Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.
Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen.
The sensory fibers innervating the viscera.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.
Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
A form of therapy that employs a coordinated and interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those experiencing pain.
The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.
An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.
Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.
Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.
Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN).
The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.
Contractions of the abdominal muscles upon stimulation of the skin (superficial abdominal reflex) or tapping neighboring bony structures (deep abdominal reflex). The superficial reflex may be weak or absent, for example, after a stroke, a sign of upper (suprasegmental) motor neuron lesions. (Stedman, 25th ed & Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p1073)
Organic compounds which contain tin in the molecule. Used widely in industry and agriculture.
Any of several BRASSICA species that are commonly called mustard. Brassica alba is white mustard, B. juncea is brown or Chinese mustard, and B. nigra is black, brown, or red mustard. The plant is grown both for mustard seed from which oil is extracted or used as SPICES, and for its greens used as VEGETABLES or ANIMAL FEED. There is no relationship to MUSTARD COMPOUNDS.
The distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, between the SIGMOID COLON and the ANAL CANAL.
Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.
Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.
Pain during the period after surgery.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.
Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.
A class of opioid receptors recognized by its pharmacological profile. Kappa opioid receptors bind dynorphins with a higher affinity than endorphins which are themselves preferred to enkephalins.
The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.
A form of acupuncture with electrical impulses passing through the needles to stimulate NERVE TISSUE. It can be used for ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIA; REHABILITATION; and treatment for diseases.
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508)
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.
Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.
A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.
The act of dilating.
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.
A type of pain that is perceived in an area away from the site where the pain arises, such as facial pain caused by lesion of the VAGUS NERVE, or throat problem generating referred pain in the ear.
A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.
Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles.
An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.
Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.
Prolonged separation of the offspring from the mother.
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.
A G-protein-coupled, proteinase-activated receptor that is expressed in a variety of tissues including ENDOTHELIUM; LEUKOCYTES; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. The receptor is activated by TRYPSIN, which cleaves off the N-terminal peptide from the receptor. The new N-terminal peptide is a cryptic ligand for the receptor. The uncleaved receptor can also be activated by the N-terminal peptide present on the activated THROMBIN RECEPTOR and by small synthetic peptides that contain the unmasked N-terminal sequence.
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.
Agents inhibiting the effect of narcotics on the central nervous system.
A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.
Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.

Stress and visceral pain: from animal models to clinical therapies. (1/52)

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Involvement of subtypes gamma and epsilon of protein kinase C in colon pain induced by formalin injection. (2/52)

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Activation of spinal extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 is associated with the development of visceral hyperalgesia of the bladder. (3/52)

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Pregabalin modulation of spinal and brainstem visceral nociceptive processing. (4/52)

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Cathepsin S is activated during colitis and causes visceral hyperalgesia by a PAR2-dependent mechanism in mice. (5/52)

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Functional brain activation during retrieval of visceral pain-conditioned passive avoidance in the rat. (6/52)

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The analgesic effect of pregabalin in patients with chronic pain is reflected by changes in pharmaco-EEG spectral indices. (7/52)

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Colonic butyrate- algesic or analgesic? (8/52)

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Visceral pain is a type of pain that originates from the internal organs (viscera) such as the stomach, intestines, liver, or heart. It's often described as diffuse, dull, and hard to localize, unlike somatic pain which arises from the skin, muscles, or bones and is usually easier to pinpoint.

Visceral pain may be caused by various conditions like inflammation, infection, ischemia (reduced blood supply), distention or stretching of the organ walls, or direct damage to the organs. The sensation of visceral pain can be modulated and referred to other areas of the body due to the complex interactions in the nervous system, making it sometimes challenging to diagnose the exact source of the pain.

Viscera is a medical term that refers to the internal organs of the body, specifically those contained within the chest and abdominal cavities. These include the heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and intestines. In some contexts, it may also refer to the reproductive organs. The term viscera is often used in anatomical or surgical descriptions, and is derived from the Latin word "viscus," meaning "an internal organ."

Visceral afferents are specialized nerve fibers that carry sensory information from the internal organs (viscera) to the central nervous system. These afferent neurons detect and transmit information about various visceral stimuli, such as pain, temperature, touch, pressure, chemical changes, and the state of organ distension or fullness. The information they relay helps regulate physiological functions, including digestion, respiration, and cardiovascular activity, and contributes to the perception of bodily sensations and visceral pain. Visceral afferents are an essential component of the autonomic nervous system and have their cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia or nodose ganglia.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.

Abdominal pain is defined as discomfort or painful sensation in the abdomen. The abdomen is the region of the body between the chest and the pelvis, and contains many important organs such as the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. Abdominal pain can vary in intensity from mild to severe, and can be acute or chronic depending on the underlying cause.

Abdominal pain can have many different causes, ranging from benign conditions such as gastritis, indigestion, or constipation, to more serious conditions such as appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or abdominal aortic aneurysm. The location, quality, and duration of the pain can provide important clues about its cause. For example, sharp, localized pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen may indicate appendicitis, while crampy, diffuse pain in the lower abdomen may suggest irritable bowel syndrome.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience severe or persistent abdominal pain, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, vomiting, or bloody stools. A thorough physical examination, including a careful history and a focused abdominal exam, can help diagnose the underlying cause of the pain and guide appropriate treatment.

Pain threshold is a term used in medicine and research to describe the point at which a stimulus begins to be perceived as painful. It is an individual's subjective response and can vary from person to person based on factors such as their pain tolerance, mood, expectations, and cultural background.

The pain threshold is typically determined through a series of tests where gradually increasing levels of stimuli are applied until the individual reports feeling pain. This is often used in research settings to study pain perception and analgesic efficacy. However, it's important to note that the pain threshold should not be confused with pain tolerance, which refers to the maximum level of pain a person can endure.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

Pain management is a branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of pain and improvement in the quality of life of patients with chronic pain. The goal of pain management is to reduce pain levels, improve physical functioning, and help patients cope mentally and emotionally with their pain. This may involve the use of medications, interventional procedures, physical therapy, psychological therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The definition of pain management can vary depending on the medical context, but it generally refers to a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to the experience of pain. Pain management specialists may include physicians, nurses, physical therapists, psychologists, and other healthcare professionals who work together to provide comprehensive care for patients with chronic pain.

Pain perception refers to the neural and psychological processes involved in receiving, interpreting, and responding to painful stimuli. It is the subjective experience of pain, which can vary greatly among individuals due to factors such as genetics, mood, expectations, and past experiences. The perception of pain involves complex interactions between the peripheral nervous system (which detects and transmits information about tissue damage or potential harm), the spinal cord (where this information is processed and integrated with other sensory inputs), and the brain (where the final interpretation and emotional response to pain occurs).

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits in the absence of any structural or biochemical abnormalities. The symptoms can vary from person to person, ranging from mild to severe.

The exact cause of IBS is not known, but it's thought to involve a combination of factors such as muscle contractions in the intestine, abnormalities in the nervous system, inflammation in the intestines, severe infection, or changes in bacteria in the gut.

It's important to note that while IBS can cause great discomfort and distress, it does not lead to serious complications such as changes in bowel tissue or increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, it can significantly affect a person's quality of life and daily activities.

Hyperalgesia is a medical term that describes an increased sensitivity to pain. It occurs when the nervous system, specifically the nociceptors (pain receptors), become excessively sensitive to stimuli. This means that a person experiences pain from a stimulus that normally wouldn't cause pain or experiences pain that is more intense than usual. Hyperalgesia can be a result of various conditions such as nerve damage, inflammation, or certain medications. It's an important symptom to monitor in patients with chronic pain conditions, as it may indicate the development of tolerance or addiction to pain medication.

Nociceptive pain is a type of pain that results from the activation of nociceptors, which are specialized sensory receptors located in various tissues throughout the body. These receptors detect potentially harmful stimuli such as extreme temperatures, pressure, or chemical irritants and transmit signals to the brain, which interprets them as painful sensations.

Nociceptive pain can be further classified into two categories:

1. Somatic nociceptive pain: This type of pain arises from the activation of nociceptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints. It is often described as sharp, aching, or throbbing and may be localized to a specific area of the body.
2. Visceral nociceptive pain: This type of pain arises from the activation of nociceptors in the internal organs, such as the lungs, heart, and digestive system. It is often described as deep, cramping, or aching and may be more diffuse and difficult to localize.

Examples of conditions that can cause nociceptive pain include injuries, arthritis, cancer, and infections. Effective management of nociceptive pain typically involves a multimodal approach that includes pharmacologic interventions, such as non-opioid analgesics, opioids, and adjuvant medications, as well as non-pharmacologic therapies, such as physical therapy, acupuncture, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Analgesics are a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain. They work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system, allowing individuals to manage their pain levels more effectively. There are many different types of analgesics available, including both prescription and over-the-counter options. Some common examples include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), and opioids such as morphine or oxycodone.

The choice of analgesic will depend on several factors, including the type and severity of pain being experienced, any underlying medical conditions, potential drug interactions, and individual patient preferences. It is important to use these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as misuse or overuse can lead to serious side effects and potential addiction.

In addition to their pain-relieving properties, some analgesics may also have additional benefits such as reducing inflammation (like in the case of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs) or causing sedation (as with certain opioids). However, it is essential to weigh these potential benefits against the risks and side effects associated with each medication.

When used appropriately, analgesics can significantly improve a person's quality of life by helping them manage their pain effectively and allowing them to engage in daily activities more comfortably.

Nociception is the neural process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli, which can result in the perception of pain. It involves the activation of specialized nerve endings called nociceptors, located throughout the body, that detect potentially harmful stimuli such as extreme temperatures, intense pressure, or tissue damage caused by chemicals released during inflammation. Once activated, nociceptors transmit signals through sensory neurons to the spinal cord and then to the brain, where they are interpreted as painful experiences.

It is important to note that while nociception is necessary for pain perception, it does not always lead to conscious awareness of pain. Factors such as attention, emotion, and context can influence whether or not nociceptive signals are experienced as painful.

The colon, also known as the large intestine, is a part of the digestive system in humans and other vertebrates. It is an organ that eliminates waste from the body and is located between the small intestine and the rectum. The main function of the colon is to absorb water and electrolytes from digested food, forming and storing feces until they are eliminated through the anus.

The colon is divided into several regions, including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus. The walls of the colon contain a layer of muscle that helps to move waste material through the organ by a process called peristalsis.

The inner surface of the colon is lined with mucous membrane, which secretes mucus to lubricate the passage of feces. The colon also contains a large population of bacteria, known as the gut microbiota, which play an important role in digestion and immunity.

Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists or recurs for a period of 3 months or longer, beyond the normal healing time for an injury or illness. It can be continuous or intermittent and range from mild to severe. Chronic pain can have various causes, such as nerve damage, musculoskeletal conditions, or chronic diseases like cancer. It can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing limitations in mobility, sleep disturbances, mood changes, and decreased overall well-being. Effective management of chronic pain often involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medications, physical therapy, psychological interventions, and complementary therapies.

An abdominal reflex is a withdrawal response that occurs when the skin in the lower abdomen is stimulated, leading to contraction of the muscles in the same side of the abdomen. This reflex is mediated by the T10-L1 spinal cord segments and is typically tested during a physical examination to assess the integrity of the nervous system. A decreased or absent abdominal reflex may indicate damage to the peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or brain.

Organotin compounds are a group of chemical compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and tin. They have the general formula RnSnX4-n, where R represents an organic group (such as a methyl or phenyl group), X represents a halogen or other substituent, and n can range from 1 to 3. These compounds are used in a variety of applications, including as biocides, PVC stabilizers, and catalysts. However, they have also been found to have toxic effects on the immune system, endocrine system, and nervous system, and some organotin compounds have been restricted or banned for use in certain products due to these concerns.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mustard Plant" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Mustard plants are actually a type of crop plant from the Brassicaceae family, which also includes vegetables like broccoli and cabbage. The seeds from these plants are often ground to make mustard condiments and spices. If you're looking for information related to potential medicinal uses or health effects of mustard plants or their derivatives, I would be happy to help with that.

The rectum is the lower end of the digestive tract, located between the sigmoid colon and the anus. It serves as a storage area for feces before they are eliminated from the body. The rectum is about 12 cm long in adults and is surrounded by layers of muscle that help control defecation. The mucous membrane lining the rectum allows for the detection of stool, which triggers the reflex to have a bowel movement.

Afferent pathways, also known as sensory pathways, refer to the neural connections that transmit sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system (CNS), specifically to the brain and spinal cord. These pathways are responsible for carrying various types of sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, pressure, vibration, hearing, vision, and taste, to the CNS for processing and interpretation.

The afferent pathways begin with sensory receptors located throughout the body, which detect changes in the environment and convert them into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted via afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, to the spinal cord or brainstem. Within the CNS, the information is further processed and integrated with other neural inputs before being relayed to higher cognitive centers for conscious awareness and response.

Understanding the anatomy and physiology of afferent pathways is essential for diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions that affect sensory function, such as neuropathies, spinal cord injuries, and brain disorders.

Nociceptors are specialized peripheral sensory neurons that detect and transmit signals indicating potentially harmful stimuli in the form of pain. They are activated by various noxious stimuli such as extreme temperatures, intense pressure, or chemical irritants. Once activated, nociceptors transmit these signals to the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain) where they are interpreted as painful sensations, leading to protective responses like withdrawing from the harmful stimulus or seeking medical attention. Nociceptors play a crucial role in our perception of pain and help protect the body from further harm.

Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, vinegar-like smell and is the main component of vinegar. In medical terms, acetic acid is used as a topical antiseptic and antibacterial agent, particularly for the treatment of ear infections, external genital warts, and nail fungus. It can also be used as a preservative and solvent in some pharmaceutical preparations.

Pathologic dilatation refers to an abnormal and excessive widening or enlargement of a body cavity or organ, which can result from various medical conditions. This abnormal dilation can occur in different parts of the body, including the blood vessels, digestive tract, airways, or heart chambers.

In the context of the cardiovascular system, pathologic dilatation may indicate a weakening or thinning of the heart muscle, leading to an enlarged chamber that can no longer pump blood efficiently. This condition is often associated with various heart diseases, such as cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, or long-standing high blood pressure.

In the gastrointestinal tract, pathologic dilatation may occur due to mechanical obstruction, neuromuscular disorders, or inflammatory conditions that affect the normal motility of the intestines. Examples include megacolon in Hirschsprung's disease, toxic megacolon in ulcerative colitis, or volvulus (twisting) of the bowel.

Pathologic dilatation can lead to various complications, such as reduced organ function, impaired circulation, and increased risk of infection or perforation. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions to address the root problem and prevent further enlargement.

Postoperative pain is defined as the pain or discomfort experienced by patients following a surgical procedure. It can vary in intensity and duration depending on the type of surgery performed, individual pain tolerance, and other factors. The pain may be caused by tissue trauma, inflammation, or nerve damage resulting from the surgical intervention. Proper assessment and management of postoperative pain is essential to promote recovery, prevent complications, and improve patient satisfaction.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by discomfort or pain in the lower part of the back, typically between the costal margin (bottom of the ribcage) and the gluteal folds (buttocks). It can be caused by several factors including strain or sprain of the muscles or ligaments, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, osteoarthritis, or other degenerative conditions affecting the spine. The pain can range from a dull ache to a sharp stabbing sensation and may be accompanied by stiffness, limited mobility, and radiating pain down the legs in some cases. Low back pain is often described as acute (lasting less than 6 weeks), subacute (lasting between 6-12 weeks), or chronic (lasting more than 12 weeks).

Back pain is a common symptom characterized by discomfort or soreness in the back, often occurring in the lower region of the back (lumbago). It can range from a mild ache to a sharp stabbing or shooting pain, and it may be accompanied by stiffness, restricted mobility, and difficulty performing daily activities. Back pain is typically caused by strain or sprain to the muscles, ligaments, or spinal joints, but it can also result from degenerative conditions, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, osteoarthritis, or other medical issues affecting the spine. The severity and duration of back pain can vary widely, with some cases resolving on their own within a few days or weeks, while others may require medical treatment and rehabilitation.

Physical stimulation, in a medical context, refers to the application of external forces or agents to the body or its tissues to elicit a response. This can include various forms of touch, pressure, temperature, vibration, or electrical currents. The purpose of physical stimulation may be therapeutic, as in the case of massage or physical therapy, or diagnostic, as in the use of reflex tests. It is also used in research settings to study physiological responses and mechanisms.

In a broader sense, physical stimulation can also refer to the body's exposure to physical activity or exercise, which can have numerous health benefits, including improving cardiovascular function, increasing muscle strength and flexibility, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Neck pain is discomfort or soreness in the neck region, which can extend from the base of the skull to the upper part of the shoulder blades, caused by injury, irritation, or inflammation of the muscles, ligaments, or nerves in the cervical spine. The pain may worsen with movement and can be accompanied by stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, arms, or hands. In some cases, headaches can also occur as a result of neck pain.

In medicine, "intractable pain" is a term used to describe pain that is difficult to manage, control or relieve with standard treatments. It's a type of chronic pain that continues for an extended period, often months or even years, and does not respond to conventional therapies such as medications, physical therapy, or surgery. Intractable pain can significantly affect a person's quality of life, causing emotional distress, sleep disturbances, and reduced mobility. It is essential to distinguish intractable pain from acute pain, which is typically sharp and short-lived, resulting from tissue damage or inflammation.

Intractable pain may be classified as:

1. Refractory pain: Pain that persists despite optimal treatment with various modalities, including medications, interventions, and multidisciplinary care.
2. Incurable pain: Pain caused by a progressive or incurable disease, such as cancer, for which no curative treatment is available.
3. Functional pain: Pain without an identifiable organic cause that does not respond to standard treatments.

Managing intractable pain often requires a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals from various fields, including pain specialists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and physical therapists. Treatment options may include:

1. Adjuvant medications: Medications that are not primarily analgesics but have been found to help with pain relief, such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants.
2. Interventional procedures: Minimally invasive techniques like nerve blocks, spinal cord stimulation, or intrathecal drug delivery systems that target specific nerves or areas of the body to reduce pain signals.
3. Psychological interventions: Techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness meditation, and relaxation training can help patients cope with chronic pain and improve their overall well-being.
4. Physical therapy and rehabilitation: Exercise programs, massage, acupuncture, and other physical therapies may provide relief for some types of intractable pain.
5. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): Techniques like yoga, tai chi, hypnosis, or biofeedback can be helpful in managing chronic pain.
6. Lifestyle modifications: Dietary changes, stress management, and quitting smoking may also contribute to improved pain management.

Opioid receptors, also known as opiate receptors, are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in the nervous system and other tissues. They are activated by endogenous opioid peptides, as well as exogenous opiates and opioids. There are several subtypes of opioid receptors, including mu, delta, and kappa.

Kappa opioid receptors (KORs) are a subtype of opioid receptor that are widely distributed throughout the body, including in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. They are activated by endogenous opioid peptides such as dynorphins, as well as by synthetic and semi-synthetic opioids such as salvinorin A and U-69593.

KORs play a role in the modulation of pain, mood, and addictive behaviors. Activation of KORs has been shown to produce analgesic effects, but can also cause dysphoria, sedation, and hallucinations. KOR agonists have potential therapeutic uses for the treatment of pain, addiction, and other disorders, but their use is limited by their side effects.

It's important to note that opioid receptors and their ligands (drugs or endogenous substances that bind to them) are complex systems with many different actions and effects in the body. The specific effects of KOR activation depend on a variety of factors, including the location and density of the receptors, the presence of other receptors and signaling pathways, and the dose and duration of exposure to the ligand.

Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic (pain reliever) derived from the opium poppy. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals and reducing the perception of pain. Morphine is used to treat moderate to severe pain, including pain associated with cancer, myocardial infarction, and other conditions. It can also be used as a sedative and cough suppressant.

Morphine has a high potential for abuse and dependence, and its use should be closely monitored by healthcare professionals. Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness, respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Overdose can result in respiratory failure, coma, and death.

Electroacupuncture is a form of acupuncture where a small electric current is passed between pairs of acupuncture needles. This technique is used to stimulate the acupoints more strongly and consistently than with manual acupuncture. The intensity of the electrical impulses can be adjusted depending on the patient's comfort level and the desired therapeutic effect. Electroacupuncture is often used to treat conditions such as chronic pain, muscle spasms, and paralysis. It may also be used in the treatment of addiction, weight loss, and stroke rehabilitation.

Pelvic pain is defined as discomfort or unpleasant sensation in the lower abdominal region, below the belly button, and between the hips. It can be acute (sudden and lasting for a short time) or chronic (persisting for months or even years), and it may be steady or intermittent, mild or severe. The pain can have various causes, including musculoskeletal issues, nerve irritation, infection, inflammation, or organic diseases in the reproductive, urinary, or gastrointestinal systems. Accurate diagnosis often requires a thorough medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas that leads to irreversible structural changes and impaired function of the pancreas. It is characterized by recurrent or persistent abdominal pain, often radiating to the back, and maldigestion with steatorrhea (fatty stools) due to exocrine insufficiency. The pancreatic damage results from repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis, alcohol abuse, genetic predisposition, or autoimmune processes. Over time, the pancreas may lose its ability to produce enough digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, which can result in diabetes mellitus. Chronic pancreatitis also increases the risk of developing pancreatic cancer.

Posterior horn cells refer to the neurons located in the posterior (or dorsal) horn of the gray matter in the spinal cord. These cells are primarily responsible for receiving and processing sensory information from peripheral nerves, particularly related to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. The axons of these cells form the ascending tracts that carry this information to the brain for further processing. It's worth noting that damage to posterior horn cells can result in various sensory deficits, such as those seen in certain neurological conditions.

Analgesics, non-narcotic are a class of medications used to relieve pain that do not contain narcotics or opioids. They work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system or by reducing inflammation and swelling. Examples of non-narcotic analgesics include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and aspirin. These medications are often used to treat mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, muscle aches, and arthritis symptoms. They can be obtained over-the-counter or by prescription, depending on the dosage and formulation. It is important to follow the recommended dosages and usage instructions carefully to avoid adverse effects.

Spinal injections, also known as epidural injections or intrathecal injections, are medical procedures involving the injection of medications directly into the spinal canal. The medication is usually delivered into the space surrounding the spinal cord (the epidural space) or into the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and protects the spinal cord (the subarachnoid space).

The medications used in spinal injections can include local anesthetics, steroids, opioids, or a combination of these. The purpose of spinal injections is to provide diagnostic information, therapeutic relief, or both. They are commonly used to treat various conditions affecting the spine, such as radicular pain (pain that radiates down the arms or legs), disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease.

Spinal injections can be administered using different techniques, including fluoroscopy-guided injections, computed tomography (CT) scan-guided injections, or with the help of a nerve stimulator. These techniques ensure accurate placement of the medication and minimize the risk of complications.

It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for specific information regarding spinal injections and their potential benefits and risks.

Facial pain is a condition characterized by discomfort or pain felt in any part of the face. It can result from various causes, including nerve damage or irritation, injuries, infections, dental problems, migraines, or sinus congestion. The pain can range from mild to severe and may be sharp, dull, constant, or intermittent. In some cases, facial pain can also be associated with other symptoms such as headaches, redness, swelling, or changes in sensation. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are essential for effective management of facial pain.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Catheterization is a medical procedure in which a catheter (a flexible tube) is inserted into the body to treat various medical conditions or for diagnostic purposes. The specific definition can vary depending on the area of medicine and the particular procedure being discussed. Here are some common types of catheterization:

1. Urinary catheterization: This involves inserting a catheter through the urethra into the bladder to drain urine. It is often performed to manage urinary retention, monitor urine output in critically ill patients, or assist with surgical procedures.
2. Cardiac catheterization: A procedure where a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or arm, and guided to the heart. This allows for various diagnostic tests and treatments, such as measuring pressures within the heart chambers, assessing blood flow, or performing angioplasty and stenting of narrowed coronary arteries.
3. Central venous catheterization: A catheter is inserted into a large vein, typically in the neck, chest, or groin, to administer medications, fluids, or nutrition, or to monitor central venous pressure.
4. Peritoneal dialysis catheterization: A catheter is placed into the abdominal cavity for individuals undergoing peritoneal dialysis, a type of kidney replacement therapy.
5. Neurological catheterization: In some cases, a catheter may be inserted into the cerebrospinal fluid space (lumbar puncture) or the brain's ventricular system (ventriculostomy) to diagnose or treat various neurological conditions.

These are just a few examples of catheterization procedures in medicine. The specific definition and purpose will depend on the medical context and the particular organ or body system involved.

Dilation, also known as dilatation, refers to the process of expanding or enlarging a body passage or cavity. In medical terms, it typically refers to the widening of a bodily opening or hollow organ, allowing for increased flow or access. This can occur naturally, such as during childbirth when the cervix dilates to allow for the passage of a baby, or it can be induced through medical procedures or interventions.

For example, dilation of the pupils is a natural response to darkness or certain medications, while dilation of blood vessels is a common side effect of some drugs and can also occur in response to changes in temperature or emotional state. Dilation of the stomach or intestines may be necessary for medical procedures such as endoscopies or surgeries.

It's important to note that dilation can also refer to the abnormal enlargement of a body part, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, which refers to an enlarged and weakened heart muscle.

Acute pain is a type of pain that comes on suddenly and can be severe, but it typically lasts for a short period of time. It is often described as sharp or stabbing and can be caused by tissue damage, inflammation, or injury. Acute pain is the body's way of signaling that something is wrong and that action needs to be taken to address the underlying cause.

Acute pain is different from chronic pain, which is pain that persists for 12 weeks or longer. Chronic pain can be caused by a variety of factors, including ongoing medical conditions, nerve damage, or inflammation. It is important to seek medical attention if you are experiencing acute pain that does not improve or becomes severe, as it may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition.

Referred pain is a type of pain that is felt in a part of the body other than its actual source. This occurs because the brain incorrectly interprets nerve signals from damaged tissues or organs. In the case of referred pain, the brain misinterprets the location of the pain signal and attributes it to a different area of the body.

Referred pain is often described as a dull, aching sensation rather than a sharp, stabbing pain. It can be difficult to diagnose because the source of the pain may not be immediately apparent. Common examples of referred pain include:

* Heart attack pain that is felt in the left arm or jaw
* Gallbladder pain that is felt in the right shoulder blade
* Kidney stones that cause pain in the lower back and abdomen
* Appendicitis that causes pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, but can sometimes be referred to the lower left quadrant in pregnant women or those with a longer colon.

Referred pain is thought to occur because the nerves carrying pain signals from different parts of the body converge on the same neurons in the spinal cord before traveling to the brain. If these neurons are stimulated by pain signals from multiple sources, the brain may have difficulty distinguishing between them and may interpret the pain as coming from a single location.

Sumatriptan is a selective serotonin receptor agonist, specifically targeting the 5-HT1D and 5-HT1B receptors. It is primarily used to treat migraines and cluster headaches. Sumatriptan works by narrowing blood vessels around the brain and reducing inflammation that leads to migraine symptoms.

The medication comes in various forms, including tablets, injectables, and nasal sprays. Common side effects of sumatriptan include feelings of warmth or hotness, tingling, tightness, pressure, heaviness, pain, or burning in the neck, throat, jaw, chest, or arms.

It is important to note that sumatriptan should not be used if a patient has a history of heart disease, stroke, or uncontrolled high blood pressure. Additionally, it should not be taken within 24 hours of using another migraine medication containing ergotamine or similar drugs such as dihydroergotamine, methysergide, or caffeine-containing analgesics.

Acupuncture points, also known as "acupoints," are specific locations on the body that are used in acupuncture therapy. These points are believed to correspond to underlying pathways, or meridians, through which vital energy, or "qi" (pronounced "chee"), flows.

Acupuncture points are typically found along these meridians and are thought to have specific therapeutic properties. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, stimulating these points with needles, heat, pressure, or electrical impulses can help restore the balance of qi and promote healing in the body.

There are over 360 acupuncture points identified in TCM, each with its own name, location, and set of indications for use. Modern research has attempted to identify the anatomical structures underlying these points, with some studies suggesting that they may correspond to nerve bundles, blood vessels, or other physiological features. However, the exact mechanisms by which acupuncture works remain a topic of ongoing scientific investigation and debate.

Capsaicin is defined in medical terms as the active component of chili peppers (genus Capsicum) that produces a burning sensation when it comes into contact with mucous membranes or skin. It is a potent irritant and is used topically as a counterirritant in some creams and patches to relieve pain. Capsaicin works by depleting substance P, a neurotransmitter that relays pain signals to the brain, from nerve endings.

Here is the medical definition of capsaicin from the Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary:

caпсаісіn : an alkaloid (C18H27NO3) that is the active principle of red peppers and is used in topical preparations as a counterirritant and analgesic.

The lumbosacral region is the lower part of the back where the lumbar spine (five vertebrae in the lower back) connects with the sacrum (a triangular bone at the base of the spine). This region is subject to various conditions such as sprains, strains, herniated discs, and degenerative disorders that can cause pain and discomfort. It's also a common site for surgical intervention when non-surgical treatments fail to provide relief.

'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.

In medical terms, sensation refers to the ability to perceive and interpret various stimuli from our environment through specialized receptor cells located throughout the body. These receptors convert physical stimuli such as light, sound, temperature, pressure, and chemicals into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via nerves. The brain then interprets these signals, allowing us to experience sensations like sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.

There are two main types of sensations: exteroceptive and interoceptive. Exteroceptive sensations involve stimuli from outside the body, such as light, sound, and touch. Interoceptive sensations, on the other hand, refer to the perception of internal bodily sensations, such as hunger, thirst, heartbeat, or emotions.

Disorders in sensation can result from damage to the nervous system, including peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or brain. Examples include numbness, tingling, pain, or loss of sensation in specific body parts, which can significantly impact a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. It is located in the midline of the neck and chest, passing through the diaphragm to enter the abdomen and join the stomach. The main function of the esophagus is to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.

The esophagus has a few distinct parts: the upper esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the throat), the middle esophagus, and the lower esophageal sphincter (another ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach). The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food and liquids to enter the stomach and then contracts to prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.

The walls of the esophagus are made up of several layers, including mucosa (a moist tissue that lines the inside of the tube), submucosa (a layer of connective tissue), muscle (both voluntary and involuntary types), and adventitia (an outer layer of connective tissue).

Common conditions affecting the esophagus include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, esophageal strictures, and eosinophilic esophagitis.

Proto-oncogene proteins, such as c-Fos, are normal cellular proteins that play crucial roles in various biological processes including cell growth, differentiation, and survival. They can be activated or overexpressed due to genetic alterations, leading to the formation of cancerous cells. The c-Fos protein is a nuclear phosphoprotein involved in signal transduction pathways and forms a heterodimer with c-Jun to create the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor complex. This complex binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby regulating the expression of target genes that contribute to various cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of c-Fos can result in uncontrolled cell growth and malignant transformation, contributing to tumor development and progression.

Shoulder pain is a condition characterized by discomfort or hurt in the shoulder joint, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or surrounding structures. The shoulder is one of the most mobile joints in the body, and this mobility makes it prone to injury and pain. Shoulder pain can result from various causes, including overuse, trauma, degenerative conditions, or referred pain from other areas of the body.

The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint made up of three bones: the humerus (upper arm bone), scapula (shoulder blade), and clavicle (collarbone). The rotator cuff, a group of four muscles that surround and stabilize the shoulder joint, can also be a source of pain if it becomes inflamed or torn.

Shoulder pain can range from mild to severe, and it may be accompanied by stiffness, swelling, bruising, weakness, numbness, tingling, or reduced mobility in the affected arm. The pain may worsen with movement, lifting objects, or performing certain activities, such as reaching overhead or behind the back.

Medical evaluation is necessary to determine the underlying cause of shoulder pain and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment options may include rest, physical therapy, medication, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and nature of the condition.

Maternal deprivation is a psychoanalytic term that refers to the lack of adequate emotional nurturing and care from a mother or primary caregiver during early childhood. It can also refer to the physical separation of a child from their mother shortly after birth, which can lead to attachment issues and developmental delays if not addressed promptly.

The concept of maternal deprivation was first introduced by British pediatrician and psychoanalyst John Bowlby in his 1951 book "Maternal Care and Mental Health." Bowlby argued that the early bond between a child and their mother is critical for healthy emotional and social development, and that prolonged separation or inadequate care can lead to serious psychological consequences.

It's important to note that maternal deprivation can also occur in cases where the mother is physically present but emotionally unavailable or neglectful, and that fathers, other family members, and caregivers can also play a critical role in providing emotional nurturing and support to children.

Musculoskeletal pain is discomfort or pain that affects the muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. It can be caused by injury, overuse, or disease and can affect any part of the body, including the neck, back, shoulders, hips, and extremities. The pain can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by stiffness, swelling, and decreased range of motion. Common causes of musculoskeletal pain include arthritis, fibromyalgia, tendinitis, bursitis, and muscle or ligament strain. Treatment for musculoskeletal pain depends on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medication, and in some cases, surgery.

Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that is widely expressed in various tissues, including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, skin, and nervous system. PAR-2 can be activated by serine proteases such as trypsin, mast cell tryptase, and thrombin, which cleave the N-terminal extracellular domain of the receptor to expose a tethered ligand that binds to and activates the receptor.

Once activated, PAR-2 signaling can lead to a variety of cellular responses, including inflammation, pain, and altered ion channel activity. PAR-2 has been implicated in several physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as airway hyperresponsiveness, asthma, cough, gastrointestinal motility disorders, and skin disorders.

In summary, PAR-2 is a type of receptor that can be activated by serine proteases, leading to various cellular responses and involvement in several disease processes.

Colitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the inner lining of the colon or large intestine. The condition can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and urgency to have a bowel movement. Colitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), microscopic colitis, ischemic colitis, and radiation therapy. The specific symptoms and treatment options for colitis may vary depending on the underlying cause.

Narcotic antagonists are a class of medications that block the effects of opioids, a type of narcotic pain reliever, by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and blocking the activation of these receptors by opioids. This results in the prevention or reversal of opioid-induced effects such as respiratory depression, sedation, and euphoria. Narcotic antagonists are used for a variety of medical purposes, including the treatment of opioid overdose, the management of opioid dependence, and the prevention of opioid-induced side effects in certain clinical situations. Examples of narcotic antagonists include naloxone, naltrexone, and methylnaltrexone.

Naloxone is a medication used to reverse the effects of opioids, both illicit and prescription. It works by blocking the action of opioids on the brain and restoring breathing in cases where opioids have caused depressed respirations. Common brand names for naloxone include Narcan and Evzio.

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist, meaning that it binds to opioid receptors in the body without activating them, effectively blocking the effects of opioids already present at these sites. It has no effect in people who have not taken opioids and does not reverse the effects of other sedatives or substances.

Naloxone can be administered via intranasal, intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous routes. The onset of action varies depending on the route of administration but generally ranges from 1 to 5 minutes when given intravenously and up to 10-15 minutes with other methods.

The duration of naloxone's effects is usually shorter than that of most opioids, so multiple doses or a continuous infusion may be necessary in severe cases to maintain reversal of opioid toxicity. Naloxone has been used successfully in emergency situations to treat opioid overdoses and has saved many lives.

It is important to note that naloxone does not reverse the effects of other substances or address the underlying causes of addiction, so it should be used as part of a comprehensive treatment plan for individuals struggling with opioid use disorders.

Afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, are a type of nerve cell that conducts impulses or signals from peripheral receptors towards the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. These neurons are responsible for transmitting sensory information such as touch, temperature, pain, sound, and light to the CNS for processing and interpretation. Afferent neurons have specialized receptor endings that detect changes in the environment and convert them into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the CNS via synapses with other neurons. Once the signals reach the CNS, they are processed and integrated with other information to produce a response or reaction to the stimulus.

Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.

EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.

EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.

... should be suspected when vague midline sensations of malaise are reported by a patient. True visceral pain is ... The intensity of visceral pain felt might have no relationship to the extent of internal injury. Visceral pain changes in ... Symptomatic treatment of visceral pain relies primarily upon pharmacotherapy. Since visceral pain can result secondary to a ... Visceral pain is pain that results from the activation of nociceptors of the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal viscera (organs). ...
... excessive tension in smooth muscle and some pathological conditions produce visceral pain (referred pain). In the abdomen, ... Pain from the latter fibers is less likely to be consciously experienced. For many of these visceral afferents, their endings ... The general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers conduct sensory impulses (usually pain or reflex sensations) from the internal ... General somatic afferent fibers General visceral efferent fibers Referred pain Moore, Keith; Anne Agur (2007). Essential ...
Ahmed HS, Shah KB, Pal DJ (January 2021). "Atypical Chest Wall Pain". Interventional Management of Chronic Visceral Pain ... Cyriax EF (1919). "On various conditions that may simulate the referred pains of visceral disease, and a consideration of these ... Costochondritis is a common cause of chest pain, consisting of up to 30% of chest pain complaints in emergency departments. The ... "Clinical evidence on visceral pain. Systematic review". Sociedade Brasileira Para O Estudo da Dor (in English and Brazilian ...
Payne, W. W.; Poulton, E. P. (1 October 1923). "Visceral Pain in the Upper Alimentary Tract". QJM: An International Journal of ...
Chronic visceral pain: pain originating in an internal organ. Chronic musculoskeletal pain: pain originating in the bones, ... poorly-localized pain. Visceral pain originates in the viscera (organs). Visceral pain may be well-localized, but often it is ... Chronic neuropathic pain: pain caused by damage to the somatosensory nervous system. Chronic headache and orofacial pain: pain ... Chronic pain can contribute to decreased physical activity due to fear of making the pain worse. Pain intensity, pain control, ...
Visceral hypersensitivity In FGID there is poor association of pain with GI motility in many functional GI disorders. These ... Importance of epigenetic mechanisms in visceral pain induced by chronic water avoidance stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; ... Epigastric pain syndrome H2b. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) H2c. Abdominal migraine H2d. Functional abdominal pain ‒ NOS H3. ... Functional anorectal pain F2a. Levator ani syndrome F2b. Unspecified functional anorectal pain F2c. Proctalgia fugax F3. ...
... visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of ... no pain' and 'worst imaginable pain". Cut-offs for pain classification have been recommended as no pain (0-4mm), mild pain (5- ... VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF- ... "Does Opioid Tapering in Chronic Pain Patients Result in Improved Pain or Same Pain vs Increased Pain at Taper Completion? A ...
Visceral pain is diffuse and difficult to locate, and is often referred to more distant, usually superficial, sites. Liver ... post-amputation pain or pelvic floor myalgia. Chemotherapy may cause mucositis, muscle pain, joint pain, abdominal pain caused ... This pain may, rarely, return as phantom pain after surgical removal of the rectum, though pain within a few weeks of surgical ... Muscle and joint pain Withdrawal of steroid medication can cause joint pain and diffuse muscle pain accompanied by fatigue; ...
... that may compress pain-sensitive tissue. Pain from cancer of the organs, such as the stomach or liver (visceral pain), is ... joint pain, muscle pain, and abdominal pain due to diarrhea or constipation; hormone therapy, which sometimes causes pain ... Antibiotic treatment produced pain relief in all of them within three days. Cancer pain treatment aims to relieve pain with ... Failure to report pain or misguided reluctance to take pain medicine can be overcome by sensitive coaching. Pain is experienced ...
They may be associated with visceral larva migrans. Unilateral visual disturbances, strabismus, and eye pain are the most ... These patients seldom have eosinophilia or visceral manifestations. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description ... endophthalmitis uveitis chorioretinitis In contrast to visceral larva migrans, ocular toxocariasis usually develops in older ...
... is a book that gives visceral pleasure.", calling the novel as a whole "sensational". It was again reviewed by ... Ingenious Pain is the first novel by English author, Andrew Miller, published in 1997. Set in the mid-18th century, the novel ... James is discovered to be incapable of feeling pain following a fall from the top of the tree. Shortly after he surprises ... Gummer takes the young boy under his wing, training him to mimic pain and suffering. Once James has perfected his screams, they ...
Holzer-Petsche, U; Brodacz, B (March 1999). "Traction on the mesentery as a model of visceral nociception". Pain. 80 (1-2): 319 ... Tallant, A; Ambros, B; Freire, C; Sakals, S (July 2016). "Comparison of intraoperative and postoperative pain during canine ... Journal of Pain Research. 11: 743-752. doi:10.2147/JPR.S152475. ISSN 1178-7090. PMC 5905489. PMID 29695926. Fizzano, Kristen M ... "Comparison of pain and postoperative stress in dogs undergoing natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, laparoscopic, ...
It is used in the symptomatic treatment of visceral spasms. It is also used to relieve pain associated with various ...
This pain is typically a dull, poorly localized, visceral pain. As the inflammation progresses, the pain begins to localize ... Pain often begins in the center of the abdomen, corresponding to the appendix's development as part of the embryonic midgut. ... Typically, point (skin) pain is not present until the parietal peritoneum is inflamed, as well. Fever and an immune system ... This peritoneal inflammation, or peritonitis, results in rebound tenderness (pain upon removal of pressure rather than ...
"Visceral Pain - the Ins and Outs, the Ups and Downs". Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care. 6 (1): 17-26. doi: ... and conduct impulses of pain, touch and temperature from the surface of the body through the dorsal roots to the spinal cord ...
Sharp chest pain with deep breaths or coughing may be seen in some cases. Severe cases of fibrothorax can lead to respiratory ... Fibrosis can affect one or both of the two layers of tissue forming the pleura-the visceral pleura adjacent to the lung and the ... The condition only causes symptoms if the visceral pleura is affected. Although fibrothorax may not cause any symptoms, people ... The term fibrothorax implies severe fibrosis affecting both the visceral and the outer (parietal) pleura, fusing the lung to ...
"Role for protease activity in visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (3): 636- ... Pain is often accompanied by diarrhea, which may or may not be bloody. Inflammation in different areas of the intestinal tract ... Itchiness or pain around the anus may be suggestive of inflammation of the anus, or perianal complications such as anal ... Abdominal pain is a common initial symptom of Crohn's disease, especially in the lower right abdomen. Flatulence, bloating, and ...
This includes the three forms of leishmaniasis: cutaneous, visceral and mucosal. It may be used with liposomal amphotericin B ... Common side effects include vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, headaches, and decreased kidney function. More severe side effects ... Miltefosine is primarily used for the treatment of visceral and New World cutaneous leishmaniasis, and is undergoing clinical ... launches Impavido (miltefosine), the first and only oral Rx treatment for visceral, mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis, in the ...
Area S2 processes light touch, pain, visceral sensation, and tactile attention. S1 processes the remaining info (crude touch, ... In the case of touch and certain types of pain, the third-order neuron has its cell body in the ventral posterior nucleus of ... Insula also plays a role in conveying info about sensual touch, pain, temperature, itch, and local oxygen status. Insula is a ... "Second Order Neuron". Encyclopedia of Pain. 2013. p. 3448. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_201964. ISBN 978-3-642-28752-7. ...
Side effects include loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, cough, feeling tired, muscle pain, irregular heartbeat, and ... This includes visceral, mucocutaneous, and cutaneous leishmaniasis. It is given by injection into a muscle or into the area ...
Zellermayer, O. (1996). It is a visceral sensation that depends on the condition under which the purchase is made. The pain of ... The pain of paying has been tested in several contexts, and has been found to differ per payment method. The pain of paying is ... The pain of paying would account for these phenomena occurring by the reduced salience associated with lower levels of pain. ... Research on the effect of mobile payments on the pain of paying has been done as well, showing that lower levels of pain are ...
Visceral larva migrans (VLM) is a more severe form of the disease; signs and symptoms depend on the specific organ system(s) ... Signs and symptoms of covert toxocariasis are coughing, fever, abdominal pain, headaches, and changes in behavior and ability ... Visceral larva migrans seems to affect children aged 1-4 more often while ocular larva migrans more frequently affects children ... Visceral toxocariasis in humans can be treated with antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole or mebendazole, tiabendazole or ...
Aortic aneurysm rupture may be mistaken for the pain of kidney stones, or muscle related back pain. Smoking cessation Treatment ... Bruits can be present in case of renal or visceral arterial stenosis. The signs and symptoms of a ruptured AAA may include ... or sudden-onset back or abdominal pain. Abdominal pain, shock, and a pulsatile mass is only present in a minority of cases.[ ... Rupture may result in pain in the abdomen or back, low blood pressure, or loss of consciousness, and often results in death. ...
Raj, Tanu I. (November 18, 2022). "BIBI - 'Lowlife Princess: Noir' review: a visceral tale of pain, heartbreak and revenge". ...
Aneurysms in the celiac artery account for around 4% of visceral artery aneurysms. This may cause abdominal pain. The celiac ... This may present no symptoms, but can cause pain due to restricted blood flow to the superior mesenteric artery. Animated ... "Parietal and visceral branches of the abdominal aorta." celiactrunk at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown ... Endovascular Treatment of Visceral Artery Aneurysms", Endovascular Surgery (Fourth Edition), Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp. ...
The two more severe forms of the disease are visceral toxocariasis and ocular toxocariasis. Visceral toxocariasis typically ... Signs and symptoms can include fever, wheezing, hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, anorexia, or skin reaction. Rarely, the migrating ...
"Heightened central affective response to visceral sensations of pain and discomfort in IBS". Neurogastroenterology & Motility. ... The pathways for pain and temperature, however, cross the spinal cord midline to ascend on the opposite side of the cord. ... Therefore, diminished sensation of pain below the lesion will be observed on the side opposite the mechanosensory loss and the ... "Central Pain Pathways: The Spinothalamic Tract". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Baldwin, James Mark ( ...
A ruptured aneurysm causes abdominal pain, and haemorrhage leads to hypotension. It may be treated with open abdominal surgery ... These aneurysms represent around 2% of aneurysms in visceral arteries of the abdomen. Pseudoaneurysm may also occur. The ...
Nguyen, Viet Thanh (June 6, 2019). "On Earth We're Briefly Gorgeous Is a Daring Tale of Queer Love and Pain". Time. Cha, Steph ... He transforms the emotional, the visceral, the individual into the political in an unforgettable-indeed, gorgeous-novel, a book ... May 31, 2019). "Ocean Vuong's 'On Earth We're Briefly Gorgeous' animates the visceral beauty of youth". Los Angeles Times. ...
Stevens, Matt (July 15, 2021). "Maurizio Cattelan's New Work Pays Visceral Tribute to the Pain of 9/11". The New York Times. ...
... a visceral tale of pain, heartbreak and revenge". NME. Kim, Hyo-jin (December 20, 2022). "비비 - Lowlife Princess: Noir". ... "I will become happy later as I went through pain"]. Newsis (in Korean). Raj, Tanu (November 18, 2022). "BIBI - 'Lowlife ...
Visceral pain should be suspected when vague midline sensations of malaise are reported by a patient. True visceral pain is ... The intensity of visceral pain felt might have no relationship to the extent of internal injury. Visceral pain changes in ... Symptomatic treatment of visceral pain relies primarily upon pharmacotherapy. Since visceral pain can result secondary to a ... Visceral pain is pain that results from the activation of nociceptors of the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal viscera (organs). ...
... sexually dimorphic increases in visceral sensitivity in adulthood. Chronic visceral pain is a classic example of gene × ... sexually dimorphic increases in visceral sensitivity in adulthood. Chronic visceral pain is a classic example of gene × ... The mechanisms linking visceral pain with these overlapping comorbidities remain to be elucidated. Evidence suggests that long ... The mechanisms linking visceral pain with these overlapping comorbidities remain to be elucidated. Evidence suggests that long ...
The pipeline analysis report on the development of molecules for the treatment of visceral pain is now available from Technavio ... Visceral pain is experienced like a generalized squeezing or aching in the body. The symptoms of visceral pain may include ... Overview of the drug development pipeline for visceral pain. It has been observed that visceral pain is a type of nociceptive ... The causes of visceral pain are factors such as injured, physical pressure, or inflammation in some part of the body. The pain ...
PAIN. PAIN Reports. Pain Research Forum. Papers of the Week. Webinars and Podcasts. Events ... Pain Research Forum. / Papers of the Week. / Use of Shockwave Intravascular Lithotripsy in Recanalization of Calcified Visceral ... Resources for Living with Pain. Global Alliance of Partners in Pain Advocacy (GAPPA). Events ... Calcifications of the visceral and renal arteries lead to chronic mesenteric ischemia and renal artery stenosis, and both open ...
2 patients had asthma-like syndrome and 1 had chest pain followed by abdominal pain (2/4). Typical manifestations of VLM are ... Visceral Larva Migrans in Immigrants from Latin America. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2011;17(7):1263-1265. doi:10.3201/ ... Data on visceral larva migrans (VLM) among immigrants from Latin America in western countries (primarily European countries, ... Visceral Larva Migrans in Immigrants from Latin America. Volume 17, Number 7-July 2011 ...
PAIN PAIN Porsolt offers models of acute and chronic pain and inflammation matching the needs of the industry and maintaining a ... Pain Awareness Month As we approach the end of Pain Awareness Month, it is important to remember that Porsolt offers a large ...
This review addresses studies seeking experimental confirmation of the authors visceral theory of sleep, along with ... This anatomical organization gave explanation to a referred pain phenomenon. However, it also presents a problem: How does the ... as propagation of the visceral signals to the cortex, e.g., judged by the amplitude of evoked responses to visceral stimuli, is ... porting the efficient operation of all the visceral systems. Analysis of the visceral hypothesis of sleep ...
Alex Jimenez gives an insight on gastrointestinal hypersensitivity being affected by visceral pain in the body. ... "Gut Pain & Visceral Hypersensitivity." British Journal of Pain, SAGE Publications, Feb. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles ... Having low back pain can hinder a persons ability to do everyday activities and the pain can be excruciating. Low back pain is ... Abdominal pain. Another indication of visceral hypersensitivity due to IBS is when it is nociceptive input from the colon that ...
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i,Methods,/i,. The IBS chronic visceral pain rat model was established according to the method of Al-Chaer et al. EA at the ... receptor protein and mRNA expression levels in the colon and related DRG of IBS rats with visceral pain and then regulate the ... receptors in the peripheral and central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. ,i, ... receptor in the colon and related DRG in relieving visceral hypersensitivity by EA. ,i,Results,/i,. EA significantly reduced ...
... is a functional GI disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of a specific and unique ... Enhanced perception of normal motility and visceral pain characterizes irritable bowel syndrome. Rectosigmoid and small bowel ... Pain from presumed gas pockets in the splenic flexure may masquerade as anterior chest pain or left upper quadrant abdominal ... Visceral hyperalgesia. Visceral hyperalgesia is the second part of the traditional three-part complex that characterizes ...
... or coccygeal pain) is a painful syndrome affecting the tailbone (coccygeal) region. The word coccyx comes from the Greek word ... Visceral pain is the result of pain referred from the visceral structures [22] and may arise from the following:. * Infections ... Preliminary results in chronic, nononcological pain. Pain Pract. 2005 Jun. 5 (2):103-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... The neuropathic aspect includes conditions in which the pain arises from the spine, [21] such as the following:. * Lumbar disk ...
... visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani has been successfully treated with miltefosine with a cure rate of , ... Adverse events were minor and included vomiting (four patients), nausea (three patients), and abdominal pain (two patients). ... Leishmaniose Visceral: Recomendações Clínicas para Redução da Letalidade. Brasília-DF, Brasil: Ministério da Saúde, 78 . ... Leishmaniose Visceral: Recomendações Clínicas para Redução da Letalidade. Brasília-DF, Brasil: Ministério da Saúde, 78 . ...
Effect of visceral manipulation on pain, mobility and functional disability in subjects with right shoulder adhesive capsulitis ...
Using light to treat chronic visceral pain. The clinical applications of optogenetics go far beyond increasing the motility of ... The Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory. One such researcher who is actively involved in this field is Professor Nick Spencer ( ... Nicks lab - the Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, primarily focuses on understanding how intrinsic nerves within the gut ... Nick explains, We are also using optogenetic tools to silence sensory neurons that carry pain signals from internal organs to ...
Post-surgical pain. *Neurobiology of nonpharmacological therapies in pain. *Visceral (pelvic) pain ... Neuropathic pain and associated factors in the nociceptive system. *Nociplastic pain, pain vulnerability and persistent pain ... MSME 704 or PAIN 710. Restriction. PAIN 701. Limited to. MHealSc, PGCertHealSc, PGDipHealSc, PGDipPhty, MPhty. Eligibility. ... MSME 704 or PAIN 710. Restriction. PAIN 701. Limited to. MHealSc, PGCertHealSc, PGDipHealSc, PGDipPhty, MPhty. Eligibility. ...
... our findings show that when visceral pain is caused by tissue injury, pain relief by P2X antagonism appears to be much more ... A new model of visceral pain and referred hyperalgesia in the mouse. Pain 92, 335-342. doi: 10. 1016/s0304-3959(01)00275-5 ... Visceral pain is encountered very frequently in clinical practice, and it is a major reason for seeking medical care ( Drewes ... In conclusion, we found that a low dose (0. 5%) of intracolonic mustard oil induces visceral pain in mice, in a manner fully ...
pain, cannabinoid, neuropathic pain, visceral pain, laboratory rat. Download/View statistics. View download statistics for this ... Our aim was to evaluate the effects of the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 on neuropathic and visceral pain induced by a non- ... ORCID: 0000-0003-4656-8569 (2023) Effect of the Cannabinoid Agonist WIN 55,212-2 on Neuropathic and Visceral Pain Induced by a ... Effect of the Cannabinoid Agonist WIN 55,212-2 on Neuropathic and Visceral Pain Induced by a Non-Diarrheagenic Dose of the ...
... and breakthrough pain. Severity/intensity, type/location/source (i.e., somatic, visceral, neuropathic), and duration (acute, ... Differences in care for various types of pain, acute postoperative pain, treatment-related pain, cancer pain, or chronic non- ... Models of Pain. There are many factors responsible for pain experienced by patients. Current animal models of pain have been ... Pain Management The prevalence of pain and inadequate pain management in patients is well documented. It is estimated that 75% ...
Reportedly, tabetic lightening pain and visceral crises have been treated successfully with gabapentin. [95] Avoid unnecessary ... Visceral crises occur in approximately 15% of patients. These include episodes of excruciating epigastric pain with associated ... Oshita K, Saeki N, Niinai H, Hamada H, Kawamoto M. Successful treatment of tabetic lightning pain and visceral crisis with ... Treatment of lancinating pain. Avoid cold stress and general stress if these are perceived as triggers. Opiates are used. ...
The heart and digestive issues develop at the ... pain, difficulty breathing, or excessive tiredness (fatigue).In intestinal ... Disease InfoSearch National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) VISCERAL MYOPATHY 1; VSCM1 PubMed Bhagwat PK, Wangler MF. ... Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) ClinicalTrials.gov VISCERAL MYOPATHY, FAMILIAL, WITH EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA INTESTINAL ... PSEUDOOBSTRUCTION, NEURONAL, CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC, X-LINKED VISCERAL NEUROPATHY, FAMILIAL, 1, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE; VSCN1 ...
He was always very poetic in the way he expressed the joys, the pains, the sorrows and the hopes of the black community. But ... the message got much more visceral. ...
Getting to the Root of Visceral Gut Pain. Nov. 21, 2023 Researchers have uncovered a reason that may explain why visceral pain ...
Tenapanor decreases visceral hypersensitivity, reducing pain even if you dont have a bowel movement. ... This can also help reduce bloating and abdominal pain. Additionally, tenapanor positively affects visceral hypersensitivity. ... Constipation associated with IBS can cause cramping, pain, and discomfort in the lower abdomen. It can feel like tightness or ... Common symptoms of IBS-C include bloating, discomfort, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel movements and stool. IBS with ...
You may feel pain where you have feeling. But you may also feel pain in an area where otherwise you have no feeling. The pain ... Dont ignore your pain. Talk to your doctor about... ... Pain in an SCI can be complicated and confusing. ... The pain is caused when muscles and joints are strained.. Visceral pain. Visceral pain occurs in the belly. The pain can be ... Neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain around the injury area is the most common type of pain with an SCI. This pain is caused by ...
South Sudan Faces Visceral Leishmaniasis Outbreak. Doctors without Borders reports that it is seeing eight times the normal ... But after millennia of inflicting pain and suffering in Asia and Africa, the disease is tantalizingly close to being wiped off ... number of cases of visceral leishmaniasis, one of the most pernicious of the neglected tropical diseases. ...
Visceral larva migrans may be associated with macular rash, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, and pneumonitis. Larvae can cause ...
This novel is visceral. Reading it was like 1000 tiny cuts to my soul. As a woman who has battled postpartum depression with a ... I had to read it over several days because I needed breaks from the pain. It was too realistic. I really felt for Olivia. She ... This novel is visceral. Reading it was like 1000 tiny cuts to my soul. As a woman who has battled postpartum depression with a ... I had to read it over several days because I needed breaks from the pain. It was too realistic. I really felt for Olivia. She ...
The Emergency renders the impact of this capricious system in visceral detail. Pain and agony are everywhere, but a look at the ...
Stress modifies nociception, and humans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit co-morbid chronic pain and amygdala ... Central amygdala metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the modulation of visceral pain. J Neurosci 32: 14217-14226. ... Non-pain-related CRF1 activation in the amygdala facilitates synaptic transmission and pain responses. Mol Pain 9: 1-16. ... of pain perception in subjects with PTSD-implications for the mechanism of the coexistence between PTSD and chronic pain. Pain ...
  • Visceral hypersensitivity is hypersensitive visceral pain perception, which is commonly experienced by individuals with functional gastrointestinal disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • Visceral pain is generally poorly localized and characterized by hypersensitivity to a stimulus such as organ distension. (frontiersin.org)
  • Today's article looks at one of the gut disorders known as irritable bowel syndrome and its effect on the lumbar back, and how gut issues in the body cause visceral hypersensitivity. (healthvoice360.com)
  • Other research studies have mentioned that inflammatory effects can cause visceral hypersensitivity to affect the body by increasing high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in the enteric nerves and having a high mast cell count. (healthvoice360.com)
  • Many factors like food sensitivities, bacterial overgrowth, visceral hypersensitivity, and intestinal inflammation are some of the various implications of the pathology of IBS. (healthvoice360.com)
  • To reveal the neurobiological mechanism that P2X 3 receptor of colonic primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia of the lumbosacral segment is involved in the alleviation of visceral hypersensitivity by EA in an IBS rat model. (hindawi.com)
  • The behavioral studies, histopathology of colon, electrophysiology, immunofluorescence histochemistry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used to observe the role of P2X 3 receptor in the colon and related DRG in relieving visceral hypersensitivity by EA. (hindawi.com)
  • Visceral hypersensitivity is one of the main pathophysiological mechanisms of IBS [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Especially, P2X 3 receptors play an important role in mediating the occurrence and maintenance of pain in neurons of the intestinal myenteric plexus, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal dorsal horn, prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex in a rat model of IBS with visceral hypersensitivity [ 14 ], and acupuncture can achieve visceral pain relief through purinergic receptors at different levels of the brain-gut axis. (hindawi.com)
  • We revealed the scientific basis of EA at the He-Mu points for the treatment of IBS visceral hypersensitivity from the perspective of the regulation of P2X 2 , P2X 3 , and P2Y 1 and provided an experimental basis for the interpretation of the mechanism underlying the acupuncture effect. (hindawi.com)
  • In this study, starting from the mechanism by which P2X 3 receptors in the colon and colon-associated DRG are involved in the EA-mediated alleviation of IBS visceral hypersensitivity, we investigated the acupuncture-mediated regulation of the peripheral sensitization of visceral pain to provide an experimental basis for the interpretation of the mechanism by which acupuncture relieves visceral pain. (hindawi.com)
  • Additionally, tenapanor positively affects visceral hypersensitivity. (healthline.com)
  • Tenapanor decreases visceral hypersensitivity, reducing pain even if you don't have a bowel movement. (healthline.com)
  • Visceral hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome: The role of proteases. (wjgnet.com)
  • Evidence suggests that long term stress facilitates pain perception and sensitizes pain pathways, leading to a feed-forward cycle promoting chronic visceral pain disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). (frontiersin.org)
  • We refer patients to certified, skilled providers specializing in gastrointestinal and chiropractic treatments that help those suffering from gut issues like irritable bowel syndrome and back pain. (healthvoice360.com)
  • Electroacupuncture (EA) has been confirmed effectiveness in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and P2X 3 receptors in the peripheral and central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. (hindawi.com)
  • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habit in the absence of a specific and unique organic pathology, although microscopic inflammation has been documented in some patients. (medscape.com)
  • The even greater scarcity of nociceptors in these areas produces pain that is usually more aching and of a longer duration than somatic pain. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Pain felt on the skin, muscle, joints, bones and ligaments is called somatic pain. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • Somatic pain is synonymous with musculo-skeletal pain. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • Somatic pain is generally sharp and well localized - if you touch it or move the affected area the pain will worsen. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • Visceral pain is often more difficult to localize than somatic pain. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • Somatic pain happens when any of the pain receptors in your tissues, such as muscles, bone, or skin, are activated. (pvillage.org)
  • Somatic pain comes from the membrane (peritoneum) that lines the abdominal cavity (peritoneal cavity). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Somatic pain is sharp and fairly easy to pinpoint. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As labor progresses, the descent of fetal head and subsequent pressure on the pelvic floor, vagina, and perineum, generates somatic pain, which is transmitted by the pudendal nerve (S2-4). (medscape.com)
  • These rapidly conducting somatic pain fibers are relatively difficult to block. (medscape.com)
  • To determine whether increased migration is associated with an increase in incidence of toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans), we analyzed clinical data obtained from immigrants from Latin America. (cdc.gov)
  • Data on visceral larva migrans (VLM) among immigrants from Latin America in western countries (primarily European countries, the United States, and Canada) are scarce. (cdc.gov)
  • Visceral larva migrans may be associated with macular rash, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, and pneumonitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Visceral larva migrans (VLM) is a human infection with certain parasites found in the intestines of dogs and cats. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Visceral larva migrans and other uncommon helminth infections. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Visceral pain is diffuse, difficult to localize and often referred to a distant, usually superficial, structure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Visceral pain is extremely difficult to localize, and several injuries to visceral tissue exhibit "referred" pain, where the sensation is localized to an area completely unrelated to the site of injury. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Visceral pain is diffuse, difficult to localize and often referred to a distant, ambiguous, deep ache. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • It has been observed that visceral pain is a type of nociceptive pain which results from the activation of nociceptors in thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal viscera organs. (technavio.com)
  • A type of nociceptive pain. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • Visceral pain is pain that results from the activation of nociceptors of the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal viscera (organs). (wikipedia.org)
  • It might also cause neuropathic pain and alterations in visceral sensitivity, but this has not been studied in either patients or experimental animals. (edu.au)
  • Neuropathic pain around the injury area is the most common type of pain with an SCI. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Medicines for neuropathic pain. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Neuropathic pain is the most common type of pain experienced by SCI sufferers. (brooksrehab.org)
  • Neuropathic pain occurs from abnormal communication between damaged nerves and the part of the brain that interprets the extent of the damage after an SCI. (brooksrehab.org)
  • Neuropathic pain is usually the most difficult to treat, especially when it happens at the level of the SCI. (brooksrehab.org)
  • Nerve pain is also known as neuropathic pain. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • Neuropathic pain can be continuous or episodic. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • As with neuropathic pain, the nerve is injured, becomes unstable and fires off random, chaotic, abnormal signals to the brain, which interprets them as pain. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • After baseline assessment, the subjects will be allocated into 03 large groups of 60 subjects according to the classification of pain by neurophysiologic mechanism as: nociceptive pain, neuropathic pain and nociplastic pain. (who.int)
  • In concert with chronic visceral pain, there is a high comorbidity with stress-related psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Chronic visceral pain is a classic example of gene × environment interaction which results from maladaptive changes in neuronal circuitry leading to neuroplasticity and aberrant neuronal activity-induced signaling. (frontiersin.org)
  • This review will discuss the potential neuronal pathways and mechanisms responsible for stress-induced exacerbation of chronic visceral pain. (frontiersin.org)
  • Chronic visceral pain describes persistent pain emanating from the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal organs that is poorly localized with regard to the specific organ affected. (frontiersin.org)
  • We will explain the unique aspects of these models that allows for a carefully crafted investigation of the female vulnerability to stress-induced chronic visceral pain. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although the science of the epigenetics of human pain management is in its early stages with relatively few studies that have examined epigenetically mediated mechanisms involved in nociception in human subjects, a key aspect of the review will be to highlight the latest insights into epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs, and describe their involvement in the pathophysiology of chronic visceral pain. (frontiersin.org)
  • The IBS chronic visceral pain rat model was established according to the method of Al-Chaer et al. (hindawi.com)
  • Doctors without Borders reports that it is seeing eight times the normal number of cases of visceral leishmaniasis , one of the most pernicious of the neglected tropical diseases. (undispatch.com)
  • WHO staff member Dr Abdelaziz Alahlafi meets Faris Hasan following his treatment for visceral leishmaniasis. (who.int)
  • Following a bone marrow biopsy, hospital doctors diagnosed him as suffering from visceral leishmaniasis. (who.int)
  • Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is caused by a parasite transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. (who.int)
  • Outbreaks of visceral leishmaniasis are often fuelled by complex emergencies, mass population movements, famine and malnutrition. (who.int)
  • The most effective way to treat people with visceral leishmaniasis is with injections of sodium stibogluconate. (who.int)
  • In the past, viscera were considered insensitive to pain but now it is clear that pain from internal organs is widespread and that its social burden may surpass that of pain from superficial (somatic) sources. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pain can be experienced in the trunk area of the body, including the abdominal part, pelvic organs, heart, and lungs, owing to inflammation. (technavio.com)
  • Additional research studies have mentioned that when an individual suffers from IBS, the stressful impact can cause visceral pains to rise in extremities causing the surrounding organs in the gut system to become hypersensitive. (healthvoice360.com)
  • This condition occurs when your visceral organs - the soft organs residing in your abdomen, pelvis, and chest - are more sensitive and produce feelings of pain and discomfort more easily. (healthline.com)
  • Visceral pain originates from the body's viscera, or organs. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Visceral nociceptors are located within body organs and internal cavities. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • There are two types of nociceptive pain: Somatic, which originates in your arms, legs, face, muscles, tendons, and superficial areas of your body, and visceral, which originates from your internal organs (for example, a stomachache or pain from a kidney stone). (pvillage.org)
  • Visceral pain comes from the organs within the abdominal cavity (which are called the viscera). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Upper abdominal pain results from disorders in organs such as the stomach, duodenum, liver, and pancreas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lower abdominal pain results from disorders of the lower part of the colon and organs in the genitourinary tract. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Unlike nerves in the visceral organs, nerves in the peritoneum respond to cutting and irritation (such as from blood, infection, chemicals, or inflammation). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The two more severe forms of the disease are visceral toxocariasis and ocular toxocariasis. (cdc.gov)
  • Visceral toxocariasis typically occurs in children, but can infect persons of any age. (cdc.gov)
  • In visceral toxocariasis, treatment is usually required and includes five days of albendazole. (cdc.gov)
  • Nociceptive pain is usually subdivided into somatic and visceral types, involves direct activation of nociceptors, and is often a complication of tumor infiltration of tissue or injury of tissues as a consequence of oncological treatment. (pvillage.org)
  • One potential mechanism underlying the persistent effects of stress on visceral sensitivity could be epigenetic modulation of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we will briefly review visceral pain pathways and their modulation by (i) stress in adulthood and (ii) following exposure to neonatal stress. (frontiersin.org)
  • The current understanding of pain mechanisms, including nerve physiology, modulation, central nervous system changes in pain states, and chronic pain states with implications for treatment mechanisms. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Pain modulation by nitric oxide in the spinal cord. (frontiersin.org)
  • The four steps of pain signaling and processing The neurophysiologic underpinnings of pain can be divided into four stages: transduction, transmission, pain modulation, and perception. (pvillage.org)
  • These agents bind with opioid receptor sites in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, resulting in modulation of pain signals at the spinal cord level. (medscape.com)
  • While there are relatively few studies examining epigenetically mediated mechanisms involved in visceral nociception, stress-induced visceral pain has been linked to alterations in DNA methylation and histone acetylation patterns within the brain, leading to increased expression of pro-nociceptive neurotransmitters. (frontiersin.org)
  • According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain and nociception are not the same. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The term "pain" is a subjective experience that typically accompanies nociception, but can also arise without any stimulus, and thus it includes the emotional response. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • What is the difference between pain and nociception? (pvillage.org)
  • While nociception refers to neural encoding of impending or actual tissue damage (ie, noxious stimulation), pain refers to the subjective experience of actual or impending harm. (pvillage.org)
  • Spinal cord injury (central) pain occurs in areas where you have lost some or all of your feeling. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Segmental pain often occurs around the "border" between where you have feeling and don't have feeling. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Nerve root pain occurs at or just below the level of injury. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Musculoskeletal pain occurs in the bones, joints, and muscles. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Visceral pain occurs in the belly. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Sympathetic pain occurs generally after a bone fracture or a soft tissue injury of the limbs. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • Radicular pain occurs when the nerve roots are irritated. (pvillage.org)
  • Our previous clinical and animal studies have also confirmed the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of IBS [ 11 - 13 ] and initially revealed that the P2X 2 , P2X 3 , and P2Y 1 receptors in the peripheral neurons of the colon and in central neurons participate in the acupuncture-mediated relief of the visceral pain in IBS. (hindawi.com)
  • The activation of the peripheral cannabinoid system may be useful to alleviate neuropathic and visceral pain associated with antitumoral treatment. (edu.au)
  • The pain can originate from the nerves between the tissues and the spinal cord (peripheral nervous system) and the nerves between the spinal cord and the brain (central nervous system, or CNS). (lazaruslabs.com)
  • pain caused by overuse or joint damage, such as arthritis or sprains When activated by stimuli, nociceptors notify the brain about the injury with electrical signals sent via the peripheral and central nervous system (CNS). (pvillage.org)
  • Visceral structures are highly sensitive to distension (stretch), ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain such as cutting or burning. (wikipedia.org)
  • The causes of visceral pain are factors such as injured, physical pressure, or inflammation in some part of the body. (technavio.com)
  • Although pain can be associated with tissue damage or inflammation , this is not always the case. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • 24% of women experience pelvic pain at any point in time. (wikipedia.org)
  • IBS associated with visceral pain can also affect the pelvic region and the lower back, causing another set of issues that affect the body. (healthvoice360.com)
  • Others can experience occasional visceral pains, often very intense in nature, without any evidence of structural, biochemical or histolopathologic reason for such symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many of these symptoms are common in individuals with IBS and abdominal pain. (healthvoice360.com)
  • Common symptoms of IBS-C include bloating, discomfort, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel movements and stool. (healthline.com)
  • We use a non-surgical, manual physio/physical therapy to decrease the adhesive pulls on delicate, pain-sensitive tissues, alleviating myofascial pain symptoms significantly. (clearpassage.com)
  • Pain originating from the gastrointestinal (GI) system ascends to the brain via the same tri-neuronal pathways that convey noxious somatic stimuli. (frontiersin.org)
  • Acupuncture can play a role in relieving visceral pain by acting on both gastrointestinal motility [ 10 ] and paresthesia. (hindawi.com)
  • ELS models such as maternal separation, limited nesting, or odor-shock conditioning, which attempt to model early childhood experiences such as neglect, poverty, or an abusive caregiver, can produce chronic, sexually dimorphic increases in visceral sensitivity in adulthood. (frontiersin.org)
  • 1 mg/kg, ip) and visceral (1 mg/kg, ip) sensitivity. (edu.au)
  • During sleep, they switch to structures supporting the efficient operation of all the visceral systems. (researchgate.net)
  • Often invisible to diagnostic tests, adhesions act like tiny straitjackets, binding sensitive structures and causing pain. (clearpassage.com)
  • We Treat TMD/TMJ Pain Naturally We find that chronic TMD generally stems from 'mechanical' factors involving structures lower down the body - areas often overlooked or not fully treated by others. (clearpassage.com)
  • There are different types of abdominal pain depending on the structures involved. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Midabdominal pain (near the navel) results from disorders of structures such as the small intestine, upper part of the colon, and appendix. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Understanding the neurobiological systems involved in the human experience of pain assists with clinical diagnosis, management of painful disorders and knowing how to explain neurobiological information in the clinical context. (otago.ac.nz)
  • The pain is typically associated with involvement of the autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are typically three different types of pain: neuropathic, musculoskeletal, and visceral. (brooksrehab.org)
  • Visceral pain is typically vague, dull, and nauseating. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This pain is secondary to ischemia of the cardiac tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • Consequently, high doses of mustard oil may be useful to study pain induced by tissue injury. (nerdygang.com)
  • However, to our knowledge the contribution of TRPA1 (direct neuronal activation) and P2X receptors (ATP from the injured tissue) to mustard oil-induced visceral pain has never been studied. (nerdygang.com)
  • We Treat Myofascial Pain Naturally Clear Passage®️ has over two decades of experience treating the adhesions that cause myofascial pain, which is closely associated with adhered soft tissue. (clearpassage.com)
  • Pain is an unpleasant sensation that may be associated with actual or potential tissue damage and may contain physical and emotional components. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Cutaneous tissue nociceptors terminate just below the skin, producing a well-defined, localized pain of short duration due to the high concentration of nerve endings. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • In fact, purinergic antagonism has been proposed as a promising therapeutic tool for pain relief during inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis ( Burnstock, 2017 ), which are characterized by macroscopic colonic lesions that undoubtedly contribute to pain ( Gecse and Vermeire, 2018 ). (nerdygang.com)
  • An assessment of the inhibition of the postural sensors (foot, ocular, stomatognathic and cicatricial) will also be carried out, where small elements will be placed in the foot sensor on the soles of the patient's foot, who will again perform the movement causing the greatest pain and/or restricted range of motion of the spine. (who.int)
  • The experience of physiological pain can be grouped according to the source and related nociceptors, or pain detecting neurons. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Our finding, that 5-HT 1D receptors are distributed in nociceptors throughout the body, raises the possibility that triptans can regulate not only headache-associated pain but also nociceptive responses in extracranial tissues. (jneurosci.org)
  • The treatment of visceral is most efficiently carried out by the monotherapy approach. (technavio.com)
  • According to this pipeline analysis report, all the drug molecules in the pipeline are being developed for the treatment of visceral pain. (technavio.com)
  • This pipeline analysis report provides a detailed analysis of the companies that are involved in the development of drug molecules for the treatment of visceral pain. (technavio.com)
  • The cation channel TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1) has been proposed as a potential target for the treatment of this particular type of pain (e. g. (nerdygang.com)
  • Although great strides have been made in some areas, such as the identification of neural pathways of pain, the experience of pain and the challenge of treatment have remained uniquely individual and unsolved. (nih.gov)
  • Treatment for pain from an SCI depends on the type of pain you have. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • If your GP, specialist or physiotherapist doesn't think your pain will improve on its own or through home remedies, you may be referred for specific treatment. (express.co.uk)
  • Treatment for nociceptive pain often involves treating the underlying condition or waiting for the injury to heal. (pvillage.org)
  • This is a 5-arm, double blind and randomized controlled clinical trial that assess the effect of osteopathic treatment protocols in individuals with chronic low back pain. (who.int)
  • If you have even a twinge of back pain at night, it can lead to sleepless nights and worsen the pain during the day. (express.co.uk)
  • EA can regulate the P2X 3 receptor protein and mRNA expression levels in the colon and related DRG of IBS rats with visceral pain and then regulate the excitatory properties of DRG neurons. (hindawi.com)
  • This review addresses studies seeking experimental confirmation of the author's visceral theory of sleep, along with independent investigations whose results are consistent with this hypothesis. (researchgate.net)
  • The visceral hypothesis suggests that during sleep, the central nervous system, particularly the cerebral cortex, switches from analyzing exteroceptive information to analyzing signals arriving from interoceptors distributed throughout all the systems of the body. (researchgate.net)
  • Analysis of the visceral hypothesis of sleep shows that many pathological states associated with the sleep-waking cycle can be explained in terms of impairments to the synchronicity of the switching of information streams in the cerebral cortex going from waking from sleep and vice versa. (researchgate.net)
  • 7 , 8 ] confirmed that P2X 3 , P2X 2/3 , and other receptors can transmit nociceptive information to the pain center and raised the hypothesis that "the essence underlying the effects of traditional Chinese acupuncture is the purinergic signal" [ 9 ], which provides a new idea for research on the mechanism of acupuncture. (hindawi.com)
  • Additionally, we will review the importance of specific experimental models of adult stress and ELS in enhancing our understanding of the basic molecular mechanisms of pain processing. (frontiersin.org)
  • For example, pain produced by a heart attack may feel as if it is coming from the arm because sensory information from the heart and the arm converge on the same nerve pathways in the spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Early life stress (ELS) is a risk-factor for the development of IBS, however the mechanisms responsible for the persistent effects of ELS on visceral perception in adulthood remain incompletely understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • When the brain receives the signals, it has a perception of the pain that's being felt. (pvillage.org)
  • BACK PAIN plagues one in six Brits, but did you know your sleeping position could be making those aches and pains worse? (express.co.uk)
  • In some cases, a lifestyle change may be necessary to alleviate pain, as exemplified in a scenario wherein a headache was caused by some environmental or dietary factor, or was a poor response to stress . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Referred pain is sharper, better localized, and less likely to be accompanied by autonomic or emotional signs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nick's lab - the Visceral Neurophysiology Laboratory, primarily focuses on understanding how intrinsic nerves within the gut wall (i.e., the Enteric Nervous System) lead to the propulsion of content along the gut. (adinstruments.com)
  • Consequently, the brain interprets signals from damaged nerves as pain coming from areas where the patient often has little or no feeling. (brooksrehab.org)
  • These pain impulses are transmitted by afferent, slow conducting, A-delta and C fibers that accompany the sympathetic nerves and enter the spinal cord at the T10 to L1 level. (medscape.com)
  • A good example of visceral pain that is common place and embodies the wide spectrum of clinical presentations discussed above is a myocardial infarction (MI), more commonly known as a heart attack. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to this pipeline analysis report, most of the molecules that are currently in the drug pipeline for visceral pain are being developed as monotherapy drugs and most of these molecules are in the pre-clinical stage of development. (technavio.com)
  • It will extend students' understanding of neurobiological anatomy and physiological processes, including applicable clinical pain conditions. (otago.ac.nz)
  • Students who successfully complete the paper will have developed an in-depth understanding of current scientific progress in pain neurobiology and the impact of these findings on clinical practice and understanding in the area of human pain experience. (otago.ac.nz)
  • The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to inform the scientific community of the pain research interests of the various Institutes and Centers (ICs) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and to stimulate and foster a wide range of basic, clinical, and translational studies on pain as they relate to the missions of these ICs. (nih.gov)
  • First published in 2002, Clinical Pain Management is a comprehensive textbook for trainee and practicing specialists in Pain Management and related areas, presenting readers with all they need to know to provide a successful pain management service. (routledge.com)
  • from the basic mechanisms underlying the development of pain, to the various treatments that can be applied in different clinical situations. (routledge.com)
  • Written and edited by a large team of acknowledged international aspects, the fully updated second edition of Clinical Pain Management remains an authoritative and comprehensive guide to this growing specialty and is an invaluable addition to the bookshelves of anyone training or working in the field of pain management. (routledge.com)
  • True visceral pain is characterized as a vague, diffuse, and poorly defined sensation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The intensity of pain on admission correlates poorly with neurologic disability on admission and with the end outcome. (medscape.com)
  • Secondary overuse pain is caused by the overuse of muscles in any part of the body. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • The pain is caused when muscles and joints are strained. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Ms Amini explained: "For those that suffer with lower back pain, it is best to avoid sleeping on your back as it can lead to more stress on your lumbar spine and lower back muscles. (express.co.uk)
  • The pain receptors are sensitive to temperature (hot/cold), vibration, and stretch (in the muscles). (lazaruslabs.com)
  • It likely also involves finding the right combination of pain management strategies, which may include: Physical therapy to help strengthen and stretch the affected muscles or joints. (pvillage.org)
  • An increase in the pressure pain threshold is expected, assessed by algometry, whose pressure pain will be assessed using an algometer in units of kg, at points located in the superior trapezius and anterior tibialis muscles on the dominant side. (who.int)
  • The mechanisms linking visceral pain with these overlapping comorbidities remain to be elucidated. (frontiersin.org)
  • In rodent models, stress in adult animals induced by restraint and water avoidance has been employed to investigate the mechanisms of stress-induce pain. (frontiersin.org)
  • Perkins R, Schofferman J, Reynolds J. Coccygectomy for severe refractory sacrococcygeal joint pain. (medscape.com)
  • The pain may be severe at some times. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • We Treat Chronic or Recurring Neck Pain Without Surgery or Drugs Clear Passage®️ therapists have successfully treated severe and recurring pain in the neck and nearby areas for over 20 years. (clearpassage.com)
  • Pain following an SCI can range from mild to severe and may be occasional or consistent, depending on the patient's condition. (brooksrehab.org)
  • Severe abdominal pain that comes on quickly, however, almost always indicates a significant problem. (msdmanuals.com)
  • On initial presentation, almost 50% of patients described the pain as severe and distressing. (medscape.com)
  • Pain is most severe in the shoulder girdle, back, buttocks, and thighs and may occur with even the slightest movements. (medscape.com)
  • Numerous studies have shown that P2X receptors, mainly the P2X 3 and P2X 2/3 receptor subtypes, are involved in visceral pain signaling [ 5 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • broken bone or cut) and specific pain receptors are stimulated. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • This pain is non-nociceptive - there are no specific pain receptors. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • Secondly, what are the three types of pain receptors? (pvillage.org)
  • Older adults and those who have HIV infection or who are taking immunosuppressants (including corticosteroids) may have less abdominal pain than younger/healthy adults with a similar disorder, and, even if the condition is serious, the pain may develop more gradually. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are many drug-free alternative medicines that have shown to be helpful in reducing pain as well, such as yoga , hypnosis, herbal remedies, and acupuncture. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Earlier this year, he began experiencing acute abdominal pain, accompanied by bouts of fever and vomiting. (who.int)
  • In the early phases the pain is perceived in the same general area and it has a temporal evolution, making the onset sensation insidious and difficult to identify. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result, patients still feel the sensation of pain minus the accompanying emotion post-surgery. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • HEAD, H. On disturbances of sensation with special reference to the pain of visceral disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • In obstetric patients, regional analgesia refers to partial or complete loss of pain sensation below the T8 to T10 spinal level. (medscape.com)
  • Visceral pathology may also manifest only through emotional reactions and discomfort where no pain is reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • There is no pathology or no cause for pain at these referred somatic sites however the pain will be experienced at this location, often with significant intensity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The brain often misinterprets messages sent from the affected areas as pain, making the problem even more difficult for the patient. (brooksrehab.org)
  • An anterior cingulectomy , neurosurgery that disconnects the anterior cingulate gyrus (part of the brain responsible for vocalizing the emotional and motoric functioning), can be used in extreme cases to treat chronic pain. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • What causes pain in the nociceptive system of the brain? (pvillage.org)
  • Chronic pain is defined as pain lasting longer than 3 months after the resolution or in the absence of an injury. (frontiersin.org)
  • Back pain alone accounts for 40 percent of sickness absence in the NHS, and overall it costs £10billion for the UK economy. (express.co.uk)
  • Visceral pain should be suspected when vague midline sensations of malaise are reported by a patient. (wikipedia.org)
  • Those who received tenapanor reported less abdominal pain and having bowel movements more often than the placebo group. (healthline.com)
  • Pain from a specific organ can be experienced, or "referred" to different sites of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Visceral pain is experienced like a generalized squeezing or aching in the body. (technavio.com)
  • This type of pain may occur in different areas of the body. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Muscle spasm pain is painful involuntary movements (spasms) of a body part that you can't move or can only partially move. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • We Treat Pain from Physical or Sexual Abuse Naturally The physical scars and adhesions that develop in response to physical and sexual abuse can remain in the body for decades after the abuse has stopped. (clearpassage.com)
  • We Treat Radiation Pain Due to Adhesions Radiation therapy can cause massive scarring or adhesions deep in the body. (clearpassage.com)
  • We Treat Pain or Problems From Childhood Surgery and Trauma Without Surgery or Drugs Surgery can create problems for children and young adults as the body attempts to grow around tissues that become adhered as a result of early surgery. (clearpassage.com)
  • This constant or intermittent pain has often outlived its purpose, as it does not help the body to prevent injury. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • In cases of nociceptive pain, the nervous system of your body is working properly. (lazaruslabs.com)
  • Pain felt in one area of the body does not always represent where the problem is because the pain may be referred there from another area. (msdmanuals.com)