Many of the proteins known to show antigenic or phase variation are related to virulence. Antigenic variation in bacteria is ... shows that some DNA viruses have the same high rates of antigenic variation as their RNA counterparts. Antigenic variation ... making it one of the mechanisms of antigenic escape. It is related to phase variation. Antigenic variation not only enables the ... Antigenic variation may be classified into two types, antigenic drift that results from a change in few amino acids and ...

Coinfection Antigenic variation Narayan, O; Griffin, DE; Chase, J (1977). "Antigenic shift of visna virus in persistently ... Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift, which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or ... Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza A, influenza B and influenza C. Antigenic shift, however, ... Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, ...

... a role in antigenic variation?". Nucleic Acids Research. 12 (10): 4153-70. doi:10.1093/nar/12.10.4153. PMC 318823. PMID 6328412 ...

Scherf, Artur; Lopez-Rubio, Jose Juan; Riviere, Loïc (October 2008). "Antigenic Variation in Plasmodium falciparum". Annual ... Guizetti, Julien; Scherf, Artur (May 2013). "Silence, activate, poise and switch! Mechanisms of antigenic variation in". ... Cross, George A. M. (April 1996). "Antigenic variation in trypansosomes: Secrets surface slowly". BioEssays. 18 (4): 283-291. ... "The large diverse gene family var encodes proteins involved in cytoadherence and antigenic variation of plasmodium falciparum- ...

Scherf A, Lopez-Rubio JJ, Riviere L (2008). "Antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum". Annual Review of Microbiology. 62 ( ... Kyes SA, Kraemer SM, Smith JD (September 2007). "Antigenic variation in Plasmodium falciparum: gene organization and regulation ... "The large diverse gene family var encodes proteins involved in cytoadherence and antigenic variation of Plasmodium falciparum- ... This variation gives rise to different types of PfEMP1. The DBL-CIDR combination in a particular type of PfEMP1 protein is ...

This is called antigenic variation. An example is HIV, which mutates rapidly, so the proteins on its viral envelope that are ... The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen ... Welling GW, Weijer WJ, van der Zee R, Welling-Wester S (September 1985). "Prediction of sequential antigenic regions in ... Fc receptor Immunostimulator List of distinct cell types in the adult human body Neuroimmune system Original antigenic sin - ...

Antigenic variation of Latinamerican rotavirus. Structural studies of the rotavirus inner capsid. Gene sequence of some ... Puerto Manzano, F; Avendano, L; Esparza, J; Caul, EO (Dec 1984). "Antigenic variation in Latin American human pararotaviruses ( ...

World Health Organization (1972). "ANTIGENIC VARIATION IN INFLUENZA A VIRUSES". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 47: 381. hdl: ... Through April 1972, little antigenic difference from the original Hong Kong virus was noted on the whole among circulating ...

Thirteen years of his group's malaria research on antigenic variation in malaria culminated in the first molecular cloning of ... Howard, R. J.; Barnwell, J. W.; Kao, V. (1 July 1983). "Antigenic variation of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria: identification of ... Howard, RJ (13 November 1984). "Antigenic variation of bloodstage malaria parasites". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal ... to the molecular pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria and the role of parasite antigenic variation and infected cell ...

It became apparent once the extent of antigenic variation in the virus was recognized that a new vaccine would be needed to ... World Health Organization (1972). "ANTIGENIC VARIATION IN INFLUENZA A VIRUSES". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 47: 381. hdl: ... The virus was descended from H2N2 (which caused the Asian flu pandemic in 1957-1958) through antigenic shift, a genetic process ... The novel virus was thereafter designated H3N2, indicating its partial similarity to H2N2 but also its antigenic distinction. ...

Barry JD, McCulloch R (2001). "Antigenic variation in trypanosomes: enhanced phenotypic variation in a eukaryotic parasite". ... The antigenic variation causes cyclical waves of parasitemia, which is one of the characteristics of human African ... Periodic antigenic variation - the VSG coat undergoes frequent stochastic genetic modification-'switching'-allowing variants ... This antigenic variation creates cyclical waves of parasitemia characteristic of Human African Trypanosomiasis. Antigen ' ...

Kinetoplast DNA and Antigenic Variation. At Erasmus University Rotterdam, as a member of Dirk Bootsma's group in the Institute ... Kinetoplast DNA and Antigenic Variation. Krips Repro b.V., Netherlands. "Jan Hoeijmakers, CV (as of the end of 2013)". Archived ... in which he clarified the molecular mechanism of the antigen variation of trypanosomes. He uncovered the structure and main ...

van der Woude MW, Bäumler AJ (2004). "Phase and antigenic variation in bacteria". Clin Microbiol Rev. 17 (3): 581-611. doi: ... Wisniewski-Dyé F, Vial L (2008). "Phase and antigenic variation mediated by genome modifications". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 94 ... It involves the variation of protein expression, frequently in an on-off fashion, within different parts of a bacterial ... In this form of phase variation. The promoter region of the genome can move from one copy of a gene to another through ...

Important questions about antigenic variation are also relevant for such research areas as developing a vaccine against HIV and ... Antigenic variation is common among pathogenic organisms. These include the agents of malaria, gonorrhea, and sleeping sickness ... through antigenic variation. Essentially, the pathogen stays one step ahead of antibodies by changing its surface proteins. ... which is sufficient to create a new antigenic "identity" for the organism. Antibodies in the blood that are binding to and ...

Its most prevalent mechanism is its ability to evade recognition by antibodies through antigenic variation. This is achieved ... One cause of antigenic escape is that a pathogen's epitopes (the binding sites for immune cells) become too similar to a ... However, variation of this coat can lead to antibodies being unable to recognize and eliminate the antigen. In addition to this ... Antigenic escape, immune escape, immune evasion or escape mutation occurs when the immune system of a host, especially of a ...

Prucca CG, Slavin I, Quiroga R, Elias EV, Rivero FD, Saura A, Carranza PG, Lujan HD (2008). "Antigenic variation in Giardia ... 2008). "Antigenic variation in Giardia lamblia is regulated by RNA interference". Nature. 456 (7223): 750-4. Bibcode:2008Natur. ... called antigenic variation). Gillin's work reveals why Giardia infections are extremely persistent and prone to recur. In ... Svärd SG, Meng TC, Hetsko ML, McCaffery JM, Gillin FD (1998). "Differentiation-associated surface antigen variation in the ...

Harrison B & Robinson D (1999). Natural genomic and antigenic variation in whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (begomoviruses). ... There is variation in the literature on this score, however, with other sources citing a 4-hour acquisition time and 4-hour ... Little to no infection occurs after three months, and variation in spread was due to change in temperature, radiation and ...

The virulence factor that M. penetrans displays is antigenic variation, the ability to exchange or switch antigens against ... Horino, A.; Sasaki, Y.; Sasaki, T.; Kenri, T. (2003-01-01). "Multiple Promoter Inversions Generate Surface Antigenic Variation ... penetrans antigenic variation. Mycoplasma penetrans has been shown to hinder p53, a tumor suppressing gene that aids in ... In M. penetrans, this promoter region can undergo reversible inversion, allowing for variation in antigen production and, thus ...

All are antigenic and all exhibit antigenic variation (see below). The pili exhibit the most variation. The pili, Opa proteins ... Phase variation is similar to antigenic variation, but instead of changes at the genetic level altering the composition of ... Pili are varied by antigenic variation, but also phase variation. Frameshifts occur in both the pilE and pilC genes, ... N. gonorrhoeae is able to vary the composition of its pili, and LOS; of these, the pili exhibit the most antigenic variation ...

"Transient cross-reactive immune responses can orchestrate antigenic variation in malaria". Nature. 429 (6991): 555-558. Bibcode ... "The generation of influenza outbreaks by a network of host immune responses against a limited set of antigenic types". ...

Morrison LJ, Marcello L, McCulloch R; Marcello; McCulloch (December 2009). "Antigenic variation in the African trypanosome: ...

Unfortunately, vaccines are not effective with Chagas disease due to antigenic variation. This pathogen causes damage to the ... but vaccines can not be used due to antigenic variation.[citation needed] Amoebozoa are characterized by the use of pseudopodia ...

Clements, JE; Pedersen FS; Narayan O; Haseltine WA (1980). "Genomic Changes Associated with Antigenic Variation of Visna Virus ... Terwilliger, EF; Langhoff E; Gabuzda D; Haseltine W; Haseltine, W. A. (1991). "Allelic variation in the effects of nef on HIV-1 ...

Barrett, Pastoret & Taylor 2006, p. 24 Chen J, Deng YM (2009). "Influenza virus antigenic variation, host antibody production ... Other viruses change more slowly as mutations in their genes gradually accumulate over time, a process known as antigenic drift ...

Biswas B, Vemulapalli R, Dutta SK (August 1998). "Molecular basis for antigenic variation of a protective strain-specific ... Strain variation among isolates can be determined by identifying surface antigens or by performing whole-genome sequencing. ... Molecular analysis surface antigens has found significant genetic and phenotypic variation in strains of N. risticii, these ... Chaichanasiriwithaya W, Rikihisa Y, Yamamoto S, Reed S, Crawford TB, Perryman LE, Palmer GH (December 1994). "Antigenic, ...

A DNA transposition mechanism for antigenic variation in African trypanosomes (9) (10) (11) (12). Transsplicing as an essential ... Bitter W, Gerrits H, Kieft R, Borst P. The role of transferrin-receptor variation in the host range of Trypanosoma brucei. ... J, a new base in the DNA of trypanosomes and related parasites (30) (31). Variation in the transferrin receptor allows African ...

Similar to HIV-escape, cancer can escape the immune system's detection by antigenic variation. As the immunodominant epitope is ... Immunodominance is the immunological phenomenon in which immune responses are mounted against only a few of the antigenic ... That is, despite multiple allelic variations of MHC molecules and multiple peptides presented on antigen presenting cells, the ...

Antigenic variation prevents the development of cross immunity to the various strains of O. tsutsugamushi. An infected ... As of 2009, more than 20 different strains have been established in humans based on antigenic variation using serological tests ... "Demonstration of antigenic and genotypic variation in Orientia tsutsugamushi which were isolated in Japan, and their ... DNA analyses have shown that the GroES and GroEL genes are indeed present in O. tsutsugamushi with slight variation in ...

Many genes involved in antigenic variation are located in the subtelomeric regions of the chromosomes. These are divided into ...

Dai Q, Restrepo BI, Porcella SF, Raffel SJ, Schwan TG, Barbour AG (June 2006). "Antigenic variation by Borrelia hermsii occurs ...