Pyramidal cell
Pyramidal cells are among the largest neurons in the brain. Both in humans and rodents, pyramidal cell bodies (somas) average ... Ion channels within pyramidal cell dendrites have different properties from the same ion channel type within the pyramidal cell ... Pyramidal cell axons follow cues such as growth factors to make specific connections. With proper connections, pyramidal cells ... Due to branching, the total dendritic length of a pyramidal cell may reach several centimeters. The pyramidal cell's axon is ...
Pyramidal tracts
The corticospinal tract contains the axons of the pyramidal cells, the largest of which are the Betz cells, located in the ... Involvement of the pyramidal tract at any level leads to pyramidal signs. The myelination of the pyramidal fibres is incomplete ... The cells have their bodies in the cerebral cortex, and the axons form the bulk of the pyramidal tracts. The nerve axons travel ... Nerve fibres in the corticospinal tract originate from pyramidal cells in layer V of the cerebral cortex. Fibres arise from the ...
Gene therapy for epilepsy
It is primarily found in interneurons that modulates the firing rates of pyramidal cells primarily at a local level. They feed- ... The theory in utilizing somatostatin is that if pyramidal cells are eliminated, then the feed forward, otherwise known as ... forward inhibit pyramidal cells. In a series of studies where somatostatin was expressed in a rodent kindling model, it was ... Naegele JR, Maisano X, Yang J, Royston S, Ribeiro E (May 2010). "Recent advancements in stem cell and gene therapies for ...
KCNK9
TASK-3 channels are also expressed in the hippocampus; both on pyramidal cells and interneurons. It is thought that these ... some cells in the neocortex, habenula, olfactory bulb granule cells, and cells in the external plexiform layer of the olfactory ... "Melanoma cells exhibit strong intracellular TASK-3-specific immunopositivity in both tissue sections and cell culture". Cell. ... TASK 3 is coexpressed with TASK 1 (KCNK3) in the cerebellar granule cells, locus coeruleus, motor neurons, pontine nuclei, ...
Hippocampus anatomy
Each CA1 Pyramidal cell also sends an axonal branch to fimbria. Hilar mossy cells and CA3 Pyramidal cells are the main origins ... Pyramidal cells of CA3 send their axons to CA1. Pyramidal cells of CA1 send their axons to the subiculum and deep layers of the ... Like mossy cells, a single CA3 Pyramidal cell contributes to both commissural and associational fibers, and they terminate on ... The basal dendrites of Pyramidal neurons are also found here, where they receive input from other Pyramidal cells, septal ...
Hirano body
They are frequently seen in hippocampal pyramidal cells. An experimental model of Hirano body formation has been reported, ... Hirano bodies are intracellular aggregates of actin and actin-associated proteins first observed in neurons (nerve cells) by ... Hirano bodies are found in the nerve cells of individuals afflicted with certain neurodegenerative disorders, such as ... Bamburg, James R.; Bloom, George S. (2009-08-01). "Cytoskeletal pathologies of Alzheimer disease". Cell Motility and the ...
Neurotoxin
"Intraventricular Kainic Acid Preferentially Destroys Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells". Nature. 271 (5646): 676-77. Bibcode: ... Thus, protective cells termed astrocytes surround the capillaries in the brain and absorb nutrients from the blood and ... As calcium flux is necessary for proper excitability of a cell, any significant inhibition could prevent a large amount of ... This α7-nAChR functions to allow calcium ion influx into cells, and thus when blocked by ingested bungarotoxin will produce ...
Oscar Marín
"Pyramidal cell regulation of interneuron survival sculpts cortical networks". Nature. 557 (7707): 668-673. Bibcode:2018Natur. ... Cell. 125 (1): 127-142. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.042. PMC 2365888. PMID 16615895. Sánchez-Alcañiz, Juan Antonio; Haege, Sammy ... "Contact Repulsion Controls the Dispersion and Final Distribution of Cajal-Retzius Cells". Neuron. 77 (3): 457-471. doi:10.1016/ ... "Abnormal wiring of CCK+ basket cells disrupts spatial information coding". Nature Neuroscience. 20 (6): 784-792. doi:10.1038/nn ...
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
... in CA1 pyramidal cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells. In a laboratory setting step depolarizations the soma have been used to ... These IPSPs also regulate theta rhythms in pyramidal cells. On the other hand, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are ... IPSPs can take place at all chemical synapses, which use the secretion of neurotransmitters to create cell to cell signalling. ... a theta pattern of IPSPs in pyramidal cells occurs independent of the input. This research also studies DSIs, showing that DSIs ...
SPOCK1
Association with the postsynaptic area of hippocampus pyramidal cells". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (8): 4373-80. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.8. ... Marr HS, Basalamah MA, Edgell CJ (1998). "Endothelial cell expression of testican mRNA". Endothelium. 5 (3): 209-19. doi: ... 2001). "Distribution of testican expression in human brain". Cell Tissue Res. 302 (2): 139-44. doi:10.1007/s004410000277. PMID ... a multidomain testicular proteoglycan resembling modulators of cell social behaviour". Eur. J. Biochem. 214 (1): 347-50. doi: ...
Critical period
Within these cells, some also inhibit specific pyramidal cell dendrites. By inhibiting PV cells activity, the neuromodulator- ... the neuromodulation-activated cells allow select sensory inputs to excite the pyramidal neurons and be represented in the brain ... lift the inhibition of the pyramidal neurons; in other words, the activity of VIP and SST-expressing cells result in the ... neuromodulation is increasingly being recognized for its fine-tuning of the PV cell-mediated inhibition of excitatory pyramidal ...
Wynnea americana
... and composed of dark angular to roughly spherical cells that are 40-70 µm in diameter. The angular cells form pyramidal warts ... The spore-bearing cells, the asci, are 330-400 µm long by 16-20 µm wide. The ascus has a thickened apical ring that is capped ... The paraphyses (sterile cells interspersed among the asci) are 8-9 µm long and have internal partitions called septa. The ...
Oskar Vogt
"The giant cells" were cortical pyramidal cells of unusual size. There were also particularities in layer 3. In 1925 Vogt ... He found that Lenin's brain showed a great number of "giant cells", which Vogt saw as a sign of superior mental function. " ... The Salk Institute for Biological Studies where she worked on viral transformation and cellular immortalization of cancer cells ...
Feature detection (nervous system)
One class of pyramidal cell, E-cells, respond to increases; a second, I-cells, respond to decreases in stimulus amplitude ... Beyond pyramidal cells and spherical cells, a more complex feature detector exists in the dorsal torus semicurcularis of the ... where spherical cells relay phase or time information to higher centers and pyramidal cells code for amplitude information. As ... More specifically, pyramidal cells are considered feature detectors that respond to the amplitude of the stimulus. ...
Martinotti cell
Silberberg G, Markram H (March 2007). "Disynaptic inhibition between neocortical pyramidal cells mediated by Martinotti cells ... "Chrna2-Martinotti Cells Synchronize Layer 5 Type A Pyramidal Cells via Rebound Excitation". PLOS Biology. 15 (2): e2001392. doi ... When the pyramidal neuron, which is the most common type of neuron in the cortex, starts getting overexcited, Martinotti cells ... The arbors transgress multiple columns in layer VI and make contacts with the distal tuft dendrites of pyramidal cells. ...
Brodmann area 20
... has a greater density of pyramidal ganglion cells than in the other areas; layer VI is wider, more diffuse and has fewer cells ... to area 19 of Brodmann-1909 in the relative abundance of small cell types relative to the number of larger pyramidal cells; a ... clear internal pyramidal layer (V) with few cells; and a distinct multiform layer (VI). The major differences from areas 18 and ... 19 are somewhat lesser cell density; absence of a division of the external pyramidal layer (III) into sublayers 3a and 3b; ...
Isothalamus
The second kind of corticothamic axons is the Rockland type II (1994). This emanates from larger pyramidal cells and is much ...
Neuronal tracing
"Disynaptic Inhibition between Neocortical Pyramidal Cells Mediated by Martinotti Cells". Neuron. 53 (5): 735-746. doi:10.1016/j ... Many of the known neuron types, such as pyramidal neurons and Chandelier cells, were described based on their morphological ... for labeling from the cell body to synapse; Retrograde tracing, for labeling from the synapse to cell body; Viral neuronal ... Other more sophisticated neuron formats have separate geometrical modeling of the neuron cell body and neuron processes using ...
Glucocorticoids in hippocampal development
Granular cells populate the hippocampus slightly after pyramidal cell migration. These cells have farther distance to travel ... Pyramidal CA1 and CA3 precursor cells, therefore, do not have to migrate far to reach their final destination. The figure to ... Reelin knockout mice lack a single, distinct pyramidal cell body layer due to excess migration. Unexpectedly, these mice have ... the right indicates migration of pyramidal neurons forming the CA3 (orange) and CA1 (red) cell body layers. These cells ...
Neural backpropagation
These sodium channels on the dendrites are abundant in certain types of neurons, especially mitral and pyramidal cells, and ... Buzsáki, G; Kandel, A (1998). "Somadendritic backpropagation of action potentials in cortical pyramidal cells of the awake rat ... Stuart, G. Sakmann B. (1994). "Active propagation of somatic action potentials into neocortical pyramidal cell dendrites". ... "Modeling Back Propagating Action Potential in Weakly Excitable Dendrites of Neocortical Pyramidal Cells". Proceedings of the ...
Large irregular activity
When LIA is present large numbers of pyramidal cells are activated. There is always a delay of a few seconds between the onset ... LIA is often accompanied by ripples in the pyramidal cell layer. When the neural circuitry of the hippocampus is activated it ... the presence of LIA and think that theta ordinarily provides an inhibitory process which locks most of the pyramidal cells so ...
Optogenetics
Piriform cortex In vivo repeated optogenetic stimulation of pyramidal cells of the piriform cortex in healthy animals was able ... December 1996). "Subregion- and cell type-restricted gene knockout in mouse brain". Cell. 87 (7): 1317-1326. doi:10.1016/S0092- ... Tischer D, Weiner OD (August 2014). "Illuminating cell signalling with optogenetic tools". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell ... Cell. 121 (1): 141-152. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.004. PMID 15820685. S2CID 14608546. Li X, Gutierrez DV, Hanson MG, Han J, ...
Brodmann area 14
... a widening of the relatively cell-free zone of the external pyramidal layer (III); cells in the internal pyramidal layer (V) ... are denser and rounded; and the cells of the multiform layer (VI) assume a more distinct tangential orientation. According to ...
HCN1
"Polarized and compartment-dependent distribution of HCN1 in pyramidal cell dendrites". Nature Neuroscience. 5 (11): 1185-1193. ... Cell. 93 (5): 717-729. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81434-8. PMID 9630217. Hofmann F, Biel M, Kaupp UB (December 2005). " ... in surviving dentate gyrus granule cells of human and experimental epileptic hippocampus". The Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (17 ...
Fear conditioning
"Optical activation of lateral amygdala pyramidal cells instructs associative fear learning". Proceedings of the National ... Cell. 161 (7): 1592-605. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.032. PMC 4886855. PMID 26052046. Sun Z, Xu X, He J, Murray A, Sun MA, Wei X ... doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.009. PMC 3215943. PMID 22036561. Johansen JP, Hamanaka H, Monfils MH, Behnia R, Deisseroth K, Blair ... Johansen JP, Cain CK, Ostroff LE, LeDoux JE (October 2011). "Molecular mechanisms of fear learning and memory". Cell. 147 (3): ...
Panayiota Poirazi
She has used biophysical models of pyramidal neurons to show that dendrites of these cells integrate inputs in a sigmoidal ... "Arithmetic of Subthreshold Synaptic Summation in a Model CA1 Pyramidal Cell". Neuron. 37 (6): 977-987. doi:10.1016/s0896-6273( ... "Arithmetic of Subthreshold Synaptic Summation in a Model CA1 Pyramidal Cell". Neuron. 37 (6): 977-987. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273( ... Poirazi, Panayiota; Brannon, Terrence; Mel, Bartlett W. (March 2003). "Pyramidal Neuron as Two-Layer Neural Network". Neuron. ...
Phase precession
Pyramidal cells in the hippocampus called place cells play a significant role in self-location during movement over short ... Bose A, Recce M (19 June 2001). "Phase precession and phase-locking of hippocampal pyramidal cells". Hippocampus. 11 (3): 204- ... As the larger population of cells fire occasionally when the rat is outside of the cells' individual place fields, the firing ... Moser EI, Kropff E, Moser MB (19 February 2008). "Place cells, grid cells, and the brain's spatial representation system". ...
Brodmann area 4
... giant pyramidal (Betz) cells are present in the internal pyramidal layer (V); lack of an internal granular layer (IV) such that ... Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): the cortex is unusually thick; the layers are not distinct; the cells are relatively ... the boundary between the external pyramidal layer (III) and the internal pyramidal layer (V) is indistinct; lack of a distinct ...
Depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition
1992). Postsynaptic spike firing reduces synaptic GABAA responses in hippocampal pyramidal cells. J Neurosci. 12:4122-4132. ... such as the CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus or the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Activation of GABA receptors on ... This build-up of negative charge from the chloride ions results in the hyperpolarization of the target cell, making it less ... Since this reduction of inhibitory currents could be invoked simply by depolarization of the target cell, this phenomenon was ...
Sharp waves and ripples
Discharge of pyramidal cells of CA3 region also activates the GABAergic interneurons. Sparse firing of CA1 pyramidal cells and ... Population bursts of pyramidal cells in the CA3 region of the hippocampus via CA3 collaterals cause depolarization of pyramidal ... Pyramidal cells of CA3 and CA1 dendritic layer region are important in generating these waves, and they affect the subiculum, ... These fast ripples are field potentials of hypersynchronous bursting of excitatory neurons pyramidal cells at frequencies ...
George Aghajanian
George K.Aghajanian and Gerard J Marek: Serotonin, via 5-HT2A receptors, increases EPSCs in layer V pyramidal cells of ... excitatory postsynaptic potentials in layer V pyramidal cells of the neocortex and transitional cortex by whole-cell recording ... increases EPSCs in layer V pyramidal cells of prefrontal cortex by an asynchronous mode of glutamate release". Brain Research. ... "Serotonin Induces Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials in Apical Dendrites of Neocortical Pyramidal Cells". Neuropharmacology. 36 ...