Xeroradiography
Tracheal Stenosis
Polychondritis, Relapsing
Collagen Diseases
Tracheal Diseases
Human papillomavirus 11
Papilloma
Occult breast carcinomas detected by xeroradiography: clinical considerations. (1/12)
One hundred and eighty-five breast cancers were demonstrated by xeroradiography in 6,238 patients. Sixty-two cancers were occult, and constituted one-third of the demonstrable breast cancers. Some of the patients with clinically nonpalpable carcinomas had high risk factors known to be associated with the development of breast cancer. The diagnosis was usually established and confirmed by wide excisional biopsy of the area containing the suspicious lesion. In some instances the lesion was localized preoperatively by xeroradiography using a technique of skin markings. Specimen xeroradiography was utilized if there were calcifications seen on the preoperative xeroradiograph. There was a significantly decreased incidence of axillary node metastases in the occult cases when compared to the dominant mass cases. (+info)Breast scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnetate and 67Ga-citrate. (2/12)
Radionuclide breast scintigraphy was evaluated as a noninvasive tumor-localizing modality. Technetium-99m-pertechnetate (99mTcO4) demonstrated good correlation between malignancy and postive scintigraphy (88% accuracy in 16 cases of breast carcinoma). The high false-positive rate (29% of proven benign breast disease) limits the use of 99mTcO4 as an aid to differential diagnosis. Gallium-67-citrate (67Ga) is limited as a diagnostic adjunct (localizing in only five of ten breast malignancies). Refined techniques of positioning, shielding, gamma camera imaging, and computer assistance have helped in visualizing abnormal radionuclide accumulation. (+info)Multiple fluoroscopy of the chest: carcinogenicity for the female breast and implications for breast cancer screening programs. (3/12)
The risk of radiation carcinogenesis has been established for breast tissue from experience with total body irradiation and multiple fluoroscopy of the chest with the patient prone. The doubling dose has been estimated to lie between 20 and 50 rads. Before undertaking radiologic screening programs for breast cancer, therefore, it is necessary to determine whether exposures below this range are safe. Of 792 women who had had tuberculosis and were followed for a minimum of 20 years, 451 had had multiple fluoroscopy while supine; 341 had not had fluoroscopy. The first group received a total radiation dose to the breast averaging 17 rads (141.5 fluoroscopies); the incidence of breast cancer in this group was not increased. Had fluoroscopy been performed with the patient prone the total radiation dose would have averaged 308 rads. The difference is thought to explain the increased incidence of breast cancer attributable to fluoroscopy given with the patient prone. Mid-breast exposure with mammography or xeroradiography varies between 3 and 6 rads. Repetitive screening would, therefore, appear safe provided total exposure did not exceed 20 rads. With this restriction there would appear to be no reason to curtail screening of women for breast cancer. (+info)Xeromammography in the early detection of breast cancer. Community hospital experience and approach. (4/12)
Community hospitals can do much in the general effort toward earlier detection of breast cancer. Using xeromammography in the department of general radiology of one community hospital, 21 cases of occult carcinoma were detected in 2,392 patients in a two year period. Patients were both symptomatic and asymptomatic. This percentage is comparable to results in previously published series of similar patient populations, and can be expected to be slightly higher than screening populations of totally asymptomatic patients. In 24 percent of cases of occult carcinoma there was axillary node involvement, compared with 42 percent axillary node involvement in cases of nonoccult carcinoma. Early detection efforts are currently centered on improving thoroughness in physical examinations, stressing breast self-examination and identifying patients in high-risk categories. These, together with proper periodic use of mammograms, will yield the highest rate of early carcinoma detection until more sensitive biologic markers are developed. (+info)Xeroradiographic techniques applied to assessment of Achilles tendon in inflammatory or metabolic diseases. (5/12)
Ten patients with inflammatory disease (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's disease) or metabolic disease (gout, pseudogout, tendinous xanthomatosis) affecting the Achilles tendons are presented and discussed. Radiological lateral views of heel were obtained with xeroradiographic techniques, which permitted the recording on the same image of details of both bone and soft tissue and the evaluation and quantification of the changes in the Achilles tendons. Xeroradiography seems to be a very suitable radiological technique for routine use in the evaluation and follow up of rheumatic diseases of the foot. (+info)Nonpalpable breast lesions at biopsy. A detailed analysis of radiographic features. (6/12)
Several studies have demonstrated that mammographic screening of asymptomatic women results in a lower mortality rate where breast cancer is concerned. Often, screening mammograms reveal a nonpalpable radiographic abnormality and the diagnosis must be determined by an excisional biopsy after radiographic needle localization. The mammographic features associated with 179 nonpalpable breast abnormalities biopsied after radiographic needle localization were carefully characterized. There were 41 carcinomas (23%) in the series. The aim of this study was to determine which radiographic findings, if any, strongly portend the presence of either a malignant or benign lesion. Mammographic features that were commonly associated with malignancy include a change from a previous mammogram, a distortion of the surrounding architecture, the association of a soft tissue density and calcifications, and the presence of more than ten calcifications in the lesion. The radiographic abnormalities which were more commonly associated with benign disease include well-defined densities without calcifications, asymmetric densities without calcifications, and abnormalities consisting solely of a focus of mammographic calcifications that have fewer than ten concretions. The incidence of malignancy in lesions having these mammographic characteristics was only 5.5%. On the basis of these results alone, no firm threshold for biopsy can be recommended. The risks of deferring biopsy until there is worsening of the mammographic image remains to be determined. (+info)Etiology of breast cancer. III. Opportunities for prevention. (7/12)
Breast cancer, or its effects, may be preventable. Childbearing at an early age will confer some protection. Until there are other methods of primary prevention the physician must concentrate on secondary prevention, including screening. In presenting risk factors as criteria for screening we have attempted to make rational the use of screening technology. We should not easily accept screening for breast cancer as of proved value. Rather we must encourage clinical trials of various screening methods. In the meantime, while we engage in a moderate amount of screening we do so under the Scottish verdict of "not proven". (+info)200 kV xeroradiography in occupational exposure to silica and asbestos. (8/12)
Some details of the physics of xeroradiography, and the bearing these have on films of the lung obtained by this technique, are discussed. In experiments designed to obtain useful films with a minimum of radiation exposure it was found that an exposure range of 10-30 mas at 200 kV at 1.35 m (4 1/2 ft) without a grid or air gap gave very satisfactory results. The positive model of development was considered to give more information than the negative mode. One hundred and fourteen miners who had been exposed to silica dust, asbestos dusts or both, were examined by this technique. The xeroradiographs were compared with silver halide films taken at 200 kV. The xeroradiographs were considered to be superior in several respects, especially in the delineation of vascular shadows, normal and abnormal linear opacities. Linear opacities in asbestos-exposed subjects were better shown on the xeroradiographs and were occasionally seen on these films when the 200 kV conventional film was entirely normal. Small rounded opacities of silicosis were very poorly shown on the xeroradiographs. Pleural thickening and pleural plaques may be very well demonstrated. (+info)Xeroradiography is not a commonly used medical imaging modality today, but it was once widely used in the past. It's a form of diagnostic radiography that uses x-rays to produce images on a special type of electrically charged, light-sensitive paper, similar to a photocopier or xerographic machine.
The xeroradiography process involves several steps:
1. The patient is positioned between the x-ray source and an imaging plate, which is coated with a layer of selenium.
2. X-rays pass through the patient and strike the selenium layer, causing it to release electrons that are attracted to and collected by a positively charged wire grid on the backside of the plate.
3. The charged areas of the plate are then dusted with a fine powder called "toner," which adheres to the charged areas.
4. A high-voltage electrical charge is applied to the plate, causing the toner to become electrically attracted to and fused to a sheet of paper that is pressed against the plate.
5. The resulting image on the paper shows areas of increased x-ray absorption (such as bones) as white or light gray, while areas of lower x-ray absorption (such as soft tissues) appear darker.
Xeroradiography was known for its high-resolution images and ability to detect subtle differences in tissue density. However, it has largely been replaced by digital radiography and other imaging modalities that offer similar or better image quality with lower radiation doses and greater convenience.
Tracheal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal narrowing of the trachea (windpipe), which can lead to difficulty breathing. This narrowing can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, scarring, or the growth of abnormal tissue in the airway. Symptoms may include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest discomfort, particularly during physical activity. Treatment options for tracheal stenosis depend on the severity and underlying cause of the condition and may include medications, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, or surgical interventions such as laser surgery, stent placement, or tracheal reconstruction.
Relapsing polychondritis is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and damage to the cartilaginous structures in the body. The condition can affect multiple organs and tissues, including the ears, nose, trachea, bronchi, joints, and cardiovascular system. It is called "relapsing" because it tends to involve recurring episodes of inflammation and damage, followed by periods of remission.
The hallmark symptom of relapsing polychondritis is pain and swelling in the ears, nose, or airways. Other symptoms may include:
* Redness, tenderness, and warmth in affected areas
* Hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
* Nasal congestion, runny nose, or nosebleeds
* Hoarseness or difficulty speaking
* Wheezing, shortness of breath, or coughing
* Joint pain, stiffness, or swelling
* Skin rashes or sores
* Eye inflammation or dryness
* Heart murmurs or other cardiovascular symptoms
The exact cause of relapsing polychondritis is not known, but it is thought to involve an abnormal immune response in which the body's own antibodies attack and damage cartilage and other tissues. The diagnosis of relapsing polychondritis is typically based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging studies.
There is no cure for relapsing polychondritis, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and other medications to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged tissues.
Collagen diseases, also known as collagen disorders or connective tissue diseases, refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the body's connective tissues. These tissues provide support and structure for various organs and systems in the body, including the skin, joints, muscles, and blood vessels.
Collagen is a major component of connective tissues, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining their strength and elasticity. In collagen diseases, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy collagen, leading to inflammation, pain, and damage to the affected tissues.
There are several types of collagen diseases, including:
1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): This is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various organs and systems in the body, including the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, and lungs.
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): This is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness.
3. Scleroderma: This is a rare autoimmune disorder that causes thickening and hardening of the skin and connective tissues, leading to restricted movement and organ damage.
4. Dermatomyositis: This is an inflammatory muscle disease that can also affect the skin, causing rashes and weakness.
5. Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD): This is a rare autoimmune disorder that combines symptoms of several collagen diseases, including SLE, RA, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis.
The exact cause of collagen diseases is not fully understood, but they are believed to be related to genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and physical therapy to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Tracheal diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the trachea, also known as the windpipe. The trachea is a tube-like structure made up of rings of cartilage and smooth muscle, which extends from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi (airways leading to the lungs). Its primary function is to allow the passage of air to and from the lungs.
Tracheal diseases can be categorized into several types, including:
1. Tracheitis: Inflammation of the trachea, often caused by viral or bacterial infections.
2. Tracheal stenosis: Narrowing of the trachea due to scarring, inflammation, or compression from nearby structures such as tumors or goiters.
3. Tracheomalacia: Weakening and collapse of the tracheal walls, often seen in newborns and young children but can also occur in adults due to factors like chronic cough, aging, or connective tissue disorders.
4. Tracheoesophageal fistula: An abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus, which can lead to respiratory complications and difficulty swallowing.
5. Tracheal tumors: Benign or malignant growths that develop within the trachea, obstructing airflow and potentially leading to more severe respiratory issues.
6. Tracheobronchial injury: Damage to the trachea and bronchi, often caused by trauma such as blunt force or penetrating injuries.
7. Congenital tracheal abnormalities: Structural defects present at birth, including complete tracheal rings, which can cause narrowing or collapse of the airway.
Symptoms of tracheal diseases may include cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment options depend on the specific condition and its severity but may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to alleviate symptoms and improve respiratory function.
Human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) is a specific type of human papillomavirus that is known to cause benign, or noncancerous, growths called papillomas or warts on the skin and mucous membranes. HPV-11 is one of several types of HPV that are classified as low-risk because they are rarely associated with cancer.
HPV-11 is primarily transmitted through sexual contact and can infect the genital area, leading to the development of genital warts. In some cases, HPV-11 infection may also cause respiratory papillomatosis, a rare condition in which benign growths develop in the airways, including the throat and lungs.
HPV-11 is preventable through vaccination with the human papillomavirus vaccine, which protects against several low-risk and high-risk types of HPV. It is important to note that while HPV-11 is not associated with cancer, other high-risk types of HPV can cause cervical, anal, and oral cancers, so vaccination is still recommended for individuals who are sexually active or plan to become sexually active.
A papilloma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that grows on a stalk, often appearing as a small cauliflower-like growth. It can develop in various parts of the body, but when it occurs in the mucous membranes lining the respiratory, digestive, or genitourinary tracts, they are called squamous papillomas. The most common type is the skin papilloma, which includes warts. They are usually caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and can be removed through various medical procedures if they become problematic or unsightly.
Tracheal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the trachea, which is the windpipe that carries air from the nose and throat to the lungs. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tracheal neoplasms are relatively rare and can be primary (originating in the trachea) or secondary (spreading from another part of the body, such as lung cancer). Primary tracheal cancers can be squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, or sarcomas. Symptoms may include cough, difficulty breathing, wheezing, or chest pain. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the neoplasm and can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.