Glutamate-cysteine ligase
... (GCL) EC 6.3.2.2), previously known as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), is the first enzyme of ... The plant glutamate cysteine ligase is a redox-sensitive homodimeric enzyme, conserved in the plant kingdom. In an oxidizing ... Animal glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is a heterodimeric enzyme composed of two protein subunits that are coded by independent ... Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM, ~31 kDa) has no enzymatic activity on its own but increases the catalytic ...
GCLM
Glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GCLM gene. Glutamate-cysteine ligase ... Tu Z, Anders MW (1999). "Identification of an important cysteine residue in human glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit ... GCLM glutamate-cysteine ligase, modifier subunit". Dickinson DA, Levonen AL, Moellering DR, et al. (2005). "Human glutamate ... 2006). "Knockdown of glutamate-cysteine ligase by small hairpin RNA reveals that both catalytic and modulatory subunits are ...
GCLC
Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GCLC gene. Glutamate-cysteine ligase ... Tu Z, Anders MW (Dec 1998). "Identification of an important cysteine residue in human glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic ... "Entrez Gene: GCLC glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit". "Salmonella infection data for Gclc". Wellcome Trust Sanger ... Tsuchiya K, Mulcahy RT, Reid LL, Disteche CM, Kavanagh TJ (Dec 1995). "Mapping of the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic ...
Glutathione
This conversion requires the enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL, glutamate cysteine synthase). This reaction is the rate- ... "Fluorescence-based microtiter plate assay for glutamate-cysteine ligase activity". Analytical Biochemistry. 318 (2): 175-180. ... It is a tripeptide with a gamma peptide linkage between the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain and cysteine. The ... γ-glutamylcysteine is synthesized from L-glutamate and cysteine. ...
Maximum life span
"Overexpression of glutamate-cysteine ligase extends life span in Drosophila melanogaster". The Journal of Biological Chemistry ...
Cysteine metabolism
Chen Y, Shertzer HG, Schneider SN, Nebert DW, Dalton TP (October 2005). "Glutamate cysteine ligase catalysis: dependence on ATP ... In human cysteine metabolism,[citation needed] L-cysteine is consumed in several ways as shown below. L-Cysteine is also ... L-Cysteine is the product of several processes as well. In addition to the reactions below, L-cysteine is also a product of ... Cysteine metabolism refers to the biological pathways that consume or create cysteine. The pathways of different amino acids ...
NFE2L2
Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLM) form a heterodimer, ... May 2002). "Glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit: mouse Gclm gene structure and regulation by agents that cause oxidative ... Sekhar KR, Rachakonda G, Freeman ML (April 2010). "Cysteine-based regulation of the CUL3 adaptor protein Keap1". Toxicology and ... August 2004). "Oxidative stress sensor Keap1 functions as an adaptor for Cul3-based E3 ligase to regulate proteasomal ...
Γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine
Mice that have had the glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) gene knocked out do not develop beyond the embryo stage and die before ... Ferguson, Gavin; Bridge, Wallace (2016). "Glutamate cysteine ligase and the age-related decline in cellular glutathione: The ... requiring reaction catalysed by the enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL, EC 6.3.2.2; formerly γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase ... It has a relatively unusual γ-bond between the constituent amino acids, L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine and is a key ...
NFE2L1
Yang H, Magilnick N, Lee C, Kalmaz D, Ou X, Chan JY, Lu SC (Jul 2005). "Nrf1 and Nrf2 regulate rat glutamate-cysteine ligase ... The glutathione synthesis pathway is catalyzed by glutamate-cysteine ligase, which contains the catalytic GCLC and regulatory ... NFE2L1 is also regulated by other ubiquitin ligases and kinases. FBXW7, a member of the SCF ubiquitin ligase family, targets ... The concerted mechanism of HRD1, a member of E3-ubiquitin ligase family, and p97/VCP1 was found to play an important role in ...
Peptide bond
... glutamate-cysteine ligase (forms an isopeptide bond, which is not a peptide bond) and glutathione synthetase (forms a peptide ...
Erwiniaceae
... were identified through genomic analyses as exclusive for this family in the proteins glutamate-cysteine ligase, DNA gyrase ( ...
15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
... and possibly glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier. By these actions, 15-oxo-ETE may dampen inflammatory and/or oxidative stress ... These ketones are highly reactive with nucleophiles, adducting to, for example, the cysteines in transcription and ...
GCL
... an honour of Portugal Ganglion cell layer Geosynthetic clay liner Glutamate-cysteine ligase Golf Club of Lebanon Greater ...
Cystathionine
Alternately, the cysteine from the cystathionine gamma-lyase can be used by the enzymes glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) and ... Cystathionine is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine. Cystathionine is produced by the transsulfuration pathway which ... Cystathionine is then used by the enzymes cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH), cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), and sulfinoalanine ... It is then cleaved into cysteine and α-ketobutyrate by cystathionine gamma-lyase (lower reaction). Harris Ripps, Wen Shen (2012 ...
List of EC numbers (EC 6)
... glycine-tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.15: proline-tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.16: cysteine-tRNA ligase EC 6.1.1.17: glutamate-tRNA ligase EC ... ligase * EC 6.3.2.61: tubulin-glutamate ligase * EC 6.3.2.62: β-tubulin-glutamate ligase * * No Wikipedia article EC 6.3.3.1: ... glutamate-putrescine ligase EC 6.3.1.12: D-aspartate ligase EC 6.3.1.13: L-cysteine:1D-myo-inositol 2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D- ... pantoate-β-alanine ligase (AMP-forming) EC 6.3.2.2: glutamate-cysteine ligase EC 6.3.2.3: glutathione synthase EC 6.3.2.4: D- ...
List of MeSH codes (D08)
... glutamate-cysteine ligase MeSH D08.811.464.259.850.500 - glutathione synthase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200 - amino acyl-trna ... arginine-tRNA ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.150 - aspartate-tRNA ligase MeSH D08.811.464.263.200.250 - glutamate-trna ligase ... aspartate-ammonia ligase MeSH D08.811.464.259.200.600 - glutamate-ammonia ligase MeSH D08.811.464.259.300 - argininosuccinate ... valine-tRNA ligase MeSH D08.811.464.267.500 - coenzyme a ligases MeSH D08.811.464.267.500.200 - acetate-coa ligase MeSH D08.811 ...
Glutathione synthetase
Li H, Xu H, Graham DE, White RH (Aug 2003). "Glutathione synthetase homologs encode alpha-L-glutamate ligases for methanogenic ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming). Other names in common use ... This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-amino-acid ligases ( ... "Synthases and Ligases". IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN), and Nomenclature Commission of IUB (NC- ...
Parkin (protein)
"Structure and function of Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase reveals aspects of RING and HECT ligases". Nature Communications. 4: 1982 ... RING1 forms the binding site for E2 Ub-conjugating enzyme while RING2 contains the catalytic cysteine residue (Cys431) that ... and glutamate Glu444, which is involved in autoubiquitination. Together these form the catalytic triad, whose assembly is ... Parkin is a 465-amino acid residue E3 ubiquitin ligase, a protein that in humans and mice is encoded by the PARK2 gene. Parkin ...
List of biomolecules
Lactase Lactic acid Lactose Lanolin Lauric acid Lectin Leptin Leptomycin B Leucine Leukotriene Ligase Lignin Limonene Linalool ... C6H12O6 Glucose oxidase Glutamic acid Glutamine Glutamate (neurotransmitter) Glutathione Gluten Glycan Glycerin (glycerol) ... α-Cyclodextrin Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Cyclooxygenase Cyclopamine Cyclopiazonic acid Cysteine Cystine Cytidine ... Dextran Dextrin Dicer Dihydrotestosterone DNA DNA polymerase DNA ligase Dopamine Endonuclease Enzyme Ephedrine Epinephrine - ...
Chromosome 21
... ligase) HMGN1: encoding non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-14 HSPA13: encoding heat shock 70 kDa protein 13 ICOSLG: encoding ... encoding protein cysteine and tyrosine rich 1 DIP2A: Disco-interacting protein 2 homolog A DNAJC28: encoding protein DnaJ ... encoding glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1 H2BC12L: encoding histone H2B type F-S HLCS: encoding enzyme holocarboxylase ... encoding enzyme E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase listerin MAP3K7CL: encoding MAP3K7 C-terminal-like protein MCM3AP: encoding ...
Isopeptide bond
... between glutamate and cysteine). The formation of the isopeptide bond between the γ-carboxyl group of glutamate and the α-amino ... The E2 acts to certain degree as an intermediary which then binds to E3 enzyme ligase for the final tier, which leads to the ... However, in final tier, there is also a divergence, in that depending on the type of E3 ligase, it may not actually be causing ... By that, it's meant that once the RING finger E3 ligase binds with the E2 containing the ubiquitin, it simply acts as a ...
Tunicamycin
A nearby cysteine donates a proton to the hydroxyl group as it leaves as water. NADH donates a hydride to the 4' carbon, ... A glutamate residue then abstracts a proton from the 5' carbon, pushing the electrons up to form a double bond between the 5' ... TunL and a fatty acyl-ACP ligase are used to load metabolic fatty acids onto the acyl carrier protein, TunK. TunC then attaches ...
Protein phosphorylation
... cysteine, glutamate, arginine and lysine in HeLa cell extracts. Due to the chemical and thermal lability of these ... Serine 1047 and serine 1048 have been linked to the decreased binding affinity of ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl to EFGR when they are ... It has been shown that a subset of serine phosphosites are often replaced by acidic residues such as aspartate and glutamate ... These target proteins become substrates for particular E3 ubiquitin ligases only when they are phosphorylated. Elucidating ...
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase III
Two cysteines Cys1328 and Cys1338 have been identified in CPS I, which also use NAG as an allosteric effector, but not in CPS ... CPS III (EC 6.3.5.5.) is a ligase (3.) that forms carbon-nitrogen bonds (6.3.) with glutamine as amido-N-donor (6.3.5.) (see ... The reaction catalyzed by CPS III is: 2 ATP + L-glutamine + HCO3- + H20 → 2 ADP + Pi + L-glutamate + carbamoyl phosphat This ... Thus, these two cysteine residues appear to probably play a crucial role in the allosteric activity of CPS III. CPS III is ...
GMP synthase
... and L-glutamate. This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds carbon-nitrogen ... Identification of an essential active site cysteine". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (40): 23450-5. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... GMP synthase is also involved in amino acid metabolism because it generates L-glutamate from L-glutamine. This enzyme is widely ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is xanthosine-5'-phosphate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme ...
Biosynthesis
The glutamate family of amino acids includes the amino acids that derive from the amino acid glutamate. This family includes: ... Cysteine biosynthesis is a two-step reaction that involves the incorporation of inorganic sulfur. In microorganisms and plants ... Okazaki fragments are covalently joined by DNA ligase to form a continuous strand. Then, to complete DNA replication, RNA ... which catalyzes the reduction of the ϒ-carboxyl group of L-glutamate 5-phosphate. This results in the formation of glutamate ...
List of enzymes
L-glutamate ligase EC 6.2.1.40: 4-hydroxybutyrate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.41: 3-((3aS,4S,7aS)-7a-methyl-1,5-dioxo-octahydro-1H- ... S-L-cysteine hydrolase EC 3.13.1.7: Carbonyl sulfide hydrolase EC 3.13.1.8: S-adenosyl-L-methionine hydrolase (adenosine- ... Glutarate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.7: Cholate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.8: Oxalate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.9: Malate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.10: ... ligase EC 6.2.1.23: Dicarboxylate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.24: Phytanate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.25: Benzoate-CoA ligase EC 6.2.1.26: o- ...
Cysteine
The nucleophilic sulfhydryl group allows cysteine to conjugate to other groups, e.g., in prenylation. Ubiquitin ligases ... While glutamic acid is usually sufficient because amino acid nitrogen is recycled through glutamate as an intermediary, dietary ... The enzyme cysteine synthase, using sulfide sources, converts this ester into cysteine, releasing acetate. The cysteine ... Cysteine is encoded by the codons UGU and UGC. Like other amino acids (not as a residue of a protein), cysteine exists as a ...
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Glutamate synthase catalyzes the conversion of 2-oxoglutarate into L-glutamate with L-glutamine serving as the nitrogen source ... The reduced flavin can then act as a nucleophile to attack the disulfide, this forms the C4a-cysteine adduct. Elimination of ... Of all flavoproteins, 90% perform redox reactions and the other 10% are transferases, lyases, isomerases, ligases. Monoamine ... All glutamate syntheses are iron-sulfur flavoproteins containing an iron-sulfur cluster and FMN. The three classes of glutamate ...
Biotinylation
Carboxyl groups are found on the C-terminal ends of proteins and on glutamate and aspartate amino acid side chains. ... Enzymatic biotinylation is most often carried out by E. coli biotin holoenzyme synthetase, also known as biotin ligase (BirA, ... Besides whole proteins, biotinylated peptides can be synthesized by introducing a cysteine (Cys) residue during synthesis at ... Barat, Bhaswati; Wu, Anna M. (2007). "Metabolic biotinylation of recombinant antibody by biotin ligase retained in the ...