Characterization of a herpesvirus associated with tracheitis in Gouldian finches (Erythrura [Chloebia] gouldiae).
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Severe tracheitis and bronchitis were identified in two fatal cases of respiratory disease affecting a flock of Gouldian finches (Erythrura [Chloebia] gouldiae). Intranuclear inclusion bodies in epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract were identified in samples from two birds. Electron microscopic examination showed that the inclusions consisted of viral particles consistent in appearance with Herpesviridae. Degenerate PCR primers targeting a conserved region of the herpesviral-DNA-dependent DNA polymerase were used to amplify a region of DNA isolated from tissues with lesions from each animal. Nucleotide sequencing of the PCR products yielded identical viral sequences that were distinct from known herpesviruses. An analysis of sequence homology indicated that these gene segments appear to belong to a member of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. (+info)
MYXOVIRUSES ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS IN TORONTO, 1962-63.
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Between November 1962 and March 1963, myxoviruses were isolated from 95 of 224 children (40.5%), most of whom were aged less than three years, who were admitted to The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (tracheitis or croup). Viral isolates included 87 strains of Parainfluenza-1, five of Parainfluenza-3, and three of Influenza A2. An epidemic of Influenza A2 afflicted Toronto during March 1963, at which time this virus was isolated from tracheitis patients.Myxoviruses were isolated from nasopharyngeal secretions of 285 of 794 tracheitis patients between November 1960 and March 1963. Parainfluenza-1 virus was the dominant serotype, being found in 241 (30.0%) of subjects. Three peaks of Parainfluenza-1 virus isolations were observed in December 1960, March 1962 and November 1962, and this serotype has been isolated during all months except June and July. Although most of the 28 Parainfluenza-3 virus infections occurred between November and February, this strain has also been isolated during summer. Strains of Influenza A2 and Influenza B viruses have been isolated from tracheitis patients during epidemics of influenza in Toronto due to these agents. (+info)
SEROLOGIC, PATHOLOGIC, AND SYMPTOMATIC ASPECTS OF MYCOPLASMOSIS OF TURKEYS.
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Adult male turkeys were exposed to Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolate 1010 by either intratracheal inoculation, intrasinus inoculation, intranasal inoculation or by contact with inoculated turkeys. The symptomatic, serologic, and pathologic responses to the different types of exposure were compared. Tracheitis occurred only in birds exposed intratracheally or by contact, and sinusitis occurred only in birds exposed via the sinuses. Antibody titers, determined by hemagglutination-inhibition and tube agglutination tests, were initially higher in turkeys exposed by intratracheal and intrasinus inoculation than in those exposed by other means. There were no appreciable differences among the four groups in incidence or severity of air sac lesions. In addition, the effects of intrasinus exposure to isolate 1010 were compared with those produced by similar exposure to a different isolate, M. gallisepticum isolate 1150. Isolate 1010 caused a slightly higher incidence of sinusitis, but a much lower incidence of tracheitis than isolate 1150. Air sac lesions did not differ in incidence or severity. The differences observed indicate differences in tissue predilection of the isolates. (+info)
Deletion of the non-essential UL0 gene of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus leads to attenuation in chickens, and UL0 mutants expressing influenza virus haemagglutinin (H7) protect against ILT and fowl plague.
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Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, possesses several unique genes. One of them, UL0, encodes an abundantly expressed protein that accumulates in the nuclei of ILTV-infected cells. This study demonstrates that this protein is dispensable for in vitro virus replication and that UL0 deletion mutants exhibit only minor growth defects in cultured cells. The UL0 gene locus of ILTV was also used for insertion of foreign DNA sequences encoding enhanced GFP or haemagglutinin (HA), subtype H7, of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene promoter. Expression of foreign proteins was shown by (immuno)fluorescence tests and Western blot analyses. After experimental infection of chickens, UL0 deletion mutants proved to be attenuated when compared to both parental wild-type ILTV and an UL0 rescue mutant. Nevertheless, all animals immunized with UL0-negative ILTV were protected from clinical disease after subsequent infection with virulent ILTV. Furthermore, all animals immunized with HA-expressing ILTV survived a lethal challenge with H7 subtype avian influenza virus with minimal clinical signs. Thus, an UL0-negative and HA-expressing ILTV recombinant may be used as a bivalent live virus vaccine against ILT and fowl plague. Unlike inactivated influenza virus vaccines, HA-expressing ILTV recombinants should be suitable for mass application and would also permit serological discrimination between vaccinated and virus-infected animals in the field. (+info)
Rapid and efficient clearance of airway tissue granulocytes through transepithelial migration.
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BACKGROUND: Clearance of tissue granulocytes is central to the resolution of airway inflammation. To date the focus has been on apoptotic mechanisms of cell removal and little attention has been given to alternative processes. The present study explores transepithelial migration as a mechanism of cell clearance. METHOD: Guinea pig tracheobronchial airways where eosinophils are constitutively present in the mucosal tissue were studied. A complex topical stimulus (allergen challenge) was applied and the fate of the eosinophils was determined by selective tracheobronchial lavage and histological examination of the tissue. RESULTS: Within 10 minutes of the allergen challenge, massive migration of eosinophils into the airway lumen occurred together with a reduction in tissue eosinophil numbers. Cell clearance into the lumen continued at high speed and by 30 and 60 minutes the tissue eosinophilia had been reduced by 63% and 73%, respectively. The marked transepithelial migration (estimated maximal speed 35,000 cells/min x cm2 mucosal surface) took place ubiquitously between epithelial cells without affecting epithelial integrity as assessed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Eosinophil apoptosis was not detected but occasional cytolytic eosinophils occurred. CONCLUSION: This study shows that luminal entry has a remarkably high capacity as a granulocyte elimination process. The data also suggest that an appropriate stimulus of transepithelial migration may be used therapeutically to increase the resolution of inflammatory conditions of airway tissues. (+info)
Aerosolized antibiotics in mechanically ventilated patients.
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Aerosolized antibiotics are potentially useful in intensive care. At State University of New York at Stony Brook we developed a human model of tracheobronchitis in intubated patients. The model provides daily specimens of airway secretions, allowing serial studies of airway inflammation and testing of therapy modes. The presence of local infection is defined by a unique method of quantified sputum collection. Bench models have been developed that illustrate the factors that limit aerosol delivery to intubated patients. With those models clinical trials have defined possible indications for targeted aerosol therapy to patients at risk for deep lung infection. An efficient aerosolized-antibiotics method that delivers the aerosol past the endotracheal tube has been established, and with that method the drug levels in pulmonary secretions exceed by several orders of magnitude the levels expected with intravenous therapy. Potential end points of therapy are being evaluated, including the rate of bacterial resistance and the incidence and definition of deep lung infection. (+info)
Necrotizing tracheobronchitis identified on an indium-111-white blood cell scan.
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The clinical entity of necrotizing tracheobronchitis (NTB) is well described in the pediatric literature. The incidence of NTB in neonatal autopsies varies from 4% to 44%. More than 3 hr of assisted ventilation may be necessary for the development of NTB in neonates. A similar clinical problem was described as "hemorrhagic tracheitis" in two adults during high frequency jet ventilation and as a complication of conventional mechanical ventilation in an adult. We present here a rather unusual case of NTB in an adult on mechanical ventilation, in whom tracheobronchitis was diagnosed incidentally with an 111In white blood cell scan obtained for other purposes. (+info)
Granulomatous tracheo-bronchitis associated with Crohn's disease.
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We report a rare case of diffuse tracheo-bronchitis as a complication of Crohn's disease. A young man with a long-standing history of Crohn's enterocolitis initially presented with epigastric pain and melena. Upper endoscopy revealed erythematous, edematous, and friable mucosa with erosions, particularly in the pyloric channel, causing gastric outlet obstruction, and a nonbleeding ulcer in the corpus of stomach. Biopsy of these lesions showed chronic gastritis and a noncaseating epithelioid granuloma, consistent with active Crohn's disease. The patient was treated with a course of corticosteroids and the gastric symptoms resolved. A few months later, he developed fever, cough, hemoptysis, and rash. Bronchoscopy demonstrated a markedly thickened and very inflamed trachea with extensive friable, whitish lesions and ulcerations. Histology showed severe noncaseating granulomatous inflammation. The patient improved with a 6-week oral, followed by an additional 4-week inhaled, corticosteroid treatment. Since then, he has been doing well without relapse of pulmonary symptoms for 2 years. (+info)