In enzymology, a choline dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction choline + acceptor ⇌ {\ ... Other names in common use include choline oxidase, choline-cytochrome c reductase, choline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase, and ... Gadda G, McAllister-Wilkins EE (2003). "Cloning, Expression, and Purification of Choline Dehydrogenase from the Moderate ... Ebisuzaki K, Williams JN (1955). "Preparation and partial purification of soluble choline dehydrogenase from liver mitochondria ...

Betaine aldehyde is a substrate for choline dehydrogenase (mitochondrial). Glycine betaine aldehyde is a short chain aldehyde ... stress tolerance in Escherichia coli and Nicotiana tabacum expressing a betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase/choline dehydrogenase ... The human aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) stimulates the transformation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine. ...

Park S, Choi SG, Yoo SM, Son JH, Jung YK (2014). "Choline dehydrogenase interacts with SQSTM1/p62 to recruit LC3 and stimulate ...

... in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase influence biomarkers of choline ... While the CDP-choline pathway, in which choline obtained either by dietary consumption or by metabolism of choline-containing ... PC made via the PEMT pathway can be degraded by phospholipases C/D, resulting in the de novo formation of choline. Thus, the ... This is one of several examples of the reciprocal regulation of PEMT and CT in the PEMT and CDP-choline pathways. Estrogen has ...

... choline dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.99.1). Betaine aldehyde is further oxidised in the mitochondria in mice to betaine by the enzyme ... USDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods - including the data on choline metabolites, such as betaine, in 434 food ... "Dietary reference values for choline". EFSA Journal. 14 (8). 2016. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4484. "USDA Database for the Choline ... In most organisms, glycine betaine is biosynthesized by oxidation of choline in two steps. The intermediate, betaine aldehyde, ...

... which functions in choline degradation. The mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes the oxidative ... Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase regulatory subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PDPR gene. The complete ... "Entrez Gene: Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase regulatory subunit". Lawson JE, Park SH, Mattison AR, Yan J, Reed LJ (December ... by the pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatases (PDPs 1 and 2). As PDPR is involved in the regulation of the central metabolic ...

... choline dehydrogenase (CHD) EC 1.1.99.1, methanol oxidase (MOX) EC 1.1.3.13 and cellobiose dehydrogenase EC 1.1.99.18 which ... The glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases are FAD flavoproteins oxidoreductases. These enzymes include a variety of ... In molecular biology, the glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family (GMC oxidoreductase) is a family of enzymes with ... Henriksson G, Johansson G, Pettersson G (March 2000). "A critical review of cellobiose dehydrogenases". J. Biotechnol. 78 (2): ...

... uridine diphosphate glucose dehydrogenase MeSH D08.811.682.047.180 - choline dehydrogenase MeSH D08.811.682.047.210 - galactose ... malate dehydrogenase MeSH D08.811.682.047.748 - malate dehydrogenase (nadp+) MeSH D08.811.682.047.892 - xanthine dehydrogenase ... acetoin dehydrogenase MeSH D08.811.682.047.070 - alcohol dehydrogenase MeSH D08.811.682.047.150 - carbohydrate dehydrogenases ... acyl-coa dehydrogenase MeSH D08.811.682.660.150.150 - acyl-coa dehydrogenase, long-chain MeSH D08.811.682.660.150.200 - acyl- ...

This is oxidized by mitochondrial or cytosolic betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenases to trimethylglycine. Trimethylglycine is a ... Choline can also be produced by the CDP-choline route, cytosolic choline kinases (CK) phosphorylate choline with ATP to ... Choline forms various salts, for example choline chloride and choline bitartrate. Choline is a quaternary ammonium cation. The ... "Total choline" is defined as the sum of free choline and choline-containing phospholipids, without accounting for mass fraction ...

... inhibits choline acetyltransferase acting as a neurotoxin. It competes with acetyl-CoA. PubChem. "Phenylacetyl ... Phenylacetyl-CoA combines with water and quinone to produce phenylglyoxylyl-CoA and quinol via a phenylacetyl-CoA dehydrogenase ...

NADH dehydrogenase succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase cytochrome c oxidase (CS1 errors: periodical ... In mammals, this metabolic pathway is important in beta oxidation of fatty acids and catabolism of amino acids and choline, as ... NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase, also known as NADH dehydrogenase or complex I, is the first protein in the electron transport ... Ikeda Y, Dabrowski C, Tanaka K (25 January 1983). "Separation and properties of five distinct acyl-CoA dehydrogenases from rat ...

... and choline metabolism. It is characterized by multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies resulting in large excretion not ... Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase in the inner mitochondrial membrane accepts electrons from electron-transfer ... "Entrez Gene: ETFDH electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase". Olsen RK, Andresen BS, Christensen E, Bross P, Skovby F, ... Deficiency in electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase have been demonstrated in some patients with type II glutaric ...

A crystal structure of the complex of one of its interactors, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD; gene name ACADM) has ... The flavoenzymes that transfer electrons to ETF are involved in fatty acid beta oxidation, amino acid catabolism, choline ... Crane FL, Beinert H (September 1954). "A Link Between Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase and Cytochrome C: A New Flavin Enzyme". ... Defects in either of the ETF subunits or ETFDH cause multiple acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (OMIM # 231680), earlier called ...

A crystal structure of the complex of one of its interactors, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD; gene name ACADM) has ... The flavoenzymes that transfer electrons to ETF are involved in fatty acid beta oxidation, amino acid catabolism, choline ... Crane FL, Beinert H (September 1954). "A Link Between Fatty Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase and Cytochrome C: A New Flavin Enzyme". ... Defects in either of the ETF subunits or ETFDH cause multiple acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (OMIM # 231680), earlier called ...

These include transferrin receptor, choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A, RNF168, serine/threonine-protein kinase, nuclear ... cap-binding protein complex, melanotransferrin, DLG1 and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase[citation needed] Research on the ...

Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), an enzyme that transforms cinnamyl alcohol into cinnamaldehyde Sinapine esterase, an ... D-quinate into trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinate Sinapoylglucose-choline O-sinapoyltransferase, an enzyme that transforms 1-O- ... enzyme that transforms sinapoylcholine into sinapate (sinapic acid) and choline Trans-cinnamate 2-monooxygenase, an enzyme that ...

Genes phosphate and cytidyltransferase 1, choline alpha (PYT1A), P21 (RAC1) activated kinase 2 (PAK2), melanotransferrin (MFI2 ... discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 1 (DLG1), and 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1 (BDH1) have been confirmed and another 7 ...

... is an intermediate in the metabolism of choline to glycine. Sarcosine, like the related compounds dimethylglycine ( ... Sarcosine is metabolized to glycine by the enzyme sarcosine dehydrogenase, while glycine-N-methyl transferase generates ... DMG) and trimethylglycine (betaine, TMG), is formed via the metabolism of nutrients such as choline and methionine, which both ...

Choline, in combination with acetyl-CoA, is catalyzed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase to produce acetylcholine and ... namely acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and thiolase. The cycle produces a new ... The oxidative conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA is referred to as the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. It is catalyzed by ... Ethanol also serves as a carbon source for acetylation of CoA utilizing the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Degradation of ...

... choline dehydrogenase EC 1.1.99.2: L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.99.3: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase (acceptor) EC 1.1. ... EC 1.1.1.1: alcohol dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.2: alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) EC 1.1.1.3: homoserine dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.4: (R ... L-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.13: L-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.14: L-iditol 2-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.15: D- ... L-gulonate 3-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.46: L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.47: glucose 1-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+)] EC 1.1.1.48 ...

Allaire M, Li Y, MacKenzie RE, Cygler M (February 1998). "The 3-D structure of a folate-dependent dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase ... "Genetic variation of folate-mediated one-carbon transfer pathway predicts susceptibility to choline deficiency in humans". ... Mutations of the MTHFD1 gene may cause methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 deficiency, also known as combined ... MacKenzie RE, Mejia N, Yang XM (1989). "Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenases in normal and transformed mammalian cells". ...

It is formed from many precursors including choline, serine, and sarcosine. It provides a C-1 source in the biosynthesis of ... Formate is reversibly oxidized by the enzyme formate dehydrogenase from Desulfovibrio gigas: HCO−2 → CO2 + H+ + 2 e− Formate ...

These enzymes are regulated by inositol and choline, both of which are phospholipid precursors. Within this consensus sequence ... study looked at the effect of inserting the UASG into the promoter region of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene ... A cis-regulatory element responsible for inositol choline-mediated regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis". The Journal of ...

June 2003). "Hydrogen peroxide induces association between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phospholipase D2 to ... catalyze the hydrolysis of PC to produce phosphatidic acid and choline. Activation of PC-specific PLDs occurs as a consequence ... Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, PLCG1, PRKCD, Src, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. N-(2-(1-(3-fluorophenyl)-4- ...

Glyoxylate is then oxidized by hepatic lactate dehydrogenase to oxalate in an NAD+-dependent reaction. The half-life of glycine ... choline or hydroxyproline via inter-organ metabolism of the liver and kidneys. Glycine is degraded via three pathways. The ...

In the citric acid cycle, coenzyme A works as an allosteric regulator in the stimulation of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. ... Lipmann F, Kaplan NO (1946). "A common factor in the enzymatic acetylation of sulfanilamide and of choline". Journal of ... Acetyl-CoA is utilised in the post-translational regulation and allosteric regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and carboxylase ... phosphopantetheinyl transferase activates 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (3 ...

Choline increases carnitine uptake and retention. Choline supplements are inexpensive, are safe (probably even in children ... GA1 is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH), encoded by the ... The GCDH gene encodes the enzyme glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase. This enzyme is involved in degrading the amino acids lysine, ... Daily, James W.; Sachan, Dileep S. (July 1995). "Choline Supplementation Alters Carnitine Homeostasis in Humans and Guinea Pigs ...

... choline deficiency MeSH C18.654.521.500.133.699.308 - folic acid deficiency MeSH C18.654.521.500.133.699.529 - pellagra MeSH ... pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency disease MeSH C18.452.648.240 - cytochrome-c oxidase deficiency MeSH C18.452.648.390 ... pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency disease MeSH C18.452.100.100.875 - tyrosinemias MeSH C18.452.100.360 - hepatic ... pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency disease MeSH C18.452.648.151.825 - sphingolipidoses MeSH C18.452.648.151.825.200 - ...

Alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD) EC 1.1.1.1 Alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP) EC 1.1.1.2 Homoserine dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.3 ... EC 2.3.1 Aminolevulinic acid synthase EC 2.3.1.37 Choline acetyltransferase EC 2.3.1.6 Category:EC 2.3.2 Factor XIII EC 2.3. ... Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.10 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.12 Pyruvate dehydrogenase EC 1.2.1.51 ... L-xylulose reductase EC 1.1.1.10 Lactate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.27 Malate dehydrogenase EC 1.1.1.37 Isocitrate dehydrogenase EC ...

3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)) kinase EC 2.7.1.116: Now EC 2.7.11.5, [isocitrate dehydrogenase ( ... choline kinase EC 2.7.1.33: pantothenate kinase EC 2.7.1.34: pantetheine kinase EC 2.7.1.35: pyridoxal kinase EC 2.7.1.36: ... 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)) kinase EC 2.7.11.5: [isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)] kinase EC ... choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase EC 2.7.7.16: Now EC 4.6.1.18, pancreatic ribonuclease EC 2.7.7.17: Now EC 4.6.1.19, ...