Protozoan infections in animals refer to diseases caused by single-celled microorganisms called protozoa. These organisms can infect various tissues and organs of animals, including domestic pets, livestock, and wildlife. Protozoan infections can be transmitted through several routes, such as fecal-oral transmission, ingestion of contaminated water or food, or through arthropod vectors like ticks and mosquitoes.

Some common examples of protozoan infections in animals include:

1. Coccidiosis: A disease caused by several species of the genus Eimeria that affects the intestines of many animals, including poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, and pets. It is characterized by diarrhea, weight loss, and dehydration.
2. Toxoplasmosis: A disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii that can infect a wide range of animals, including humans. It is transmitted through the ingestion of oocysts shed in the feces of infected cats or through the consumption of contaminated meat. Toxoplasmosis can cause abortion, stillbirth, and neurological damage in fetuses and young animals.
3. Cryptosporidiosis: A disease caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum that affects the intestines of many animals, including cattle, sheep, goats, and humans. It is transmitted through the ingestion of oocysts shed in the feces of infected animals or through contaminated water. Cryptosporidiosis can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration in young animals and immunocompromised individuals.
4. Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by several species of the genus Leishmania that affects dogs, cats, and wild animals. It is transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies. Leishmaniasis can cause skin lesions, anemia, weight loss, and kidney failure.
5. Babesiosis: A disease caused by several species of the genus Babesia that affects cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and dogs. It is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. Babesiosis can cause fever, anemia, jaundice, and kidney failure.
6. Theileriosis: A disease caused by several species of the genus Theileria that affects cattle, sheep, goats, and wild animals. It is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. Theileriosis can cause fever, anemia, jaundice, and abortion in pregnant animals.
7. Trypanosomiasis: A disease caused by several species of the genus Trypanosoma that affects cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and wild animals. It is transmitted through the bite of infected tsetse flies or other insect vectors. Trypanosomiasis can cause fever, anemia, weight loss, and neurological damage.
8. Sarcocystosis: A disease caused by several species of the genus Sarcocystis that affects cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and wild animals. It is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated feed or water. Sarcocystosis can cause muscle weakness, paralysis, and death in severe cases.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated feed or water, or through contact with infected cats or their feces. Toxoplasmosis can cause abortion, stillbirth, or neurological damage in animals, and flu-like symptoms in humans.
10. Coccidiosis: A disease caused by several species of the genus Eimeria that affects poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. It is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated feed or water. Coccidiosis can cause diarrhea, weight loss, and death in severe cases.
11. Histomoniasis: A disease caused by the parasite Histomonas meleagridis that affects poultry, especially turkeys and chickens. It is transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated feed or water, or through contact with infected birds or their feces. Histomoniasis can cause liver damage, diarrhea, and death in severe cases.
12. Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by several species of the parasite Leishmania that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies. Leishmaniasis can cause skin lesions, fever, anemia, and death in severe cases.
13. Trypanosomiasis: A disease caused by several species of the parasite Trypanosoma that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through the bite of infected tsetse flies or other insect vectors. Trypanosomiasis can cause fever, anemia, neurological damage, and death in severe cases.
14. Babesiosis: A disease caused by several species of the parasite Babesia that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. Babesiosis can cause fever, anemia, and death in severe cases.
15. Ehrlichiosis: A disease caused by several species of the bacterium Ehrlichia that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. Ehrlichiosis can cause fever, rash, joint pain, and death in severe cases.
16. Anaplasmosis: A disease caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. Anaplasmosis can cause fever, anemia, and death in severe cases.
17. Rickettsiosis: A group of diseases caused by several species of the bacterium Rickettsia that affect humans and animals. They are transmitted through the bite of infected ticks, fleas, or lice. Rickettsioses can cause fever, rash, and death in severe cases.
18. Tularemia: A disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through contact with infected animals, contaminated water, or insect bites. Tularemia can cause fever, skin ulcers, and death in severe cases.
19. Q fever: A disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through contact with infected animals, their products, or contaminated dust. Q fever can cause fever, pneumonia, and death in severe cases.
20. Brucellosis: A disease caused by several species of the bacterium Brucella that affect humans and animals. It is transmitted through contact with infected animals, their products, or contaminated food. Brucellosis can cause fever, joint pain, and death in severe cases.
21. Lyme disease: A disease caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. Lyme disease can cause fever, rash, arthritis, and neurological symptoms in severe cases.
22. Rocky Mountain spotted fever: A disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. Rocky Mountain spotted fever can cause fever, rash, and death in severe cases.
23. Ehrlichiosis: A group of diseases caused by several species of the bacterium Ehrlichia that affect humans and animals. They are transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. Ehrlichioses can cause fever, anemia, and death in severe cases.
24. Anaplasmosis: A disease caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through the bite of infected ticks. Anaplasmosis can cause fever, anemia, and death in severe cases.
25. Tularemia: A disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through contact with infected animals, their products, or contaminated food and water. Tularemia can cause fever, pneumonia, and death in severe cases.
26. Plague: A disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through the bite of infected fleas or contact with infected animals. Plague can cause fever, pneumonia, and death in severe cases.
27. Anthrax: A disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis that affects humans and animals. It is transmitted through contact with infected animals, their products, or contaminated soil. Anthrax can cause fever, respiratory failure, and death in severe cases.
28. Botulism: A disease caused by the toxin produced by the

Dinoflagellida är en grupp encelliga protister, vanligtvis klassificerade som en del av fylumet Dinoflagellata. De flesta arter är marine och förekommer i alla världens havsområden. Några få arter finns i sötvatten.

Dinoflagellider är kända för sin storlek, som kan variera från mindre än 10 mikrometer till över 2 millimeter i diameter. De flesta arterna har två flageller (små hårstrån) som används för att simma och navigera i vattnet.

Många dinoflagellider är fotosyntetiserande, vilket betyder att de kan producera sin egen näring med hjälp av solljus. Andra arter är heterotrofa, vilket betyder att de livnär sig på andra organismer som de fångar och äter upp.

Några dinoflagellider producerar bioluminescens, det vill säga ljus, när de störs. Detta fenomen kan ses i vissa havsområden som en blåaktig skimmer på vattenytan när vågorna bryter.

Dinoflagellider har också en viktig roll i marina ekosystem genom att tjäna som föda för andra djur, såsom planktonätande fiskar och valar. Vissa arter kan dock vara skadliga för människor och andra djur då de producerar toxiner som kan orsaka förgiftningar när de konsumeras.

I medicinsk kontext är dinoflagellider av intresse på grund av deras potential att användas i behandlingar för olika sjukdomar, såsom cancer och neurodegenerativa tillstånd. Forskning pågår fortfarande för att undersöka dessa möjligheter.