A glossary for health impact assessment | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
Glossary: causality in public health science. J Epidemiol Community Health2001;55:376-8. ... causality,16 community,1 determinants of health,1 equity,1 health inequalities and health inequities,38 the Precautionary ... which may not be systematic or up to date and frequently have not considered confounding or the likelihood of causality.16 Such ...
Why is life expectancy in England and Wales 'stalling'? | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
31 Correlation is not proof of causality, as all epidemiologists know. However, in the absence of a clear explanation or simple ...
Evidence based health promotion: recollections, reflections, and reconsiderations | Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
It is indeed difficult to define causality in a succinct manner.6,,7 In brief, it refers to, in biomedical sciences, a ... One type of evidence can be found without meeting the causality criterion but where the different elements of an intervention ... Given a complex context where the links among the elements of an intervention are interrelated, causality, more often than not ... D. Evidence from interventions that work as predicted, without meeting the causality criterion, and are repeatable only at a ...
Linking environmental effects to health impacts: a computer modelling approach for air pollution | Journal of Epidemiology &...
Design: Health impacts were included where evidence of causality is sufficiently convincing. The evidence for no threshold ...
Is low folate a risk factor for depression? A meta-analysis and exploration of heterogeneity | Journal of Epidemiology &...
An association may arise due to chance, bias, confounding or reverse causality. A systematic review of observational studies ...
Dog ownership supports the maintenance of physical activity during poor weather in older English adults: cross-sectional...
... the cross-sectional nature of our analysis means we cannot rule out the possibility of reverse causality, where more active ...