Wright, Sewall (1914). "Duplicate Genes". The American Naturalist. 48 (574): 638-639. doi:10.1086/279436. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID ... in seeds by sending them up high in the atmosphere in hot-air balloons in the hope that cosmic rays would alter their genes. He ...
Thus, duplicate genes accumulate mutations faster than a functional single-copy gene, over generations of organisms, and it is ... This may also render the chances and the rate of gene conversion between the homologs of gene duplicates due to less or no ... One or more copies of duplicated genes that constitute a gene family may be affected by insertion of transposable elements that ... a duplicated digestive gene in a family of ice fish into an antifreeze gene and duplication leading to a novel snake venom gene ...
"Preservation of Duplicate Genes by Complementary, Degenerative Mutations". Genetics. pp. 1531-1545. doi:10.1093/genetics/151.4. ... Conduct, Committee on Gene Drive Research in Non-Human Organisms: Recommendations for Responsible; Sciences, Board on Life; ... He later adopted these models to initiate the search for genes that have been selected through the domestication process, ... Takuno, Shohei; Gaut, Brandon S. (2013-01-29). "Gene body methylation is conserved between plant orthologs and is of ...
It is important to note that the ancestral gene was capable of performing both functions and the descendant duplicate genes can ... Gene sharing occurs when a gene acquires a secondary function during its evolutionary process. Gene sharing is unique because ... For instance, the gene for hemoglobin α-chain is undoubtedly derived from a duplicate copy of hemoglobin β-chain. However, ... Force A, Lynch M, Pickett FB, Amores A, Yan YL, Postlethwait J (April 1999). "Preservation of duplicate genes by complementary ...
Ohta (1987) was among the first to suggest that other mechanisms may exist for the preservation of duplicated genes in the ... Today, subfunctionalization is a widely accepted alternative fixation process for gene duplicates in the population and is ... For instance, according to Rastogi and Liberles "Neofunctionalization is the terminal fate of all duplicate gene copies ... Innan H (September 2009). "Population genetic models of duplicated genes". Genetica. 137 (1): 19-37. doi:10.1007/s10709-009- ...
If the duplicate copy increases the dosage effect of the gene product, then the duplicate may be retained as a redundant copy. ... When unequal crossing over creates a gene duplication, the duplicate has 4 evolutionary fates. This is due to the fact that ... Along with gene conversion, it is believed to be the main driver for the generation of gene duplications and is a source of ... This happens when both of the duplicated sequences have a more specialized function than the ancestral copy Gene duplications ...
"Younger genes are less likely to be essential than older genes, and duplicates are less likely to be essential than singletons ... Essential Genes on Genome Scale) database ePath (Essential genes in pathway) database Essential genes in E. coli (EcoliWiki) ... "Identification of essential genes and synthetic lethal gene combinations in Escherichia coli K-12". Gene Essentiality. Methods ... Liao BY, Zhang J (August 2007). "Mouse duplicate genes are as essential as singletons". Trends in Genetics. 23 (8): 378-81. doi ...
If a gene duplication is preserved, the most likely fate is that random mutations in one duplicate gene copy will eventually ... Evolution by gene duplication is an event by which a gene or part of a gene can have two identical copies that can not be ... duplicated) gene a cell has in its genome, the more gene product can be produced simultaneously. Assuming that no regulatory ... instead of one gene locus). However, the accidental loss of one gene copy might then be detrimental, since one copy of the gene ...
Gene duplication events can also be detected by looking at increases in gene duplicates. A good example of using gene ... When a gene is duplicated within a genome, the two copies are initially functionally redundant. These redundant genes are ... Gene redundancy has long been appreciated as a source of novel gene origination; that is, new genes may arise when selective ... Gene redundancy is the existence of multiple genes in the genome of an organism that perform the same function. Gene redundancy ...
... and gene inactivation, he predicted that higher organisms contain a large number of duplicate genes and nonfunctional genes ( ... In some gene families, this process is very fast, caused by random events of gene duplication and gene deletion and generates ... Recent molecular data indicate that many sets of interacting genes such as the Hox genes, immunoglobulin genes, and histone ... Nei, M.; Roychoudhury, A. K. (1973). "Probability of fixation of nonfunctional genes at duplicate loci". Am. Nat. 107 (955): ...
Most of the genes are duplicates. Some genes have the longest introns observed among fully sequenced plant genomes. Gymnosperms ... A lethal equivalent is the number of deleterious genes per haploid genome whose cumulative effect is the equivalent of one ... The number of genes is estimated at about 50,172, of which 15,653 are already confirmed. ... lethal gene. The presence of at least eight lethal equivalents implies substantial inbreeding depression upon self- ...
Unlike duplicate genes, chimeric proteins are immediately distinct from their parental genes, and therefore are more likely to ... "Formation and Longevity of Chimeric and Duplicate Genes in Drosphila". Genetics. 181: 313-322. Long, M., C. H. Langley 1993. " ... Much like gene duplications, they provide a source of new genes, which can allow organisms to develop new phenotypes and adapt ... This gene is formed from a retrotransposed copy of Alcohol dehydrogenase that united with the yellow emperor gene to produce a ...
These two gene clusters are thought to have arisen as a result of a precursor gene being duplicated approximately 500 million ... Gene family death occurs when the loss of a gene leads to the loss of the entire gene family. The continuous loss of genes ... Gene paralogs are genes with similar sequences from within the same species while gene orthologs are genes with similar ... New gene families originate from orphan genes (isolated pseudogenes). These isolated genes occur by different mean. A gene ...
One source of robustness to mutations are redundant duplicate genes. Natural selection can maintain their redundancy and the ... Andreas Wagner CV Wagner A (1994) Evolution of gene networks by gene duplications: a mathematical model and its implications on ... Early in his career Wagner developed a widely used mathematical model for gene regulatory circuits, (Wagner's gene network ... In this way, robust transcription factor binding sites, for example, can facilitate the evolution of new gene expression. An ...
Matthews, Sarah; Donoghue, Michael (1999). "The Root of Angiosperm Phylogeny Inferred from Duplicate Phytochrome Genes". ...
Gu, Z; Steinmetz, LM; Gu, X; Scharfe, C; Davis, RW; Li, WH (Jan 2, 2003). "Role of duplicate genes in genetic robustness ... During embryonic development, gene expression must be tightly controlled in time and space in order to give rise to fully ... For instance, gene expression is intrinsically noisy. This means that two cells in exactly identical regulatory states will ... For example, >95% of point mutations in C. elegans have no detectable effect and even 90% of single gene knockouts in E. coli ...
Gu, Z.; Steinmetz, L. M.; Gu, X.; Scharfe, C.; Davis, R. W.; Li, W. H. (2003). "Role of duplicate genes in genetic robustness ... Li, Wen-Hsiung; Gu, Zhenglong; Cavalcanti, AndreR.O.; Nekrutenko, Anton (2003-03-01). "Detection of gene duplications and block ... and on the patterns and consequences of gene duplication. In 2003, he received the international Balzan Prize for his ... "Adaptive evolution of color vision genes in higher primates". Science. 269 (5228): 1265-7. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1265S. doi: ...
... where the original duplicated gene derives from a separate, unknown lineage. This explanation for the origin of orphan genes is ... Orphan genes, ORFans, or taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs) are genes that lack a detectable homologue outside of a given ... and horizontal gene transfer. Novel orphan genes continually arise de novo from non-coding sequences. These novel genes may be ... Orphan genes may also simply lack true homologues and in such cases have an independent origins via de novo gene birth, which ...
A clear example are genes coding for haemoglobin subunits. These genes are easily duplicated and lost. As a consequence, there ... This may be due to the fact that the Z-chromosome has the lowest gene density. Also, gene variability is higher in ... Likewise, gene spacing is 91 kb (average) for mammals and 61 kb for reptiles, but only 49 kb in birds. It is known that similar ... Five genes are involved in this process in mammals and birds. Feathers are one of the most characteristic features of birds, ...
"Analysis of CYP21A1P and the duplicated CYP21A2 genes". Gene. 506 (1): 261-2. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.045. PMID 22771554. ... The RP gene (a former name for the STK19 gene) is involved in cell growth and differentiation, but its exact functions remain ... The C4A gene may be associated with an increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus, while the C4B gene may be associated ... The CYP21A2 gene encodes the enzyme 21-hydroxylase involved in synthesizing cortisol and aldosterone. The TNXB gene encodes the ...
Certain duplicated genes in the PWS/ACR viz., NDN, SNRPN, UBE3A, and GABRB3, are suspected of contributing to one or more of ... sSMCs' genes are clearly part of a cell's genotype, i.e. gene profile, but may not be activatable and therefore not alter an ... The gene is not present on Y chromosomes and in normal females resides on and functions to inactivate many of the genes located ... These sSMCs may or may not contain an XIST gene. In normal females, the XIST gene occurs on the X chromosome inherited from her ...
Structural and functional diversification in a duplicated gene. 2012". Neurochem. Int. 16 (5): 783-797. doi:10.1016/j.neuint. ... acetylcholinesterase is encoded by a single AChE gene while some invertebrates have multiple acetylcholinesterase genes. Note ... "Entrez Gene: ACHE acetylcholinesterase (Yt blood group)". Dori A, Ifergane G, Saar-Levy T, Bersudsky M, Mor I, Soreq H, Wirguin ... Getman DK, Eubanks JH, Camp S, Evans GA, Taylor P (1992). "The human gene encoding acetylcholinesterase is located on the long ...
Israel, RL; Kosakovsky Pond, SL; Muse, SV; Katz, LA (2002). "Evolution of duplicated alpha-tubulin genes in ciliates". ... The duplicated germ-line nucleus then develops into the new somatic nucleus. The genomic structure of the somatic nucleus is ... The diploid germ-line nucleus undergoes mitosis which creates a duplicated germ-line nucleus. At this point the somatic nucleus ... Instead, the chromosomes within the somatic nucleus are duplicated, and the nucleus goes through binary division. The precise ...
Non-processed (or duplicated) pseudogenes. Gene duplication is another common and important process in the evolution of genomes ... Duplicated pseudogenes usually have all the same characteristics as genes, including an intact exon-intron structure and ... Lynch M, O'Hely M, Walsh B, Force A (December 2001). "The probability of preservation of a newly arisen gene duplicate". ... The loss of a duplicated gene's functionality usually has little effect on an organism's fitness, since an intact functional ...
"Evolutionary Analysis of Sequence Divergence and Diversity of Duplicate Genes in Aspergillus fumigatus" in Evolutionary ... "Evolutionary Analysis of Sequence Divergence and Diversity of Duplicate Genes inAspergillus fumigatus". Evolutionary ... "Genetic Variants Contribute to Gene Expression Variability in Humans" in Genetics, 2013 "Development and bin mapping of gene- ... Hulse, Amanda M.; Cai, James J. (2013-01-01). "Genetic Variants Contribute to Gene Expression Variability in Humans". Genetics ...
Winkworth, Richard C.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2004-10-01). "Viburnum phylogeny: evidence from the duplicated nuclear gene GBSSI ...
The resulting directionality consists in duplicate genes undergoing reductions in activity, and introns losing self-splicing ... of the original gene. First, a gene undergoes a gene duplication event. This event produces a new copy of the same gene known ... Gout, Jean-Francois; Lynch, Michael (2015). "Maintenance and Loss of Duplicated Genes by Dosage Subfunctionalization". ... In this case, the two genes now only carry out the individual subfunctions of the original gene, and the organism is dependent ...
Blanc, Guillaume; Wolfe, Kenneth H. (2004). "Functional Divergence of Duplicated Genes Formed by Polyploidy during Arabidopsis ... "Widespread Paleopolyploidy in Model Plant Species Inferred from Age Distributions of Duplicate Genes". The Plant Cell. 16 (7): ... Seoighe, Cathal (2000). Gene order evolution and genomic analysis of the model eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and other ...
Genes from large gene families are duplicated. On the other hand, individual genes are not duplicated.[clarification needed] ... Single gene duplication is a random process and tends to make duplicated genes scattered throughout the genome. Duplicated ... there are several possible fates for duplicated genes; both copies may be retained as functional genes, change in gene function ... As time passes after a genome duplication event, many genes will change function as a result of either change in duplicate gene ...
Coordinate inter-genomic gene expression Duplicated genes often result in increased dosage of gene products. Doubled dosages ... This further contributes to gene loss on duplicated chromosomes. The duplicated copies of a gene are commonly non-essential to ... This is usually achieved by elimination of duplicated genes. The main goals of diploidization are: (1) To ensure proper gene ... Evolutionary changes refer to the long process of converting duplicated genes into diverse, functional gene derivatives. There ...