awarded a USAID Fellowship in 1983, Sithole chose to continue her education, studying plant and virus genetics. ...

Helper T-cells require a much milder activation stimulus than cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells can provide extra signals that ... "The Viruses That Make Us: A Role For Endogenous Retrovirus In The Evolution Of Placental Species". University of California, ... Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are another distinct population of effector CD4+ T cells that develop from naive T cells post- ... It has several different pathways that all end with the virus being unable to replicate. One of the pathways is siRNA in which ...

They called it "Hepatitis Delta Virus" (HDV). This new virus was found to be defective. HDV needed HBV to act as a helper ... Agents of this virus resemble that of plant viroids. It is still hard to tell how many stereotypes exist because HDV is under ... Flu viruses can be directly transmitted (via droplets from sneezing or coughing) from pigs to people, and vice versa. These ... Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cause AIDS which is an acronym for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a ...

... has a parasitic relationship with its helper virus species Phaeocystis globose virus (PGV ... Gezel-14T, is a virophage, a small group of DNA viruses that infect protists and require a helper virus to replicate, ... Articles with 'species' microformats, Taxobox articles possibly missing a taxonbar, Viruses, Virophages, DNA viruses). ... "Genome of Phaeocystis globosa virus PgV-16T highlights the common ancestry of the largest known DNA viruses infecting ...

Key features of replication include no helper virus required and no proteins are encoded for. Unlike the other family of ... "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Avsunviroidae". The Journal of General Virology. 99 (5): 611-612. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001045. PMID ... retrieved 2007-03-16 Description of Plant Viruses- Avsunviroidae, archived from the original on 2007-02-13, retrieved 2007-03- ...

Viruses like Sputnik that depend on co-infection of the host cell by helper viruses are known as satellite viruses. At its ... Sputnik uses the helper virus's machinery for reproduction and inhibits replication of the helper virus. It is known as a ... was the first known satellite virus that inhibited replication of its helper virus and thus acted as a parasite of that virus. ... is a subviral agent that reproduces in amoeba cells that are already infected by a certain helper virus; ...

His lab has done major work on the regulation and proliferation of follicular helper T cells, as well as immunological ... Crotty S, Cameron CE, Andino R (2001). "RNA virus error catastrophe: Direct molecular test by using ribavirin". Proceedings of ... the virus that causes COVID-19, and later confirmed that the adaptive immune response is lasting. In 2020, Crotty joined the ... Crotty has warned that this T-cell immunity does not equal protection against the virus. Choi YS, Kageyama R, Eto D, Escobar TC ...

The capsid protein of satellite panicum mosaic virus contributes to systemic invasion and interacts with its helper virus. ... PMV is serologically related to Molina streak virus and Maize mild mottle virus. There exists a satellite virus to panicum ... Viruses and virus diseases of Poaceae (Gramineae). Inra. p. 798. ISBN 2-7380-1088-1. ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, ... The virus can live up to nine years in infected plant debris. The virus is moved around the environment by wind, rain, and ...

Replication by helper virus occurs in viral factories made of membrane vesicles derived from the ER. A dsRNA genome is ... Assembly of new virus particles. Virus release. Whitish muscle disease, which develops in post-larvae of freshwater prawn ... Mortalities can reach 100%. "Virus Taxonomy: 2022 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 12 ... from helper virus nodavirus. The family name, Sarthroviridae, is a combination of S, from Small and arthro, from host ...

"Pathogenetic effector function of CD4-positive T helper 1 cells in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice". Journal of Immunology. ... They altered the DNA of cowpox virus by inserting a gene from other viruses (namely Herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B and ... The Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest virus have been used to build recombinant alphavirus replicons. Unlike conventional DNA ... A veterinary DNA vaccine to protect horses from West Nile virus has been approved. Another West Nile virus vaccine has been ...

For its reproduction the virus needs a helper or associated virus which is called Simian sarcoma associated virus (SSAV). HL23V ... Woolly monkey sarcoma virus (WMSV), with synonym Simian sarcoma virus (often abbreviated by SSV, but this may also stand for ... specific regions of the simian sarcoma-associated virus genome are found in defective viruses and in the simian sarcoma virus, ... Virus-specific phosphoproteins in simian sarcoma virus-transformed primate cells, in: EMBO J. 1982; 1(9): 1029-1033 PMC 553157 ...

"Proviral Integration Site for Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (PIM) Kinases Promote Human T Helper 1 Cell Differentiation". The ... PIM2 or Proviral Integrations of Moloney virus 2 is serine/threonine kinase that has roles in cell growth, proliferation, ... "Pim kinases are upregulated during Epstein-Barr virus infection and enhance EBNA2 activity". Virology. 333 (2): 201-6. doi: ...