In Dubin-Johnson syndrome, a mutation in multiple drug-resistance protein 2 (MRP2) causes a rise in conjugated bilirubin. In ... In acute viral hepatitis, the GGT levels can peak at 2nd and 3rd week of illness, and remained elevated at 6 weeks of illness. ... Acute viral hepatitis usually has normal or increased ALP. For example, hepatitis A has increased ALP due to cholestasis ( ... Viral hepatitis can also cause the rise in conjugated bilirubin. In parenchymal liver disease and incomplete extrahepatic ...

"Quasispecies and Drug Resistance". Handbook of Antimicrobial Resistance. Springer New York. pp. 123-147. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939 ... multiple synthetic peptide antigens > single peptide antigen. The scarcity of effective synthetic vaccines for RNA viral ... the rate at which viral RNA or DNA is synthesized intracellularly for viral progeny production), viral load (the total amount ... Suppression of drug-resistant viral mutants during antiviral therapy. Opposite to suppression is maintenance of a mutant either ...

... this study highlights the importance of using multiple types of drugs to treat chronic viral conditions. An important part of ... In the herpes virus, drugs mainly target the viral DNA polymerase. As a result, mutations in the viral DNA polymerase that make ... HIV drug resistance mutations figures FDA-Approved HIV Medicines CDC Explanation of Influenza Resistance Mutations (Articles ... "HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations: Potential Applications for Point-of-Care Genotypic Resistance Testing". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): ...

In the medical space, he has identified new drug targets and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms for tuberculosis, for example ... At the ecosystem scale, he has demonstrated that atmospheric trace gas oxidation is mediated by multiple bacterial and archaeal ... viral, protist, and helminth pathogens across any given human, animal, or environmental sample. ... For the RISE program, he developed quantitative PCR cards that enable rapid and sensitive detection of multiple bacterial, ...

... has been studied for its potential to treat various kinds of multiple drug resistance bacterial infections, as well as ... viral and fungal infections in vitro, but as of 2016, the safety and efficacy of allicin to treat infections in people was ... ISBN 978-1-4665-1557-4. (Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing, ... "that could be the key to sustainable drug design addressing serious problems with escalating emergence of multidrug-resistant ...

... no antibiotics for viral infections Identify the causative organism whenever possible Select an antimicrobial which targets the ... Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of ... Drug resistance MDRGN bacteria Xenobiotic metabolism NDM1 enzymatic resistance Herbicide resistance P-glycoprotein A.-P. ... Drug+Resistance,+Multiple at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Boucher, HW, Talbot GH, ...

... including M184V and multiple thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs). In early studies, no mutations causing drug resistance were ... As a monotherapy, 1200 mg apricitabine per day reduced the viral load by up to 1.65 logs (45 fold) in a small, 10-day ... expected results from simultaneous provision of the drug alongside two other marketed drugs when compared to those drugs with ... Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Drugs not assigned an ATC code, Drugs with non-standard ...

Luciani F, Sisson SA, Jiang H, Francis AR, Tanaka MM (August 2009). "The epidemiological fitness cost of drug resistance in ... To connect the epidemiological model to viral genealogies requires that multiple viral strains, with different nucleotide or ... Antiviral treatment also creates selective pressure for the evolution of drug resistance in virus populations, and can thereby ... Sequencing of virus from newly diagnosed patients is now routine in many countries for surveillance of drug resistance ...

Given the importance of viral evolution to disease emergence, pathogenesis, drug resistance, and vaccine efficacy, it has been ... As the complete genome sequences of multiple myxoma strains have been published, scientists have been able to pinpoint exactly ... Myxomatosis (a viral disease of rabbits, caused by the myxoma virus) had been introduced to New Zealand in 1952, but failed to ... Both in modes of resistance and of virulence, and in all countries in which the virus has been introduced for control of feral ...

Because of viral recombination, superinfection patients infected with at least one drug-resistant strain are likely to develop ... and may cause more rapid disease progression or carry multiple resistances to certain HIV medications. HIV superinfection may ... They are also reported in areas where multiple viral clades intersect. In 2004, a study by AIDS on sex workers in Nairobi, ... Following initial acute HIV infection, CD8+ T-cells control viral replication and maintain it at a viral set point. Following ...

Major risk factors for HCMV drug resistance are the residual capacity of the host's immune system to control viral replication ... Five percent develop multiple handicaps, and develop cytomegalic inclusion disease with nonspecific signs that resemble rubella ... HCMV antiviral drug resistance can be detected by phenotypic or by genotypic drug resistance testing. Phenotypic resistance ... "A new tool linking human cytomegalovirus drug resistance mutations to resistance phenotypes". Antiviral Research. 85 (2): 318- ...

January 2002). "Augmented expression of P-gp/multi-drug resistance gene by all-trans retinoic acid in monocytic leukemic cells ... December 2006). "Neural crest-derived cells with stem cell features can be traced back to multiple lineages in the adult skin ... December 2004). "Immortalization of human bronchial epithelial cells in the absence of viral oncoproteins". Cancer Research. 64 ... December 2003). "The multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3) is associated with a poor outcome in childhood ALL and ...

Several drugs classified as "AXL inhibitors" have entered clinical trials; however, many target multiple kinase receptors in ... In recent years, AXL has emerged as a key facilitator of immune escape and drug-resistance by cancer cells, leading to ... This phenomenon is known to rely on phosphatidylserine incorporated in the viral envelope during egress, which then binds to ... AXL has been shown to be a key driver of drug-resistance to targeted therapies, immuno therapies and chemotherapy in various ...

... there are no indications of the virus developing resistance. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a multiple dosing ... The drug targets miR-122, a host factor necessary for viral replication of the hepatitis C virus in host liver cells; because ... One of the distinctive qualities of LNA drugs is their resistance to endonuclease activity, which contributes to their ... Santaris developed drugs based on Locked Nucleic Acids (LNA) to facilitate the identification and design of potential drug ...

... drug resistance, viral MeSH G04.185.515.286.420.500 - drug resistance, multiple, viral MeSH G04.185.515.329 - drug resistance, ... drug resistance, multiple, fungal MeSH G04.185.515.329.750 - drug resistance, multiple, viral MeSH G04.185.515.372 - germ-free ... drug resistance, fungal MeSH G04.185.515.286.383.500 - drug resistance, multiple, fungal MeSH G04.185.515.286.420 - ... chloramphenicol resistance MeSH G04.185.515.286.347.812 - drug resistance, multiple, bacterial MeSH G04.185.515.286.347.875 - ...

Montaner and his colleagues at the BC-CfE have conducted research on the development of drug resistance to triple-drug therapy ... The percentage of patients in the triple drug therapy group with a viral load below 20 copies per mL after 52 weeks of ... CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, ... had developed resistance to every HIV drug on the market due to being treated with single-drug therapy in the early 1990s ...

Ouellette M, Borst P. Drug resistance and P-glycoprotein gene amplification in the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Res Microbiol ... family of drug transporters has multiple members (36) (37) (38). Identification of new endogenous substrates for MRP3 (ABCC3) ... Borst P, Weissmann C. Replication of viral RNA, 8. Studies on the enzymatic mechanism of replication of MS2 RNA. Proc Natl Acad ... Subunit composition of VRAC channels determines substrate specificity and cellular resistance to Pt-based anti-cancer drugs. ...

Antibacterials are among the most commonly used drugs and among the drugs commonly misused by physicians, for example, in viral ... Antimicrobial pesticides have the potential to be a major factor in drug resistance. Organizations such as the World Health ... Broad-spectrum therapeutics are active against multiple classes of pathogens. Such therapeutics have been suggested as ... Viral hepatitis is caused by five unrelated hepatotropic viruses (A-E) and may be treated with antiviral drugs depending on the ...

Following the death of a close friend due to a superbug, i.e., a microbe with multiple drug resistance, Brenner began research ... He foresees the potential use in hospitals, schools, etc., to help restrict the spread of microbial and viral based disease. " ...

... drug resistance, viral MeSH G12.392.269.420.500 - drug resistance, multiple, viral MeSH G12.392.300 - drug resistance, multiple ... drug resistance, multiple, fungal MeSH G12.392.300.750 - drug resistance, multiple, viral MeSH G12.392.395 - drug resistance, ... vancomycin resistance MeSH G12.392.269.383 - drug resistance, fungal MeSH G12.392.269.383.500 - drug resistance, multiple, ... herb-drug interactions MeSH G12.392.269 - drug resistance, microbial MeSH G12.392.269.347 - drug resistance, bacterial MeSH ...

... between the bronchopneumonia pattern and hospital-acquired pneumonia warrants greater consideration of multiple drug resistance ... Bronchopneumonia is usually a bacterial pneumonia rather than being caused by viral disease.[medical citation needed] It is ... On gross pathology there are typically multiple foci of consolidation present in the basal lobes of the human lung, often ...

HIV patients with multi-drug resistance tolerated ibalizumab well in combination with other treatments, and 59% of patients ... and antiretroviral activity of multiple doses of ibalizumab (formerly TNX-355), an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody, in human ... achieved viral suppression. "Ibalizumab (TMB-355)". TaiMed Biologics. 2009-09-09. Archived from the original on 2009-08-20. " ... Drugs that are a monoclonal antibody, Monoclonal antibodies, Antiviral drugs, Orphan drugs, Breakthrough therapy). ...

When treating infection, whether bacterial or viral, there is always a risk of the infectious agent to develop drug resistance ... The advance of etravirine over other NNRTIs is that multiple mutations are required for the development of drug resistance. The ... The capability to bind in multiple modes made the NNRTIs stronger against drug-resistance mutations. Variability between the ... The perfect anti-HIV drug chemical should be effective against drug resistance mutation. Understanding the target RT enzyme and ...

Resistance was caused by deactivation of ribavirin through its glucuronidation in AML cells or impaired drug entry/retention in ... Dai D, Chen H, Tang J, Tang Y (January 2017). "Inhibition of mTOR/eIF4E by anti-viral drug ribavirin effectively enhances the ... Zismanov V, Attar-Schneider O, Lishner M, Heffez Aizenfeld R, Tartakover Matalon S, Drucker L (February 2015). "Multiple ... Infobox drug with local INN variant, Drugs with non-standard legal status, ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata, Drug has EMA link, ...

... as well as the emergence of drug-resistance influenza strains via mutations that were reassorted. The exact origin of ... In particular, the viral envelope is near-universal among negative-sense, single-stranded (-ssRNA) viruses. Viruses in ... For reassortment, some segmented viruses package their genomes into multiple virions, which produces genomes that are random ... They are descended from a common ancestor that may have been a non-viral molecule that encoded a reverse transcriptase instead ...

"Coregulation of CD8+ T cell exhaustion by multiple inhibitory receptors during chronic viral infection". Nature Immunology. 10 ... in combination with other antiretroviral therapies to enhance the antiviral effect and reduce the risk of drug resistance. ... CD4-Ig binds to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120, which is responsible for HIV binding to CD4. By binding to gp120, CD4-Ig ... It works by binding to the viral envelope protein and blocking the entry of the virus into CD4+ T cells, thereby inhibiting ...

In well-resourced healthcare settings, when treatment fails, a resistance test may be run to predict which drugs the patient's ... The type of test in most common use is the genotype test, which detects mutations in the viral genetic code. This information ... The data includes demographic information for the patient, and multiple determinations of the amount of virus in the patient's ... often involving to the development of resistance. During drug therapy, low-level virus replication still occurs, particularly ...

By blocking the CDR2 domain of the CD4 receptor of the virus, it prevents initial viral attachment to the host T cell and entry ... The antibody is unlikely to promote resistance to itself via generation of CD4-independent virus, and has performed well in ... Additionally, it offers hope to HIV patients whose infection has become multi-drug resistant. Furthermore, the antibody has ... its neutralization of multiple sub-types of HIV, its inhibition of both cell-to-cell and cell-free transmission of HIV, and its ...

Multiple chemicals in Infobox drug, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing, Chemical articles with multiple ... an enzyme that plays a critical role in viral maturation by initiating the processing of the N-linked oligosaccharides of viral ... may prove to be a valuable component for combination therapy and may help to prevent the apparition of drug resistance. Long- ... KEGG DRUG: Celgosivir Hydrochloride (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Drugs with ...

Other antiviral drugs in use target different stages of the viral life cycle. HIV is dependent on a proteolytic enzyme called ... One of the most effective is the presence of so-called resistance (R) genes. Each R gene confers resistance to a particular ... Chen Y, Zhao Y, Hammond J, Hsu HT, Evans J, Feldlaufer M (October-November 2004). "Multiple virus infections in the honey bee ... viral protein synthesis, possible assembly of viral proteins, then viral genome replication mediated by early or regulatory ...

... as Senior Investigator and Head of the Viral Recombination Section in the HIV Drug Resistance Program (renamed the HIV Dynamics ... Under Hu's direction, the NCI Viral Recombination Section investigates multiple aspects of the retroviral life cycle that ... She is a senior investigator at the National Cancer Institute and head of the viral recombination section. She was an associate ... affect the transfer of viral genetic information. These studies have implications for questions that are fundamentally ...