The ligase chain reaction (LCR) is a method of DNA amplification. The ligase chain reaction (LCR) is an amplification process ... Gene amplification Wiedmann, M; Wilson, WJ; Czajka, J; Luo, J; Barany, F; Batt, CA (Feb 1994). "Ligase chain reaction (LCR)-- ... ligase to join two probes or other molecules together which can then be amplified by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ... A mismatch at the 3′ end of the discriminating primer prevents the DNA ligase from joining the two fragments together. By using ...

It can be formed artificially, using various methods including polymerase chain reactions (PCR) or ligase chain reactions (LCR ... O'Connor, T M (1 November 2000). "The ligase chain reaction as a primary screening tool for the detection of culture positive ... Leckie, Gregor W.; Lee, Helen H. (1995). "Infectious Disease Testing by Ligase Chain Reaction". In Meyers, Robert A. (ed.). ... Polymerase chain reaction, Laboratory techniques, Molecular biology techniques). ...

Ligase chain reaction, a method that amplifies the nucleic acid used as the probe. For each of the two DNA strands, two partial ... Wiedmann, M (February 1994). "Ligase chain reaction (LCR) -- Overview and applications". PCR Methods and Applications. 3 (4): ... Polymerase chain reaction, an easy, cheap, and reliable way to repeatedly replicate a focused segment of DNA by polymerizing ... and a thermostable DNA ligase. Transcription-mediated amplification, an isothermal, single-tube nucleic acid amplification ...

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase chain reaction (LCR), and transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) are examples. In ... Ligase works to fill these nicks in, thus completing the newly replicated DNA molecule. The primase used in this process ... In the adenoviruses and the φ29 family of bacteriophages, the 3′ OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the ... The RNA primers are then removed and replaced with DNA, and the fragments of DNA are joined by DNA ligase. In all cases the ...

It is more plausible that ligation of smaller RNA chains performed by the first RNA ligases resulted in a longer chain with the ... An RNA ligase's catalytic domain, consisting of 93 nucleotides, proved to be sufficient to catalyse a linking reaction between ... An RNA ligase, in turn, could link various components of quasispecies into one chain, beginning the process of a genome ... and the same number of polypeptide chains E (E stands for enzyme). Sequences I have a limited chain length and carry the ...

Important advances included the discovery of restriction enzymes, DNA ligases, and the development of polymerase chain reaction ... Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, allowed small sections of DNA to be amplified (replicated) ... 40-41 Another technique to isolate genes of known sequences involves polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR is a powerful tool ... DNA ligases, which join broken DNA together, were discovered earlier in 1967. By combining the two enzymes it became possible ...

... the Fok I method and a modified form of ligase chain reaction for gene synthesis. Additionally, several PCR assembly approaches ... Taq DNA ligase repairs the nicks on both DNA strands. Because the T5 exonuclease is heat labile, it is inactivated at 50 °C ... The chain grows in the 3' to 5' direction, which is backwards relative to biosynthesis. At the end, all the protecting groups ... The reaction can be summarised into two steps. The first step involves assembling the entry clones containing the DNA fragment ...

... and it has been applied to define and characterize specific nucleotide sequences in the genome using Ligase Chain Reaction (LCR ... A co-factor is generally involved in the reaction, and this is usually ATP or NAD+. Eukaryotic cells ligases belong to ATP type ... The DNA ligase first reacts with ATP or NAD+, forming a ligase-AMP intermediate with the AMP linked to the ε-amino group of ... Two issues are involved when considering the temperature of a ligation reaction. First, the optimum temperature for DNA ligase ...

Central dogma of molecular biology Exonuclease Ligase Nuclease PCR PARP Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RNA ... is used in the polymerase chain reaction, an important technique of molecular biology. A polymerase may be template dependent ... A polymerase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) that synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids. DNA polymerase and ... which lends diversity to antibody heavy chains. Family Y: DNA polymerase IV (DinB) and DNA polymerase V (UmuD'2C) - SOS repair ...

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, allowed small sections of DNA to be amplified and aided ... DNA ligases, that join broken DNA together, had been discovered earlier in 1967 and by combining the two enzymes it was ... the ability to design plasmids and technologies like polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Transformation of the DNA into a ... In 1972 Paul Berg used restriction enzymes and DNA ligases to create the first recombinant DNA molecules. He combined DNA from ...

This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ... Butyrate-CoA ligase, also known as xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid-ligase (XM-ligase), is an enzyme (EC 6.2.1.2) that ... 3-hydroxybutyryl CoA ligase, xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid ligase, and short-chain acyl-CoA synthetase. ACSM1 ACSM2A ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. This enzyme ...

This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ... The location of the p-hydroxylation and β-hydroxylation reactions is important in species where aromatic hydroxylation of ... Stereochemical course of the reaction" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (2): 454-458. PMID 4809526. Retrieved 6 ... other evidence from animal studies suggests that this reaction is catalyzed by DBH in synaptic vesicles within noradrenergic ...

This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ... The location of the p-hydroxylation and β-hydroxylation reactions is important in species where aromatic hydroxylation of ... Stereochemical course of the reaction" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (2): 454-458. PMID 4809526. Retrieved ... other evidence from animal studies suggests that this reaction is catalyzed by DBH in synaptic vesicles within noradrenergic ...

This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ... CYP2D6, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), butyrate-CoA ligase (XM-ligase), and glycine N- ... while improving reaction time. Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through reuptake inhibition and ... These agencies indicate that people who have experienced allergic reactions to other stimulants or who are taking monoamine ...

This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ... CYP2D6, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), butyrate-CoA ligase (XM-ligase), and glycine N- ... Krimen LI, Cota DJ (March 2011). "The Ritter Reaction". Organic Reactions. Vol. 17. p. 216. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or017.03. ... while improving reaction time. Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through reuptake inhibition and ...

This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ... The location of the p-hydroxylation and β-hydroxylation reactions is important in species where aromatic hydroxylation of ... Stereochemical course of the reaction" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (2): 454-458. PMID 4809526. Retrieved 6 ... consisting of a benzene ring and an ethylamine side chain. The structure permits substitutions to be made on the aromatic ring ...

This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ... The location of the p-hydroxylation and β-hydroxylation reactions is important in species where aromatic hydroxylation of ... A related laboratory-scale reaction has been described. An alternative route is zeolite-catalyzed isomerization of ... Another laboratory synthesis involves conventional routes include the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction of chloroacetone with ...

This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ... These modified compounds are then conjugated to polar compounds in phase II reactions. These reactions are catalysed by ... ROH Phase I reactions (also termed nonsynthetic reactions) may occur by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, cyclization, ... These reactions act in concert to detoxify xenobiotics and remove them from cells. In phase I, a variety of enzymes act to ...

This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ... CYP2D6, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), butyrate-CoA ligase (XM-ligase), and glycine N- ... while improving reaction time. Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through reuptake inhibition and ... The condensation reaction occurs with loss of water: (S)-PhCH 2CH(CH 3)NH 2 + (S)-HOOCCH(NH 2)CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2NH 2 → (S,S)-PhCH ...

This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ... The location of the p-hydroxylation and β-hydroxylation reactions is important in species where aromatic hydroxylation of ... Stereochemical course of the reaction" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 249 (2): 454-458. PMID 4809526. Retrieved 6 ... other evidence from animal studies suggests that this reaction is catalyzed by DBH in synaptic vesicles within noradrenergic ...

This reaction is catalyzed by the HXM-A and HXM-B medium-chain acid:CoA ligases and requires energy in the form of ATP. ... The ... CYP2D6, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), butyrate-CoA ligase (XM-ligase), and glycine N- ... while improving reaction time. Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through reuptake inhibition and ... At these doses, it induces physical effects such as a faster reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength. ...

The number of copies of the gene is then amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Simultaneously, the same restriction ... The insert and the destination vector are then mixed together with DNA ligase. A typical molar ratio of insert genes to ... Cloning Molecular cloning Polymerase chain reaction TA cloning Williams, Steven A.; et al. (2006). Laboratory Investigations in ... After letting the reaction mixture sit for a set amount of time at a specific temperature (dependent upon the size of the ...

... it has been most frequently used in RCA reactions. Different from polymerase chain reaction (PCR), RCA can be conducted at a ... T4 DNA ligase) or template-free ligation using special DNA ligases (i.e., CircLigase). Primer-induced single-strand DNA ... Different from conventional DNA amplification techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), RCA is an isothermal nucleic ... RCA reactions can be performed in not only free solution environments, but also on a solid surface like glass, micro- or nano- ...

Long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid with ATP to give a fatty acyl adenylate, plus ... Long-chain fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms are found particularly in ruminant fat and milk. Chains with an odd- ... The reactions of beta oxidation and part of citric acid cycle present structural similarities in three of four reactions of the ... If the fatty acyl-CoA contains a short chain, these short-chain fatty acids can simply diffuse through the inner mitochondrial ...

... used to describe the numerous copied fragments that are the products of the polymerase chain reaction or ligase chain reaction ... gluconeogenesis (GNG) The chain of metabolic reactions that results in the generation of glucose from some non-carbohydrate ... The term is used in particular to describe steps in certain laboratory techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction, where ... The term is often used to describe steps in certain laboratory techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction. embryo ...

In contrast to similar techniques such as polymerase chain reaction and ligase chain reaction, this method involves RNA ...

Once inside the cell, long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid molecule with ATP (which is ... This forms a cyclopentane ring roughly in the middle of the fatty acid chain. The reaction also adds 4 oxygen atoms derived ... straight-chain fatty acid synthesis occurs via the six recurring reactions shown below, until the 16-carbon palmitic acid is ... because long-chain fatty acids (as opposed to medium-chain fatty acids) cannot cross the blood-brain barrier into the ...

... ligase chain reaction MeSH E05.393.620.374 - self-sustained sequence replication MeSH E05.393.620.500 - polymerase chain ... Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction MeSH E05.393.661.124 - branched dna signal amplification assay MeSH E05.393. ... periodic acid-schiff reaction MeSH E05.200.500.620.670.660 - prussian blue reaction MeSH E05.200.500.620.670.770 - shadowing ( ... periodic acid-schiff reaction MeSH E05.200.750.600.670.660 - prussian blue reaction MeSH E05.200.750.600.670.770 - shadowing ( ...

Deprotonation of the rcDNA then acts as a precursor of cccDNA via a polymerase chain reaction. While there is debate concerning ... DNA ligase 1 and DNA ligase 3 directly reduce the formation of cccDNA, whereas DNA ligase 4 is crucial for cccDNA formation in ... It is a double-stranded DNA that originates in a linear form that is ligated by means of DNA ligase to a covalently closed ring ... "The role of host DNA ligases in hepadnavirus covalently closed circular DNA formation". PLOS Pathogens. 13 (12): e1006784. doi: ...

... as well as methods that anticipated the invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These custom-designed pieces of ... using polymerase and ligase enzymes that link pieces of DNA together, ... "made important contributions to this field by building different RNA chains with the help of enzymes. Using these enzymes, he ...