The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The internal resistance of the BLOOD to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as SICKLE CELL ANEMIA and POLYCYTHEMIA.
The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and VISCOSITY.
Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.
The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.
The formation of clumps of RED BLOOD CELLS under low or non-flow conditions, resulting from the attraction forces between the red blood cells. The cells adhere to each other in rouleaux aggregates. Slight mechanical force, such as occurs in the circulation, is enough to disperse these aggregates. Stronger or weaker than normal aggregation may result from a variety of effects in the ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE or in BLOOD PLASMA. The degree of aggregation is affected by ERYTHROCYTE DEFORMABILITY, erythrocyte membrane sialylation, masking of negative surface charge by plasma proteins, etc. BLOOD VISCOSITY and the ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE are affected by the amount of erythrocyte aggregation and are parameters used to measure the aggregation.
Ability of ERYTHROCYTES to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature.
The deformation and flow behavior of BLOOD and its elements i.e., PLASMA; ERYTHROCYTES; WHITE BLOOD CELLS; and BLOOD PLATELETS.
Reduction of blood viscosity usually by the addition of cell free solutions. Used clinically (1) in states of impaired microcirculation, (2) for replacement of intraoperative blood loss without homologous blood transfusion, and (3) in cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia.
Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.
The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Repetitive withdrawal of small amounts of blood and replacement with donor blood until a large proportion of the blood volume has been exchanged. Used in treatment of fetal erythroblastosis, hepatic coma, sickle cell anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, septicemia, burns, thrombotic thrombopenic purpura, and fulminant malaria.
Polysaccharide gums from PLANTS.
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
A cellulose derivative which is a beta-(1,4)-D-glucopyranose polymer. It is used as a bulk laxative and as an emulsifier and thickener in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals and as a stabilizer for reagents.
The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.
Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.
A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.
Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
Compounds that provide LUBRICATION between surfaces in order to reduce FRICTION.
Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (AEROSOLS) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions.
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
The contents included in all or any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.
A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.
The motion of fluids, especially noncompressible liquids, under the influence of internal and external forces.
Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. The formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form MICELLES.
Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).
Any liquid used to replace blood plasma, usually a saline solution, often with serum albumins, dextrans or other preparations. These substances do not enhance the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood, but merely replace the volume. They are also used to treat dehydration.
The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.
The application of scientific knowledge or technology to pharmacy and the pharmaceutical industry. It includes methods, techniques, and instrumentation in the manufacture, preparation, compounding, dispensing, packaging, and storing of drugs and other preparations used in diagnostic and determinative procedures, and in the treatment of patients.
The internal resistance of a material to moving some parts of it parallel to a fixed plane, in contrast to stretching (TENSILE STRENGTH) or compression (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH). Ionic crystals are brittle because, when subjected to shear, ions of the same charge are brought next to each other, which causes repulsion.
Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.
The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.
Organic siloxanes which are polymerized to the oily stage. The oils have low surface tension and density less than 1. They are used in industrial applications and in the treatment of retinal detachment, complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
The force acting on the surface of a liquid, tending to minimize the area of the surface. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.
The entities of matter and energy, and the processes, principles, properties, and relationships describing their nature and interactions.
Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products.
A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander.
Relating to the size of solids.
A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient.
Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact.
A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.
The preparation, mixing, and assembling of a drug. (From Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th ed, p1814)
The study of fluid channels and chambers of tiny dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers and volumes of nanoliters or picoliters. This is of interest in biological MICROCIRCULATION and used in MICROCHEMISTRY and INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES.

Properties of non-polymerizable tropomyosin obtained by carboxypeptidase A digestion. (1/2691)

Tropomyosin digested with carboxypeptidase A [EC 3.4.12.2] (CTM) shows a lower viscosity than the undigested protein in solution. From the relation between the viscosity decrease and the amount of amino acids liberated from the carboxyl terminus during this digestion, it is inferred that loss of the tri-peptide-Thr-Ser-Ile from the C-terminus is responsible for the decrease in viscosity. The secondary structure of -TM was not affected by the digestion according to circular dichroic measurements. The viscosity of CTM did not increase in methanol-water mixtures, whereas that of tropomyosin increased markedly. These results indicate that polymerizability was lost upon the removal of a small peptide from the C-terminus without change in the secondary structure. A decrease in the viscosity of tropomyosin solutions was observed on the addition of CTM, indicating that CTM interacts with intact tropomyosin. The dependence of the viscosity decrease on the amount of CTM showed that CTM binds tropomyosin in a one-to-one ratio as a result of end-to-end interaction. Since paracrystals having a 400 A repeated band structure could be grown in the presence of Mg ions at neutral pH, side-by-side interactions in CTM molecules remain intact, even though polymerizability is lost. The disc gel electrophoretic pattern showed that troponin could bind to CTM, but no increase in viscosity due to the complex was observed in solution. That is, the C-terminal part of tropomyosin is not required for the formation of the complex. The amount of CTM bound to F-actin was less than half of that bound to undigested tropomyosin, and could be reduced to one-tenth by a washing procedure. In the presence of troponin, however, the amount recovered to the level of tropomyosin normally bound to F-actin. Therefore, it is concluded that troponin is bound in the middle of the tropomyosin molecule and strengthens the binding of tropomyosin to F-actin.  (+info)

Association and dissociation kinetics of bobwhite quail lysozyme with monoclonal antibody HyHEL-5. (2/2691)

The anti-hen egg lysozyme monoclonal antibody HyHEL-5 and its complexes with various species-variant and mutant lysozymes have been the subject of considerable experimental and theoretical investigation. The affinity of HyHEL-5 for bobwhite quail lysozyme (BWQL) is over 1000-fold lower than its affinity for the original antigen, hen egg lysozyme (HEL). This difference is believed to arise almost entirely from the replacement in BWQL of the structural and energetic epitope residue Arg68 by lysine. In this study, the association and dissociation kinetics of BWQL with HyHEL-5 were investigated under a variety of conditions and compared with previous results for HEL. HyHEL-5-BWQL association follows a bimolecular mechanism and the dissociation of the antibody-antigen complex is a first-order process. Changes in ionic strength (from 27 to 500 mM) and pH (from 6.0 to 10.0) produced about a 2-fold change in the association and dissociation rates. The effect of viscosity modifiers on the association reaction was also studied. The large difference in the HEL and BWQL affinities for HyHEL-5 is essentially due to differences in the dissociation rate constant.  (+info)

Altered crossbridge kinetics in the alphaMHC403/+ mouse model of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. (3/2691)

A mutation in the cardiac beta-myosin heavy chain, Arg403Gln (R403Q), causes a severe form of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) in humans. We used small-amplitude (0.25%) length-perturbation analysis to examine the mechanical properties of skinned left ventricular papillary muscle strips from mouse hearts bearing the R403Q mutation in the alpha-myosin heavy chain (alphaMHC403/+). Myofibrillar disarray with variable penetrance occurred in the left ventricular free wall of the alphaMHC403/+ hearts. In resting strips (pCa 8), dynamic stiffness was approximately 40% greater than in wild-type strips, consistent with elevated diastolic stiffness reported for murine hearts with FHC. At pCa 6 (submaximal activation), strip isometric tension was approximately 3 times higher than for wild-type strips, whereas at pCa 5 (maximal activation), tension was marginally lower. At submaximal calcium activation the characteristic frequencies of the work-producing (b) and work-absorbing (c) steps of the crossbridge were less in alphaMHC403/+ strips than in wild-type strips (b=11+/-1 versus 15+/-1 Hz; c= 58+/-3 versus 66+/-3 Hz; 27 degrees C). At maximal calcium activation, strip oscillatory power was reduced (0. 53+/-0.25 versus 1.03+/-0.18 mW/mm3; 27 degrees C), which is partly attributable to the reduced frequency b, at which crossbridge work is maximum. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the R403Q mutation reduces the strong binding affinity of myosin for actin. Myosin heads may accumulate in a preforce state that promotes cooperative activation of the thin filament at submaximal calcium but blunts maximal tension and oscillatory power output at maximal calcium. The calcium-dependent effect of the mutation (whether facilitating or debilitating), together with a variable degree of fibrosis and myofibrillar disorder, may contribute to the diversity of clinical symptoms observed in murine FHC.  (+info)

Acinar flow irreversibility caused by perturbations in reversible alveolar wall motion. (4/2691)

Mixing associated with "stretch-and-fold" convective flow patterns has recently been demonstrated to play a potentially important role in aerosol transport and deposition deep in the lung (J. P. Butler and A. Tsuda. J. Appl. Physiol. 83: 800-809, 1997), but the origin of this potent mechanism is not well characterized. In this study we hypothesized that even a small degree of asynchrony in otherwise reversible alveolar wall motion is sufficient to cause flow irreversibility and stretch-and-fold convective mixing. We tested this hypothesis using a large-scale acinar model consisting of a T-shaped junction of three short, straight, square ducts. The model was filled with silicone oil, and alveolar wall motion was simulated by pistons in two of the ducts. The pistons were driven to generate a low-Reynolds-number cyclic flow with a small amount of asynchrony in boundary motion adjusted to match the degree of geometric (as distinguished from pressure-volume) hysteresis found in rabbit lungs (H. Miki, J. P. Butler, R. A. Rogers, and J. Lehr. J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 1630-1636, 1993). Tracer dye was introduced into the system, and its motion was monitored. The results showed that even a slight asynchrony in boundary motion leads to flow irreversibility with complicated swirling tracer patterns. Importantly, the kinematic irreversibility resulted in stretching of the tracer with narrowing of the separation between adjacent tracer lines, and when the cycle-by-cycle narrowing of lateral distance reached the slowly growing diffusion distance of the tracer, mixing abruptly took place. This coupling of evolving convective flow patterns with diffusion is the essence of the stretch-and-fold mechanism. We conclude that even a small degree of boundary asynchrony can give rise to stretch-and-fold convective mixing, thereby leading to transport and deposition of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles deep in the lung.  (+info)

A three-month repeated oral administration study of a low viscosity grade of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in rats. (5/2691)

The toxicity of the lowest viscosity grade of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) that is currently commercially available was investigated by means of a three-month repeated oral administration study in male and female Crj:CD (SD) IGS rats at doses of 505, 1,020 and 2,100 mg/kg/day. Body weights of males and females in the 2,100 mg/kg group were lower than those of the control group on and after day 28 of administration, but the differences were not statistically significant. The degree of suppression of body weight gain in males was higher than that in females. This tendency was similar to the results in other toxicity studies of HPMC that have been reported. Males in the 2,100 mg/kg group showed a tendency (not significant) for decreased food consumption and urine volume. Examinations of general signs, hematology, blood chemistry, ophthalmology, absolute and relative organ weights, autopsy and histopathology revealed only a few, apparently coincidental, statistically significant differences from the control, and no evidence of any dose-dependent changes was found. It was concluded that the lowest viscosity grade of HPMC showed extremely low toxicity under the conditions of this study, as has been found for higher viscosity grades.  (+info)

Single-polymer dynamics in steady shear flow. (6/2691)

The conformational dynamics of individual, flexible polymers in steady shear flow were directly observed by the use of video fluorescence microscopy. The probability distribution for the molecular extension was determined as a function of shear rate, gamma;, for two different polymer relaxation times, tau. In contrast to the behavior in pure elongational flow, the average polymer extension in shear flow does not display a sharp coil-stretch transition. Large, aperiodic temporal fluctuations were observed, consistent with end-over-end tumbling of the molecule. The rate of these fluctuations (relative to the relaxation rate) increased as the Weissenberg number, gamma;tau, was increased.  (+info)

Thiol oxidation of actin produces dimers that enhance the elasticity of the F-actin network. (7/2691)

Slow oxidation of sulfhydryls, forming covalently linked actin dimers and higher oligomers, accounts for increases in the shear elasticity of purified actin observed after aging. Disulfide-bonded actin dimers are incorporated into F-actin during polymerization and generate cross-links between actin filaments. The large gel strength of oxidized actin (>100 Pa for 1 mg/ml) in the absence of cross-linking proteins falls to within the theoretically predicted order of magnitude for uncross-linked actin filament networks (1 Pa) with the addition of sufficient concentrations of reducing agents such as 5 mM dithiothreitol or 10 mM beta-mercaptoethanol. As little as 1 gelsolin/1000 actin subunits also lowers the high storage modulus of oxidized actin. The effects of gelsolin may be both to increase filament number as it severs F-actin and to cover the barbed end of an actin filament, which otherwise might cross-link to the side of another filament via an actin dimer. These new findings may explain why previous studies of actin rheology report a wide range of values when purified actin is polymerized without added regulatory proteins.  (+info)

Bacillus subtilis chorismate mutase is partially diffusion-controlled. (8/2691)

The effect of viscosogens on the enzyme-catalyzed rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate has been studied. The steady-state parameters kcat and kcat/Km for the monofunctional chorismate mutase from Bacillus subtilis (BsCM) decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of glycerol, whereas the 'sluggish' BsCM mutants C75A and C75S were insensitive to changes in microviscosity. The latter results rule out extraneous interactions of the viscosogen as an explanation for the effects observed with the wild-type enzyme. Additional control experiments show that neither viscosogen-induced shifts in the pH-dependence of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction nor small perturbations of the conformational equilibrium of chorismate can account for the observed effects. Instead, BsCM appears to be limited by substrate binding and product release at low and high substrate concentrations, respectively. Analysis of the kinetic data indicates that diffusive transition states are between 30 and 40% rate-determining in these concentration regimes; the chemical step must contribute to the remaining kinetic barrier. The relatively low value of the 'on' rates for chorismate and prephenate (approximately 2 x 106 m-1.s-1) probably reflects the need for a rare conformation of the enzyme, the ligand, or both for successful binding. Interestingly, the chorismate mutase domain of the bifunctional chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase from Escherichia coli, which has steady-state kinetic parameters comparable to those of BsCM but has a much less accessible active site, is insensitive to changes in viscosity and the reaction it catalyses is not diffusion-controlled.  (+info)

Viscosity is a physical property of a fluid that describes its resistance to flow. In medical terms, viscosity is often discussed in relation to bodily fluids such as blood or synovial fluid (found in joints). The unit of measurement for viscosity is the poise, although it is more commonly expressed in millipascals-second (mPa.s) in SI units. Highly viscous fluids flow more slowly than less viscous fluids. Changes in the viscosity of bodily fluids can have significant implications for health and disease; for example, increased blood viscosity has been associated with cardiovascular diseases, while decreased synovial fluid viscosity can contribute to joint pain and inflammation in conditions like osteoarthritis.

Blood viscosity is a measure of the thickness or flow resistance of blood. It is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate within the flowing blood, which reflects the internal friction or resistance to flow. Blood viscosity is primarily determined by the concentration and size of red blood cells (hematocrit), plasma proteins, and other blood constituents. An increase in any of these components can raise blood viscosity, leading to impaired blood flow, reduced oxygen delivery to tissues, and potential cardiovascular complications if not managed appropriately.

Rheology is not a term that is specific to medicine, but rather it is a term used in the field of physics to describe the flow and deformation of matter. It specifically refers to the study of how materials flow or deform under various stresses or strains. This concept can be applied to various medical fields such as studying the flow properties of blood (hematology), understanding the movement of tissues and organs during surgical procedures, or analyzing the mechanical behavior of biological materials like bones and cartilages.

Methylcellulose is a semisynthetic, inert, viscous, and tasteless white powder that is soluble in cold water but not in hot water. It is derived from cellulose through the process of methylation. In medical contexts, it is commonly used as a bulk-forming laxative to treat constipation, as well as a lubricant in ophthalmic solutions and a suspending agent in pharmaceuticals.

When mixed with water, methylcellulose forms a gel-like substance that can increase stool volume and promote bowel movements. It is generally considered safe for most individuals, but like any medication or supplement, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

Hematocrit is a medical term that refers to the percentage of total blood volume that is made up of red blood cells. It is typically measured as part of a complete blood count (CBC) test. A high hematocrit may indicate conditions such as dehydration, polycythemia, or living at high altitudes, while a low hematocrit may be a sign of anemia, bleeding, or overhydration. It is important to note that hematocrit values can vary depending on factors such as age, gender, and pregnancy status.

Erythrocyte aggregation, also known as rouleaux formation, is the clumping together of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in a way that resembles a stack of coins. This phenomenon is typically observed under low-shear conditions, such as those found in small blood vessels and capillaries.

The aggregation of erythrocytes is influenced by several factors, including the concentration of plasma proteins, the charge and shape of the red blood cells, and the flow characteristics of the blood. One of the most important proteins involved in this process is fibrinogen, a large plasma protein that can bridge between adjacent red blood cells and cause them to stick together.

Erythrocyte aggregation can have significant effects on blood flow and rheology (the study of how blood flows), particularly in diseases such as diabetes, sickle cell disease, and certain types of anemia. Increased erythrocyte aggregation can lead to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues, increased blood viscosity, and impaired microcirculatory flow, all of which can contribute to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.

Erythrocyte deformability refers to the ability of red blood cells (erythrocytes) to change shape and bend without rupturing, which is crucial for their efficient movement through narrow blood vessels. This deformability is influenced by several factors including the cell membrane structure, hemoglobin concentration, and intracellular viscosity. A decrease in erythrocyte deformability can negatively impact blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues, potentially contributing to various pathological conditions such as sickle cell disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

Hemorheology is the study of the flow properties of blood and its components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Specifically, it examines how these components interact with each other and with the walls of blood vessels to affect the flow characteristics of blood under different conditions. Hemorheological factors can influence blood viscosity, which is a major determinant of peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac workload. Abnormalities in hemorheology have been implicated in various diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and sickle cell disease.

Hemodilution is a medical term that refers to the reduction in the concentration of certain components in the blood, usually referring to red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin. This occurs when an individual's plasma volume expands due to the infusion of intravenous fluids or the body's own production of fluid, such as during severe infection or inflammation. As a result, the number of RBCs per unit of blood decreases, leading to a lower hematocrit and hemoglobin level. It is important to note that while hemodilution reduces the concentration of RBCs in the blood, it does not necessarily indicate anemia or blood loss.

In medicine, elasticity refers to the ability of a tissue or organ to return to its original shape after being stretched or deformed. This property is due to the presence of elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix of the tissue, which can stretch and recoil like rubber bands.

Elasticity is an important characteristic of many tissues, particularly those that are subjected to repeated stretching or compression, such as blood vessels, lungs, and skin. For example, the elasticity of the lungs allows them to expand and contract during breathing, while the elasticity of blood vessels helps maintain normal blood pressure by allowing them to expand and constrict in response to changes in blood flow.

In addition to its role in normal physiology, elasticity is also an important factor in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions. For example, decreased elasticity in the lungs can be a sign of lung disease, while increased elasticity in the skin can be a sign of aging or certain genetic disorders. Medical professionals may use techniques such as pulmonary function tests or skin biopsies to assess elasticity and help diagnose these conditions.

In the context of medical terminology, "solutions" refers to a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, in which one substance (the solute) is uniformly distributed within another substance (the solvent). The solvent is typically the greater component of the solution and is capable of dissolving the solute.

Solutions can be classified based on the physical state of the solvent and solute. For instance, a solution in which both the solvent and solute are liquids is called a liquid solution or simply a solution. A solid solution is one where the solvent is a solid and the solute is either a gas, liquid, or solid. Similarly, a gas solution refers to a mixture where the solvent is a gas and the solute can be a gas, liquid, or solid.

In medical applications, solutions are often used as vehicles for administering medications, such as intravenous (IV) fluids, oral rehydration solutions, eye drops, and topical creams or ointments. The composition of these solutions is carefully controlled to ensure the appropriate concentration and delivery of the active ingredients.

An exchange transfusion of whole blood is a medical procedure in which a patient's blood is gradually replaced with donor whole blood. This procedure is typically performed in newborns or infants who have severe jaundice caused by excessive levels of bilirubin, a yellowish pigment that forms when hemoglobin from red blood cells breaks down.

During an exchange transfusion, the baby's blood is removed through a vein or artery and replaced with donor whole blood through another vein or artery. The process is repeated several times until a significant portion of the baby's blood has been exchanged with donor blood. This helps to reduce the levels of bilirubin in the baby's blood, which can help prevent or treat brain damage caused by excessive bilirubin.

Exchange transfusions are typically performed in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and require close monitoring by a team of healthcare professionals. The procedure carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, and changes in blood pressure or heart rate. However, it can be a lifesaving treatment for newborns with severe jaundice who are at risk of developing serious complications.

I believe there might be some confusion in your question as "plant gums" is not a standard medical term. However, if you are referring to "gum" in the context of botany, it relates to the supportive tissues found in plants, similar to how gums support teeth in humans. In this case, I can provide a brief overview of what plant gums are from an organic chemistry and botanical perspective:

Plant gums are complex polysaccharides (long chains of sugar molecules) that serve various functions within plants. They are often produced as a response to injury or stress, helping to seal off wounds and protect the plant. Some common examples include:

1. Gum arabic: Exuded from Acacia senegal trees, it is primarily composed of arabinogalactan proteins and has applications in food, pharmaceutical, and industrial industries due to its emulsifying, thickening, and stabilizing properties.
2. Guar gum: Derived from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, it is a galactomannan that swells in water, making it useful as a thickener, stabilizer, and binder in food, textile, paper, and pharmaceutical industries.
3. Locust bean gum: Extracted from the seeds of Ceratonia siliqua (carob tree), it is another galactomannan with similar uses to guar gum.

If you meant something different by "plant gums," please provide clarification, and I will do my best to offer a suitable response.

Mechanical stress, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to any type of force that is applied to body tissues or organs, which can cause deformation or displacement of those structures. Mechanical stress can be either external, such as forces exerted on the body during physical activity or trauma, or internal, such as the pressure changes that occur within blood vessels or other hollow organs.

Mechanical stress can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the type, duration, and magnitude of the force applied. For example, prolonged exposure to mechanical stress can lead to tissue damage, inflammation, and chronic pain. Additionally, abnormal or excessive mechanical stress can contribute to the development of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and herniated discs.

In order to mitigate the negative effects of mechanical stress, the body has a number of adaptive responses that help to distribute forces more evenly across tissues and maintain structural integrity. These responses include changes in muscle tone, joint positioning, and connective tissue stiffness, as well as the remodeling of bone and other tissues over time. However, when these adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed or impaired, mechanical stress can become a significant factor in the development of various pathological conditions.

Carboxymethylcellulose sodium is a type of cellulose derivative that is widely used in the medical and pharmaceutical fields as an excipient or a drug delivery agent. It is a white, odorless powder with good water solubility and forms a clear, viscous solution.

Chemically, carboxymethylcellulose sodium is produced by reacting cellulose, which is derived from plant sources such as wood or cotton, with sodium hydroxide and chloroacetic acid. This reaction introduces carboxymethyl groups (-CH2COO-) to the cellulose molecule, making it more soluble in water and providing negative charges that can interact with positively charged ions or drugs.

In medical applications, carboxymethylcellulose sodium is used as a thickening agent, binder, disintegrant, and suspending agent in various pharmaceutical formulations such as tablets, capsules, liquids, and semisolids. It can also be used as a lubricant in the manufacture of tablets and capsules to facilitate their ejection from molds or dies.

Carboxymethylcellulose sodium has been shown to have good biocompatibility and low toxicity, making it a safe and effective excipient for use in medical and pharmaceutical applications. However, like any other excipient, it should be used with caution and in appropriate amounts to avoid any adverse effects or interactions with the active ingredients of the drug product.

Diffusion, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly distributed throughout a space or solution. This passive transport mechanism does not require energy and relies solely on the random motion of particles. Diffusion is a vital process in many biological systems, including the exchange of gases in the lungs, the movement of nutrients and waste products across cell membranes, and the spread of drugs and other substances throughout tissues.

In medical terms, "gels" are semi-solid colloidal systems in which a solid phase is dispersed in a liquid medium. They have a viscous consistency and can be described as a cross between a solid and a liquid. The solid particles, called the gel network, absorb and swell with the liquid component, creating a system that has properties of both solids and liquids.

Gels are widely used in medical applications such as wound dressings, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering due to their unique properties. They can provide a moist environment for wounds to heal, control the release of drugs over time, and mimic the mechanical properties of natural tissues.

Dextrans are a type of complex glucose polymers that are formed by the action of certain bacteria on sucrose. They are branched polysaccharides consisting of linear chains of α-1,6 linked D-glucopyranosyl units with occasional α-1,3 branches.

Dextrans have a wide range of applications in medicine and industry. In medicine, dextrans are used as plasma substitutes, volume expanders, and anticoagulants. They are also used as carriers for drugs and diagnostic agents, and in the manufacture of immunoadsorbents for the removal of toxins and pathogens from blood.

Dextrans can be derived from various bacterial sources, but the most common commercial source is Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512(F) or L. dextranicum. The molecular weight of dextrans can vary widely, ranging from a few thousand to several million Daltons, depending on the method of preparation and purification.

Dextrans are generally biocompatible and non-toxic, but they can cause allergic reactions in some individuals. Therefore, their use as medical products requires careful monitoring and testing for safety and efficacy.

Galactans are a type of complex carbohydrates known as oligosaccharides that are composed of galactose molecules. They can be found in certain plants, including beans, lentils, and some fruits and vegetables. In the human body, galactans are not digestible and can reach the colon intact, where they may serve as a substrate for fermentation by gut bacteria. This can lead to the production of short-chain fatty acids, which have been shown to have various health benefits. However, in some individuals with irritable bowel syndrome or other functional gastrointestinal disorders, consumption of galactans may cause digestive symptoms such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea.

Medical definitions of "lubricants" refer to substances that are used to reduce friction between two surfaces in medical procedures or devices. They can be used during various medical examinations, surgeries, or when inserting medical equipment, such as catheters, to make the process smoother and more comfortable for the patient.

Lubricants used in medical settings may include water-based gels, oil-based jellies, or silicone-based lubricants. It's important to choose a lubricant that is safe and suitable for the specific medical procedure or device being used. For example, some lubricants may not be compatible with certain medical materials or may need to be sterile.

It's worth noting that while lubricants are commonly used in medical settings, they should not be used as a substitute for proper medical care or treatment. If you have any concerns about your health or medical condition, it's important to consult with a qualified healthcare professional.

In the context of medical definitions, "suspensions" typically refers to a preparation in which solid particles are suspended in a liquid medium. This is commonly used for medications that are administered orally, where the solid particles disperse upon shaking and settle back down when left undisturbed. The solid particles can be made up of various substances such as drugs, nutrients, or other active ingredients, while the liquid medium is often water, oil, or alcohol-based.

It's important to note that "suspensions" in a medical context should not be confused with the term as it relates to pharmacology or physiology, where it may refer to the temporary stopping of a bodily function or the removal of something from a solution through settling or filtration.

Temperature, in a medical context, is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. It is usually measured using a thermometer and reported in degrees Celsius (°C), degrees Fahrenheit (°F), or kelvin (K). In the human body, normal core temperature ranges from about 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) when measured rectally, and can vary slightly depending on factors such as time of day, physical activity, and menstrual cycle. Elevated body temperature is a common sign of infection or inflammation, while abnormally low body temperature can indicate hypothermia or other medical conditions.

Gastrointestinal (GI) contents refer to the physical substances within the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. These contents can vary depending on the time since the last meal and the digestive process that is underway. Generally, GI contents include food, fluids, digestive enzymes, secretions, bacteria, and other waste products.

In a more specific context, GI contents may also refer to the stomach contents, which are often analyzed during autopsies or in cases of suspected poisoning or overdose. Stomach contents can provide valuable information about the type and amount of substances that have been ingested within a few hours prior to the analysis.

It is important to note that GI contents should not be confused with gastrointestinal fluids, which specifically refer to the secretions produced by the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastric juice in the stomach or bile in the small intestine.

Pharmaceutical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the design, synthesis, and development of chemical entities used as medications. It involves the study of drugs' physical, chemical, and biological properties, as well as their interactions with living organisms. This field also encompasses understanding the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs in the body, which are critical factors in drug design and development. Pharmaceutical chemists often work closely with biologists, medical professionals, and engineers to develop new medications and improve existing ones.

Medical definitions of water generally describe it as a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for all forms of life. It is a universal solvent, making it an excellent medium for transporting nutrients and waste products within the body. Water constitutes about 50-70% of an individual's body weight, depending on factors such as age, sex, and muscle mass.

In medical terms, water has several important functions in the human body:

1. Regulation of body temperature through perspiration and respiration.
2. Acting as a lubricant for joints and tissues.
3. Facilitating digestion by helping to break down food particles.
4. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
5. Helping to maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes.
6. Assisting in the regulation of various bodily functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate.

Dehydration can occur when an individual does not consume enough water or loses too much fluid due to illness, exercise, or other factors. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Fibrinogen is a soluble protein present in plasma, synthesized by the liver. It plays an essential role in blood coagulation. When an injury occurs, fibrinogen gets converted into insoluble fibrin by the action of thrombin, forming a fibrin clot that helps to stop bleeding from the injured site. Therefore, fibrinogen is crucial for hemostasis, which is the process of stopping bleeding and starting the healing process after an injury.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hydrodynamics" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Hydrodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with the motion of fluids and the forces acting on them. It is commonly used in fields such as engineering, particularly in the design of fluid-handling systems, and in the study of phenomena like water waves and blood flow in certain scientific contexts.

If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

An emulsion is a type of stable mixture of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, which are normally unable to mix together uniformly. In an emulsion, one liquid (the dispersed phase) is broken down into small droplets and distributed throughout the other liquid (the continuous phase), creating a stable, cloudy mixture.

In medical terms, emulsions can be used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. For example, certain medications may be formulated as oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions to improve their absorption, stability, or palatability. Similarly, some skincare products and makeup removers contain emulsifiers that help create stable mixtures of water and oils, allowing for effective cleansing and moisturizing.

Emulsions can also occur naturally in the body, such as in the digestion of fats. The bile salts produced by the liver help to form small droplets of dietary lipids (oil) within the watery environment of the small intestine, allowing for efficient absorption and metabolism of these nutrients.

Solvents, in a medical context, are substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing other materials, often used in the preparation of medications and solutions. They are commonly organic chemicals that can liquefy various substances, making it possible to administer them in different forms, such as oral solutions, topical creams, or injectable drugs.

However, it is essential to recognize that solvents may pose health risks if mishandled or misused, particularly when they contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Prolonged exposure to these VOCs can lead to adverse health effects, including respiratory issues, neurological damage, and even cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to handle solvents with care and follow safety guidelines to minimize potential health hazards.

In the context of medical definitions, polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits called monomers. These long chains of monomers can have various structures and properties, depending on the type of monomer units and how they are linked together. In medicine, polymers are used in a wide range of applications, including drug delivery systems, medical devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Some examples of polymers used in medicine include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL).

Plasma substitutes are fluids that are used to replace the plasma volume in conditions such as hypovolemia (low blood volume) or plasma loss, for example due to severe burns, trauma, or major surgery. They do not contain cells or clotting factors, but they help to maintain intravascular volume and tissue perfusion. Plasma substitutes can be divided into two main categories: crystalloids and colloids.

Crystalloid solutions contain small molecules that can easily move between intracellular and extracellular spaces. Examples include normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) and lactated Ringer's solution. They are less expensive and have a lower risk of allergic reactions compared to colloids, but they may require larger volumes to achieve the same effect due to their rapid distribution in the body.

Colloid solutions contain larger molecules that tend to stay within the intravascular space for longer periods, thus increasing the oncotic pressure and helping to maintain fluid balance. Examples include albumin, fresh frozen plasma, and synthetic colloids such as hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and gelatin. Colloids may be more effective in restoring intravascular volume, but they carry a higher risk of allergic reactions and anaphylaxis, and some types have been associated with adverse effects such as kidney injury and coagulopathy.

The choice of plasma substitute depends on various factors, including the patient's clinical condition, the underlying cause of plasma loss, and any contraindications or potential side effects of the available products. It is important to monitor the patient's hemodynamic status, electrolyte balance, and coagulation profile during and after the administration of plasma substitutes to ensure appropriate resuscitation and avoid complications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be a misunderstanding. Mathematics is not a medical term; it is a branch of science dedicated to the study of numbers, shapes, and structures. However, mathematics does have many applications in medicine, such as in modeling disease spread, analyzing medical images, or designing clinical trials. If you have any questions related to mathematics in a medical context, I'd be happy to help clarify those for you!

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the most common type of blood cell in circulating blood in mammals. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow and have a biconcave shape, which allows them to fold and bend easily as they pass through narrow blood vessels. They do not have a nucleus or mitochondria, which makes them more flexible but also limits their ability to reproduce or repair themselves.

In humans, erythrocytes are typically disc-shaped and measure about 7 micrometers in diameter. They contain the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. The lifespan of an erythrocyte is approximately 120 days, after which it is broken down in the liver and spleen.

Abnormalities in erythrocyte count or function can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, polycythemia, and sickle cell disease.

Medical technology, also known as health technology, refers to the use of medical devices, medicines, vaccines, procedures, and systems for the purpose of preventing, diagnosing, or treating disease and disability. This can include a wide range of products and services, from simple devices like tongue depressors and bandages, to complex technologies like MRI machines and artificial organs.

Pharmaceutical technology, on the other hand, specifically refers to the application of engineering and scientific principles to the development, production, and control of pharmaceutical drugs and medical devices. This can include the design and construction of manufacturing facilities, the development of new drug delivery systems, and the implementation of quality control measures to ensure the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.

Both medical technology and pharmaceutical technology play crucial roles in modern healthcare, helping to improve patient outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and enhance the overall quality of life for individuals around the world.

Shear strength is a property of a material that describes its ability to withstand forces that cause internal friction and sliding of one portion of the material relative to another. In the context of human tissues, shear strength is an important factor in understanding how tissues respond to various stresses and strains, such as those experienced during physical activities or injuries.

For example, in the case of bones, shear strength is a critical factor in determining their ability to resist fractures under different types of loading conditions. Similarly, in soft tissues like ligaments and tendons, shear strength plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of these structures during movement and preventing excessive deformation or injury.

It's worth noting that measuring the shear strength of human tissues can be challenging due to their complex structure and anisotropic properties. As such, researchers often use specialized techniques and equipment to quantify these properties under controlled conditions in the lab.

Psyllium is a type of fiber derived from the seeds of the Plantago ovata plant. It's often used as a bulk-forming laxative to help promote regularity and relieve constipation. When psyllium comes into contact with water, it swells and forms a gel-like substance that helps move waste through the digestive tract. In addition to its laxative effects, psyllium has also been shown to help lower cholesterol levels and control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. It's available in various forms such as powder, capsules, and wafers, and can be found in many over-the-counter supplements and medications.

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a type of rare cancer called a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. It is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of malignant white blood cells, specifically B lymphocytes or plasma cells, in the bone marrow and sometimes in other organs. These abnormal cells produce an excessive amount of a protein called macroglobulin, which can lead to the thickening of the blood and various symptoms associated with this condition.

The signs and symptoms of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia may include fatigue, weakness, bruising or bleeding, frequent infections, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, visual disturbances, and confusion or difficulty thinking. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, imaging studies, and sometimes genetic testing to confirm the presence of the disease and determine its extent.

Treatment options for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia depend on the severity of the symptoms and the stage of the disease. They may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor the progression of the disease and adjust treatment plans as needed.

"Physicochemical phenomena" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in general terms, physicochemical phenomena refer to the physical and chemical interactions and processes that occur within living organisms or biological systems. These phenomena can include various properties and reactions such as pH levels, osmotic pressure, enzyme kinetics, and thermodynamics, among others.

In a broader context, physicochemical phenomena play an essential role in understanding the mechanisms of drug action, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. For instance, the solubility, permeability, and stability of drugs are all physicochemical properties that can affect their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) within the body.

Therefore, while not a medical definition per se, an understanding of physicochemical phenomena is crucial to the study and practice of pharmacology, toxicology, and other related medical fields.

Silicone oils are synthetic, polymerized forms of siloxane, which is a type of silicon-based compound. These oils are known for their stability, durability, and resistance to heat, chemicals, and aging. In the medical field, silicone oils are often used in various medical devices and procedures, such as:

1. Intraocular lenses: Silicone oils can be used as a temporary replacement for the vitreous humor (the gel-like substance that fills the eye) during vitreoretinal surgery, particularly when there is a retinal detachment or other serious eye conditions. The oil helps to reattach the retina and maintain its position until a permanent solution can be found.

2. Breast implants: Silicone oils are used as a filling material for breast implants due to their ability to mimic the feel of natural breast tissue. However, the use of silicone breast implants has been controversial due to concerns about potential health risks, including immune system disorders and cancer.

3. Drug delivery systems: Silicone oils can be used as a component in drug-eluting devices, which are designed to deliver medication slowly and consistently over an extended period. These devices can be used in various medical applications, such as wound healing or the treatment of chronic pain.

4. Medical adhesives: Silicone oils can be incorporated into medical adhesives to improve their flexibility, biocompatibility, and resistance to moisture and heat. These adhesives are often used in the manufacturing of medical devices and for securing bandages or dressings to the skin.

It is important to note that while silicone oils have many medical applications, they can also pose potential risks, such as migration, inflammation, or other complications. Therefore, their use should be carefully considered and monitored by healthcare professionals.

Surface tension is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is a physical chemistry concept that relates to the cohesive force between liquid molecules, causing the surface of the liquid to contract and have a higher intermolecular force than its bulk.

In a broader sense, surface tension can have implications in certain medical or biological contexts, such as the movement of liquids in the lungs or the stability of lipid bilayers in cell membranes. But it is not a term that is typically used to describe medical conditions or treatments.

Physical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the fundamental principles and laws governing the behavior of matter and energy at the molecular and atomic levels. It combines elements of physics, chemistry, mathematics, and engineering to study the properties, composition, structure, and transformation of matter. Key areas of focus in physical chemistry include thermodynamics, kinetics, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, electrochemistry, and spectroscopy.

In essence, physical chemists aim to understand how and why chemical reactions occur, what drives them, and how they can be controlled or predicted. This knowledge is crucial for developing new materials, medicines, energy technologies, and other applications that benefit society.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "physical phenomena" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. It is a broader term that refers to observable events or processes in the natural world that can be explained by physical laws and principles. This might include things like gravity, electromagnetism, or motion.

If you're looking for medical definitions related to physical phenomena, you might consider terms like "physical examination," which refers to the process of evaluating a patient's health status using observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation to assess various body systems. Or, you might consider "physiological response," which refers to the body's natural reaction to a stimulus or change in environment.

If you meant something different by "physical phenomena" in a medical context, could you please provide more context or clarify your question? I'm here to help!

"Pharmaceutical solutions" is a term that refers to medications or drugs that are formulated in a liquid state, as opposed to solid forms like tablets or capsules. These solutions are typically created by dissolving the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in a solvent, such as water or ethanol, along with other excipients that help stabilize and preserve the solution.

Pharmaceutical solutions can be administered to patients through various routes, including oral, intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular injection, depending on the desired site of action and the specific properties of the drug. Some examples of pharmaceutical solutions include antibiotic infusions, pain medications, and electrolyte replacement drinks.

It's important to note that the term "pharmaceutical solutions" can also refer more broadly to the process of developing and manufacturing drugs, as well as to the industry as a whole. However, in a medical context, it most commonly refers to liquid medications.

Isoxsuprine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as vasodilators. It works by relaxing and widening the blood vessels, which improves the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. Isoxsuprine is primarily used in the treatment of chronic foot pain (vasospastic disorders) associated with peripheral vascular disease, such as Raynaud's phenomenon or intermittent claudication.

The medical definition of Isoxsuprine can be stated as:

A synthetic imidazolidinone derivative and a selective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, used in the form of its hydrochloride salt (Isoxsuprine HCl) for the treatment of chronic foot pain caused by peripheral vascular disorders. Isoxsuprine acts as a vasodilator, relaxing and widening blood vessels, thereby enhancing blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart. It is also used off-label in some cases to manage premature labor due to its ability to relax uterine smooth muscle.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

Povidone, also known as PVP or polyvinylpyrrolidone, is not a medication itself but rather a pharmaceutical ingredient used in various medical and healthcare products. It is a water-soluble synthetic polymer that has the ability to bind to and carry other substances, such as drugs or iodine.

In medical applications, povidone is often used as a binder or coating agent in pharmaceutical tablets and capsules. It can also be found in some topical antiseptic solutions, such as those containing iodine, where it helps to stabilize and control the release of the active ingredient.

It's important to note that while povidone is a widely used pharmaceutical ingredient, it is not typically considered a medication on its own.

In the context of medical and health sciences, particle size generally refers to the diameter or dimension of particles, which can be in the form of solid particles, droplets, or aerosols. These particles may include airborne pollutants, pharmaceutical drugs, or medical devices such as nanoparticles used in drug delivery systems.

Particle size is an important factor to consider in various medical applications because it can affect the behavior and interactions of particles with biological systems. For example, smaller particle sizes can lead to greater absorption and distribution throughout the body, while larger particle sizes may be filtered out by the body's natural defense mechanisms. Therefore, understanding particle size and its implications is crucial for optimizing the safety and efficacy of medical treatments and interventions.

Medical Definition of Mineral Oil:

Mineral oil is a commonly used laxative, which is a substance that promotes bowel movements. It is a non-digestible, odorless, and tasteless oil that is derived from petroleum. When taken orally, mineral oil passes through the digestive system without being absorbed, helping to soften stools and relieve constipation by increasing the weight and size of the stool, stimulating the reflexes in the intestines that trigger bowel movements.

Mineral oil is also used topically as a moisturizer and emollient for dry skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis. It forms a barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss and protecting the skin from irritants. However, mineral oil should not be used on broken or inflamed skin, as it can trap bacteria and delay healing.

It is important to note that long-term use of mineral oil laxatives can lead to dependence and may interfere with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K. Therefore, it should be used only under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "friction" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Friction is a physical concept that describes the force that resists the sliding of one surface over another. It is commonly described as the "roughness" between two surfaces. While friction can have effects on various biological processes and medical devices, it does not have a unique medical meaning in and of itself.

Glycerol, also known as glycerine or glycerin, is a simple polyol (a sugar alcohol) with a sweet taste and a thick, syrupy consistency. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is slightly soluble in water and freely miscible with ethanol and ether.

In the medical field, glycerol is often used as a medication or supplement. It can be used as a laxative to treat constipation, as a source of calories and energy for people who cannot eat by mouth, and as a way to prevent dehydration in people with certain medical conditions.

Glycerol is also used in the production of various medical products, such as medications, skin care products, and vaccines. It acts as a humectant, which means it helps to keep things moist, and it can also be used as a solvent or preservative.

In addition to its medical uses, glycerol is also widely used in the food industry as a sweetener, thickening agent, and moisture-retaining agent. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Drug compounding is the process of combining, mixing, or altering ingredients to create a customized medication to meet the specific needs of an individual patient. This can be done for a variety of reasons, such as when a patient has an allergy to a certain ingredient in a mass-produced medication, or when a patient requires a different dosage or formulation than what is available commercially.

Compounding requires specialized training and equipment, and compounding pharmacists must follow strict guidelines to ensure the safety and efficacy of the medications they produce. Compounded medications are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but the FDA does regulate the ingredients used in compounding and has oversight over the practices of compounding pharmacies.

It's important to note that while compounding can provide benefits for some patients, it also carries risks, such as the potential for contamination or incorrect dosing. Patients should only receive compounded medications from reputable pharmacies that follow proper compounding standards and procedures.

Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the study, manipulation, and control of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter scale. It combines elements from physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering to design and fabricate microscale devices that can handle and analyze small volumes of fluids, often in the range of picoliters to microliters.

In medical contexts, microfluidics has numerous applications, including diagnostic testing, drug discovery, and personalized medicine. For example, microfluidic devices can be used to perform rapid and sensitive molecular assays for detecting pathogens or biomarkers in patient samples, as well as to screen drugs and evaluate their efficacy and toxicity in vitro.

Microfluidics also enables the development of organ-on-a-chip platforms that mimic the structure and function of human tissues and organs, allowing researchers to study disease mechanisms and test new therapies in a more physiologically relevant context than traditional cell culture models. Overall, microfluidics offers significant potential for improving healthcare outcomes by enabling faster, more accurate, and more cost-effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

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... s have become a central concept in the study of elliptic PDE. In particular, Viscosity solutions are ... In this case, viscosity corresponds to the bulk viscosity of an irrotational, incompressible fluid. Other names that were ... Moreover, the definition of viscosity solutions does not generally involve physical viscosity. Nevertheless, while the theory ... Viscosity solution A continuous function u is a viscosity solution of the PDE F ( x , u , D u , D 2 u ) = 0 {\displaystyle F(x, ...
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The unit of inherent viscosity is dL/g. "Dilute Solution Viscosity of Polymers". "IUPAC". v t e (Viscosity, All stub articles, ... In polymer science, inherent viscosity is the ratio of the natural logarithm of the relative viscosity of a polymer to its mass ... is the viscosity of the solution and η s {\displaystyle \eta _{s}} is the viscosity of the solvent. ... Inherent viscosity is defined as η i n h = ln ⁡ η r e l c {\displaystyle \eta _{inh}={\frac {\ln \eta _{rel}}{c}}} where c is ...
... ( η r e l {\displaystyle \eta _{rel}} ) (a synonym of "viscosity ratio") is the ratio of the viscosity of a ... The ratio of this viscosity is known as Relative Viscosity. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology "Relative Viscosity ... "EduSpots - WEEK 5: VISCOSITY". EduSpots. Retrieved 2023-06-08. v t e (Viscosity, All stub articles, Classical mechanics stubs) ... The significance in Relative viscosity is that it can be analyzed the effect a polymer can have on a solution's viscosity such ...
That is, the two oils with viscosity Y at 100 °C and a VI of 0 and 100 would have at 40 °C the viscosities of L and H ... The viscosity index (VI) is an arbitrary, unit-less measure of a fluid's change in viscosity relative to temperature change. It ... The viscosity index of synthetic oils ranges from 80 to over 400.[citation needed] The viscosity index can be calculated using ... "Don't Ignore Viscosity Index When Selecting a Lubricant". US: Noria. Retrieved 26 March 2020. "Viscosity Index". UK: Anton Paar ...
... (also known as elongational viscosity) is a viscosity coefficient when applied stress is extensional ... is the extensional viscosity or elongational viscosity σ n n {\displaystyle \sigma _{nn}\,\!} is the normal stress along ... The ratio between the extensional viscosity η e {\displaystyle \eta _{e}} and the dynamic viscosity η {\displaystyle \eta } is ... Extensional viscosity is defined as the ratio of the normal stress difference to the rate of strain. For uniaxial extension ...
The name is a metaphor for viscosity in liquids. Viscosity, a measurement of resistance to change for the design of notations. ... If it is easier to add a hack than it is to add code that fits into the program's design, then the system has high viscosity. ... In object oriented programming, viscosity refers to the ease at which a developer can add design-preserving code to a system. ... If it is easy to add new code to the program while maintaining the design, then the program has low viscosity. ...
The varying viscosities of the two rolled-on inks prevent them from mixing. A fourth color, of even thinner viscosity, can also ... Color viscosity printing is among the latest developments in intaglio printmaking. Color viscosity printing was developed by a ... The first ink would be fairly dense-of a relatively high viscosity. The application of the high-viscosity ink is carried out as ... Three to four colors of ink are mixed, each of a different viscosity. This viscosity is adjusted by the addition of uncooked ...
... (also called bulk viscosity, or dilatational viscosity) is a material property relevant for characterizing ... The same goes for shear viscosity. For a Newtonian fluid the shear viscosity is a pure fluid property, but for a non-Newtonian ... These were found to have volume viscosities which were hundreds to thousands of times larger than their shear viscosities. ... Common symbols for volume viscosity are ζ {\displaystyle \zeta } and μ v {\displaystyle \mu _{v}} . Volume viscosity appears in ...
... [ η ] {\displaystyle \left[\eta \right]} is a measure of a solute's contribution to the viscosity η {\ ... More generally, intrinsic viscosity can be used to assay quaternary structure. In polymer chemistry intrinsic viscosity is ... It should not be confused with inherent viscosity, which is the ratio of the natural logarithm of the relative viscosity to the ... is the viscosity in the absence of the solute, η {\displaystyle \eta } is (dynamic or kinematic) viscosity of the solution and ...
... is the viscosity of the solvent.) Relative viscosity Viscosity Intrinsic viscosity Huggins equation "Reduced viscosity of a ... In fluid dynamics, the reduced viscosity of a polymer is the ratio of the relative viscosity increment ( η i {\displaystyle \ ... The reduced viscosity is given by: η i c {\displaystyle {\frac {\eta _{i}}{c}}} where η i {\displaystyle \eta _{i}} is the ... relative viscosity increment given by η i = η − η s η s {\displaystyle \eta _{i}={\frac {\eta -\eta _{s}}{\eta _{s}}}} (Where η ...
... the apparent viscosity depends on the shear rate. Apparent viscosity has the SI derived unit Pa·s (Pascal-second), but the ... the apparent viscosity is constant, and equal to the Newtonian viscosity of the fluid, but for non-Newtonian fluids, ... not the apparent viscosity). In the case of non-Newtonian fluids, measurement of apparent viscosity without knowledge of the ... A single viscosity measurement at a constant speed in a typical viscometer is a measurement of the instrument viscosity of a ...
... s are mixers designed for mixing materials with laminar mixing processes because the ingredients have such ... The process can be used for high viscosity liquid to liquid mixing or for paste mixing combining liquid and solid ingredients. ... Some products that may require laminar mixing in a high viscosity mixer include putties, chewing gum, and soaps. The end ... High Viscosity Mixing - Technical Paper (CS1 errors: generic name, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list, Articles needing ...
The Saybolt universal viscosity test occurs at 100 °F (38 °C), or more recently, 40 °C (104 °F). The Saybolt FUROL viscosity ... Saybolt universal viscosity (SUV), and the related Saybolt FUROL viscosity (SFV), are specific standardised tests producing ... Viscosity By Different Instruments Retrieved 2015-11-27 Online viscosity converter Measurement apparatus Useful Saybolt ... Saybolt universal viscosity is specified by the ASTM D2161. Both tests are considered obsolete to other measures of kinematic ...
In continuum mechanics, time-dependent viscosity is a property of fluids whose viscosity changes as a function of time. The ... the lower its viscosity becomes. A thixotropic fluid is one that takes time to attain viscosity equilibrium when introduced to ... in which viscosity increases with time. Some non-Newtonian pseudoplastic fluids show a time-dependent change in viscosity and a ... The longer they undergo a shearing force, the higher their viscosity becomes, as the microstructure of a rheopectic fluid ...
... is a technique to control viscosity and temperature of fuel oil (FO) for efficient combustion in diesel ... Fuel oil's viscosity strongly depends on the temperature, the higher is the temperature the lower is the viscosity. For optimal ... Viscometer measures the actual viscosity of the fuel, this value is compared with the set point in the controller and the ... Diesel fuel Fuel oil Viscosity Viscometer (Articles lacking sources from May 2012, All articles lacking sources, Engine fuel ...
The Ford viscosity cup is a simple gravity device that permits the timed flow of a known volume of liquid passing through an ... However, the conditions in a simple flow cup are seldom ideal for making true measurements of viscosity. It is important when ... Under ideal conditions, this rate of flow would be proportional to the kinematic viscosity (expressed in stokes and centistokes ... as ambient temperature makes a significant difference to viscosity and thus flow rate. Many other types of flow cups are used, ...
Constant viscosity elastic liquids, also known as Boger fluids are elastic fluids with constant viscosity. This creates an ... Since Boger fluids can have constant viscosity, an experiment can be done where the results of the flow rates of a Boger liquid ... Boger fluids are made primarily by adding a small amount of polymer to a Newtonian fluid with a high viscosity, a typical ... He released his first paper on Boger fluids in 1977, titled "A Highly Elastic Constant-Viscosity Fluid", where he described the ...
Here dynamic viscosity is denoted by μ {\displaystyle \mu } and kinematic viscosity by ν {\displaystyle \nu } . The formulas ... increasing thermal agitation of the molecules results in a larger viscosity. Hence, gaseous viscosity increases with ... An everyday example of this viscosity decrease is cooking oil moving more fluidly in a hot frying pan than in a cold one. The ... Viscosity in gases arises from molecules traversing layers of flow and transferring momentum between layers. This transfer of ...
The dense fluid viscosity is thus defined as the viscosity in excess of the dilute gas viscosity. This technique is often used ... but the shear viscosity is by far the most utilized viscosity coefficient. The volume viscosity will now be abandoned, and the ... The dilute gas viscosity contribution to the total viscosity of a fluid will only be important when predicting the viscosity of ... The shear viscosity (or viscosity, in short) of a fluid is a material property that describes the friction between internal ...
Kinematic viscosity is dynamic viscosity divided by fluid density. This page lists only dynamic viscosity. For dynamic ... then its kinematic viscosity is around n centiStokes. For gas, the dynamic viscosity is usually in the range of 10 to 20 ... after which viscosity increases). The increase in viscosity for sucrose solutions is particularly dramatic, and explains in ... For kinematic viscosity, the SI unit is m^2/s. In engineering, the unit is usually Stoke or centiStoke, with 1 Stoke = 0.0001 m ...
Viscosity". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 43 (7): 433-434. doi:10.1007/BF02682408. S2CID 85301006. Gouw, T. H ... Chen, Jui-Tang; Chu, Hsiao-Pei (2007). "Densities and Viscosities for Binary Mixtures of Ethyl Lactate with Methacrylic Acid, ... Clará, René A.; Marigliano, Ana C. Gómez; Sólimo, Horacio N. (2009). "Density, Viscosity, and Refractive Index in the Range ( ... Their kinematic viscosity depends if they are saturated or unsaturated or even the temperature. At 40 °C, for saturated FAMEs, ...
Blood viscosity also increases with increases in red cell aggregability. Blood viscosity is a measure of the resistance of ... Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit (volume fraction of red blood cell, which constitute 99.9% of the ... Plasma's viscosity is determined by water-content and macromolecular components, so these factors that affect blood viscosity ... Anemia can reduce blood viscosity, which may lead to heart failure. Furthermore, elevation of plasma viscosity correlates to ...
"Viscosity". The Physics Hypertextbook. Retrieved 2007-10-02. "3.8: 3.8 Alcohols - Classification and Nomenclature". Chemistry ...
... serum viscosity and plasma viscosity are more frequently measured. Normal plasma viscosity is between 1.4 and 1.8 centipoise ... Serum viscosity and electrophoresis are recommended before and after plasmapheresis in order to correlate viscosity and M-spike ... Hyperviscosity syndrome is a group of symptoms triggered by an increase in the viscosity of the blood. Symptoms of high blood ... "VISCS Clinical Viscosity Serum Test". Mayoclinic. May 1, 1995. Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved ...
Viscosity of a solution as a function of shear rate is given by the power-law equation, η = K γ ˙ n − 1 , {\displaystyle \eta = ... Thus, the viscosity of a shear-thickening fluid is dependent on the shear rate. The presence of suspended particles often ... A dilatant is a non-Newtonian fluid where the shear viscosity increases with applied shear stress. This behavior is only one ... Dilatant behavior occurs when n is greater than 1. Below is a table of viscosity values for some common materials. A suspension ...
The ice line has also been proposed as the site of a pressure bump, however, this requires a steep viscosity transition. If the ... If the magnetic field of the disc is aligned with its angular momentum the Hall effect increases viscosity which can result in ... For some ranges of particle size and gas viscosity outward flow of the gas may occur, reducing its density and further ... Viscosity transitions". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 570: A75. arXiv:1408.1016. Bibcode:2014A&A...570A..75B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361 ...
Low viscosity. Nonflammability. Low volatility. Suitable freezing point. In some cases, a simple substitution can give nearly ...
... calculate coefficient of viscosity for mixtures of gases Glass Viscosity Measurement - viscosity measurement, viscosity units ... Viscoelastic solids may exhibit both shear viscosity and bulk viscosity. The extensional viscosity is a linear combination of ... Standard Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity, ASTM, ... glass viscosity calculation Kinematic Viscosity - conversion between kinematic and dynamic viscosity Physical Characteristics ...
Viscosity is a neat service that provides you with the VPN connection to the servers of the provider you chose if that provider ... Viscosity VPN client review. A solid client that helps you connect to VPN servers Reviews By Sead Fadilpašić ... Viscosity may not have mobile apps or any kind of a refund policy, but the fact that it is free for a month available for a one ... Viscosity is a handy client that allows users to connect to VPN services that do not offer native apps of their own. It can be ...
Laesecke, A. and Splett, J. (2011), Viscosity Measurements of NIST SRM 1617b, Other, National Institute of Standards and ...
... that it reaches a viscosity of (*). Usually referr... ... glass transition viscosity. (idea). by QEDrakmar Tue Jun 06 ... This viscosity allows something that has no thermodynamic bulk crystalline state to achieve properties as if it were an actual ... This is the specific point in the phase of a material which has no ordered crystalline state, that it reaches a viscosity of ...
Viscosity definition: The condition or property of being viscous. ... Words Near Viscosity in the Dictionary *vis-comica. * ... Viscosity Sentence Examples *. On continuing the heating, the viscosity diminishes while the colour remains the same. ... A measure of this; specif., a number indicating the ability of a motor oil to maintain its viscosity with seasonal changes of ... Resin viscosity is the critical parameter in producing fiber composites with low void content. ...
Viscosity I: Liquid Viscosity. Michael Fowler. Introduction: Friction at the Molecular Level. Viscosity is, essentially, fluid ... Viscosity: Kinetic Energy Loss and Momentum Transfer. So far, weve viewed the viscosity coefficient η. as a measure of ... the viscosity of liquids decreases, that of gases increases. Also, the viscosity of a gas doesnt depend in its density! These ... defines the coefficient of viscosity η. .. The SI units of η. are Pascal.seconds, or Pa.s. ...
This overview provides strategies for reducing the viscosity of high concentration drug formulations to enable subcutaneous ... A Viscosity Reducing Toolbox. The SAFC® Viscosity Reduction Platform provides a toolbox of excipients that affords formulation ... Download the white paper Viscosity-reducing excipients for protein formulation. *Watch the on-demand webinar The Viscosity ... Excipients can also perform synergistically, enabling improved viscosity reduction and a better balance of viscosity versus ...
Tri-Art Low-Viscosity Artist Acrylics are professional-quality artist paints with a free-flowing, water-like consistency. ... Tri-Art Low-Viscosity Artist Acrylics are professional-quality artist paints with a free-flowing, water-like consistency. ... Tri-Art Low-Viscosity Artist Acrylics - Front of 34 ml Tube of Phthalo Blue ...
... - Sep 14, 2020 - Master Bond, Inc. ... Both parts A and B have a low viscosity of 3,000-6,000 cps and 4,000-6,000 cps, respectively. "With its low viscosity and acid ... Low Viscosity Epoxy Coating Features Acid Resistance. Master Bond, Inc. Sep 14, 2020 ... Master Bond EP21ARLV is an acid resistant epoxy that features low viscosity, and electrical insulation. This versatile two ...
... Max Reppen - Princeton University. Location: Hill 425. Date ... We develop an intrinsic notion of viscosity solutions that does not rely on the lifting to an Hilbert space and prove a ... We also show that the value function is the unique viscosity solution. ...
I need to adjust the viscosity of resin to be 250 CPS How can I do this without any change in chemical properties ? THANK YOU ... Hello Please I need help I have uv resin the viscosity is 3000 CPS , ... I have uv resin the viscosity is 3000 CPS ,I need to adjust the viscosity of resin to be 250 CPS How can I do this. without any ... Is there any custom machine to reducing the viscosity?. thank you so much. Edited 1 time(s). Last edit at 07/06/2017 12:16AM by ...
Solution viscosity is one of the most critical quality parameters in the production of cellulose acetate flake. I ... Hoechst Celanese has improved the precision of viscosity measurements from ±6 to ±2 centipoise by switching from manual to ... Solution viscosity is one of the most critical quality parameters in the production of cellulose acetate flake. In the past, ... Hoechst Celanese has improved the precision of viscosity measurements from ±6 to ±2 centipoise by switching from manual to ...
The IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology
Shop Synthetic Multi-Viscosity Hydraulic Oil - ISO 32 at AMSOIL. Find premium synthetic oil, filters and more online. Fast, ... In extreme heat, Multi-Viscosity Hydraulic Oil resists thermal breakdown and maintains its protective viscosity, allowing ... Synthetic Multi-Viscosity Hydraulic Oil - ISO 32. Formulated with varnish-control technology to keep hydraulic systems clean ... Synthetic Multi-Viscosity Hydraulic Oil is fortified with anti-varnish additives that chemically react with the building blocks ...
Castrols range of multi-grade engine oils cover a wide range of viscosities to best suit and protect your car at all times. ... HOW IS VISCOSITY MEASURED?. The viscosity of oil changes with temperature, therefore multigrade oils were developed to provide ... The first number followed by the letter W describes the viscosity of oil at low temperatures (the W stands for winter). The ... The SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) scale shows the viscosity of oil at both hot and cold temperatures. Thats why the ...
Here we discuss the application of methods relying on the SLLOD equations of motion to the prediction of the viscosity-pressure ... 588b) Prediction of the Viscosity-Pressure Relation Using Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics. Conference ... leading to a characterization of the variations of viscosity as a function of the shear rate. ...
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Tabish Khan Laura Fishman Paints Stairs And Coats In High Viscosity Laura Fishman. Image courtesy of the artist and Degree Art ... Laura Fishman: High Viscosity is on Degree Art, 12a Vyner Street, E2 9DG until 16 December. Entrance is free. ...
I am trying to model Stokes flow at very high viscosities (~10^20), from my results it looks like I cannot achieve this and am ... I am trying to model Stokes flow at very high viscosities (~10^20), from my results it looks like I cannot achieve this and am ... what do you recommend to work with such large viscosities? ... Navier - Stokes at high viscosity. older Contributing to sfepy ... what do you recommend to work with such large viscosities? ... better suited using viscosities of ~10^5 or so. I know there is ...
Explore intrinsic viscosity measurements and SANS to uncover the truth. ... Discover the impact of polymer coil size on viscosity index in engine lubricating oil. ... Viscosity Index (VI) is one approach used widely in the lubricating field to assess the variation of viscosity with temperature ... How Polymers Behave as Viscosity Index Improvers in Lubricating Oils () Michael J. Covitch1, Kieran J. Trickett2 1Applied ...
Lubricants , Viscosity of Food Grade Lubricants. Kinematic viscosity and viscosity index are important parameters in the ...
Schoff Associates I recently was asked about the optimum viscosity for spraying paint. I thought that I would extend my answer ... Optimum Viscosity for Paint Application - American Coatings Association - By Clifford K. Schoff, ... The high shear viscosity was only about 70 cps. Raising it solved the problem. If the viscosity is much above 100 cps, the ... I do not recall the ranges for roll coating, but viscosity much below 100 cps is likely to cause misting, and high viscosity ...
Convert between viscosity units like Centiposes, milliPascal, CentiStokes and SSU. ... Absolute Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity centiPoise (10 -3 N s/m 2 , cP) p oise ( 10 -1 N s/m 2 , P) c entiStokes ( 10 -6 m 2 /s ... Sewage Sludge - Viscosities Viscosity of sewage sludge vs. content of solids. Steam - Viscosity vs. Pressure Absolute viscosity ... Viscosities Viscosities of products and chemical species at varying conditions. Related Documents Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity ...
Abstract: V38.00002 : Viscosity of the Inner Core*. 3:06 PM-3:18 PM ... We computed, using FPMD, that the bcc phase possess the viscosity that explains the high attenuation in the IC. The explanation ...
Home / The Division of Science / Physics / Physics Colloquium: Tomer Markovich, Odd Viscosity in Active Matter ... Such odd viscosity is non-dissipative and should thus be derivable from a Hamiltonian theory. Active materials innately break ... Odd Viscosity in Active Matter. Tomer Markovich. Postdoctoral Fellow. Center for Theoretical Biological Physics. Rice ... Physics Colloquium: Tomer Markovich, Odd Viscosity in Active Matter Dates. Wed, Mar 02, 2022 - 04:00 PM - Wed, Mar 02, 2022 - ...
Fluent calculates the viscosity of the mixture with the equation: ... Viscosity calculation in mixture model User Name. Remember Me. ... You can just change by UDF the viscosity of each phase to represent the viscosity model that you want. Thus, each phase will ... What viscosity to use for solid phase in VOF model redwanamit034. FLUENT. 0. June 14, 2017 17:09. ... Using a new implemented viscosity model with simpleFoam TemC. OpenFOAM Running, Solving & CFD. 6. March 8, 2017 03:07. ...
Low Viscosity. MasterSil 323SMed Product Information. Two component, silver filled silicone with superb electrical conductivity ... Low Viscosity, One Component, UV Curable Epoxy Based System for High Performance Bonding, Coating and Sealing that turns from ... Low Viscosity, One Component, UV Curable Epoxy Based System for High Performance Bonding, Coating and Sealing with Exceptional ... One Component, Low Viscosity UV Curable Polymer System for High Performance Bonding, Sealing, Coating and Encapsulation, ...
Hydrodynamic losses through pumps depends on fluid viscosities. ... qv = flow compensated for viscosity (m3/h, gpm). cq = viscosity ... Absolute (dynamic) viscosity for common food products.. * Industrial Lubricants - Viscosities vs. ISO-VG Grade ISO-VG viscosity ... Crude Oil Viscosity vs. Gravity Viscosity at 20°C/68°F and 50°C/122°F for more than 120 crudes is shown as function of specific ... Viscosities Viscosities of products and chemical species at varying conditions.. Related Documents * Benzene - Dynamic and ...
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This volume presents Parts V and VI of the continuing series of symposia on the Relationship Between Engine Oil Viscosity and ... The Relationship Between Engine Oil Viscosity and Engine Performance-Part V and Part VI. ... This volume presents Parts V and VI of the continuing series of symposia on the Relationship Between Engine Oil Viscosity and ...
  • Kinematic viscosity and viscosity index are important parameters in the specification and monitoring of food grade lubricants. (anton-paar.com)
  • There are two related measures of fluid viscosity which are known as dynamic and kinematic viscosity. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • 1) The Saybolt Universal SUS viscosity equivalent (SSU or SUS) to a given kinematic viscosity varies with the temperature at which the determination is made. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Online calculator, figures and table showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of benzene, C 6 H 6 , at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Kinematic viscosities of some common liquids like motor oil, diesel fuel, peanut oil and many more. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Online calculators, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Solving for kinematic viscosity. (ajdesigner.com)
  • Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of methane, CH 4 , at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • The calculator below can be used to calculate methane dynamic or kinematic viscosity at given temperatures and atmospheric pressure. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • High Blood Pressure Numbers blood viscosity and blood pressure EPR how to lower blood pressure quick Low Blood Pressure Causes. (epr.eu)
  • Old appearance it is a kind of ethnic group with relatively few members the entire huohu islands blood viscosity and blood pressure may only have more than 10,000 people the people of the jing tribe originally attached. (epr.eu)
  • What S A Normal Blood Pressure blood viscosity and blood pressure What S A Normal Blood Pressure, how to lower blood pressure quick. (epr.eu)
  • Let s wait here and see the result if blood viscosity and blood pressure it doesn t work, we have to call all the clans of all clans to set up several powerful magic circles to deal with this monster qing xiao has some. (epr.eu)
  • Islands still had a teleportation formation blood viscosity and blood pressure that could lead directly to the thundering continent but thousands of years ago, this teleportation formation was destroyed by a giant sea. (epr.eu)
  • That with an unexpected opening, a group of silver flames and a small blue cauldron spewed out at the same time after the silver flame blood viscosity and blood pressure turned around, it suddenly turned into a silver fire. (epr.eu)
  • After han blood viscosity and blood pressure li only found out that he was not looking for a target, he would not make things difficult for them and let them go as a result, although han li has never found the target. (epr.eu)
  • Reducing or eliminating meat may influence blood viscosity. (who.int)
  • Saturated fat appears to influence blood viscosity. (who.int)
  • Viscosity is the material property which relates the viscous stresses in a material to the rate of change of a deformation (the strain rate). (wikipedia.org)
  • This viscosity is problematic for subcutaneous administration because viscous solutions don't flow easily from the syringe through the needle and can cause pain at the injection site, or may not be able to be pushed through a syringe at all. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Friction loss in schedule 40 steel pipe with viscous liquids - viscosities ranging from water to oil. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • When the coal tar pitch is refined into 12 different viscosities, or thicknesses, RT-12 is the most viscous. (cdc.gov)
  • I would like to change the viscosity calculation to more complex models, such as the one proposed by Dukler (1964). (cfd-online.com)
  • There are a lot of estimates here, so if I vary some of the variables a little, such as flow thickness, you can change the viscosity to ~3.5×10 5 Pa*s (with a 10 m thickness) or ~1.4×10 5 Pa*s (with a flow thickness of 2 m). (bigthink.com)
  • Hoechst Celanese has improved the precision of viscosity measurements from ±6 to ±2 centipoise by switching from manual to automated testing. (astm.org)
  • the viscosity of a 1% solution in water at 25 °C is 1300-2200 centipoise (cps). (thomassci.com)
  • When a turbine-type mixer creates turbulence in the lower viscosity ranges (less than 5,000 centipoise), the resulting flow is chaotic. (adhesivesmag.com)
  • otherwise, the second law of thermodynamics requires all fluids to have positive viscosity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The head, flow and capacity with fluids with other viscosities than used in the original documentation can be modified with coefficients. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Friction loss in steel pipes for fluids with viscosities ranging 32 - 80000 SSU . (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • A new page on our website today: the IJF LV-0126RJ High Pressure Needle Dispensing Valve is a high pressure stainless steel needle valve designed for micro-shot dispensing of high viscosity fluids that need to be pressurized up to 3500 psi. (intertronics.co.uk)
  • For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. (wikipedia.org)
  • Description: The B70 V-SR High Viscosity Pump is a progressive cavity pump for sensitive and high viscosity liquids from drums and other containers. (globalspec.com)
  • Also, an antibody can become destabilized if attempts are made to reduce viscosity by interfering with protein-protein interactions. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The proportionality factor is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, often simply referred to as the viscosity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dynamic viscosity is also termed " absolute viscosity " and is the tangential force per unit area required to move one horizontal plane with respect to the other at unit velocity when maintained a unit distance apart by the fluid. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Absolute (dynamic) viscosity for common food products. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Absolute or dynamic viscosity is used to calculate Reynold's Number to determine if a fluid flow is laminar, transient or turbulent. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Viscosities and densities of SAE Grade oils. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Test aerosols included MWFs and simple organic liquid s to provide a range of densities, viscosities, and surface tensions. (cdc.gov)
  • We develop an intrinsic notion of viscosity solutions that does not rely on the lifting to an Hilbert space and prove a comparison theorem for these solutions. (rutgers.edu)
  • The viscosity of oil changes with temperature, therefore multigrade oils were developed to provide protection across a range of operating temperatures. (castrol.com)
  • ISO-VG viscosity grades for industrial lubricants. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • More importantly, the viscosity of water needs to be considered when designing and manufacturing pharmaceutical products, as well as many types of lubricants and polymeric materials. (phys.org)
  • The number of simultaneous VPN connections supported by Viscosity depends solely on your chosen VPN provider. (techradar.com)
  • Hydrodynamic losses through pumps depends on fluid viscosities. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • In the past, the company used a modified Cannon-Fenske tube for viscosity measurements. (astm.org)
  • They also provide a direct access to the response of the fluid when subjected to shear, leading to a characterization of the variations of viscosity as a function of the shear rate. (aiche.org)
  • Although the key parameter affecting viscosity is the shear stress, people in the paint industry historically have looked at viscosity as a function of shear rate. (paint.org)
  • Different viscometers measure viscosity at different shear rate ranges. (paint.org)
  • Viscosity of a fluid is its resistance to shear or flow, and a measure of a fluid adhesive/cohesive or frictional properties. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • A morphological and tensile bond strength evaluation of an unfilled adhesive with low-viscosity composites and a filled adhesive in one and two coats. (bvsalud.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to measure the tensile bond strength (TBS) testing of resin composite to dentin of three low- viscosity composites, in association with an unfilled adhesive , and a filled adhesive one and two coats respectively, and to evaluate and compare the SEM morphological observations. (bvsalud.org)
  • The use of a filled adhesive or an unfilled adhesive along with a low- viscosity composite as an intermediate layer may provide a stress absorbing layer, whereby improving the preservation of the bonded interface area. (bvsalud.org)
  • Viscosity is an OpenVPN client that allows users to establish VPN connections on Windows and Mac operating systems . (techradar.com)
  • Some of the alternatives to Viscosity include OpenVPN GUI and Tunnelblick, depending on the platform you're using. (techradar.com)
  • I use Viscosity to connect to another OpenVPN server without issues, but when I import the .ovpn file for AirVPN and start browsing, the IP I'm connecting from shows my local IP, not the VPN. (airvpn.org)
  • Master Bond EP21ARLV is an acid resistant epoxy that features low viscosity, and electrical insulation. (thomasnet.com)
  • Moderate Viscosity, Reliable thermal and electrical insulation. (masterbond.com)
  • Resin viscosity is the critical parameter in producing fiber composites with low void content. (yourdictionary.com)
  • In this equation, h is viscosity, v is velocity, r is density, q is the slope angle, g is acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s 2 ) and d is the flow thickness. (bigthink.com)
  • Similarly, if I assume the flow started on June 17 instead of June 13, the velocity becomes higher - 0.014 m/s - and the viscosity at 5 m thickness is closer to 6.2×10 5 Pa*s. (bigthink.com)
  • It works by decreasing the thickness (viscosity) of blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • One of the most common approaches to reducing viscosity is the use of a single excipient, typically arginine. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • In addition, viscosity reduction is not always directly correlated to an increase in excipient concentration. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Furthermore, increasing the excipient concentration may in some cases result in higher viscosity. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • It is also important to note that the use of excipients for viscosity reduction requires the formulator to balance this benefit with protein stability, which can put a limit on excipient concentration. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Used in pharmaceuticals as a suspending agent, tablet excipient, viscosity-increasing agent and in the development of biostructures such as biofilms, emulsions and nanoparticles for drug delivery. (thomassci.com)
  • This viscosity increase is due to greater packing density of the finer powder (smaller particles can pack more tightly together). (circuitnet.com)
  • Turbulence can be further described in terms of a Reynolds number, a dimensionless value computed from the flow velocity, density and viscosity of the fluid. (adhesivesmag.com)
  • The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate. (wikipedia.org)
  • With its low viscosity and acid resistance, EP21ARLV is a go-to material for potting and encapsulations in battery applications," says Rohit Ramnath, Senior Product Engineer. (thomasnet.com)
  • The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress . (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Results The statistical data analysis showed that there were no statistically significant differences as regards resistance to torsion of rotary instruments, with changes in level of viscosity of the substance that helps instrumentation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusion Viscosity level of the chemical substance used during root canal preparation does not interfere in resistance to torsion of rotary instruments up to 12 consecutive times of use. (bvsalud.org)
  • The SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) scale shows the viscosity of oil at both hot and cold temperatures. (castrol.com)
  • The first number followed by the letter W describes the viscosity of oil at low temperatures (the W stands for winter). (castrol.com)
  • This study evaluated the shear viscosities of the water models OPC and OPC3 at different temperatures and found that they outperform other conventional models. (phys.org)
  • The calculated viscosities for both OPC and OPC3 water models were very close to each other for temperatures ranging from 273 K to 373 K. Notably, for temperatures above 310 K, the viscosity predicted by these models was very close to that predicted by previous experimental findings. (phys.org)
  • Dr. Ando explains, "Compared to other water models, the performance of the OPC and OPC3 models in terms of predicting the shear viscosity was lower than that of TIP4P and TIP3P variants, but only for temperatures below 293 K." Notably, at 273 K and 293 K, the shear viscosities of the two models were around 10% and 20% lower, respectively, as compared to those derived experimentally. (phys.org)
  • As such, the forces that influence the viscosity of protein formulations may be different at different pH levels. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Objective The main goal of the study was to evaluate the influence of the torsion caused by chemical substances with different viscosity levels on the fracture strength of nickel-titanium rotary dental instruments. (bvsalud.org)
  • Description: OMEGA FPUD500 Series high viscosity drum pumps can empty a wide variety of containers in various applications. (globalspec.com)
  • Direct Drive pump (DD) Max viscosity 100,000 cps/mPas Specifications SERFILCO Progressive Cavity pumps are engineered to transfer high viscosity materials from drums , tanks and IBC's. (globalspec.com)
  • Tadashi Ando, Shear viscosity of OPC and OPC3 water models, The Journal of Chemical Physics (2023). (phys.org)
  • Convert between dynamic or absolute viscosity units - Poiseuille, Poise, centPoise and more. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • If we dump all of these variables into the Jeffreys Equation, we get a viscosity of ~867,845 (8.6×10 5 ) Pa*s (~8.6×10 7 poise). (bigthink.com)
  • Now if this state be supposed established in a frictionless fluid, the con sideration of internal friction would simply extend the char acteristics found at any spot to the neighbourhood, and there fore if the boundary were a sphere and so for a frictionless fluid an exception, it would cease to be an exception when we allow for viscosity . (yourdictionary.com)
  • To better understand the ramifications of high-viscosity mixing, let's first review a much simpler case - that of turbulent flow in low-viscosity mixing. (adhesivesmag.com)
  • The lower the viscosity, the more turbulent and extended the flow. (adhesivesmag.com)
  • For a tube with a constant rate of flow, the strength of the compensating force is proportional to the fluid's viscosity. (wikipedia.org)
  • see below) to estimate the viscosity of a flow down a slope. (bigthink.com)
  • Next, he used an approach known as the Green-Kubo formalism-a commonly used method from statistical mechanics to study viscosity and heat conduction in various materials- to calculate the viscosity of the models. (phys.org)
  • This enables us to calculate the viscosity exactly for an ensemble of crosslinks without correlations. (edpsciences.org)
  • It is used as a suspending agent, viscosity modifiers (thickeners) to stabilize emulsions and as a chemical dispersants of oils and other carbon structures such as nanotubes. (thomassci.com)
  • 1950), "LOW VISCOSITY OILS provide MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY", Industrial Lubrication and Tribology , Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 10-11. (emerald.com)
  • In extreme heat, Multi-Viscosity Hydraulic Oil resists thermal breakdown and maintains its protective viscosity, allowing formation of a strong lubricating film for excellent wear protection . (amsoil.com)
  • Low Viscosity, One Component, UV Curable Epoxy Based System for High Performance Bonding, Coating and Sealing with Exceptional Thermal Stability and Very Low Shrinkage upon Cure. (masterbond.com)
  • between the critical exponent k of the viscosity, the thermal exponent β associated with the gel fraction and the crossover exponent ϕ of a random resistor network. (edpsciences.org)
  • The viscosity is both concentration and temperature dependent. (thomassci.com)
  • They act to increase the efficiency of internal mixer mastication of natural rubber and unsaturated synthetic elastomers where reduction of viscosity is required. (yourdictionary.com)
  • That's why the viscosity grade on the oil bottle is made up of two numbers. (castrol.com)
  • The correct viscosity grade will be displayed in your car handbook. (castrol.com)
  • One Component, Low Viscosity UV Curable Polymer System for High Performance Bonding, Sealing, Coating and Encapsulation, Featuring Excellent Physical Strength Properties and Low Shrinkage Upon Cure. (masterbond.com)
  • Description: Want to dispense repeatable shots of silicone RTV or other high viscosity materials directly from the pail! (globalspec.com)
  • But high formulation concentrations often result in higher viscosities. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Laura Fishman: High Viscosity is on Degree Art, 12a Vyner Street, E2 9DG until 16 December. (londonist.com)
  • We computed, using FPMD, that the bcc phase possess the viscosity that explains the high attenuation in the IC. (aps.org)
  • Description: For transferring very thick compounds of all kinds These high viscosity pump tubes can transfer very thick materials up to 17,000 Cps (100,000 SSU, 40,000 mPas) with or without solids and fibers. (globalspec.com)
  • Low Viscosity, One Component, UV Curable Epoxy Based System for High Performance Bonding, Coating and Sealing that turns from red to clear upon exposure to UV light. (masterbond.com)
  • High viscosity is used to make a mixture which resembles a cream or lotion. (thomassci.com)
  • High viscosity CMC is soluble at up to 50 mg/mL concentration but heat may be required. (thomassci.com)
  • Rhyolite is the opposite, where the high viscosities mean bubbles get trapped and explosions follow as the magma becomes overpressured with bubbles. (bigthink.com)
  • If we look at the range of viscosities for basalt, it is ~10-100 Pa*s in normal conditions, so my estimated viscosity is a too high, more in line with cool andesite (100-10000 Pa*s) or hot dacite (10 5 -10 8 Pa*s). (bigthink.com)
  • And what insight does this provide that may help in selecting the proper high-viscosity mixer for a particular application? (adhesivesmag.com)
  • One of the fascinating aspects of high-viscosity mixing is that the mixer must accurately and intensely move the product. (adhesivesmag.com)
  • But there is more to designing a proper high-viscosity mixing system. (adhesivesmag.com)
  • Synthetic Multi-Viscosity Hydraulic Oil is fortified with anti-varnish additives that chemically react with the building blocks of varnish , inhibiting its formation. (amsoil.com)
  • The concentration-dependent viscosity challenge might limit drug manufacturers from even reaching the target concentration required for subcutaneous dosing during the manufacturing process due to pressure limitations. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Figure 1 demonstrates concentration-dependent protein viscosity, either due to interactions or physical crowding, for several marketed antibodies. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Concentration dependency of viscosity for marketed drug formulations. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • As the concentration increases, the viscosity increases. (thomassci.com)
  • What might you expect to happen to the viscosity of the solution as the concentration increases beyond this level? (chemicalforums.com)
  • At concentrations from 100-200 mg/mL, some proteins experience noticeable increase in viscosity, indicating a propensity for self-interaction, while others do not. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • This means any attempt to achieve lower viscosity creates a risk of reduced efficacy. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Viscosity itself can't unblock the geo-restricted content on today's popular streaming services like Netflix, Hulu, HBO Go, or BBC iPlayer. (techradar.com)
  • Formulated (initial viscosity) plus the metal content, of course. (circuitnet.com)
  • There are a lot of factors that control viscosity in magma - the silica content, the crystal content, the gas content and temperature. (bigthink.com)
  • We also show that the value function is the unique viscosity solution. (rutgers.edu)
  • Solution viscosity is one of the most critical quality parameters in the production of cellulose acetate flake. (astm.org)
  • chains / L, therefore the viscosity of the solution will not increase, this is the point of maximum viscosity. (chemicalforums.com)
  • The viscosity of water greatly affects how water molecules interact with other substances and surfaces, dictating critical phenomena such as diffusion and absorption. (phys.org)
  • In paste manufacturing nearly everything affects the final viscosity. (circuitnet.com)
  • You don't need to change the way Fluent calculates the mixture viscosity. (cfd-online.com)
  • Shearing of paint breaks up its structure and the viscosity drops to a lower level (often much lower) than the paint had at rest. (paint.org)
  • However, my experience tells me that they are not necessary because the viscosities of nearly all paints flatten out at considerably lower shear rates. (paint.org)
  • Basaltic magma is hot, crystal-poor, gas-poor and silica-poor (relative to rhyolite), so you expect that a basalt should have a lower viscosity than a rhyolite. (bigthink.com)
  • In fact, a hot basalt will have a viscosity that is ~10,000,000,000 times lower than a cool rhyolite (see figure below). (bigthink.com)
  • First, there is a self help section with articles featuring the most common challenges, such as getting started with Viscosity, configuring DNS and WINS settings etc. (techradar.com)