A tough transparent membrane surrounding the OVUM. It is penetrated by the sperm during FERTILIZATION.
Proteins which are found in eggs (OVA) from any species.
Interactive processes between the oocyte (OVUM) and the sperm (SPERMATOZOA) including sperm adhesion, ACROSOME REACTION, sperm penetration of the ZONA PELLUCIDA, and events leading to FERTILIZATION.
Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.
The cap-like structure covering the anterior portion of SPERM HEAD. Acrosome, derived from LYSOSOMES, is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the required hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes necessary for sperm penetration of the egg in FERTILIZATION.
A trypsin-like enzyme of spermatozoa which is not inhibited by alpha 1 antitrypsin.
Changes that occur to liberate the enzymes of the ACROSOME of a sperm (SPERMATOZOA). Acrosome reaction allows the sperm to penetrate the ZONA PELLUCIDA and enter the OVUM during FERTILIZATION.
Contraceptive methods based on immunological processes and techniques, such as the use of CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES.
A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.
The structural and functional changes by which SPERMATOZOA become capable of oocyte FERTILIZATION. It normally requires exposing the sperm to the female genital tract for a period of time to bring about increased SPERM MOTILITY and the ACROSOME REACTION before fertilization in the FALLOPIAN TUBES can take place.
The fusion of a spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) with an OVUM thus resulting in the formation of a ZYGOTE.
Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).
An assisted reproductive technique that includes the direct handling and manipulation of oocytes and sperm to achieve fertilization in vitro.
Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.
Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.
A post-MORULA preimplantation mammalian embryo that develops from a 32-cell stage into a fluid-filled hollow ball of over a hundred cells. A blastocyst has two distinctive tissues. The outer layer of trophoblasts gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues. The inner cell mass gives rise to the embryonic disc and eventual embryo proper.
Movement characteristics of SPERMATOZOA in a fresh specimen. It is measured as the percentage of sperms that are moving, and as the percentage of sperms with productive flagellar motion such as rapid, linear, and forward progression.
The performance of dissections, injections, surgery, etc., by the use of micromanipulators (attachments to a microscope) that manipulate tiny instruments.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
The plasma membrane of the egg.
A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.
A species of macaque monkey that mainly inhabits the forest of southern India. They are also called bonnet macaques or bonnet monkeys.
The inner zone of the adrenal cortex. This zone produces the enzymes that convert PREGNENOLONE, a 21-carbon steroid, to 19-carbon steroids (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE) via 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPREGNENOLONE.
The wide middle zone of the adrenal cortex. This zone produces a series of enzymes that convert PREGNENOLONE to cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) via 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE.
Inflammation of the OVARY, generally caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.
The process of germ cell development in the female from the primordial germ cells through OOGONIA to the mature haploid ova (OVUM).
Endometrial implantation of EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN at the BLASTOCYST stage.
Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.
The narrow subcapsular outer zone of the adrenal cortex. This zone produces a series of enzymes that convert PREGNENOLONE to ALDOSTERONE. The final steps involve three successive oxidations by CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP11B2.
The transfer of mammalian embryos from an in vivo or in vitro environment to a suitable host to improve pregnancy or gestational outcome in human or animal. In human fertility treatment programs, preimplantation embryos ranging from the 4-cell stage to the blastocyst stage are transferred to the uterine cavity between 3-5 days after FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus.
Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
The fertilized OVUM resulting from the fusion of a male and a female gamete.
The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.
The entity of a developing mammal (MAMMALS), generally from the cleavage of a ZYGOTE to the end of embryonic differentiation of basic structures. For the human embryo, this represents the first two months of intrauterine development preceding the stages of the FETUS.
The anterior portion of the spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) that contains mainly the nucleus with highly compact CHROMATIN material.
The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES.
Undifferentiated cells resulting from cleavage of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE). Inside the intact ZONA PELLUCIDA, each cleavage yields two blastomeres of about half size of the parent cell. Up to the 8-cell stage, all of the blastomeres are totipotent. The 16-cell MORULA contains outer cells and inner cells.
Damages to the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN or the FETUS before BIRTH. Damages can be caused by any factors including biological, chemical, or physical.
A plant genus of the family PIPERACEAE. Members contain prenylated quinones.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.
The convoluted cordlike structure attached to the posterior of the TESTIS. Epididymis consists of the head (caput), the body (corpus), and the tail (cauda). A network of ducts leaving the testis joins into a common epididymal tubule proper which provides the transport, storage, and maturation of SPERMATOZOA.
Lectins purified from the germinating seeds of common wheat (Triticum vulgare); these bind to certain carbohydrate moieties on cell surface glycoproteins and are used to identify certain cell populations and inhibit or promote some immunological or physiological activities. There are at least two isoforms of this lectin.
An OOCYTE-containing structure in the cortex of the OVARY. The oocyte is enclosed by a layer of GRANULOSA CELLS providing a nourishing microenvironment (FOLLICULAR FLUID). The number and size of follicles vary depending on the age and reproductive state of the female. The growing follicles are divided into five stages: primary, secondary, tertiary, Graafian, and atretic. Follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on the presence of GONADOTROPINS.
The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. At OVULATION they are extruded with OVUM.
An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.
An assisted fertilization technique consisting of the microinjection of a single viable sperm into an extracted ovum. It is used principally to overcome low sperm count, low sperm motility, inability of sperm to penetrate the egg, or other conditions related to male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE).
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
An early embryo that is a compact mass of about 16 BLASTOMERES. It resembles a cluster of mulberries with two types of cells, outer cells and inner cells. Morula is the stage before BLASTULA in non-mammalian animals or a BLASTOCYST in mammals.
Proteins found in SEMEN. Major seminal plasma proteins are secretory proteins from the male sex accessory glands, such as the SEMINAL VESICLES and the PROSTATE. They include the seminal vesicle-specific antigen, an ejaculate clotting protein; and the PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, a protease and an esterase.
A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403)
Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.
Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the CELL MEMBRANE.
The earliest developmental stage of a fertilized ovum (ZYGOTE) during which there are several mitotic divisions within the ZONA PELLUCIDA. Each cleavage or segmentation yields two BLASTOMERES of about half size of the parent cell. This cleavage stage generally covers the period up to 16-cell MORULA.
The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.
Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS.
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.
'Polyvinyls' is a term that refers to a group of polymers synthesized from vinyl chloride, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), which are widely used in various medical applications such as manufacturing of medical devices, tubing, packaging materials, and pharmaceutical containers due to their chemical resistance, durability, and versatility.
The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.
The maturing process of SPERMATOZOA after leaving the testicular SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. Maturation in SPERM MOTILITY and FERTILITY takes place in the EPIDIDYMIS as the sperm migrate from caput epididymis to cauda epididymis.
The process by which semen is kept viable outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates consisting of long, often branched chains of repeating monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds, which serve as energy storage molecules (e.g., glycogen), structural components (e.g., cellulose), and molecular recognition sites in various biological systems.
The A protein of the lactose synthase complex. In the presence of the B protein (LACTALBUMIN) specificity is changed from N-acetylglucosamine to glucose. EC 2.4.1.90.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes.
An enzyme that oxidizes galactose in the presence of molecular oxygen to D-galacto-hexodialdose. It is a copper protein. EC 1.1.3.9.
The technique of maintaining or growing mammalian EMBRYOS in vitro. This method offers an opportunity to observe EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; METABOLISM; and susceptibility to TERATOGENS.
The property of nonisotropic media, such as crystals, whereby a single incident beam of light traverses the medium as two beams, each plane-polarized, the planes being at right angles to each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Occurrence or induction of release of more ova than are normally released at the same time in a given species. The term applies to both animals and humans.
A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.
Lectin purified from peanuts (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA). It binds to poorly differentiated cells and terminally differentiated cells and is used in cell separation techniques.

Incompetence of preovulatory mouse oocytes to undergo cortical granule exocytosis following induced calcium oscillations. (1/949)

Immature oocytes of many species are incompetent to undergo cortical granule (CG) exocytosis upon fertilization. In mouse eggs, CG exocytosis is dependent primarily on an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated elevation of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). While deficiencies upstream of [Ca2+]i release are known, this study examined whether downstream deficiencies also contribute to the incompetence of preovulatory mouse oocytes to release CGs. The experimental strategy was to bypass upstream deficiencies by inducing normal, fertilization-like [Ca2+]i oscillations in fully grown, germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes and determine if the extent of CG exocytosis was restored to levels observed in mature, metaphase II (MII)-stage eggs. Because IP3 does not stimulate a normal Ca2+ response in GV-stage oocytes, three alternate methods were used to induce oscillations: thimerosal treatment, electroporation, and sperm factor injection. Long-lasting oscillations from thimerosal treatment resulted in 64 and 10% mean CG release at the MII and GV stages, respectively (P < 0.001). Three electrical pulses induced mean [Ca2+]i elevations of approximately 730 and 650 nM in MII- and GV-stage oocytes, respectively, and 31% CG release in MII-stage eggs and 9% in GV-stage oocytes (P < 0.001). Sperm factor microinjection resulted in 86% CG release in MII-stage eggs, while similarly treated GV-stage oocytes exhibited < 1% CG release (P < 0.001). Taken together, these results demonstrate a deficiency downstream of [Ca2+]i release which is developmentally regulated in the 12 h prior to ovulation.  (+info)

A sialoglycoprotein, gp20, of the human capacitated sperm surface is a homologue of the leukocyte CD52 antigen: analysis of the effect of anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody (CAMPATH-1) on capacitated spermatozoa. (2/949)

In this study we performed N-terminal sequence analysis of gp20, a 20 kDa sialoglycoprotein on the human sperm surface previously identified by radiolabelling of the sialic acid residues of sperm surface. We found 100% identity with the N-terminus of CD52, an antigen expressed on almost all human leukocytes. We also show that, like CD52, gp20 behaves as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein and that anti-gp20 antiserum reacts with an antigen on leukocytes of the same molecular weight as CD52. Using CAMPATH-1, the monoclonal antibody against CD52, in fluorescent staining of capacitated spermatozoa, Western blot analysis and the zona-free hamster egg penetration test, we found that the effect of this antibody was different from that of our anti-gp20. Western blot analysis revealed a well-defined 20 kDa band with anti-gp20, whereas a 14-20 kDa band was detected with CAMPATH-1. Anti-gp20 stained the equatorial region of the sperm head, whereas CAMPATH-1 stained the tail in immunofluorescence analysis of capacitated spermatozoa. A dose-dependent inhibitory effect was seen with CAMPATH-1, similar to that previously detected with anti-gp20, in a zona-free hamster egg penetration test. However, with CAMPATH-1 agglutination of motile spermatozoa was detected, and this was not present with anti-gp20. This suggests that the epitopes recognized by the two antibodies are different.  (+info)

Treatment of mouse oocytes with PI-PLC releases 70-kDa (pI 5) and 35- to 45-kDa (pI 5.5) protein clusters from the egg surface and inhibits sperm-oolemma binding and fusion. (3/949)

The effect of phosphatidyinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) on mouse sperm-egg interaction was investigated in this study to determine if glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are involved in mammalian fertilization. When both sperm and zona-intact oocytes were pretreated with a highly purified preparation of PI-PLC and coincubated, there was no significant effect on sperm-zona pellucida binding; however, fertilization was reduced from 59.6% (control group) to 2.8% (treatment group). A similar reduction in fertilization rates was found when zona-intact oocytes were treated with PI-PLC and washed prior to incubation with untreated sperm. The effect of PI-PLC on sperm binding and fusion with zona-free oocytes was then investigated. Treatment of sperm with PI-PLC had no significant effect on sperm-egg binding or fusion. However, treatment of eggs with PI-PLC significantly reduced sperm-egg binding and fusion from 6.2 bound and 2.1 fused sperm per egg in the control group to 2.1 bound and 0.02 fused sperm per egg in the treatment group. This decrease in sperm-egg binding and fusion depended on the dose of PI-PLC employed, with a maximal inhibitory effect on binding and fusion at 5 and 1 U/ml, respectively. PI-PLC-treated oocytes could be artificially activated by calcium ionophore, demonstrating that the oocytes were functionally viable following treatment. Furthermore, treatment of oocytes with PI-PLC did not reduce the immunoreactivity of the non-GPI-anchored egg surface integrin, alpha6beta1. Taken together, these observations support the hypothesis that PI-PLC affects fertilization by specifically releasing GPI-anchored proteins from the oolemma. In order to identify the oolemmal GPI-anchored proteins involved in fertilization, egg surface proteins were labeled with sulfo-NHS biotin, treated with PI-PLC, and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by avidin blotting. A prominent high-molecular-weight protein cluster (approximately 70 kDa, pI 5) and a lower molecular weight (approximately 35-45 kDa, pI 5.5) protein cluster were released from the oolemmal surface as a result of PI-PLC treatment. It is likely that these GPI-anchored egg surface proteins are required for sperm-egg binding and fusion.  (+info)

Evaluation of ZP2 domains of functional importance with antisera against synthetic ZP2 peptides. (4/949)

The mouse zona pellucida protein ZP2 plays an important role in the process of fertilization by mediating secondary sperm binding to mammalian oocytes. ZP2 primary structures are highly conserved as revealed by cDNA cloning. The aim of the study was to identify ZP2 domains of functional relevance. Antisera were raised against synthetic peptides that are either conserved in the structure of ZP2 from different mammalian species (AS ZP2-20) or present in the human ZP2 but not in the mouse ZP2 amino acid sequence (AS ZP2-26). Antibody binding to zona pellucida proteins was assessed by assaying the antisera with human hemizonae. Using human zonae pellucidae, we demonstrated that anti-ZP2 common antibodies and anti-ZP2 human peptide antibodies react with human zona pellucida antigens. For the first time, ZP2 domains of functional relevance for human sperm-oocyte interaction could be identified applying the competitive hemizona assay. Antiserum AS ZP2-20 significantly inhibited binding of spermatozoa to test hemizonae, whereas treatment of hemizonae with AS ZP2-26 did not influence sperm-oocyte interaction. These results show that antibodies against synthetic ZP2 peptides react with ZP2 protein and that AS ZP2-20 identifies a linear ZP2 epitope that is of possible functional importance for sperm-oocyte interaction.  (+info)

Spatiotemporal characterization of intracellular Ca2+ rise during the acrosome reaction of mammalian spermatozoa induced by zona pellucida. (5/949)

The mammalian sperm acrosome reaction (AR) is an essential event prior to sperm-egg fusion at fertilization, and it is primarily dependent on an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Spatiotemporal aspects of the [Ca2+]i increase during the AR induced by solubilized zona pellucida (ZP) in hamster spermatozoa were precisely investigated with a Ca2+ imaging technique using confocal laser scanning microscopy with two fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. A rapid rise in [Ca2+]i occurred immediately after the application of ZP solution through a micropipette. The rise was always initiated in the sperm head, even when the application was directed toward the tail. The elevated [Ca2+]i was little attenuated during measurement for 30-40 s. Acrosomal exocytosis was detected as a sudden decrease of fluorescence in the acrosomal vesicle approximately 20 s after the onset of the [Ca2+]i rise. High-resolution imaging revealed that the [Ca2+]i rise in the sperm head began at the region around the equatorial segment and spread over the posterior region of the head within 0.6 s, whereas Ca2+ concentration in the acrosomal vesicle appeared to be unaltered. The [Ca2+]i rise was completely abolished under Ca2+-free extracellular conditions, indicating that it is totally attributable to Ca2+ influx. Nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type Ca2+ channels, did not affect the rising phase of the ZP-induced Ca2+ response, but accelerated the decline of the [Ca2+]i rise and inhibited acrosomal exocytosis. The present study provides implicative information about the spatial organization of functional molecules involved in the signal transduction in mammalian AR.  (+info)

Enhanced hatching rate of bovine IVM/IVF/IVC blastocysts using a 1.48-micron diode laser beam. (6/949)

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to test whether zona pellucida (ZP) drilling using a 1.48-micron diode laser beam on bovine IVM/IVF/IVC blastocysts is effective for embryo hatching. METHODS: Blastocysts produced in vitro at day 7 after IVF were divided into control and laser-drilled groups, respectively. RESULTS: When the rates of in vitro development of bovine embryos were examined, the average cleavage rate (> or = two-cell) was 82.3% and the blastocyst rate at day 7 after IVF was 32.5%. Using these blastocysts, when the laser drilling effect was investigated at 48 hr after treatment, the total hatching rate in the laser-drilled group (98.0%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (60.0%) (P < 0.001). Especially, the hatched rate of the laser-drilled group (68.0%) was significantly enhanced compared with that of the control group (30.0%) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that laser ZP drilling on bovine IVM/IVF/IVC blastocysts can significantly increase the hatching rate.  (+info)

A contraceptive peptide vaccine targeting sulfated glycoprotein ZP2 of the mouse zona pellucida. (7/949)

In this study, we have mapped and characterized a B cell epitope of sulfated glycoprotein ZP2 (ZP2) as a step toward the development of a multi-epitope zona pellucida (ZP) vaccine. Recombinant polypeptides expressed by random deoxyribonuclease-digested fragments of ZP2 cDNA were screened for binding to IE-3, a monoclonal antibody to murine ZP2. Positive clones contained cDNA inserts encoding polypeptide corresponding to ZP2(103-134). When normal or ovariectomized female mice were immunized with three overlapping peptides that span this region of ZP2 (101-120, 111-130, 121-140), only ZP2(121-140) elicited IgG antibodies that reacted with mouse ovarian ZP, indicative of the presence of native B epitope and helper T cell epitope in ZP2(121-140). To more finely map the ZP2 B cell epitope, a random peptide display library was screened with the IE-3 antibody, and a consensus tetramer sequence VxYK that matched the ZP2(123-126) sequence VRYK was located. Competitive immunofluorescence analysis with single alanine-substituted VxYK peptides ranked the relative contribution of the three critical B cell epitope residues as Y > V > K. A chimeric peptide was constructed that contained the YRYK motif of ZP2 and a bovine RNase T cell epitope. Although (C57BL/6xA/J) F1 (B6AF1) female mice immunized with the chimeric peptide developed ZP antibody response, this peptide elicited antibody only in mice of the histocompatibility complex (MHC) H-2(k or b) haplotype. In contrast, ZP2(121-140) peptide elicited antibody in inbred mice with three additional mouse MHC haplotypes. Moreover, although ZP2(121-140) contained a T cell epitope, no oophoritis was observed after immunization of B6AF1 mice with ZP2(121-140) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). In a preliminary trial, female B6AF1 mice immunized with ZP2(121-140) in CFA had reduced litter sizes as compared with mice injected with CFA alone.  (+info)

Localization of neutral N-linked carbohydrate chains in pig zona pellucida glycoprotein ZPC. (8/949)

Zona pellucida, a transparent envelope surrounding the mammalian oocyte, plays important roles in fertilization and consists of three glycoproteins; ZPA, ZPB and ZPC. In pig, neutral complex-type N-linked chains obtained from a ZPB/ZPC mixture possess sperm-binding activity. We have recently reported that among neutral N-linked chains triantennary and tetraantennary chains have a sperm-binding activity stronger than that of diantennary chains. Triantennary and tetraantennary chains are localized at the second of the three N-glycosylation sites of ZPB. In this study, we focused on the localization of neutral N-linked chains in ZPC. ZPB and ZPC can not be separated from each other unless the acidic N-acetyllactosamine regions of their carbohydrate chains are removed by endo-beta-galactosidase digestion. A large part of the acidic N-linked chains becomes neutral by the digestion, but the main neutral N-linked chains are not susceptible to the enzyme. N-glycanase digestion indicated that ZPC has three N-glycosylation sites. Three glycopeptides each containing one of the N-glycosylation sites were obtained by tryptic digestion of ZPC and the N-glycosylation sites were revealed as Asn124, Asn146 and Asn271. The carbohydrate structures of the neutral N-linked chains from each glycopeptide were characterized by two-dimensional sugar mapping analysis taking into consideration the structures of the main, intact neutral N-linked chains of ZPB/ZPC mixture reported previously. Triantennary and tetraantennary chains were found mainly at Asn271 of ZPC, whereas diantennary chains were present at all three N-glycosylation sites. Thus, ZPC has tri-antennary and tetra-antennary chains as well as ZPB, but the localization of the chains is different from that in ZPB.  (+info)

Zona pellucida is a term used in the field of reproductive biology and it refers to the glycoprotein membrane that surrounds mammalian oocytes (immature egg cells). This membrane plays a crucial role in the fertilization process. It has receptors for sperm, and upon binding with the sperm, it undergoes changes that prevent other sperm from entering, a process known as the zona reaction. This membrane is also involved in the early development of the embryo.

Egg proteins, also known as egg white proteins or ovalbumin, refer to the proteins found in egg whites. There are several different types of proteins found in egg whites, including:

1. Ovalbumin (54%): This is the major protein found in egg whites and is responsible for their white color. It has various functions such as providing nutrition, maintaining the structural integrity of the egg, and protecting the egg from bacteria.
2. Conalbumin (13%): Also known as ovotransferrin, this protein plays a role in the defense against microorganisms by binding to iron and making it unavailable for bacterial growth.
3. Ovomucoid (11%): This protein is resistant to digestion and helps protect the egg from being broken down by enzymes in the digestive tract of predators.
4. Lysozyme (3.5%): This protein has antibacterial properties and helps protect the egg from bacterial infection.
5. Globulins (4%): These are a group of simple proteins found in egg whites that have various functions such as providing nutrition, maintaining the structural integrity of the egg, and protecting the egg from bacteria.
6. Avidin (0.05%): This protein binds to biotin, a vitamin, making it unavailable for use by the body. However, cooking denatures avidin and makes the biotin available again.

Egg proteins are highly nutritious and contain all nine essential amino acids, making them a complete source of protein. They are also low in fat and cholesterol, making them a popular choice for those following a healthy diet.

Sperm-ovum interactions, also known as sperm-egg interactions, refer to the specific series of events that occur between a spermatozoon (sperm) and an oocyte (egg or ovum) during fertilization in sexual reproduction.

The process begins with the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida, a glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte. This interaction is mediated by specific proteins on the surface of both the sperm and the zona pellucida. Following attachment, the sperm undergoes the acrosome reaction, during which enzymes are released from the sperm's head to help digest and penetrate the zona pellucida.

Once the sperm has successfully traversed the zona pellucida, it makes contact with the oocyte's plasma membrane, triggering the fusion of the sperm and egg membranes. This results in the release of the sperm's genetic material into the oocyte's cytoplasm and the initiation of a series of intracellular signaling events within the oocyte that ultimately lead to its completion of meiosis II and formation of a zygote, marking the beginning of embryonic development.

Proper sperm-ovum interactions are crucial for successful fertilization and subsequent embryonic development, and any disruptions in these processes can result in infertility or early pregnancy loss.

Spermatozoa are the male reproductive cells, or gametes, that are produced in the testes. They are microscopic, flagellated (tail-equipped) cells that are highly specialized for fertilization. A spermatozoon consists of a head, neck, and tail. The head contains the genetic material within the nucleus, covered by a cap-like structure called the acrosome which contains enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the female's egg (ovum). The long, thin tail propels the sperm forward through fluid, such as semen, enabling its journey towards the egg for fertilization.

The acrosome is a specialized structure located on the anterior part of the sperm head in many species of animals, including humans. It contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the outer covering of the egg (zona pellucida) during fertilization. The acrosome reaction is the process by which the acrosome releases its enzymes, allowing the sperm to digest a path through the zona pellucida and reach the egg plasma membrane for fusion and fertilization.

The acrosome is formed during spermatogenesis, the process of sperm production in the testis, from the Golgi apparatus, a cellular organelle involved in protein trafficking and modification. The acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes such as hyaluronidase, acrosin, and proteases that are activated during the acrosome reaction to facilitate sperm-egg fusion.

Abnormalities in acrosome formation or function can lead to infertility in males.

Acrosin is a proteolytic enzyme that is found in the acrosome, which is a cap-like structure located on the anterior part of the sperm head. This enzyme plays an essential role in the fertilization process by helping the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida, which is the glycoprotein coat surrounding the egg.

Acrosin is released from the acrosome when the sperm encounters the zona pellucida, and it begins to digest the glycoproteins in the zona pellucida, creating a path for the sperm to reach and fuse with the egg's plasma membrane. This enzyme is synthesized and stored in the acrosome during spermatogenesis and is activated during the acrosome reaction, which is a critical event in fertilization.

Defects in acrosin function or regulation have been implicated in male infertility, making it an important area of research in reproductive biology.

The acrosome reaction is a crucial event in the fertilization process of many species, including humans. It occurs when the sperm makes contact with and binds to the zona pellucida, the glycoprotein-rich extracellular matrix that surrounds the egg. This interaction triggers a series of molecular events leading to the exocytosis of the acrosome, a membrane-bound organelle located at the tip of the sperm head.

The acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that help the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and reach the egg's plasma membrane. During the acrosome reaction, the outer acrosomal membrane fuses with the sperm plasma membrane, releasing these enzymes and causing the release of the inner acrosomal membrane, which then reorganizes to form a structure called the acrosomal cap.

The acrosome reaction exposes new proteins on the sperm surface that can interact with the egg's plasma membrane, allowing for the fusion of the two membranes and the entry of the sperm into the egg. This event is essential for successful fertilization and subsequent embryonic development.

Immunologic contraception refers to the use of the immune system to prevent pregnancy. This is achieved by stimulating the production of antibodies against specific proteins or hormones that are essential for fertilization and implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. The most well-known example of immunologic contraception is the development of a vaccine that would induce an immune response against human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy. By neutralizing hCG, the immune system could prevent the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. However, this approach is still in the experimental stage and has not yet been approved for use in humans.

An ovum is the female reproductive cell, or gamete, produced in the ovaries. It is also known as an egg cell and is released from the ovary during ovulation. When fertilized by a sperm, it becomes a zygote, which can develop into a fetus. The ovum contains half the genetic material necessary to create a new individual.

Sperm capacitation is a complex process that occurs in the female reproductive tract and prepares sperm for fertilization. It involves a series of biochemical modifications to the sperm's membrane and motility, which enable it to undergo the acrosome reaction and penetrate the zona pellucida surrounding the egg.

The capacitation process typically takes several hours and requires the sperm to be exposed to specific factors in the female reproductive tract, including bicarbonate ions, calcium ions, and certain proteins. During capacitation, cholesterol is removed from the sperm's plasma membrane, which leads to an increase in membrane fluidity and the exposure of receptors that are necessary for binding to the egg.

Capacitation is a critical step in the fertilization process, as it ensures that only sperm that have undergone this process can successfully fertilize the egg. Abnormalities in sperm capacitation have been linked to infertility and other reproductive disorders.

Fertilization is the process by which a sperm cell (spermatozoon) penetrates and fuses with an egg cell (ovum), resulting in the formation of a zygote. This fusion of genetic material from both the male and female gametes initiates the development of a new organism. In human biology, fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube after sexual intercourse, when a single sperm out of millions is able to reach and penetrate the egg released from the ovary during ovulation. The successful fusion of these two gametes marks the beginning of pregnancy.

An oocyte, also known as an egg cell or female gamete, is a large specialized cell found in the ovary of female organisms. It contains half the number of chromosomes as a normal diploid cell, as it is the product of meiotic division. Oocytes are surrounded by follicle cells and are responsible for the production of female offspring upon fertilization with sperm. The term "oocyte" specifically refers to the immature egg cell before it reaches full maturity and is ready for fertilization, at which point it is referred to as an ovum or egg.

Fertilization in vitro, also known as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), is a medical procedure where an egg (oocyte) and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization. The fertilized egg (embryo) is then transferred to a uterus with the hope of establishing a successful pregnancy. This procedure is often used when other assisted reproductive technologies have been unsuccessful or are not applicable, such as in cases of blocked fallopian tubes, severe male factor infertility, and unexplained infertility. The process involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer. In some cases, additional techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) may be used to increase the chances of success.

Cell surface receptors, also known as membrane receptors, are proteins located on the cell membrane that bind to specific molecules outside the cell, known as ligands. These receptors play a crucial role in signal transduction, which is the process of converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular response.

Cell surface receptors can be classified into several categories based on their structure and mechanism of action, including:

1. Ion channel receptors: These receptors contain a pore that opens to allow ions to flow across the cell membrane when they bind to their ligands. This ion flux can directly activate or inhibit various cellular processes.
2. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): These receptors consist of seven transmembrane domains and are associated with heterotrimeric G proteins that modulate intracellular signaling pathways upon ligand binding.
3. Enzyme-linked receptors: These receptors possess an intrinsic enzymatic activity or are linked to an enzyme, which becomes activated when the receptor binds to its ligand. This activation can lead to the initiation of various signaling cascades within the cell.
4. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): These receptors contain intracellular tyrosine kinase domains that become activated upon ligand binding, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling molecules.
5. Integrins: These receptors are transmembrane proteins that mediate cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions by binding to extracellular matrix proteins or counter-receptors on adjacent cells. They play essential roles in cell adhesion, migration, and survival.

Cell surface receptors are involved in various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, hormone signaling, immune response, and cell growth and differentiation. Dysregulation of these receptors can contribute to the development of numerous diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

Membrane glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide backbone. They are integral components of biological membranes, spanning the lipid bilayer and playing crucial roles in various cellular processes.

The glycosylation of these proteins occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus during protein folding and trafficking. The attached glycans can vary in structure, length, and composition, which contributes to the diversity of membrane glycoproteins.

Membrane glycoproteins can be classified into two main types based on their orientation within the lipid bilayer:

1. Type I (N-linked): These glycoproteins have a single transmembrane domain and an extracellular N-terminus, where the oligosaccharides are predominantly attached via asparagine residues (Asn-X-Ser/Thr sequon).
2. Type II (C-linked): These glycoproteins possess two transmembrane domains and an intracellular C-terminus, with the oligosaccharides linked to tryptophan residues via a mannose moiety.

Membrane glycoproteins are involved in various cellular functions, such as:

* Cell adhesion and recognition
* Receptor-mediated signal transduction
* Enzymatic catalysis
* Transport of molecules across membranes
* Cell-cell communication
* Immunological responses

Some examples of membrane glycoproteins include cell surface receptors (e.g., growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors), adhesion molecules (e.g., integrins, cadherins), and transporters (e.g., ion channels, ABC transporters).

A blastocyst is a stage in the early development of a fertilized egg, or embryo, in mammals. It occurs about 5-6 days after fertilization and consists of an outer layer of cells called trophoblasts, which will eventually form the placenta, and an inner cell mass, which will give rise to the fetus. The blastocyst is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. This stage is critical for the implantation of the embryo into the uterine lining.

Sperm motility is the ability of sperm to move actively and effectively through the female reproductive tract towards the egg for fertilization. It is typically measured as the percentage of moving sperm in a sample, and their progressiveness or velocity. Normal human sperm motility is generally defined as forward progression of at least 25 micrometers per second, with at least 50% of sperm showing progressive motility. Reduced sperm motility, also known as asthenozoospermia, can negatively impact fertility and reproductive outcomes.

Micromanipulation is a term used in the field of medicine, specifically in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). It refers to a technique that involves the manipulation of oocytes (human eggs), sperm, and/or embryos under a microscope using micromanipulative tools and equipment.

The most common form of micromanipulation is intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), where a single sperm is selected and injected directly into the cytoplasm of an oocyte to facilitate fertilization. Other forms of micromanipulation include assisted hatching (AH), where a small opening is made in the zona pellucida (the protective layer surrounding the embryo) to help the embryo hatch and implant into the uterus, and embryo biopsy, which involves removing one or more cells from an embryo for genetic testing.

Micromanipulation requires specialized training and equipment and is typically performed in IVF laboratories by experienced embryologists. The goal of micromanipulation is to improve the chances of successful fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy, particularly in cases where conventional methods have been unsuccessful or when there are specific fertility issues, such as male factor infertility or genetic disorders.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

The vitelline membrane is a thin, transparent, flexible, and protective membrane that surrounds the yolk in bird, reptile, and some insect eggs. It provides nutrition and physical protection to the developing embryo during incubation. In medical terms, it is not directly relevant as it does not have a counterpart or equivalent structure in mammalian embryology.

The Fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or oviducts, are a pair of slender tubular structures in the female reproductive system. They play a crucial role in human reproduction by providing a passageway for the egg (ovum) from the ovary to the uterus (womb).

Each Fallopian tube is typically around 7.6 to 10 centimeters long and consists of four parts: the interstitial part, the isthmus, the ampulla, and the infundibulum. The fimbriated end of the infundibulum, which resembles a fringe or frill, surrounds and captures the released egg from the ovary during ovulation.

Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla when sperm meets the egg after sexual intercourse. Once fertilized, the zygote (fertilized egg) travels through the Fallopian tube toward the uterus for implantation and further development. The cilia lining the inner surface of the Fallopian tubes help propel the egg and the zygote along their journey.

In some cases, abnormalities or blockages in the Fallopian tubes can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancies, which are pregnancies that develop outside the uterus, typically within the Fallopian tube itself.

"Macaca radiata" is a species of monkey that is native to India. It is often referred to as the "bonnet macaque" due to the distinctive cap of hair on its head. This species is widely studied in the field of primatology and has been an important model organism in biomedical research, particularly in the areas of neuroscience and infectious disease. However, I couldn't find a specific medical definition for "Macaca radiata".

The zona reticularis is a layer of the adrenal cortex, which is the outer part of the adrenal gland. These glands are located on top of the kidneys and are responsible for producing several important hormones. The adrenal cortex itself has three distinct layers: the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata, and the zona reticularis.

The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex. It is responsible for producing and releasing certain steroid hormones, particularly androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEAS). These androgens are precursor hormones that can be converted into more potent androgens or estrogens in other parts of the body. The zona reticularis plays a crucial role in sexual development and function, as well as maintaining overall health and well-being.

Disorders related to the zona reticularis may result in abnormal hormone production, leading to conditions such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing's syndrome, or Addison's disease. Proper diagnosis and treatment of these disorders typically involve endocrinologists, healthcare professionals specializing in hormonal and metabolic disorders.

The Zona Fasciculata is a region within the adrenal gland, which is a small gland located on top of the kidneys. It plays an essential role in endocrine function. The adrenal gland is divided into two main parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. The cortex itself is further divided into three zones: the Zona Glomerulosa, the Zona Fasciculata, and the Zona Reticularis.

The Zona Fasciculata is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex. It is primarily responsible for producing and releasing steroid hormones, particularly glucocorticoids such as cortisol. Cortisol helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response, among other functions. The Zona Fasciculata contains large, column-shaped cells called fasciculated cells that contain lipid droplets filled with cholesterol esters. These cells convert cholesterol into pregnenolone, which is then converted into cortisol through a series of enzymatic reactions.

In summary, the Zona Fasciculata is a crucial region within the adrenal gland that produces and releases cortisol, a vital glucocorticoid hormone involved in various physiological processes.

Oophoritis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of one or both ovaries. It is often caused by an infection, which can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in nature. The infection can spread to the ovaries from other parts of the reproductive system, such as the fallopian tubes or the uterus.

Oophoritis can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, abdominal cramping, irregular menstrual bleeding, and fever. In some cases, it may lead to complications such as infertility or chronic pelvic pain. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, as well as pain relief medications and anti-inflammatory drugs to manage symptoms.

It is important to note that oophoritis can be a serious condition, especially if left untreated. If you are experiencing any symptoms of oophoritis, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

A contraceptive vaccine is a type of immunocontraception that uses the immune system to prevent pregnancy. It is a relatively new field of research and development, and there are currently no licensed contraceptive vaccines available on the market. However, several experimental vaccines are in various stages of preclinical and clinical testing.

Contraceptive vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against specific proteins or hormones that play a critical role in reproduction. By neutralizing these targets, the vaccine can prevent fertilization or inhibit the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus.

For example, one approach is to develop vaccines that target the zona pellucida (ZP), a glycoprotein layer surrounding mammalian eggs. Antibodies generated against ZP proteins can prevent sperm from binding and fertilizing the egg. Another strategy is to create vaccines that generate antibodies against hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy. By blocking hCG, the vaccine can prevent the maintenance of pregnancy and induce a miscarriage.

While contraceptive vaccines have shown promise in preclinical studies, several challenges remain before they can be widely adopted. These include issues related to safety, efficacy, duration of protection, and public acceptance. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for accidental cross-reactivity with other proteins or hormones, leading to unintended side effects.

Overall, contraceptive vaccines represent a promising area of research that could provide long-acting, reversible, and user-friendly contraception options in the future. However, further studies are needed to address the remaining challenges and ensure their safe and effective use.

Oogenesis is the biological process of formation and maturation of female gametes, or ova or egg cells, in the ovary. It begins during fetal development and continues throughout a woman's reproductive years. The process involves the division and differentiation of a germ cell (oogonium) into an immature ovum (oocyte), which then undergoes meiotic division to form a mature ovum capable of being fertilized by sperm.

The main steps in oogenesis include:

1. Multiplication phase: The oogonia divide mitotically to increase their number.
2. Growth phase: One of the oogonia becomes primary oocyte and starts to grow, accumulating nutrients and organelles required for future development.
3. First meiotic division: The primary oocyte undergoes an incomplete first meiotic division, resulting in two haploid cells - a secondary oocyte and a smaller cell called the first polar body. This division is arrested in prophase I until puberty.
4. Second meiotic division: At ovulation or just before fertilization, the secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division, producing another small cell, the second polar body, and a mature ovum (egg) with 23 chromosomes.
5. Fertilization: The mature ovum can be fertilized by a sperm, restoring the normal diploid number of chromosomes in the resulting zygote.

Oogenesis is a complex and highly regulated process that involves various hormonal signals and cellular interactions to ensure proper development and maturation of female gametes for successful reproduction.

Embryo implantation is the process by which a fertilized egg, or embryo, becomes attached to the wall of the uterus (endometrium) and begins to receive nutrients from the mother's blood supply. This process typically occurs about 6-10 days after fertilization and is a critical step in the establishment of a successful pregnancy.

During implantation, the embryo secretes enzymes that help it to burrow into the endometrium, while the endometrium responds by producing receptors for the embryo's enzymes and increasing blood flow to the area. The embryo then begins to grow and develop, eventually forming the placenta, which will provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus throughout pregnancy.

Implantation is a complex process that requires precise timing and coordination between the embryo and the mother's body. Factors such as age, hormonal imbalances, and uterine abnormalities can affect implantation and increase the risk of miscarriage or difficulty becoming pregnant.

Cryopreservation is a medical procedure that involves the preservation of cells, tissues, or organs by cooling them to very low temperatures, typically below -150°C. This is usually achieved using liquid nitrogen. The low temperature slows down or stops biological activity, including chemical reactions and cellular metabolism, which helps to prevent damage and decay.

The cells, tissues, or organs that are being cryopreserved must be treated with a cryoprotectant solution before cooling to prevent the formation of ice crystals, which can cause significant damage. Once cooled, the samples are stored in specialized containers or tanks until they are needed for use.

Cryopreservation is commonly used in assisted reproductive technologies, such as the preservation of sperm, eggs, and embryos for fertility treatments. It is also used in research, including the storage of cell lines and stem cells, and in clinical settings, such as the preservation of skin grafts and corneas for transplantation.

Zona glomerulosa is a region of the adrenal gland, specifically the outer portion of the adrenal cortex. It is responsible for producing mineralocorticoids, with the principal one being aldosterone. Aldosterone helps regulate electrolyte and fluid balance in the body by increasing the reabsorption of sodium ions and water in the distal nephron of the kidney while promoting the excretion of potassium ions. This process assists in maintaining blood pressure and volume within normal ranges. The zona glomerulosa's function is primarily under the control of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

Embryo transfer is a medical procedure that involves the transfer of an embryo, which is typically created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), into the uterus of a woman with the aim of establishing a pregnancy. The embryo may be created using the intended parent's own sperm and eggs or those from donors. After fertilization and early cell division, the resulting embryo is transferred into the uterus of the recipient mother through a thin catheter that is inserted through the cervix. This procedure is typically performed under ultrasound guidance to ensure proper placement of the embryo. Embryo transfer is a key step in assisted reproductive technology (ART) and is often used as a treatment for infertility.

Pronase is not a medical term itself, but it is a proteolytic enzyme mixture derived from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. The term "pronase" refers to a group of enzymes that can break down proteins into smaller peptides and individual amino acids by hydrolyzing their peptide bonds.

Pronase is used in various laboratory applications, including protein degradation, DNA and RNA isolation, and the removal of contaminating proteins from nucleic acid samples. It has also been used in some medical research contexts to study protein function and structure, as well as in certain therapeutic settings for its ability to break down proteins.

It is important to note that pronase is not a drug or a medical treatment itself but rather a laboratory reagent with potential applications in medical research and diagnostics.

Glycoproteins are complex proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide backbone. These glycans are linked to the protein through asparagine residues (N-linked) or serine/threonine residues (O-linked). Glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. They are widely distributed in nature and can be found on the outer surface of cell membranes, in extracellular fluids, and as components of the extracellular matrix. The structure and composition of glycoproteins can vary significantly depending on their function and location within an organism.

A zygote is the initial cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg, also known as an oocyte. This occurs in the process of human reproduction and marks the beginning of a new genetic identity, containing 46 chromosomes - 23 from the sperm and 23 from the egg. The zygote starts the journey of cell division and growth, eventually developing into a blastocyst, then an embryo, and finally a fetus over the course of pregnancy.

An ovary is a part of the female reproductive system in which ova or eggs are produced through the process of oogenesis. They are a pair of solid, almond-shaped structures located one on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. Each ovary measures about 3 to 5 centimeters in length and weighs around 14 grams.

The ovaries have two main functions: endocrine (hormonal) function and reproductive function. They produce and release eggs (ovulation) responsible for potential fertilization and development of an embryo/fetus during pregnancy. Additionally, they are essential in the production of female sex hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstrual cycles, sexual development, and reproduction.

During each menstrual cycle, a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. If not fertilized, the egg, along with the uterine lining, will be shed, leading to menstruation.

A mammalian embryo is the developing offspring of a mammal, from the time of implantation of the fertilized egg (blastocyst) in the uterus until the end of the eighth week of gestation. During this period, the embryo undergoes rapid cell division and organ differentiation to form a complex structure with all the major organs and systems in place. This stage is followed by fetal development, which continues until birth. The study of mammalian embryos is important for understanding human development, evolution, and reproductive biology.

A sperm head is the anterior (front) part of a spermatozoon, which contains the genetic material (DNA). It is covered by a protein layer called the acrosome, which plays a crucial role in fertilization. The sperm head is followed by the midpiece and the tail, which provide mobility to the sperm for its journey towards the egg.

Fertility is the natural ability to conceive or to cause conception of offspring. In humans, it is the capacity of a woman and a man to reproduce through sexual reproduction. For women, fertility usually takes place during their reproductive years, which is from adolescence until menopause. A woman's fertility depends on various factors including her age, overall health, and the health of her reproductive system.

For men, fertility can be affected by a variety of factors such as age, genetics, general health, sexual function, and environmental factors that may affect sperm production or quality. Factors that can negatively impact male fertility include exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Infertility is a common medical condition affecting about 10-15% of couples trying to conceive. Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility refers to the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse, while secondary infertility refers to the inability to conceive following a previous pregnancy.

Infertility can be treated with various medical and surgical interventions depending on the underlying cause. These may include medications to stimulate ovulation, intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities.

Embryonic and fetal development is the process of growth and development that occurs from fertilization of the egg (conception) to birth. The terms "embryo" and "fetus" are used to describe different stages of this development:

* Embryonic development: This stage begins at fertilization and continues until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy. During this time, the fertilized egg (zygote) divides and forms a blastocyst, which implants in the uterus and begins to develop into a complex structure called an embryo. The embryo consists of three layers of cells that will eventually form all of the organs and tissues of the body. During this stage, the basic structures of the body, including the nervous system, heart, and gastrointestinal tract, begin to form.
* Fetal development: This stage begins at the end of the 8th week of pregnancy and continues until birth. During this time, the embryo is called a fetus, and it grows and develops rapidly. The organs and tissues that were formed during the embryonic stage continue to mature and become more complex. The fetus also begins to move and kick, and it can hear and respond to sounds from outside the womb.

Overall, embryonic and fetal development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the coordinated growth and differentiation of cells and tissues. It is a critical period of development that lays the foundation for the health and well-being of the individual throughout their life.

Blastomeres are early stage embryonic cells that result from the initial rounds of cell division in a fertilized egg, also known as a zygote. These cells are typically smaller and have a more simple organization compared to more mature cells. They are important for the normal development of the embryo and contribute to the formation of the blastocyst, which is an early stage embryonic structure that will eventually give rise to the fetus. The process of cell division that produces blastomeres is called cleavage.

Prenatal injuries, also known as antenatal injuries, refer to damages or harm that occur to a fetus during pregnancy. These injuries can result from various factors such as maternal infections, exposure to toxic substances, genetic disorders, or physical trauma. Some common examples of prenatal injuries include cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, blindness, deafness, and limb deformities. It is essential to monitor and manage the health of both the mother and fetus during pregnancy to reduce the risk of prenatal injuries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Peperomia" is not a medical term. It is a genus of plants in the family Piperaceae, commonly known as radiator plants or baby rubber plants. These plants are popular as houseplants due to their attractive foliage and ease of care. If you have any questions about a specific medical concern or condition, I would be happy to try to help with that instead.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Male infertility is a condition characterized by the inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female. It is typically defined as the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.

The causes of male infertility can be varied and include issues with sperm production, such as low sperm count or poor sperm quality, problems with sperm delivery, such as obstructions in the reproductive tract, or hormonal imbalances that affect sperm production. Other factors that may contribute to male infertility include genetic disorders, environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions or treatments.

It is important to note that male infertility can often be treated or managed with medical interventions, such as medication, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART). A healthcare provider can help diagnose the underlying cause of male infertility and recommend appropriate treatment options.

The epididymis is a tightly coiled tube located on the upper and posterior portion of the testicle that serves as the site for sperm maturation and storage. It is an essential component of the male reproductive system. The epididymis can be divided into three parts: the head (where newly produced sperm enter from the testicle), the body, and the tail (where mature sperm exit and are stored). Any abnormalities or inflammation in the epididymis may lead to discomfort, pain, or infertility.

Wheat germ agglutinins (WGA) are proteins found in wheat germ that have the ability to bind to specific carbohydrate structures, such as N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid, which are present on the surface of many cells in the human body. WGA is a type of lectin, a group of proteins that can agglutinate, or clump together, red blood cells and bind to specific sugars on cell membranes.

WGA has been studied for its potential effects on various biological processes, including inflammation, immune response, and gut barrier function. Some research suggests that WGA may interact with the gut epithelium and affect intestinal permeability, potentially contributing to the development of gastrointestinal symptoms in some individuals. However, more research is needed to fully understand the clinical significance of these findings.

It's worth noting that while WGA has been studied for its potential biological effects, it is not currently recognized as a major allergen or toxic component of wheat. However, some people may still choose to avoid foods containing WGA due to personal dietary preferences or sensitivities.

An ovarian follicle is a fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains an immature egg or ovum (oocyte). It's a part of the female reproductive system and plays a crucial role in the process of ovulation.

Ovarian follicles start developing in the ovaries during fetal development, but only a small number of them will mature and release an egg during a woman's reproductive years. The maturation process is stimulated by hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

There are different types of ovarian follicles, including primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary or Graafian follicles. The Graafian follicle is the mature follicle that ruptures during ovulation to release the egg into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm.

It's important to note that abnormal growth or development of ovarian follicles can lead to conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and ovarian cancer.

Cumulus cells are a type of specialized cell that surround and support the egg (oocyte) in the ovary of female mammals, including humans. These cells are located in the cumulus oophorus, which is a cluster of cells that surrounds and protects the mature egg within the follicle.

Cumulus cells play an important role in the process of fertilization by providing nutrients to the developing egg and helping to regulate its growth and development. They also help to facilitate communication between the egg and the surrounding follicular cells, which is necessary for the release of the mature egg from the ovary during ovulation.

In addition to their role in reproduction, cumulus cells have been studied for their potential use in various medical applications, including as a source of stem cells for therapeutic purposes. However, more research is needed to fully understand the properties and potential uses of these cells.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hyaluronoglucosaminidase" appears to be a made-up term or a typographical error. The correct term related to hyaluronic acid metabolism is "hyaluronidase," which is an enzyme that degrades hyaluronic acid, a component of the extracellular matrix in various tissues. If you meant to ask about this enzyme or its functions, I'd be happy to provide more information on that. However, if "Hyaluronoglucosaminidase" is intended to represent another medical term, could you please clarify so I can provide an accurate and helpful response?

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is a specialized form of assisted reproductive technology (ART), specifically used in the context of in vitro fertilization (IVF). It involves the direct injection of a single sperm into the cytoplasm of a mature egg (oocyte) to facilitate fertilization. This technique is often used when there are issues with male infertility, such as low sperm count or poor sperm motility, to increase the chances of successful fertilization. The resulting embryos can then be transferred to the uterus in hopes of achieving a pregnancy.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

A morula is a term used in embryology, which refers to the early stage of development in mammalian embryos. It is formed after fertilization when the zygote (a single cell resulting from the fusion of sperm and egg) undergoes several rounds of mitotic divisions to form a solid mass of 16 or more cells called blastomeres. At this stage, the cells are tightly packed together and have a compact, mulberry-like appearance, hence the name "morula" which is derived from the Latin word for "mulberry."

The morula stage typically occurs about 4-5 days after fertilization in humans and is marked by the beginning of blastulation, where the cells start to differentiate and become organized into an outer layer (trophoblast) and an inner cell mass. The trophoblast will eventually form the placenta, while the inner cell mass will give rise to the embryo proper.

It's important to note that the morula stage is a transient phase in embryonic development, and it represents a critical period of growth and differentiation as the embryo prepares for implantation into the uterine wall.

Seminal plasma proteins are a group of proteins that are present in the seminal fluid, which is the liquid component of semen. These proteins originate primarily from the accessory sex glands, including the prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands, and play various roles in the maintenance of sperm function and fertility.

Some of the key functions of seminal plasma proteins include:

1. Nutrition: Seminal plasma proteins provide energy sources and essential nutrients to support sperm survival and motility during their journey through the female reproductive tract.
2. Protection: These proteins help protect sperm from oxidative stress, immune attack, and other environmental factors that could negatively impact sperm function or viability.
3. Lubrication: Seminal plasma proteins contribute to the formation of a fluid medium that facilitates the ejaculation and transport of sperm through the female reproductive tract.
4. Coagulation and liquefaction: Some seminal plasma proteins are involved in the initial coagulation and subsequent liquefaction of semen, which helps ensure proper sperm release and distribution during ejaculation.
5. Interaction with female reproductive system: Seminal plasma proteins can interact with components of the female reproductive tract to modulate immune responses, promote implantation, and support early embryonic development.

Examples of seminal plasma proteins include prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP), and semenogelins. Abnormal levels or dysfunctions in these proteins have been associated with various reproductive disorders, such as infertility, prostatitis, and prostate cancer.

Pimozide is an antipsychotic medication that is primarily used to treat chronic tics and Tourette's disorder. It works by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is involved in regulating movement and mood. By blocking dopamine receptors, pimozide helps to reduce the severity and frequency of tics and other symptoms associated with these conditions.

Pimozide may also be used off-label for the treatment of other conditions, such as severe behavioral problems in children with developmental disabilities. It is important to note that pimozide can have serious side effects, including cardiac arrhythmias and neurological symptoms, and should only be prescribed by a healthcare professional who is experienced in managing its use.

As with all medications, it's essential to follow the dosage instructions carefully and to report any unusual or concerning symptoms to your healthcare provider promptly.

Lectins are a type of proteins that bind specifically to carbohydrates and have been found in various plant and animal sources. They play important roles in biological recognition events, such as cell-cell adhesion, and can also be involved in the immune response. Some lectins can agglutinate certain types of cells or precipitate glycoproteins, while others may have a more direct effect on cellular processes. In some cases, lectins from plants can cause adverse effects in humans if ingested, such as digestive discomfort or allergic reactions.

Exocytosis is the process by which cells release molecules, such as hormones or neurotransmitters, to the extracellular space. This process involves the transport of these molecules inside vesicles (membrane-bound sacs) to the cell membrane, where they fuse and release their contents to the outside of the cell. It is a crucial mechanism for intercellular communication and the regulation of various physiological processes in the body.

The cleavage stage of an ovum, also known as a fertilized egg, refers to the series of rapid cell divisions that occur after fertilization. During this stage, the single cell (zygote) divides into multiple cells, forming a blastomere. This process occurs in the fallopian tube and continues until the blastocyst reaches the uterus, typically around 5-6 days after fertilization. The cleavage stage is a critical period in early embryonic development, as any abnormalities during this time can lead to implantation failure or developmental defects.

Carbohydrates are a major nutrient class consisting of organic compounds that primarily contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are classified as saccharides, which include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (double sugars), oligosaccharides (short-chain sugars), and polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).

Monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of a single sugar molecule that cannot be broken down further by hydrolysis. Disaccharides, like sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar), are formed from two monosaccharide units joined together.

Oligosaccharides contain a small number of monosaccharide units, typically less than 20, while polysaccharides consist of long chains of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides can be further classified into starch (found in plants), glycogen (found in animals), and non-starchy polysaccharides like cellulose, chitin, and pectin.

Carbohydrates play a crucial role in providing energy to the body, with glucose being the primary source of energy for most cells. They also serve as structural components in plants (cellulose) and animals (chitin), participate in various metabolic processes, and contribute to the taste, texture, and preservation of foods.

Embryonic development is the series of growth and developmental stages that occur during the formation and early growth of the embryo. In humans, this stage begins at fertilization (when the sperm and egg cell combine) and continues until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy. During this time, the fertilized egg (now called a zygote) divides and forms a blastocyst, which then implants into the uterus. The cells in the blastocyst begin to differentiate and form the three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These germ layers will eventually give rise to all of the different tissues and organs in the body.

Embryonic development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the coordinated interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is characterized by rapid cell division, migration, and differentiation, as well as programmed cell death (apoptosis) and tissue remodeling. Abnormalities in embryonic development can lead to birth defects or other developmental disorders.

It's important to note that the term "embryo" is used to describe the developing organism from fertilization until the end of the 8th week of pregnancy in humans, after which it is called a fetus.

Cricetinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes hamsters, gerbils, and relatives. These small mammals are characterized by having short limbs, compact bodies, and cheek pouches for storing food. They are native to various parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some species are popular pets due to their small size, easy care, and friendly nature. In a medical context, understanding the biology and behavior of Cricetinae species can be important for individuals who keep them as pets or for researchers studying their physiology.

A laser is not a medical term per se, but a physical concept that has important applications in medicine. The term "LASER" stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation." It refers to a device that produces and amplifies light with specific characteristics, such as monochromaticity (single wavelength), coherence (all waves moving in the same direction), and high intensity.

In medicine, lasers are used for various therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, including surgery, dermatology, ophthalmology, and dentistry. They can be used to cut, coagulate, or vaporize tissues with great precision, minimizing damage to surrounding structures. Additionally, lasers can be used to detect and measure physiological parameters, such as blood flow and oxygen saturation.

It's important to note that while lasers are powerful tools in medicine, they must be used by trained professionals to ensure safe and effective treatment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polyvinyls" is not a medical term. It is a chemical term that refers to polymers made from vinyl chloride, which is used in the production of various plastics and resins. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I'd be happy to help with those!

The pregnancy rate is a measure used in reproductive medicine to determine the frequency or efficiency of conception following certain treatments, interventions, or under specific conditions. It is typically defined as the number of pregnancies per 100 women exposed to the condition being studied over a specified period of time. A pregnancy is confirmed when a woman has a positive result on a pregnancy test or through the detection of a gestational sac on an ultrasound exam.

In clinical trials and research, the pregnancy rate helps healthcare professionals evaluate the effectiveness of various fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), or ovulation induction medications. The pregnancy rate can also be used to assess the impact of lifestyle factors, environmental exposures, or medical conditions on fertility and conception.

It is important to note that pregnancy rates may vary depending on several factors, including age, the cause of infertility, the type and quality of treatment provided, and individual patient characteristics. Therefore, comparing pregnancy rates between different studies should be done cautiously, considering these potential confounding variables.

Female infertility is a condition characterized by the inability to conceive after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth. The causes of female infertility can be multifactorial and may include issues with ovulation, damage to the fallopian tubes or uterus, endometriosis, hormonal imbalances, age-related factors, and other medical conditions.

Some common causes of female infertility include:

1. Ovulation disorders: Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemia can affect ovulation and lead to infertility.
2. Damage to the fallopian tubes: Pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or previous surgeries can cause scarring and blockages in the fallopian tubes, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting.
3. Uterine abnormalities: Structural issues with the uterus, such as fibroids, polyps, or congenital defects, can interfere with implantation and pregnancy.
4. Age-related factors: As women age, their fertility declines due to a decrease in the number and quality of eggs.
5. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, celiac disease, and autoimmune disorders, can contribute to infertility.

In some cases, female infertility can be treated with medications, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). A thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Sperm maturation is the process by which spermatids, immature sperm cells produced in meiosis, transform into fully developed spermatozoa capable of fertilization. This complex process occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and includes several stages:

1. **Golfi formation:** The first step involves the spermatids reorganizing their cytoplasm and forming a cap-like structure called the acrosome, which contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg's outer layers during fertilization.
2. **Flagellum development:** The spermatid also develops a tail (flagellum), enabling it to move independently. This is achieved through the assembly of microtubules and other associated proteins.
3. **Nuclear condensation and elongation:** The sperm's DNA undergoes significant compaction, making the nucleus smaller and more compact. Concurrently, the nucleus elongates and aligns with the flagellum.
4. **Mitochondrial positioning:** Mitochondria, which provide energy for sperm motility, migrate to the midpiece of the sperm, close to the base of the flagellum.
5. **Chromatin packaging:** Histones, proteins that help package DNA in non-sperm cells, are replaced by transition proteins and then protamines, which further compact and protect the sperm's DNA.
6. **Sperm release (spermiation):** The mature sperm is finally released from the supporting Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule, where it mixes with fluid secreted by the testicular tissue to form seminal plasma.

This entire process takes approximately 64 days in humans.

Semen preservation is the process of collecting, liquefying, testing, and storing semen samples for future use in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as artificial insemination (AI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The semen sample is usually collected through masturbation, and then it is mixed with a cryoprotectant solution to prevent damage during the freezing and thawing process. After that, the sample is divided into straws or vials and frozen in liquid nitrogen tanks at temperatures below -196°C. Properly preserved semen can be stored for many years without significant loss of quality or fertility potential. Semen preservation is often recommended for men who are about to undergo medical treatments that may affect their sperm production or fertility, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or for those who wish to postpone fatherhood for personal or medical reasons.

Inbred strains of mice are defined as lines of mice that have been brother-sister mated for at least 20 consecutive generations. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the mice of an inbred strain are genetically identical to one another, with the exception of spontaneous mutations.

Inbred strains of mice are widely used in biomedical research due to their genetic uniformity and stability, which makes them useful for studying the genetic basis of various traits, diseases, and biological processes. They also provide a consistent and reproducible experimental system, as compared to outbred or genetically heterogeneous populations.

Some commonly used inbred strains of mice include C57BL/6J, BALB/cByJ, DBA/2J, and 129SvEv. Each strain has its own unique genetic background and phenotypic characteristics, which can influence the results of experiments. Therefore, it is important to choose the appropriate inbred strain for a given research question.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units (simple sugars) bonded together by glycosidic linkages. They can be classified based on the type of monosaccharides and the nature of the bonds that connect them.

Polysaccharides have various functions in living organisms. For example, starch and glycogen serve as energy storage molecules in plants and animals, respectively. Cellulose provides structural support in plants, while chitin is a key component of fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons.

Some polysaccharides also have important roles in the human body, such as being part of the extracellular matrix (e.g., hyaluronic acid) or acting as blood group antigens (e.g., ABO blood group substances).

N-Acetyllactosamine Synthase (Galβ1,3GlcNAc-T) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to a terminal β-D-galactose residue of glycoproteins or glycolipids, forming β1,3 linkages and creating the disaccharide N-acetyllactosamine (Galβ1-3GlcNAc). This enzyme plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates called mucin-type O-glycans and some types of A, B, H, Le^a^, and Le^b^ blood group antigens. There are two major isoforms of this enzyme, β3GnT1 and β3GnT2, which differ in their substrate specificities and tissue distributions.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Follicular fluid is the fluid that accumulates within the follicle (a small sac or cyst) in the ovary where an egg matures. This fluid contains various chemicals, hormones, and proteins that support the growth and development of the egg cell. It also contains metabolic waste products and other substances from the granulosa cells (the cells that surround the egg cell within the follicle). Follicular fluid is often analyzed in fertility treatments and studies as it can provide valuable information about the health and viability of the egg cell.

Galactose oxidase is an enzyme with the systematic name D-galactose:oxygen oxidoreductase. It is found in certain fungi and bacteria, and it catalyzes the following reaction:

D-galactose + O2 -> D-galacto-hexodialdose + H2O2

In this reaction, the enzyme oxidizes the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the sixth carbon atom of D-galactose to an aldehyde group (-CHO), forming D-galacto-hexodialdose. At the same time, it reduces molecular oxygen (O2) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Galactose oxidase is a copper-containing enzyme and requires the cofactor molybdenum for its activity. It has potential applications in various industrial processes, such as the production of D-galacto-hexodialdose and other sugar derivatives, as well as in biosensors for detecting glucose levels in biological samples.

Embryo culture techniques refer to the methods and procedures used to maintain and support the growth and development of an embryo outside of the womb, typically in a laboratory setting. These techniques are often used in the context of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

The process typically involves fertilizing an egg with sperm in a laboratory dish and then carefully monitoring and maintaining the resulting embryo in a specialized culture medium that provides the necessary nutrients, hormones, and other factors to support its development. The culture medium is usually contained within an incubator that maintains optimal temperature, humidity, and gas concentrations to mimic the environment inside the body.

Embryologists may use various embryo culture techniques depending on the stage of development and the specific needs of the embryo. For example, some techniques involve culturing the embryo in a single layer, while others may use a technique called "co-culture" that involves growing the embryo on a layer of cells to provide additional support and nutrients.

The goal of embryo culture techniques is to promote the healthy growth and development of the embryo, increasing the chances of a successful pregnancy and live birth. However, it's important to note that these techniques are not without risk, and there are potential ethical considerations surrounding the use of ART and embryo culture.

Birefringence is a property of certain materials, such as crystals and some plastics, to split a beam of light into two separate beams with different polarization states and refractive indices when the light passes through the material. This phenomenon arises due to the anisotropic structure of these materials, where their physical properties vary depending on the direction of measurement.

When a unpolarized or partially polarized light beam enters a birefringent material, it gets separated into two orthogonally polarized beams called the ordinary and extraordinary rays. These rays propagate through the material at different speeds due to their distinct refractive indices, resulting in a phase delay between them. Upon exiting the material, the recombination of these two beams can produce various optical effects, such as double refraction or interference patterns, depending on the thickness and orientation of the birefringent material and the polarization state of the incident light.

Birefringence has numerous applications in optics, including waveplates, polarizing filters, stress analysis, and microscopy techniques like phase contrast and differential interference contrast imaging.

Superovulation, also known as controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), refers to the process of inducing the development and release of multiple mature ova (eggs) from the ovaries during a single reproductive cycle. This is achieved through the administration of exogenous gonadotropins or other fertility medications, which stimulate the ovarian follicles to grow and mature beyond the normal number. Superovulation is commonly used in assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) to increase the chances of successful conception by obtaining a larger number of ova for fertilization and embryo transfer.

Chlortetracycline is an antibiotic that belongs to the tetracycline class. It is primarily used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory, urinary, and skin infections. Chlortetracycline works by inhibiting the bacteria's ability to produce proteins, which are essential for their survival and growth.

The medical definition of Chlortetracycline is as follows:

Chlortetracycline (CTC): A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is derived from the actinomycete Streptomyces aureofaciens. It is used to treat various bacterial infections, including respiratory, urinary, and skin infections. Chlortetracycline is a colorless crystalline powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. It has a molecular formula of C22H24ClN2O8 and a molecular weight of 476.93 g/mol.

Chlortetracycline is usually administered orally, but it can also be given intravenously or topically. The drug is absorbed well from the gastrointestinal tract and is widely distributed throughout the body. It has a half-life of about 8 hours and is excreted primarily in the urine.

Like other tetracyclines, Chlortetracycline can cause tooth discoloration and enamel hypoplasia in children under the age of 8. It can also cause photosensitivity, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Prolonged use or high doses of Chlortetracycline can lead to bacterial resistance and may increase the risk of superinfection with fungi or other bacteria.

Chlortetracycline is no longer commonly used in human medicine due to the availability of newer antibiotics with fewer side effects. However, it is still used in veterinary medicine to treat infections in animals.

Peanut agglutinin (PNA) is a lectin, a type of carbohydrate-binding protein, found in peanuts. It is known to bind specifically to Galβ1-3GalNAc, a disaccharide present on glycoproteins and glycolipids of various cells. PNA has been used in research as a tool for identifying and isolating specific cell types, such as immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) and certain types of cancer cells, due to its affinity for these structures. However, it's important to note that peanut agglutinin may also have potential implications in the development of allergies to peanuts.

The zona pellucida is essential for oocyte growth and fertilization. The zona pellucida is a translucent matrix of cross-linked ... The zona pellucida is commonly used to control wildlife population problems by immunocontraception. When the zona pellucida of ... In humans, five days after the fertilization, the blastocyst performs zona hatching; the zona pellucida degenerates and ... The zona pellucida is surrounded by the corona radiata. The corona is composed of cells that care for the egg when it is ...
... (PZP) is the zona pellucida extracted from the ovaries of pigs which is used as a source of antigens for ... zona pellucida is injected into other mammals, antibodies are produced which attach to that animal's zona pellucida, preventing ... The zona pellucida is a thick membrane that surrounds the unfertilised eggs of mammals. In order for an egg to be fertilised, ... Porcine zona pellucida has been used in wildlife contraception since the late 1980s. Animals with which PZP has been employed ...
The Zona pellucida-like domain (ZP domain / ZP-like domain / ZP module) is a large protein region of about 260 amino acids. It ... PDB: 3NK3, 3NK4​ Lin SJ, Hu Y, Zhu J, Woodruff TK, Jardetzky TS (2011). "Structure of betaglycan zona pellucida (ZP)-C domain ... Jovine L, Qi H, Williams Z, Litscher ES, Wassarman PM (2004). "A duplicated motif controls assembly of zona pellucida domain ... PDB: 4WRN, 5BUP​ Bokhove M, Jovine L (2018). "Structure of Zona Pellucida Module Proteins". Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. Current ...
"Structure and function of the zona pellucida: identification and characterization of the proteins of the mouse oocyte's zona ... Wassarman, PM (1988). "Zona pellucida glycoproteins". Annu Rev Biochem. 57: 415-42. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.002215. ... Bleil, JD; Greve, JM; Wassarman, PM (1988). "Identification of a secondary sperm receptor in the mouse egg zona pellucida: role ... Jovine, L; Qi, H; Williams, Z; Litscher, E; Wassarman, PM (2004). "A duplicated motif controls assembly of zona pellucida ...
Bokhove M, Jovine L (2018). "Structure of Zona Pellucida Module Proteins". Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. Current Topics in ...
It is called zona pellucida in mammals. Between the vitelline membrane and zona pellucida is a fluid-filled perivitelline space ... the structure is called the zona pellucida and is surrounded by a layer of support cells, called the corona radiata. Vitelline ... μm thick and is mainly composed of five glycoproteins that have been discovered to resemble glycoproteins of the zona pellucida ... Vitelline envelope Parasitism and the Vitelline Membrane Cortical reaction Egg activation Perivitelline space Zona pellucida ...
Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 3, also known as zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (Zp-3) or the sperm receptor, is a ZP ... 2008). "Effects of native human zona pellucida glycoproteins 3 and 4 on acrosome reaction and zona pellucida binding of human ... zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (sperm receptor)". Litscher, E. S.; Williams, Z.; Wassarman, P. M. (2009). "Zona pellucida ... The zona pellucida (ZP) is a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the oocyte and early embryo. It is composed of ...
Gupta, SK; Bhandari, B (January 2011). "Acrosome reaction: relevance of zona pellucida glycoproteins". Asian Journal of ... ZP3 is a glycoprotein present in zona pelucida and it interacts with receptors in spermatozoon. So, ZP3 can activate G protein ...
Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZP2 gene. The zona pellucida is an ... "Entrez Gene: ZP2 zona pellucida glycoprotein 2 (sperm receptor)". Burkart AD, Xiong B, Baibakov B, Jiménez-Movilla M, Dean J ( ... Avella MA, Baibakov B, Dean J (2014). "A single domain of the ZP2 zona pellucida protein mediates gamete recognition in mice ... The protein encoded by this gene is a structural component of the zona pellucida and functions in secondary binding and ...
They are still enclosed within the zona pellucida. This compaction serves to make the structure watertight, to contain the ... "Outcomes of preimplantation genetic diagnosis using either zona drilling with acidified Tyrode's solution or partial zona ...
Bork P (1993). "A trefoil domain in the major rabbit zona pellucida protein". Protein Science. 2 (4): 669-670. doi:10.1002/pro. ... Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein B (ZP-B); intestinal sucrase-isomaltase (EC 3.2.1.48 / EC 3.2.1.10), a vertebrate membrane ...
The granules also fuse with the plasma membrane and modify the zona pellucida in such a way as to prevent further sperm entry. ... The zona pellucida ultimately disappears completely, and the now exposed cells of the trophoblast allow the blastocyst to ... When the cells number around sixteen, the solid sphere of cells within the zona pellucida is referred to as a morula. Cleavage ... The resulting increase in size of the blastocyst causes it to hatch through the zona pellucida, which then disintegrates. This ...
Then, a flat layer cell forms on the exterior of this cavity, and the zona pellucida, the blastocyst's barrier, remains the ... In 24 to 48 hours, the zona pellucida breaches. The cells on the exterior of the blastocyst begin excreting an enzyme which ...
It aids in the penetration of the Zona Pellucida. Acrosin is a typical serine proteinase with trypsin-like specificity. The ... Upon stimulus, the acrosome releases its contents onto the zona pellucida. After this reaction occurs, the zymogen form of the ... The active enzyme then functions in the lysis of the zona pellucida, thus facilitating penetration of the sperm through the ... Interaction of zona pellucida glycoproteins, sulphated carbohydrates and synthetic polymers with proacrosin, the putative egg- ...
Zona pellucida vaccines are targeted at females and do not suppress fertility in dogs or cats. Many GnRH agonists similar to ... Vaccines against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and porcine zona pellucida (PZP) are known as GonaCon™ and ZonaStat-H/ ... Levy, Julie (March 15, 2005). "Survey of zona pellucida antigens for immunocontraception of cats". Theriogenology. 63 (5): 1334 ...
... human zona pellucida glycoprotein-B induces acrosomal exocytosis in capacitated spermatozoa in addition to zona pellucida ... The zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix that surrounds the oocyte and early embryo. It is composed primarily of three or ... Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 4, ZP-4 or avilesine, named after its discoverer Manuel Avilés Sánchez is a protein that ... "Entrez Gene: ZP4 zona pellucida glycoprotein 4". Conner SJ, Lefièvre L, Hughes DC, Barratt CL (May 2005). "Cracking the egg: ...
The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an ovum. The zona pellucida's main function in ... while there are relatively few glycoproteins in the zona pellucida and thus relatively few target antigens for zona pellucida ... One concern with zona pellucida vaccination, in particular, is that in certain cases it appears to be correlated with ovarian ... The zona pellucida's suitability is a result of it being necessary for fertilization and containing at least one antigen that ...
The team led by him has carried out elaborate investigations on Zona pellucida, a layer of glycoprotein enveloping the plasma ... Gupta SK, Jethanandani P, Afzalpurkar A, Kaul R, Santhanam R (1997). "Prospects of zona pellucida glycoproteins as immunogens ... "Contraceptive Vaccines Based on the Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins for Dogs and Other Wildlife Population Management". Am J ...
Enzymes on the inner acrosomal membrane digest the zona pellucida. After the sperm penetrates the zona pellucida, part of the ... ZP3, one of the proteins that make up the zona pellucida, then binds to a partner molecule on the sperm. ... progesterone released by nearby cumulus cells and binding to ZP3 of the zona pellucida. The cumulus cells are embedded in a gel ... several changes to the egg's zona pellucida renders them impenetrable shortly after the first sperm enters the egg. Spermatozoa ...
CUB and zona pellucida-like domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CUZD1 gene. GRCh38: ... "Entrez Gene: CUZD1 CUB and zona pellucida-like domains 1". Human CUZD1 genome location and CUZD1 gene details page in the UCSC ...
... particularly the zona pellucida. This alteration of the zona pellucida components is known as the zona reaction. The cortical ... This cross-linking contributes to the hardening of the zona pellucida. Calreticulin: Evidence has indicated the presence of the ... In mammals, the oocyte's extracellular matrix includes a surrounding layer of perivitelline space, zona pellucida, and finally ... N-acetylglucosamines on the zona pellucida normally promote sperm binding. Therefore, N-Acetylglucosaminidase contributes to ...
One approach is a vaccine designed to inhibit the fusing of spermatozoa to the zona pellucida. This vaccine has been tested in ... This results in the production of antibodies against the ZP, which stop the sperm from binding to the zona pellucida and ... Normally, spermatozoa fuse with the zona pellucida surrounding the mature oocyte; the resulting acrosome reaction breaks down ...
Degenerated oocytes are classified as damaged oocytes or oocytes without a zona pellucida. Dysmorphic oocytes are oocytes with ... "Empty Zona Pellucida Only Case: A Critical Review of the Literature". International Journal of Environmental Research and ...
One contraceptive vaccine used is porcine zona pellucida (PZP), or derivatives. This form of immunocontraception prevents sperm ...
This makes the sperm completely unable to penetrate the zona pellucida. The sperm in Type 2 globozoospermia has some acrosomal ...
The zona pellucida surrounding the blastocyst breaches, referred to as hatching. This removes the constraint on the physical ... Embedding of the blastocyst into the endometrium requires that it hatches from the zona pellucida, the egg coat that prevents ... In the uterus the zona pellucida surrounding the blastocyst breaks down, allowing it to implant into the uterine wall. ... Assisted zona hatching may also be used in IVF, and other fertility treatments. The blastocyst stage occurs between 5 and 9 ...
... (UMOD), also known as Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), is a Zona pellucida-like domain-containing glycoprotein that in ... and a C-terminal bipartite Zona pellucida-like (ZP) module consisting of ZP-N and ZP-C domains separated by an interdomain ... a zona pellucida module polymer". EMBO J. 39 (24): e106807. doi:10.15252/embj.2020106807. PMC 7737619. PMID 33196145. bioRxiv ...
... the extracellular matrix modified by the cortical reaction is the zona pellucida. This modification of the zona pellucida is ... In mammals the cortical reaction leads to a modification of the zona pellucida that blocks polyspermy; enzymes released by ... known as the zona reaction. Although highly conserved across the animal kingdom, the cortical reaction shows great diversity ...
PH-20 is required for sperm adhesion to the egg zona pellucida; it is located on both the sperm plasma membrane and acrosomal ...
... and those that encode the zona pellucida. FIGLA is related to the zona pellucida genes ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3. Mutation in the FIGLA ... As well as the failure to form primordial follicles, knockout mice also lacked zona pellucida genes Zp1, Zp2, and ZP3 ... Törmälä RM, Jääskeläinen M, Lakkakorpi J, Liakka A, Tapanainen JS, Vaskivuo TE (July 2008). "Zona pellucida components are ...
The zona pellucida is essential for oocyte growth and fertilization. The zona pellucida is a translucent matrix of cross-linked ... The zona pellucida is commonly used to control wildlife population problems by immunocontraception. When the zona pellucida of ... In humans, five days after the fertilization, the blastocyst performs zona hatching; the zona pellucida degenerates and ... The zona pellucida is surrounded by the corona radiata. The corona is composed of cells that care for the egg when it is ...
zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2. Names. zona pellucida 2. zona pellucida glycoprotein 2 (sperm receptor). zona pellucida ... Zona_pellucida; Zona pellucida-like domain. * NM_001376232.1 → NP_001363161.1 zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2 isoform 1 ... Zona_pellucida; Zona pellucida-like domain. * NM_001376233.1 → NP_001363162.1 zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2 isoform 3 ... Zona_pellucida; Zona pellucida-like domain. * NM_003460.2 → NP_003451.1 zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2 isoform 1 ...
Mapping of epitopes on porcine zona pellucida-3 alpha by monoclonal antibodies inhibiting oocyte-sperm interaction.. Title. ... Mapping of epitopes on porcine zona pellucida-3 alpha by monoclonal antibodies inhibiting oocyte-sperm interaction.. ... Mapping of epitopes on porcine zona pellucida-3 alpha by monoclonal antibodies inhibiting oocyte-sperm interaction. ...
Zinc sparks induce physiochemical changes in the egg zona pellucida that prevent polyspermy. / Que, Emily L.; Duncan, Francesca ... Zinc sparks induce physiochemical changes in the egg zona pellucida that prevent polyspermy. In: Integrative Biology (United ... Dive into the research topics of Zinc sparks induce physiochemical changes in the egg zona pellucida that prevent polyspermy ... Zinc sparks induce physiochemical changes in the egg zona pellucida that prevent polyspermy. Integrative Biology (United ...
define Zona Pellucida. Explain Zona Pellucida. What is Zona Pellucida? Zona Pellucida FAQ. ... Zona Pellucida. Medical Dictionary -> Zona Pellucida. Search: Zona Pellucida. A tough transparent membrane surrounding the OVUM ...
Introduction Fertilisation is an internal process in mammals, the gamete cells however are not fully mature when they leave the gonad (either testicle or ovary) and so continue ...
Embryonic Structures - Zona Pellucida PubMed MeSh Term *Overview. Overview. subject area of * Profiling oocytes with neural ...
... porcine zona pellucida, recombinant protein, reproductive effects, Wildlife population control, zona pellucida 3, ... Wildlife Fertility Repository2021-01-14T17:19:50+00:00Tags: Efficacy, immunology, porcine zona pellucida, PZP, SpayVac©, ... Wildlife Fertility Repository2020-10-08T13:53:27+00:00Tags: Efficacy, porcine zona pellucida, PZP, recombinant, reZP, ... Wildlife Fertility Repository2019-11-14T14:03:05+00:00Tags: bacteriophage, GnRH, porcine zona pellucida, PZP, review, ...
Purchase Recombinant Macaca radiata Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2 (ZP2). It is produced in in vitro E.coli expression ... ZP2; ZPA; Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2; Zona pellucida glycoprotein 2; Zp-2; Zona pellucida protein A ... Recombinant Macaca radiata Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2 (ZP2). Recombinant Macaca radiata Zona pellucida sperm- ... Processed zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 2]: Zona pellucida.; Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. ...
Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition in Human Sperm Affects Sperm-Oocyte Fusion but Not Zona Pellucida Binding. ... "Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition in Human Sperm Affects Sperm-Oocyte Fusion but Not Zona Pellucida Binding," Biology of ... "Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition in Human Sperm Affects Sperm-Oocyte Fusion but Not Zona Pellucida Binding," Biology of ... investigate whether the inhibition of human sperm cNOS could affect sperm-oocyte fusion and sperm binding to the zona pellucida ...
The mammalian oocyte extracellular matrix known as the zona pellucida (ZP) acts as a barrier to accomplish sperm fusion with ... Zona pellucida immunofluorescence. The presence of ubiquitin (Ub) conjugates in human zona pellucida was investigated by ... Ubiquitination of native zona pellucida at different stages of oocyte maturation. The presence of ubiquitin (Ub) in human ... Saldívar-Hernández, A., González-González, M.E., Sánchez-Tusié, A. et al. Human sperm degradation of zona pellucida proteins ...
... ... The zona pellucida of mammalian oocytes plays an important role in binding and activation of sperm cells during the molecular ... Thus, the original zona pellucida architecture was better preserved by formalin fixation. We further demonstrated that ... The genes coding for the three zona pellucida glycoproteins ZPA, ZPB, and ZPC of various species including mouse, dog, and ...
2boys.tv: Zona Pellucida Zona Pellucida Within the folds of the zona pellucida, rapt in a somnambulous state, the "accused" ... Diamela Eltit: Zona de dolor In Zona de dolor (Zone of Pain), Eltit places the body - her body - at the center of this ... Biographies O Desvio Coletivo é uma rede de criadores em cena performativa que atua na zona de fronteira entre o teatro, a ...
2boys.tv: Zona Pellucida Zona Pellucida Within the folds of the zona pellucida, rapt in a somnambulous state, the "accused" ... Diamela Eltit: Zona de dolor In Zona de dolor (Zone of Pain), Eltit places the body - her body - at the center of this ... Biographies O Desvio Coletivo é uma rede de criadores em cena performativa que atua na zona de fronteira entre o teatro, a ...
The AF form of SALSA had a more intact structure and contained peptides from the zona pellucida domain, which is involved in ... The AF form of SALSA had a more intact structure and contained peptides from the zona pellucida domain, which is involved in ... ZP3, a major component of the zona pellucida (ZP) matrix coating mammalian eggs, is essential for fertilization by acting as ... From A to Z: apical structures and zona pellucida-domain proteins. Trends ...
Dive into the research topics of Distribution of lectin receptors sites in the zona pellucida of follicular and ovulated rat ... Distribution of lectin receptors sites in the zona pellucida of follicular and ovulated rat oocytes. ...
involved_in penetration of zona pellucida ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity. more info ...
... the zona pellucida (ZP) thickness and hatching rate of pre-implantation mouse embryos exposed to H2O2 and actinomycin D. ... The zona pellucida thickness of blastocysts The results showed that ZP thickness of blastocysts in the apigenin group was ... Measurement of zona pellucida thickness To measure ZP thickness, the blastocysts were randomly selected. Measurement was taken ... Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Apigenin on Number of Viable and Apoptotic Blastomeres, Zona Pellucida Thickness ...
Wildlife Fertility Repository2020-09-24T15:50:15+00:00Tags: longevity, porcine zona pellucida, PZP, reproductive effects, ... Reversibilty of action and safety during pregnancy of immunization against porcine zona pellucida in wild mares (Equus callubus ... Reversibilty of action and safety during pregnancy of immunization against porcine zona pellucida in wild mares (Equus callubus ...
For entering the ovum the sperm penetrates the corona radiata and zona pellucida with the help of ... and zona lysin help in penetrating through corona radiata and zona pellucida of the ovum. ... The secretions of the acrosome (sperm lysins) help the sperm enter into the cytoplasm of the ovum through the zona pellucida ... For entering the ovum the sperm penetrates the corona radiata and zona pellucida with the help of. ...
the aim was to evaluate the effect of quercetin on the number of viable and apoptotic cells, the zona pellucida (zp) thickness ... Effect of quercetin on the number of blastomeres, zona pellucida thickness, and hatching rate of mouse embryos exposed to ... Effect of quercetin on the number of blastomeres, zona pellucida thickness, and hatching rate of mouse embryos exposed to ...
Mapping of epitopes on porcine zona pellucida-3 alpha by monoclonal antibodies inhibiting oocyte-sperm interaction.. Title. ... Mapping of epitopes on porcine zona pellucida-3 alpha by monoclonal antibodies inhibiting oocyte-sperm interaction.. ... Mapping of epitopes on porcine zona pellucida-3 alpha by monoclonal antibodies inhibiting oocyte-sperm interaction. ...
The vaccine is based on liposome delivery of porcine zona pellucida antigens. When measured by antigen capture, the response of ...
Zona pellucida was irregular, with an altered content of glycans. Changes in the content and distribution of glycans were also ...
Zona pellucida Correct Answer. A. Gravida Explanation. The term "gravida" refers to a woman who is pregnant. It is a medical ...
Uptake of an oviductal antigen by the hamster zona pellucida. Biol Reprod. 1987 Feb. 36(1):227-38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... It has been found to be associated with the zona pellucida (ZP) and the flocculent material present within the perivitelline ... Localization of oviductal glycoproteins within the zona pellucida and perivitelline space of ovulated ova and early embryos in ... Immunogold localization of porcine oviductal secretory proteins within the zona pellucida, perivitelline space, and plasma ...
Name: zona pellucida 3 receptor. Synonyms: SP56. Type: Gene. Species: Mus musculus (mouse) ...
Molecular Analysis of a Carbohydrate Antigen Involved in the Structure and Function of Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins. Author: ... Enzymatic Removal of the Zona Pellucida Increases Adenosine Triphosphate Content and Total Cell Number of Blastocysts. Author: ...
zona pellucida Light micrograph of human ovum (egg) and sperm. The ovum is much larger than the sperm and is surrounded by ...
zona pellucida Hamster sperm fertilizing a hamster oocyte. This scanning electron micrograph shows hamster sperm fertilizing a ...
  • In New Jersey, immunocontraception using porcine zona pellucida has been trialled for the control of deer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mapping of epitopes on porcine zona pellucida-3 alpha by monoclonal antibodies inhibiting oocyte-sperm interaction. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The vaccine is based on liposome delivery of porcine zona pellucida antigens. (nih.gov)
  • The zona pellucida (PL: zonae pellucidae, also egg coat or pellucid zone) is a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of mammalian oocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Successful fertilization depends on the ability of sperm to penetrate the extracellular matrix of the zona pellucida that surrounds the egg. (wikipedia.org)
  • The zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix that surrounds the oocyte and early embryo. (nih.gov)
  • Component of the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix surrounding oocytes which mediates sperm binding, induction of the acrosome reaction and prevents post-fertilization polyspermy. (cusabio.com)
  • The mammalian oocyte extracellular matrix known as the zona pellucida (ZP) acts as a barrier to accomplish sperm fusion with the female gamete. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the mouse (the best characterised mammalian system), the zona glycoprotein, ZP3, is responsible for sperm binding, adhering to proteins on the sperm plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The zona pellucida is a translucent matrix of cross-linked glycoprotein filaments that surrounds the mammalian oocyte and is 6.5-20 μm thick depending on the species. (wikipedia.org)
  • The zona pellucida (ZP), a glycoprotein matrix surrounding the egg, is the first structure zinc ions encounter as they diffuse away from the plasma membrane. (northwestern.edu)
  • The zona pellucida (ZP) is a glycoprotein lished. (who.int)
  • The genes coding for the three zona pellucida glycoproteins ZPA, ZPB, and ZPC of various species including mouse, dog, and human have been cloned and sequenced by several groups. (mrc.ac.za)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate whether the inhibition of human sperm cNOS could affect sperm-oocyte fusion and sperm binding to the zona pellucida (ZP). (bioone.org)
  • Felice Francavilla , Riccardo Santucci , Barbara Macerola , Giovanni Ruvolo , and Rossella Romano "Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition in Human Sperm Affects Sperm-Oocyte Fusion but Not Zona Pellucida Binding," Biology of Reproduction 63(2), 425-429, (1 August 2000). (bioone.org)
  • During mammalian fertilization, sperm should be able to reach the cumulus-oocyte complex, get through the hyaluronic matrix of the cumulus and penetrate the zona pellucida (ZP) in order to fuse with the egg. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The zona pellucida of mammalian oocytes plays an important role in binding and activation of sperm cells during the molecular events leading to fertilization. (mrc.ac.za)
  • The secretions of the acrosome (sperm lysins) help the sperm enter into the cytoplasm of the ovum through the zona pellucida and the plasma. (infinitylearn.com)
  • Some of the sperm lysins like hyaluronidase, corona penetrating enzyme (CPE) and zona lysin help in penetrating through corona radiata and zona pellucida of the ovum. (infinitylearn.com)
  • ABSTRACT Anti-zona-pellucida autoantibodies (AZP-Ab) and anti-sperm isoantibodies (ASA) were as- sessed in the cervical secretions from 73 infertile Jordanian women and 41 fertile control women using latex agglutination. (who.int)
  • Once the zona pellucida membrane has been penetrated by a sperm, it acts as a shield so that penetration by other sperm is no longer possible. (fairhavenhealth.com)
  • Hyaluronic acid mediated sperm selection is a novel technique that is comparable to sperm zona pellucida binding. (cdc.gov)
  • The zona pellucida is essential for oocyte growth and fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since it is formed at an early stage in women harbouring ASA and AZP-Ab in of oocyte growth, zona pellucida-specific their cervical secretions. (who.int)
  • Premature shedding of the zona pellucida: from the fertilised ovum. (gfmer.ch)
  • The zona pellucida first appears in unilaminar primary oocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, it has remained a matter of debate as to whether the oocytes alone or in conjunction with the surrounding granulosa cells express and deposit these proteins to form the zona pellucida matrix. (mrc.ac.za)
  • In sections of human ovaries, ZPA, ZPB, and ZPC proteins were immunohistochemically detected in the cytoplasms of primordial oocytes and during later stages of folliculogenesis in the zona pellucida matrices of oocytes. (mrc.ac.za)
  • We further demonstrated that dissolution of the zona pellucida of isolated bovine oocytes occurred after they were exposed to Bouin's reagent. (mrc.ac.za)
  • The zona pellucida is surrounded by the corona radiata. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its formation, which depends on a conserved Zona pellucida-like (ZP) module that mediates the polymerization of egg coat components, is critical to successful fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • Localization and functional importance of a conserved zona pellucida 2 protein domain in the human and bovine ovary using monoclonal anti-ZP2 peptide antibodies. (nih.gov)
  • Description: The Zona Pellucida Antibody Ig-Typing ELISA Kit is for measurement of immunoglobulin class specific antibodies directed against zona pellucida. (biolisp.org)
  • Expression of recombinant human zona pellucida protein 2 and its binding capacity to spermatozoa. (nih.gov)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of apigenin on the number of viable and apoptotic blastomeres, the zona pellucida (ZP) thickness and hatching rate of pre-implantation mouse embryos exposed to H2O2 and actinomycin D. (ijfs.ir)
  • The most morphological indicators to select the best embryos for transferring are zona pellucida (ZP) thickness and blastomere quantity ( 8 ). (ijfs.ir)
  • the aim was to evaluate the effect of quercetin on the number of viable and apoptotic cells, the zona pellucida (zp) thickness and the hatching rate of preimplantation embryos exposed to actinomycin d in mice. (icbcongress.com)
  • Once embryos are created using IVF, the embryo is surrounded by a hard outer layer of cells called the zona pellucida. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Under clinical mode, the lasers operate at three preset laser energy levels (Low, Medium, and High) which permit zona drilling on a wide range of embryos. (hamiltonthorne.com)
  • commonly used for drilling the zona of most embryos. (hamiltonthorne.com)
  • 17 μm) or hard zona pellucida, for example, as occurs with frozen/thawed embryos. (hamiltonthorne.com)
  • The zona pellucida is commonly used to control wildlife population problems by immunocontraception. (wikipedia.org)
  • We also suggest a relationship between HspA2 expression in elongating spermatids and events of late spermiogenesis, such as cytoplasmic extrusion and plasma membrane remodeling that aid the formation of the zona pellucida binding and hyaluronic acid binding sites. (cdc.gov)
  • In non-mammals, the zona pellucida is called the vitelline membrane or envelope, and the vitelline envelope in insects, and plays an important role in preventing cross-breeding of different species, especially in species such as fish that fertilize outside of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Addressing this unresolved issue, we assessed the expression and localization of all three zona pellucida proteins in ovaries of human, cynomolgus monkey and mice using immunohistochemical methods. (mrc.ac.za)
  • The exact characterisation of what occurs in other species has become more complicated as further zona proteins have been identified. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the zona pellucida of one animal species is injected into the bloodstream of another, it results in sterility of the second species due to immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Female mice lacking this gene do not form a stable zona matrix and are sterile. (nih.gov)
  • In summary, these results demonstrate that in mice, monkeys and humans, zona proteins are expressed and assembled exclusively by the oocyte and not by the granulosa cells. (mrc.ac.za)
  • Previously observed results of ZP expression by an involvement of granulosa cells might therefore be the result of an improper fixation of the tissues leading to the disruption of the zona pellucida. (mrc.ac.za)
  • the zona pellucida degenerates and decomposes, to be replaced by the underlying layer of trophoblastic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The glycosylated mature peptide is one of the structural components of the zona pellucida and functions in secondary binding and penetration of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa. (nih.gov)
  • The AF form of SALSA had a more intact structure and contained peptides from the zona pellucida domain, which is involved in cell differentiation and oligomerization. (researchgate.net)
  • The embryologists use a laser to create a very small hole in the zona pellucida. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • In the mouse (the best characterised mammalian system), the zona glycoprotein, ZP3, is responsible for sperm binding, adhering to proteins on the sperm plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The exact characterisation of what occurs in other species has become more complicated as further zona proteins have been identified. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bleil JD, Wassarman PM: Structure and function of the zona pellucida: Identification and characterization of the proteins of the mouse oocyte's zona pellucida. (karger.com)
  • Epifano O, Liang L-F, Dean J: Mouse ZP1 encodes a zona pellucida protein homologous to egg envelope proteins in mammals and fish. (karger.com)
  • Our results show that genes involved in protection from ice damage, including genes encoding antifreeze glycoprotein and zona pellucida proteins, are highly expanded in the icefish genome. (nature.com)
  • To improve the contraceptive efficacy of ZP-based contraceptive vaccine, various groups are working on improving the immunogen, use of DNA vaccine as prime-boost strategy, and delivering the zona proteins/peptides presented on either virus-like particles or entrapped in microsphere. (ias.ac.in)
  • ZP proteins are responsible for sperm-adhesion fo the zona pellucida. (embl.de)
  • Along with protein ZP1, proteins ZP2 and ZP3 are responsible for sperm-adhesion to the zona pellucida. (embl.de)
  • Boja, E.S., Hoodbhoy, T. Fales, H.M. Dean, J.(2003) Structural characterization of native mouse zona pellucida proteins using mass spectrometry. (nih.gov)
  • The target genes regulated by Blimp-1 include several that encode Zona Pellucida (ZP) domain proteins, which are known to attach apical extracellular matrix to the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
  • In New Jersey, immunocontraception using porcine zona pellucida has been trialled for the control of deer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Delineation of epitopes on porcine zona pellucida relevant for binding of sperm to oocyte using monoclonal antibodies. (ouhsc.edu)
  • Characteristics of monoclonal antibodies against porcine zona pellucida-3 and their functional relevance. (ouhsc.edu)
  • One innovation, created by Dr. Jay Kirkpatrick is PZP, a reversible fertility control vaccine, porcine zona pellucida. (durangoherald.com)
  • Successful fertilization depends on the ability of sperm to penetrate the extracellular matrix of the zona pellucida that surrounds the egg. (wikipedia.org)
  • The zona pellucida (ZP) is a thick extracellular coat that surrounds all mammalian eggs. (karger.com)
  • The zona pellucida (ZP) is an extracellular glycoprotein coat that is deposited around the oocyte during folliculogenesis and performs several functions that relate to fertilisation and preimplantion development. (edu.au)
  • The zona pellucida is essential for oocyte growth and fertilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • The zona pellucida is a translucent matrix of cross-linked glycoprotein filaments that surrounds the mammalian oocyte and is 6.5-20 μm thick depending on the species. (wikipedia.org)
  • The zona pellucida (ZP) is a glycoprotein membrane surrounding the oocyte and is required to activate the acrosome reaction [1]. (who.int)
  • During oocyte maturation process sugar parts of the glycoconjugates from zona pellucida undergo directed biochemical changes to provide glycan configuration suitable for their important physiological functions. (ac.ir)
  • In this study we report presence of terminal and accessible sugar moieties of the zona pellucida through sharp distinguishable differences against background of the oocyte by using five peroxidase conjugated lectins. (ac.ir)
  • Lectin binding features of the successive stages of the developing zona pellucida through staining with lectins revealed the absence of mannose and non-acetylated forms of galactose and glucose termini and conversely importance of the N-acetylated derivates for both of galactose and glucose as a speculative remark on oocyte maturation process. (ac.ir)
  • Change in sperm motility gives the ability to penetrate the cumulus cells and zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte [ 4 , 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Sperm are shown bound to the zona pellucida. (nih.gov)
  • 0.01) of sperm from mt/mt bulls bound to the zona pellucida (ZP). (bioone.org)
  • In mammalian and non-mammalian animals the egg coat is called a zona pellucida (ZP) and vitelline envelope (VE), respectively. (mssm.edu)
  • Mammalian eggs, humans included, are surrounded by an outer shell called the zona pellucida. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Known as the zona pellucida the mammalian "egg shell" has long been a scientific enigma. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Mammalian zonadhesin, which binds in a species-specific manner to the zona pellucida of the egg. (embl.de)
  • In non-mammals, the zona pellucida is called the vitelline membrane or envelope, and the vitelline envelope in insects, and plays an important role in preventing cross-breeding of different species, especially in species such as fish that fertilize outside of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • 993\993\ABE72916.1\Haliotis discus hannai\Haliotis discus hannai vitelline envelope zona pellucida domain 2(VEZP2) mRNA, complete cds. (or.jp)
  • 1281\1281\ABE72920.1\Haliotis discus hannai\Haliotis discus hannai vitelline envelope zona pellucida domain 3(VEZP3) mRNA, complete cds. (or.jp)
  • 972\972\ABE72924.1\Haliotis discus hannai\Haliotis discus hannai vitelline envelope zona pellucida domain 4(VEZP4) mRNA, complete cds. (or.jp)
  • The follicle cells that surround it (top) send out long projections that penetrate through the tough outer coating (the zona pellucida) into the egg cell itself giving it the nourishment it needs to develop to maturity. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • Both mouse and human sperm bind and penetrate the 'humanized' zona. (nih.gov)
  • What must occur in order for sperm to penetrate the zona pellucid? (freezingblue.com)
  • 10. Coordinate expression of the three zona pellucida genes during mouse oogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • A single domain of the ZP2 zona pellucida protein mediates gamete recognition in mice and humans. (nih.gov)
  • ABSTRACT Anti-zona-pellucida autoantibodies (AZP-Ab) and anti-sperm isoantibodies (ASA) were assessed in the cervical secretions from 73 infertile Jordanian women and 41 fertile control women using latex agglutination. (who.int)
  • Autoimmune ovarian disease induced by immunization with zona pellucida (ZP3) peptide. (ouhsc.edu)
  • The zonae pellucida of mouse embryos were dissected to examine the effect of partial zona dissection (PZD) at the four-cell stage on embryonic development and the hatching process in vitro. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Evidence for divergent selection and spatial differentiation in a putative zona pellucida gene is indicative of local adaptation in Pacific cod. (usgs.gov)
  • However, mice lacking either ZP2 or ZP3 do not form a zona matrix and nothing could be concluded as to their role in gamete recognition. (nih.gov)
  • These loss-of-function assays document that ZP2 is essential for gamete recognition and complement gain-of-function assays in mice in which human sperm bind to a 'humanized' zona pellucida when huZP2 replaces endogenous moZP2. (nih.gov)
  • Effect of assisted hatching by partial zona pellucida dissection on mouse embryos in vitro. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • 深入研究「Effect of assisted hatching by partial zona pellucida dissection on mouse embryos in vitro. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • CUB and zona pellucida-like domain-containing protein 1 (CUZD1): a novel serological biomarker for ovarian cancer. (nih.gov)
  • To measure the levels of serum CUB and zona pellucida-like domain-containing protein 1 (CUZD1) in patients with ovarian cancer (OvCa), benign gynecological conditions and healthy women and in a number of other cancer types (breast, colorectal, lung, prostate and testicular). (nih.gov)
  • PFC has also developed a method to ease hatching of the embryo, given that vitrification can harden the outer shell surrounding it (the zona pellucida). (pacificfertilitycenter.com)
  • A relationship also exists between HspA2 expression in elongating spermatids and the associated spermatogenetic events, including plasma membrane remodelling and the formation of zona pellucida and hyaluronic acid (HA) binding sites. (cdc.gov)
  • Orthologous to human ZPLD2P (zona pellucida like domain containing 2, pseudogene). (jax.org)
  • This produces a molecular domino effect that instantly triggers the formation of a compact layer of protein filaments at the base of the zona pellucida which forms a barrier to further sperm entry and also masks the sperm receptor so other sperms cannot dock. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Human sperm are fastidious and do not bind to the mouse zona pellucida. (nih.gov)
  • The zona pellucida is commonly used to control wildlife population problems by immunocontraception. (wikipedia.org)
  • Up to this point there is no growth in the overall size of the embryo, as it is confined within a glycoprotein shell, known as the zona pellucida . (wikipedia.org)
  • Now Luca Jovine, together with his colleagues from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, have provided some new insights by uncovering the three-dimensional structure of a major part of the zona pellucida that docks with sperm, called ZP3. (thenakedscientists.com)