Cetrimonium bromide - Wikipedia
Surfactants also help to prevent aggregation (e.g. via DLVO mechanisms). Gold (Au) nanoparticles are interesting to researchers ... CTAB may play a role in controlling nanoparticle size and shape by selectively or more strongly binding to various emerging ... Cell membranes consist of hydrophilic and lipophilic endgroups. Therefore, detergents are often used to dissolve these ... The second proposed method is based on the dissociation of CTAB into CTA+ and Br− within the mitochondrial membrane. The ...
Gene delivery - Wikipedia
After the electric shock, the holes are rapidly closed by the cells membrane-repair mechanisms. Another method used to ... Positively charged liposomes bind with the negatively charged DNA, while polymers can be designed that interact with DNA. They ... Organic Nanoparticle-Based Combinatory Approaches for Gene Therapy. Trends Biotechnol. 2017 Dec;35(12):1121-1124. doi: 10.1016/ ... By modifying the plasmid to express the gene of interest, researchers can insert their chosen gene stably into the plants ...
Nanoparticles for drug delivery to the brain - Wikipedia
Silver cations released from silver nanoparticles can bind to the negatively charged cellular membrane of bacteria and increase ... Polymeric nanoparticles may also contain beneficial controlled release mechanisms. Nanoparticles made from natural polymers ... which therefore makes it more appealing for researchers and for the drug delivery industry. Liposomes can also be ... "Nanotechnology-mediated crossing of two impermeable membranes to modulate the stars of the neurovascular unit for ...
Hemagglutinin (influenza) - Wikipedia
The host cell membrane then engulfs the virus, a process known as endocytosis, and pinches off to form a new membrane-bound ... In 2015 researchers designed an immunogen mimicking the HA stem, specifically the area where the antibody ties to the virus of ... One team designed self-assembling HA-stem nanoparticles, using a protein called ferritin to hold the HA together. Another ... HA2 domain then undergoes extensive conformation change that eventually bring the two membranes into close contact.[citation ...
Solid lipid nanoparticle - Wikipedia
The results obtained in this model suggested that the main absorption mechanism of carvedilol loaded solid lipid nanoparticle ... Several researchers have shown the enhancement of oral bioavailibility of poorly water-soluble drugs when encapsulated in solid ... Biological membrane lipids such as phospholipids, sphingomyelins, bile salts (sodium taurocholate), and sterols (cholesterol) ... to bind lipids to nucleic acids in order to transfect the latter into cells. However, by the late 1990s, it was known from in ...
DNA nanotechnology - Wikipedia
This covalent binding scheme has been used to arrange gold nanoparticles on a DX-based array, and to arrange streptavidin ... as lipid headgroups reorient to face towards the membrane-inserted part of the DNA. Researchers from the University of ... PMID 21258382.-A review of DNA systems making use of strand displacement mechanisms Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA ... can self-insert into lipid membranes via hydrophobic cholesterol modifications and induce ionic currents across the membrane. ...
Colloidal gold - Wikipedia
This mechanism is the same as occurs in heavy ion therapy. Researchers have developed simple inexpensive methods for on-site ... TOAB does not bind to the gold nanoparticles particularly strongly, so the solution will aggregate gradually over the course of ... Free-standing nanoparticle membranes exhibit bending rigidity on the order of 10 5 {\displaystyle ^{5}} eV, higher than what is ... coli because of the AuNSs interaction with the negatively-charged cell membrane; AuNSs with negatively-charged ligands have ...
Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch - Wikipedia
Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch pioneered charge-converting nanoparticles for mucosal drug delivery utilizing the membrane bound ... He is listed as a Highly Cited Researcher of the Institute of Scientific Information. Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch descends from a ... Cross-linking mechanisms". Journal of Controlled Release. 330: 470-482. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.037. PMID 33359581. S2CID ... cyclodextrins that were introduced by him in 2015 providing in particular a prolonged residence time on mucosal membranes. ...
Förster resonance energy transfer - Wikipedia
FRET is also used to study formation and properties of membrane domains and lipid rafts in cell membranes and to determine ... This technique can be used to determine factors affecting various types of nanoparticle formation as well as the mechanisms and ... Yet researchers can detect differences in the polarisation between the light which excites the fluorophores and the light which ... FRET-based probes can detect the presence of various molecules: the probes structure is affected by small molecule binding or ...
Intracellular delivery - Wikipedia
Enveloped viruses may employ transmembrane viral proteins to mediate fusion with target cell membranes and this mechanism has ... In 2021 this concept was developed further when researchers showed that light-sensitive iron oxide nanoparticles embedded in ... 80 mV membrane potential). Upon binding, endocytosis is thought to be most efficient for particles in the size range below 100 ... Such oligonucleotides can be used to alter cell behaviour through several different mechanisms . Lipid nanoparticles and ...
Exosome (vesicle) - Wikipedia
Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are produced in the endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic ... The exact mechanisms of exosome targeting is limited to a few general mechanisms like docking of the exosomes with specific ... of the plasma membrane being recycled every hour. In turn, parts of the membranes of some endosomes are subsequently ... For example, researchers used exosomes as a vehicle for the delivery of cancer drug paclitaxel. They placed the drug inside ...
RNA therapeutics - Wikipedia
... binding of a certain protein to its cell membrane receptor or to prevent the protein from performing its activity by binding to ... the immune response mechanisms and process of mRNA vaccine recognition by cellular sensors and the mechanism of sensor ... Then, researchers started to approach mRNA transfected DCs using vaccines based on ex vivo IVT mRNA-transfected DCs. Meanwhile ... Then, naked mRNA or mRNA complexed in a nanoparticle will be delivered systemically or locally. Subsequently, a part of the ...
Nanobiotechnology - Wikipedia
... has been proposed to make use of bacteriocin-mechanisms for targeted antibiotics. Nanoparticles Nanoparticles are already ... The imaging of native biomolecules, biological membranes, and tissues is also a major topic for nanobiology researchers. Other ... Another important area of research involves taking advantage of membrane properties to generate synthetic membranes. Proteins ... "Controllable Activation of Nanoscale Dynamics in a Disordered Protein Alters Binding Kinetics". Journal of Molecular Biology. ...
Small interfering RNA - Wikipedia
Membrane development and siRNA-loaded nanoparticles permeability". Journal of Membrane Science. 503: 8-15. doi:10.1016/j.memsci ... The activity of siRNAs in RNAi is largely dependent on its binding ability to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Binding ... The mechanism by which natural siRNA causes gene silencing through repression of translation occurs as follows: Long dsRNA ( ... One of the biggest challenges researchers needed to overcome was the identification and establishment of a delivery system ...
Nanotoxicology - Wikipedia
ROS and free radical production is one of the primary mechanisms of nanoparticle toxicity; it may result in oxidative stress, ... inflammation, and consequent damage to proteins, membranes and DNA. For example, the application of nanoparticle metal oxide ... covering the membrane and preventing it from permeating the necessary fuels and wastes. With less exposed membrane for ... where agglomeration signifies more loosely bound particles and aggregation signifies very tightly bound or fused particles ( ...
Chemical sensor array - Wikipedia
Semipermeable membrane materials allows for electrodes to be made into sensors through their ability to selectively oxidize or ... In the 1990s, several researchers at the University of Warwick created the first cross-reactive (non-selective) metal-oxide ... A few examples include: Clinical trial of a chemical sensor array device made with gold nanoparticles linked with different ... Some sensors contain specific molecular targets to afford strong and specific binding with a particular analyte; however, while ...
Graphene - Wikipedia
"Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: A general review of the origins and mechanisms". Particle and Fibre Toxicology. 13 ( ... The second step binds the graphene to a substrate. Growing graphene in an industrial resistive-heating cold wall CVD system was ... Researchers have observed ripples in suspended layers of graphene, and it has been proposed that the ripples are caused by ... This phenomenon, named "membrane effect," was predicted by Lifshitz in 1952. The (two-dimensional) density of graphene is 0.763 ...
Amphotericin B - Wikipedia
Reactivity with the membrane is also sterol concentration dependent. Bacteria are not affected as their cell membranes do not ... Because mammalian and fungal membranes are similar in structure and composition, this is one mechanism by which amphotericin B ... nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles-such as Amphotericin B in pegylated polylactide coglycolide copolymer nanoparticles- ... and monitor pulmonary function Amphotericin B binds with ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, forming pores that ...