The infection process is actually quite complicated with this virus. First the aphid must acquire the virus by feeding on a ... SED is believed to be a physiological disorder. The virus itself is an extremely small, nearly spherical particle with a ... 30-38 Plant viruses online - www.wsu.edu [5] [6] ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Potato leafroll virus Family Groups - ... This process takes several hours, after which time the aphid will continue to transmit the virus for its remaining life. This ...

IFITM proteins are involved in the physiological process of immune response signaling, germ cell maturation and development. ... These virus include flaviviruses (dengue virus and West Nile virus), filoviruses (Marburg virus and Ebola virus), coronaviruses ... "The IFITM proteins mediate cellular resistance to influenza A H1N1 virus, West Nile virus, and dengue virus". Cell. 139 (7): ... IFITM proteins also are able to inhibit several infection with other enveloped viruses that belong to different virus families ...

Hybridization is the process of complementary base pairs binding to form a double helix. Melting is the process by which the ... The hepatitis delta virus ribozyme is a well known example of a catalytic RNA with a pseudoknot in its active site. Though DNA ... can also form pseudoknots, they are generally not present in standard physiological conditions. Most methods for nucleic acid ... However, in zebrafish and other teleosts the RNA splicing process can still occur on certain genes in the absence of U2AF2. ...

Rescue of influenza A virus from recombinant DNA. Fodor E, Devenish L, Engelhardt OG, Palese P, Brownlee GG, García-Sastre A. J ... Florey was a physiologist by training and was dedicated to the application of physiological and chemical methods to pathology. ... markedly speeding up the process of developing flu vaccines James L. Gowans: Gowans came to Oxford in 1948 and after getting a ... With Peter Palese and co-workers, developed the first "reverse genetics" system for influenza virus, ...

... these messengers and their targets regulate many fundamental pathophysiological cellular processes as diverse as Ebola virus ... By developing novel pharmacological, molecular and physiological approaches, he has demonstrated that ... has enhanced our understanding of how calcium as a ubiquitous cellular regulator may control a myriad of cellular processes ...

Several viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, use the protease activity of the TMPRSS2 protein in the process of entering cells. The ... Serine proteases are known to be involved in many physiological and pathological processes. This gene is up-regulated by ... Shen LW, Mao HJ, Wu YL, Tanaka Y, Zhang W (November 2017). "TMPRSS2: A potential target for treatment of influenza virus and ... The fact that TMPRSS2 has no known irreplaceable function makes it a promising target for preventing SARS-CoV-2 virus ...

This process appears crucial for both adhesion, migration and phagocytosis, three functions in which CD93 may be involved. In ... but failed to demonstrate a direct interaction between CD93 and C1q under physiological conditions. Recently it has been shown ... clearance of apoptotic cells or neutralisation of virus. Strikingly, it has been shown that anti-C1qRp significantly reduced ... CD93 is a C-type lectin transmembrane receptor which plays a role not only in cell-cell adhesion processes but also in host ...

It is often caused by sexually transmitted infections, such as gonorrhea, or viruses which will not grow in bacterial cultures ... However, there are many known causes, including systemic or infectious disease, structural and physiological reasons, intrinsic ... Its occurrence is also associated with certain disease processes, such as Kawasaki disease and genitourinary tuberculosis. ...

Physiological processes within the plant can contribute highly to spoilage. Natural transpiration causes water loss and results ... Sweet potatoes are susceptible to a number of species of fungi, bacteria and virus. Infection can result in the production of ... Damage to tubers by physical and physiological means can increase the chance of pathological infection and pest infestation. ... Drying removes moisture, reduces bacterial growth, and inhibits metabolic processes and enzymatic decomposition. Curing is a ...

Once inside the plant, the virus begins to replicate and assemble new virions. This process requires significant metabolic ... the strain of the virus, and environmental conditions, and can be confused with other disease or physiological disorders. ... Barley yellow dwarf virus kerII Barley yellow dwarf virus kerIII Barley yellow dwarf virus MAV Barley yellow dwarf virus PAS ... The virus is actively transported into the accessory salivary gland to be released into salivary canals and ducts. The virus is ...

... involves the study of (patho-) physiological processes with methods from biology and physiology. Approaches range ... from the molecular mechanisms of cystic fibrosis to the population dynamics of the HIV virus, from the understanding of ... This process is done by first preparing an agarose gel. This jelly-like sheet will have wells for DNA to be poured into. An ... During this process, the DNA denatures in the alkaline solution and is carried upwards to the nitrocellulose paper. The paper ...

... and as a model to examine some macrophage-related physiological processes, for example the macrophage cholesterol efflux. ... THP-1 cells are of human origin, and no evidence has been found for the presence of infectious viruses or toxic products. The ... as well as a models to study the monocyte-macrophage differentiation process, ...

Through this process, a virus causes harmful transformations of an in vivo cell or cell culture. The term can also be ... Physiological changes include the insufficient movement of ions, formation of secondary messengers, and activation of cellular ... and T-cell Leukemia virus type I. As many as 20% of human tumors are caused by viruses. Some such viruses that are commonly ... This process is in contrast to the lytic cycle where a virus only uses the host cell's replication machinery to replicate ...

Since its discovery, AP-1 has been found to be associated with numerous regulatory and physiological processes, and new ... The AP-1 subunit Jun was identified as a novel oncoprotein of avian sarcoma virus, and Fos-associated p39 protein was ... In particular, c-Fos and c-Jun seem to be major players in these processes. C-jun has been shown to be essential for fibroblast ... The process of skin metabolism is initiated by signals that trigger undifferentiated proliferative cells to undergo cell ...

ESA Monitoring Latent Virus Reactivation and Shedding in Crewmembers (VIRUS) - ESA PAthway DIfferent ACtivators (PADIAC) - ESA ... ESA Physiological parameters that predict orthostatic intolerance after spaceflight (AORTA) - ESA Physiological parameters that ... PROCESS) Resistance of lichens and lithic fungi at space conditions (LIFE) Resistance of spacecraft isolates to outer space for ... Monitoring Latent Virus Reactivation and Shedding in Crewmembers (VIRUS) PAthway DIfferent ACtivators (PADIAC) Role of ...

... which are essentially the same physiological process. (However, 'toning' implies moderate muscle definition, whereas 'building ... fitness training can improve immune response and strengthen the body's natural defenses against COVID-19 and other viruses. ... Diet itself helps to increase calorie burning by boosting metabolism, a process further enhanced while gaining more lean muscle ... Diet itself helps to increase calorie burning by boosting metabolism, a process further enhanced while gaining more lean muscle ...

Natural process by which life arises from non-living matter History of life - Processes by which organisms evolved on Earth ... The study of ancient viruses Timeline of paleontology - Timeline of notable events in the sudy of ancient life Systematics - ... Non-monophyletic grouping of organisms united by morphological or physiological characteristics Lineage (evolution) - Sequence ... Process that fits organisms to their environment Adaptive radiation - A process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ...

Oncology - study of cancer processes, including virus or mutation, oncogenesis, angiogenesis and tissues remoldings. Systems ... Behavioral neuroscience - study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals ... primates marsupial monotreme Viruses DNA viruses - RNA viruses - retroviruses Plant body Organ systems: root - shoot - stem - ... with a focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. Computational neuroscience - study of the information processing ...

... have shown that the manipulation of pectinesterase expression can influence numerous physiological processes. In plants, ... virus movement protein and it has been shown that this interaction is required for cell-to-cell translocation of the virus. ...

Antiretroviral drugs can disrupt the virus's replication process causing its numbers to decrease dramatically. While the virus ... EuResist started in 2006 as a consortium funded by the European Union as part of the Virtual Physiological Human FP-6 framework ... Since this process is lengthy and costly, computerized systems have been developed to predict virus resistance based on its ... The main reason such a treatment might fail is the development of mutated strands of the virus, resistant to one or more of the ...

... mechanisms of tolerance and its physiological functions include the suppression of potentially dangerous inflammatory processes ... Yoshida R, Urade Y, Tokuda M, Hayaishi O (August 1979). "Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in mouse lung during virus ... IDO is part of the malignant transformation process and plays a key role in suppressing the anti-tumor immune response in the ... These mechanisms are crucial in the process of carcinogenesis. IDO allows tumor cells to escape the immune system by two main ...

Processing may prepare the specimen for long-term storage. For example, DNA samples are processed into a salt buffer (aqueous ... viruses, cDNAs), viable but not yet culturable organisms, cells and tissues, as well as databases containing molecular, ... physiological and structural information relevant to these collections and related bioinformatics." The National Institute of ... There are a number of reasons why they are important: SOPs reduce variability within the samples and storage processes by ...

... also plays a role in several physiological processes and systems, including the nervous system, the immune system, ... Vaccinia virus is closely related to variola virus, which is known to cause the smallpox disease. The vaccinia virus has been ... Sulfatide is also associated with diabetes mellitus, cancer metastasis, and viruses, including HIV-1, Influenza A virus, ... Influenza A virus, Hepatitis C, and the Vaccinia virus. Sulfatide shows involvement in HIV-1 infection. gp120-gp41 are specific ...

Necrosis was long seen as a non-physiological process that occurs as a result of infection or injury, but in the 2000s, a form ... as a cell-death backup to apoptosis when the apoptosis signaling is blocked by endogenous or exogenous factors such as viruses ... NETosis is the process of cell-death generated by NETs. Paraptosis is another type of nonapoptotic cell death that is mediated ... This process has now been evolved to happen only when programmed. to cells (such as feedback from neighbors, stress or DNA ...

LMOs intended for direct use as food or feed, or processing (LMOs-FFP) represent a large category of agricultural commodities. ... viruses and viroids. 'Modern biotechnology' is defined in the Protocol to mean the application of in vitro nucleic acid ... techniques, or fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family, that overcome natural physiological reproductive or recombination ... Living modified organism intended for direct use as food or feed, or for processing (LMO-FFP)' are agricultural commodities ...

MR is the process by which at least two virus genomes, each containing inactivating genome damage, interact with each other in ... it must first enter a special physiological state termed natural competence. In Bacillus subtilis about 40 genes are required ... Examples of MR in animal viruses are described in the articles Herpes simplex virus, Influenza A virus, Adenoviridae, Simian ... When a cell is mixedly infected by two genetically marked viruses, recombinant virus progeny are often observed indicating that ...

Bacteria, viruses and physical trauma can trigger prothrombic processes within the body through inflammation and tissue factor ... is an inflammatory process that, in conjunction with the physiological conditions of postpartum and proximity with potentially ...

... from prokaryotes to eukaryotes to virus. These enzymes are involved in a multitude of physiological reactions from simple ... Blood clotting (such as thrombin) and viral polyprotein processing (such as TEV protease) requires this level of specificity in ... Some viruses, with HIV/AIDS among them, depend on proteases in their reproductive cycle. Thus, protease inhibitors are ... The genomes of some viruses encode one massive polyprotein, which needs a protease to cleave this into functional units (e.g. ...

... is an important player in many physiological processes, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal ... and viruses. Phospholipase D's principal substrate is phosphatidylcholine, which it hydrolyzes to produce the signal molecule ... Through these processes, it has been further implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases: in particular the ... Dysregulation of these processes is commonplace in carcinogenesis, and in turn, abnormalities in PLD expression have been ...

As part of normal physiological processes, they are involved in key steps of antigen presentation as part of the adaptive ... In many RNA viruses, including significant human pathogens such as the coronaviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, papain-like ... cysteine cathepsins have since been identified playing major roles in a number of physiological processes and disease states. ... The human genome encodes eleven cysteine cathepsins which have a broad range of physiological functions. In some parasites ...