Epidemiology. *. Graphs of Infectious Diseases Br Med J 1964; 1 :380 (Published 08 February 1964) ...

Epidemiology. *. Infectious Diseases Table and Graphs Br Med J 1964; 2 :827 (Published 26 September 1964) ...

Epidemiology. *. Scotland in Second Quarter Br Med J 1964; 2 :1339 (Published 21 November 1964) ...

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Results From 4,912 citations, 58 reviews were included. Both the quality of the reviews and the underlying studies within the reviews were variable. Social democratic welfare states, higher public spending, fair trade policies, extensions to compulsory education provision, microfinance initiatives in low income countries, health and safety policy, improved access to healthcare, and high quality affordable housing have positive impacts on population health. Neoliberal restructuring seems to be associated with increased health inequalities and higher income inequality with lower self-rated health and higher mortality. There are evidence gaps on the relationship between governance, polities, power, macroeconomic policy, public policy and population health, including the social class processes and forms of discrimination which generate inequalities. For some areas, such as the relationship between income inequality and mean population mortality, there is a need for a high quality systematic review. ...

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Jan Hovanec, Tobias Weiß, Holger Koch, Beate Pesch, Thomas Behrens, Benjamin Kendzia, Marina Arendt, Nico Dragano, Susanne Moebus, Börge Schmidt, Thomas Brüning, Karl-Heinz Jöckel ...

In a review of studies on differences in health outcomes by neighbourhood socioeconomic level, Picket and Pearl concluded that these differences are mostly of a rather modest size, though most studies show at least some statistically significant differences.1 The results of the studies as reviewed by Picket and Pearl varied quite a lot, similar to the variation between cities that I found. Picket and Pearl consider heterogeneity of study designs to be the most probable explanation for this variation. The results of this study show that this is indeed a possible explanation, as variation between cities largely decreases if the analyses are restricted to the age group 25-64. This decrease occurs both without and with adjustment for educational level. It can therefore not be explained by incomplete adjustment for educational level in the lower and higher ages, but indicates that neighbourhood SE position affects people from these age groups differently. For example, students starting out on their ...

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Full Text (PDF Format Only) and Abstracts: January 1947 - December 1999. Full Text and Abstracts: January 2000 - Present. ...

In an area which had a high incidence of anencephalus, 3.2 per 1000 births, there was a significant drop to 1.3 per 1000, below the national average of 1.7 to 1.8, among conceptions after 1967. In the northern part of the area this drop was greater in summer than winter conceptions, providing additional evidence of a different process underlying case occurrences in the north of the area from that in the south. In 1957-61 there were significantly more births of anencephalic babies in North Fylde than in South Fylde, but both areas were supplied with soft water. From 1962 to 1969 the water changed from soft to slightly hard. Soft water does not appear to be a primary aetiological factor in anencephalus, but hard water may mitigate the effect of other factors. ...

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim of the study was to determine whether a single size of cuff for adult blood pressure measurements is appropriate for general clinical practice. DESIGN--The study was a prospective survey of a sample of adult blood pressure measurements using two cuffs with different bladder sizes (12 X 23 cm and 15 X 33 cm) in a randomised design using a random zero sphygmomanometer. SETTING--Blood pressures were measured in a general practice and in a hospital outpatient clinic. PARTICIPANTS--The participants were 35-60 year old men and women invited to attend a blood pressure screening programme in the general practice (n = 170), and 35-74 year old patients attending a general medical outpatients (n = 72). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--The small cuff gave higher readings of systolic blood pressure than the large cuff (mean difference 4.4 mm Hg). The difference increased as systolic pressure increased but did not show a clear association with arm circumference. The small cuff also gave ...

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Data from 976 patients registered in a community survey as suffering an acute stroke have been analysed to discover what factors are associated with admission to hospital, how long patients spend in hospital, and whether there are any specific benefits attributable to hospital admission. Six hundred and twenty-five patients were admitted on account of their index stroke. These patients were compared with the 249 who remained at home throughout the first six months after the stroke--the remaining patients were admitted for other reasons or had their stroke in hospital. Two major factors related to an increased chance of admission: having a more severe disability and not having a carer. The same factors were associated with a longer length of stay for those who returned home within six months. Nevertheless 26% of patients managed at home were severely disabled when first seen within seven days. Patients admitted had a median stay of seven days if they died, 19 days if they returned home, and 149 ...

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