Vibrio
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio vulnificus
Vibrio cholerae O1
Vibrio alginolyticus
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae O139
Vibrio mimicus
Vibrio cholerae non-O1
Aliivibrio fischeri
Ostreidae
Cholera Toxin
Shellfish
Water Microbiology
Hemolysin Proteins
Cholera Vaccines
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Molecular Sequence Data
Virulence
Quorum Sensing
Fish Diseases
Decapodiformes
Aquaculture
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Bacterial Typing Techniques
Flagella
Culture Media
Environmental Microbiology
Luminescence
Virulence Factors
Base Sequence
Decapoda (Crustacea)
Siderophores
Bangladesh
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Amino Acid Sequence
O Antigens
Fimbriae Proteins
Photobacterium
Luminescent Measurements
Food Microbiology
Seafood
Colony Count, Microbial
Escherichia coli
Serotyping
Penaeidae
Reassessment of the taxonomic position of Vibrio iliopiscarius (Onarheim et al. 1994) and proposal for Photobacterium iliopiscarium comb. nov. (1/1761)
The phylogenetic position of Vibrio iliopiscarius was inferred by the maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony and neighbour-joining methods on the basis of almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequences. The results showed that this species falls into the same cluster as Photobacterium species and is clearly distinct from other Vibrio species. Its nearest phylogenetic neighbour is Photobacterium phosphoreum. From these results, it is concluded that V. iliopiscarius should be reclassified as Photobacterium iliopiscarium comb. nov., the type strain of which is PS1T (= ATCC 51760T). (+info)Inhibition of vibrio anguillarum by Pseudomonas fluorescens AH2, a possible probiotic treatment of fish. (2/1761)
To study the possible use of probiotics in fish farming, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antagonism of antibacterial strain Pseudomonas fluorescens strain AH2 against the fish-pathogenic bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. As iron is important in virulence and bacterial interactions, the effect of P. fluorescens AH2 was studied under iron-rich and iron-limited conditions. Sterile-filtered culture supernatants from iron-limited P. fluorescens AH2 inhibited the growth of V. anguillarum, whereas sterile-filtered supernatants from iron-replete cultures of P. fluorescens AH2 did not. P. fluorescens AH2 inhibited the growth of V. anguillarum during coculture, independently of the iron concentration, when the initial count of the antagonist was 100 to 1, 000 times greater that of the fish pathogen. These in vitro results were successfully repeated in vivo. A probiotic effect in vivo was tested by exposing rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss Walbaum) to P. fluorescens AH2 at a density of 10(5) CFU/ml for 5 days before a challenge with V. anguillarum at 10(4) to 10(5) CFU/ml for 1 h. Some fish were also exposed to P. fluorescens AH2 at 10(7) CFU/ml during the 1-h infection. The combined probiotic treatment resulted in a 46% reduction of calculated accumulated mortality; accumulated mortality was 25% after 7 days at 12 degrees C in the probiotic-treated fish, whereas mortality was 47% in fish not treated with the probiont. (+info)Effects of salinity and temperature on long-term survival of the eel pathogen Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 (serovar E). (3/1761)
Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 (serovar E) is a primary eel pathogen. In this study, we performed long-term survival experiments to investigate whether the aquatic ecosystem can be a reservoir for this bacterium. We have used microcosms containing water of different salinities (ranging from 0.3 to 3.8%) maintained at three temperatures (12, 25, and 30 degrees C). Temperature and salinity significantly affected long-term survival: (i) the optimal salinity for survival was 1.5%; (ii) lower salinities reduced survival, although they were nonlethal; and (ii) the optimal temperature for survival was dependent on the salinity (25 degrees C for microcosms at 0.3 and 0.5% and 12 degrees C for microcosms at 1.5 to 3.8%). In the absence of salts, culturability dropped to zero in a few days, without evidence of cellular lysis. Under optimal conditions of salinity and temperature, the bacterium was able to survive in the free-living form for at least 3 years. The presence of a capsule on the bacterial cell seemed to confer an advantage, since the long-term survival rate of opaque variants was significantly higher than that of translucent ones. Long-term-starved cells maintained their infectivity for eels (as determined by both intraperitoneal and immersion challenges) and mice. Examination under the microscope showed that (i) the capsule was maintained, (ii) the cell size decreased, (iii) the rod shape changed to coccuslike along the time of starvation, and (iv) membrane vesicles and extracellular material were occasionally produced. In conclusion, V. vulnificus biotype 2 follows a survival strategy similar to that of biotype 1 of this species in response to starvation conditions in water. Moreover, the aquatic ecosystem is one of its reservoirs. (+info)Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio vulnificus and other vibrio species. (4/1761)
Vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium that is capable of causing a rapidly fatal infection in humans. A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR protocol was developed for use in detecting V. vulnificus, as well as other members of the genus Vibrio. The resulting RAPD profiles were analyzed by using RFLPScan software. This RAPD method clearly differentiated between members of the genus Vibrio and between isolates of V. vulnificus. Each V. vulnificus strain produced a unique band pattern, indicating that the members of this species are genetically quite heterogeneous. All of the vibrios were found to have amplification products whose sizes were within four common molecular weight ranges, while the V. vulnificus strains had an additional two molecular weight range bands in common. All of the V. vulnificus strains isolated from clinical specimens produced an additional band that was only occasionally found in environmental strains; this suggests that, as is the case with the Kanagawa hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the presence of this band may be correlated with the ability of a strain to produce an infection in humans. In addition, band pattern differences were observed between encapsulated and nonencapsulated isogenic morphotypes of the same strain of V. vulnificus. (+info)Arbitrarily primed PCR to type Vibrio spp. pathogenic for shrimp. (5/1761)
A molecular typing study on Vibrio strains implicated in shrimp disease outbreaks in New Caledonia and Japan was conducted by using AP-PCR (arbitrarily primed PCR). It allowed rapid identification of isolates at the genospecies level and studies of infraspecific population structures of epidemiological interest. Clusters identified within the species Vibrio penaeicida were related to their area of origin, allowing discrimination between Japanese and New Caledonian isolates, as well as between those from two different bays in New Caledonia separated by only 50 km. Other subclusters of New Caledonian V. penaeicida isolates could be identified, but it was not possible to link those differences to accurate epidemiological features. This contribution of AP-PCR to the study of vibriosis in penaeid shrimps demonstrates its high discriminating power and the relevance of the epidemiological information provided. This approach would contribute to better knowledge of the ecology of Vibrio spp. and their implication in shrimp disease in aquaculture. (+info)Isolation of Vibrio vulnificus serovar E from aquatic habitats in Taiwan. (6/1761)
The existence of strains of Vibrio vulnificus serovar E that are avirulent for eels is reported in this work. These isolates were recovered from water and oysters and differed from eel virulent strains in (i) fermentation and utilization of mannitol, (ii) ribotyping after HindIII digestion, and (iii) susceptibility to eel serum. Lipopolysaccharide of these strains lacked the highest molecular weight immunoreactive bands, which are probably involved in serum resistance. (+info)Mechanosensitive channel functions to alleviate the cell lysis of marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, by osmotic downshock. (7/1761)
The mechanosensitive channel with large conductance of Escherichia coli is the first to be cloned among stretch-activated channels. Although its activity was characterized by a patch clamp method, a physiological role of the channel has not been proved. The marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, is sensitive to osmotic stress and cell lysis occurs under osmotic downshock. We introduced an mscL gene into Vibrio alginolyticus, and the mechanosensitive channel with large conductance functions was found to alleviate cell lysis by osmotic downshock. This is the first report to show a physiological role of the mechanosensitive channel with large conductance. (+info)The polar flagellar motor of Vibrio cholerae is driven by an Na+ motive force. (8/1761)
Vibrio cholerae is a highly motile bacterium which possesses a single polar flagellum as a locomotion organelle. Motility is thought to be an important factor for the virulence of V. cholerae. The genome sequencing project of this organism is in progress, and the genes that are highly homologous to the essential genes of the Na+-driven polar flagellar motor of Vibrio alginolyticus were found in the genome database of V. cholerae. The energy source of its flagellar motor was investigated. We examined the Na+ dependence and the sensitivity to the Na+ motor-specific inhibitor of the motility of the V. cholerae strains and present the evidence that the polar flagellar motor of V. cholerae is driven by an Na+ motive force. (+info)"Vibrio" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, curved-rod bacteria that are commonly found in marine and freshwater environments. Some species of Vibrio can cause diseases in humans, the most notable being Vibrio cholerae, which is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal illness. Other pathogenic species include Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which can cause gastrointestinal or wound infections. These bacteria are often transmitted through contaminated food or water and can lead to serious health complications, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
"Vibrio cholerae" is a species of gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria that is the causative agent of cholera, a diarrheal disease. It can be found in aquatic environments, such as estuaries and coastal waters, and can sometimes be present in raw or undercooked seafood. The bacterium produces a toxin called cholera toxin, which causes the profuse, watery diarrhea that is characteristic of cholera. In severe cases, cholera can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated with oral rehydration therapy or intravenous fluids.
Vibrio infections are a group of bacterial illnesses caused by various species of the Vibrio genus, which are gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria. These bacteria naturally inhabit warm marine and brackish waters and can be found in higher concentrations during warmer months. The most common types of Vibrio infections are:
1. Vibrio vulnificus: This species is responsible for causing severe wound infections and primary septicemia, often following the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood or exposure of open wounds to contaminated seawater. People with weakened immune systems, liver disease, or iron overload disorders are at higher risk of developing severe complications from Vibrio vulnificus infections.
2. Vibrio parahaemolyticus: This species is the leading cause of seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Infection typically occurs after consuming raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headache.
3. Vibrio cholerae: This species is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease that can lead to rapid dehydration and even death if left untreated. Cholera is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water and is more common in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices.
4. Vibrio alginolyticus: This species can cause wound infections and ear infections (otitis externa) following exposure to contaminated seawater. It is less commonly associated with gastroenteritis than Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
Prevention measures for Vibrio infections include cooking seafood thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination of raw and cooked seafood, practicing good hygiene, and covering wounds when exposed to seawater. People with weakened immune systems should avoid consuming raw or undercooked seafood and take extra precautions when handling or swimming in seawater.
"Vibrio parahaemolyticus" is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in brackish waters and marine environments. They can be found on the surface of shellfish such as oysters, shrimps, and crabs. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen.
"Vibrio parahaemolyticus" is a significant cause of foodborne illness, particularly in regions where the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood is common. The bacterium produces two types of heat-labile enterotoxins known as thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), which can cause watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headache.
The illness caused by "Vibrio parahaemolyticus" is usually self-limiting and lasts for 2-5 days. However, in some cases, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, the infection can be severe and may require hospitalization. Proper cooking and handling of seafood can help prevent "Vibrio parahaemolyticus" infections.
"Vibrio vulnificus" is a gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in warm coastal waters. It can cause severe human illness in individuals who consume contaminated seafood or have open wounds that come into contact with seawater. The resulting infections can lead to septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis, which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated with antibiotics and medical attention.
People with weakened immune systems, liver disease, or iron overload disorders are at higher risk of developing severe illness from Vibrio vulnificus infections. It is important for individuals who fall into these high-risk categories to take precautions when handling raw seafood or swimming in warm coastal waters.
"Vibrio cholerae O1" is a specific serogroup of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae that is responsible for causing cholera, a diarrheal disease. The "O1" designation refers to the lipopolysaccharide (O) antigen present on the surface of the bacterial cell wall, which is used in the serological classification of Vibrio cholerae. This serogroup is further divided into two biotypes: classical and El Tor. The El Tor biotype has been responsible for the seventh pandemic of cholera that began in the late 1960s and continues to cause outbreaks in many parts of the world today.
The Vibrio cholerae O1 bacterium produces a potent enterotoxin called cholera toxin, which causes profuse watery diarrhea leading to rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance if left untreated. The infection is usually acquired through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Preventive measures include improving access to safe drinking water, proper sanitation, and good hygiene practices.
"Vibrio alginolyticus" is a gram-negative, comma-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacterium that is commonly found in marine environments. It is a halophilic organism, meaning it requires a high salt concentration to grow. "Vibrio alginolyticus" can cause human infections, primarily through contact with seawater or consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. Infections may result in gastroenteritis, wound infections, and ear infections. Proper food handling, cooking, and hygiene practices can help prevent "Vibrio alginolyticus" infections.
Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is usually transmitted through contaminated food or water. The main symptoms of cholera are profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, which can lead to electrolyte imbalances, shock, and even death if left untreated. Cholera remains a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. The disease is preventable through proper food handling, safe water supplies, and improved sanitation, as well as vaccination for those at high risk.
"Vibrio cholerae O139" is a specific serogroup of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which is responsible for causing cholera, a diarrheal disease. The "O139" designation refers to the lipopolysaccharide antigen structure on the surface of the bacterial cell. This serogroup was first identified in 1992 in southern Asia and has since caused several outbreaks of cholera, particularly in that region. It is important to note that "Vibrio cholerae O139" is distinct from the more common "Vibrio cholerae O1," which has historically been responsible for most cholera cases worldwide. Both serogroups can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration if left untreated, but "Vibrio cholerae O139" is typically associated with a milder illness compared to "Vibrio cholerae O1."
"Vibrio mimicus" is a gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium that can be found in marine environments. It is a species of the genus Vibrio, which includes several other pathogenic species such as V. cholerae and V. vulnificus. V. mimicus can cause gastroenteritis in humans, characterized by watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. The bacterium can be transmitted through the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, particularly oysters, or through contact with seawater. In severe cases, V. mimicus infection can lead to bloodstream infections, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems. Proper cooking and handling of seafood, as well as good hygiene practices, can help prevent V. mimicus infections.
"Vibrio cholerae non-O1" refers to a group of bacteria that are related to the classic cholera-causing strain, "Vibrio cholerae O1," but do not possess the same virulence factors and are not typically associated with large outbreaks of severe diarrheal disease. These non-O1 strains can still cause mild to moderate gastrointestinal illness, including watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions. They are often found in aquatic environments and can be transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated food or water. It's important to note that "Vibrio cholerae non-O1" is not a medical diagnosis, but rather a classification of a specific group of bacteria.
'Aliivibrio fischeri' (formerly known as 'Vibrio fischeri') is a gram-negative, bioluminescent bacterium that naturally occurs in marine environments. It has the ability to form symbiotic relationships with certain marine animals, such as squid and fish, by colonizing their light organs. The bacteria provide a source of light through a process called bioluminescence, which is used by the host animal for counter-illumination camouflage, communication, or attracting prey. In return, the host animal provides nutrients to support the growth and survival of the bacteria.
The medical relevance of 'Aliivibrio fischeri' is limited, as it primarily interacts with marine organisms rather than humans. However, studying its bioluminescence system has contributed significantly to our understanding of bacterial signaling pathways, gene regulation, and host-microbe interactions.
Ostreidae is a family of marine bivalve mollusks, commonly known as oysters. These are characterized by a laterally compressed, asymmetrical shell with a rough, scaly or barnacle-encrusted exterior and a smooth, often highly colored interior. The shells are held together by a hinge ligament and the animals use a powerful adductor muscle to close the shell.
Oysters are filter feeders, using their gills to extract plankton and organic particles from the water. They are important ecologically, as they help to filter and clean the water in which they live. Some species are also economically important as a source of food for humans, with the meat being eaten both raw and cooked in various dishes.
It's worth noting that Ostreidae is just one family within the larger grouping of oysters, known as the superfamily Ostreoidea. Other families within this superfamily include the pearl oysters (Pteriidae) and the saddle oysters (Anomiidae).
Cholera toxin is a protein toxin produced by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which causes the infectious disease cholera. The toxin is composed of two subunits, A and B, and its primary mechanism of action is to alter the normal function of cells in the small intestine.
The B subunit of the toxin binds to ganglioside receptors on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells, allowing the A subunit to enter the cell. Once inside, the A subunit activates a signaling pathway that results in the excessive secretion of chloride ions and water into the intestinal lumen, leading to profuse, watery diarrhea, dehydration, and other symptoms associated with cholera.
Cholera toxin is also used as a research tool in molecular biology and immunology due to its ability to modulate cell signaling pathways. It has been used to study the mechanisms of signal transduction, protein trafficking, and immune responses.
Medical definitions typically focus on the potential risks or reactions related to a substance, rather than providing a general definition. In the context of medicine, shellfish are often defined by the allergens they contain, rather than as a culinary category.
According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI), shellfish are divided into two categories: crustaceans and mollusks. Crustaceans include shrimp, crab, lobster, and crayfish. Mollusks include clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, octopus, and squid.
Shellfish allergies are one of the most common food allergies, and they can cause severe reactions, including anaphylaxis. Therefore, in a medical context, it's essential to be specific about which types of shellfish may pose a risk to an individual.
Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.
In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.
Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.
Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.
Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.
Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:
1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.
Seawater is not a medical term, but it is a type of water that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Medically, seawater can be relevant in certain contexts, such as in discussions of marine biology, environmental health, or water safety. Seawater has a high salt content, with an average salinity of around 3.5%, which is much higher than that of freshwater. This makes it unsuitable for drinking or irrigation without desalination.
Exposure to seawater can also have medical implications, such as in cases of immersion injuries, marine envenomations, or waterborne illnesses. However, there is no single medical definition of seawater.
Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.
Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.
Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.
Hemolysins are a type of protein toxin produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and plants that have the ability to damage and destroy red blood cells (erythrocytes), leading to their lysis or hemolysis. This results in the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding environment. Hemolysins can be classified into two main categories:
1. Exotoxins: These are secreted by bacteria and directly damage host cells. They can be further divided into two types:
* Membrane attack complex/perforin-like proteins (MACPF): These hemolysins create pores in the membrane of red blood cells, disrupting their integrity and causing lysis. Examples include alpha-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus and streptolysin O from Streptococcus pyogenes.
* Enzymatic hemolysins: These hemolysins are enzymes that degrade specific components of the red blood cell membrane, ultimately leading to lysis. An example is streptolysin S from Streptococcus pyogenes, which is a thiol-activated, oxygen-labile hemolysin.
2. Endotoxins: These are part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and can cause indirect hemolysis by activating the complement system or by stimulating the release of inflammatory mediators from host cells.
Hemolysins play a significant role in bacterial pathogenesis, contributing to tissue damage, impaired immune responses, and disease progression.
Cholera vaccines are preventive measures used to protect against the infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. There are several types of cholera vaccines available, including:
1. Inactivated oral vaccine (ICCV): This vaccine contains killed whole-cell bacteria and is given in two doses, with each dose administered at least 14 days apart. It provides protection for up to six months and can be given to adults and children over the age of one year.
2. Live attenuated oral vaccine (LCV): This vaccine contains weakened live bacteria that are unable to cause disease but still stimulate an immune response. The most commonly used LCV is called CVD 103-HgR, which is given in a single dose and provides protection for up to three months. It can be given to adults and children over the age of six years.
3. Injectable cholera vaccine: This vaccine contains inactivated bacteria and is given as an injection. It is not widely available and its effectiveness is limited compared to oral vaccines.
Cholera vaccines are recommended for travelers visiting areas with known cholera outbreaks, particularly if they plan to eat food or drink water that may be contaminated. They can also be used in response to outbreaks to help control the spread of the disease. However, it is important to note that vaccination alone is not sufficient to prevent cholera infection and good hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, should always be followed.
Gene expression regulation in bacteria refers to the complex cellular processes that control the production of proteins from specific genes. This regulation allows bacteria to adapt to changing environmental conditions and ensure the appropriate amount of protein is produced at the right time.
Bacteria have a variety of mechanisms for regulating gene expression, including:
1. Operon structure: Many bacterial genes are organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule. The expression of these genes can be coordinately regulated by controlling the transcription of the entire operon.
2. Promoter regulation: Transcription is initiated at promoter regions upstream of the gene or operon. Bacteria have regulatory proteins called sigma factors that bind to the promoter and recruit RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA. The binding of sigma factors can be influenced by environmental signals, allowing for regulation of transcription.
3. Attenuation: Some operons have regulatory regions called attenuators that control transcription termination. These regions contain hairpin structures that can form in the mRNA and cause transcription to stop prematurely. The formation of these hairpins is influenced by the concentration of specific metabolites, allowing for regulation of gene expression based on the availability of those metabolites.
4. Riboswitches: Some bacterial mRNAs contain regulatory elements called riboswitches that bind small molecules directly. When a small molecule binds to the riboswitch, it changes conformation and affects transcription or translation of the associated gene.
5. CRISPR-Cas systems: Bacteria use CRISPR-Cas systems for adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids. These systems incorporate short sequences from foreign DNA into their own genome, which can then be used to recognize and cleave similar sequences in invading genetic elements.
Overall, gene expression regulation in bacteria is a complex process that allows them to respond quickly and efficiently to changing environmental conditions. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms can provide insights into bacterial physiology and help inform strategies for controlling bacterial growth and behavior.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
A bacterial gene is a segment of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that contains the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of a functional bacterial protein or RNA molecule. These genes are responsible for encoding various characteristics and functions of bacteria such as metabolism, reproduction, and resistance to antibiotics. They can be transmitted between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Bacterial genes are often organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.
It's important to note that the term "bacterial gene" is used to describe genetic elements found in bacteria, but not all genetic elements in bacteria are considered genes. For example, some DNA sequences may not encode functional products and are therefore not considered genes. Additionally, some bacterial genes may be plasmid-borne or phage-borne, rather than being located on the bacterial chromosome.
Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.
Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.
Quorum sensing is a type of cell-cell communication that allows bacteria to detect and respond to changes in population density by producing, releasing, and responding to signaling molecules called autoinducers. This process enables the coordinated expression of certain genes related to various group behaviors such as biofilm formation, virulence factor production, and bioluminescence. The term "quorum sensing" was coined in 1994 by Bonnie L. Bassler and Susan Goldberg to describe this population-dependent gene regulation mechanism in bacteria.
"Fish diseases" is a broad term that refers to various health conditions and infections affecting fish populations in aquaculture, ornamental fish tanks, or wild aquatic environments. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors such as water quality, temperature, and stress.
Some common examples of fish diseases include:
1. Bacterial diseases: Examples include furunculosis (caused by Aeromonas salmonicida), columnaris disease (caused by Flavobacterium columnare), and enteric septicemia of catfish (caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri).
2. Viral diseases: Examples include infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in salmonids, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and koi herpesvirus (KHV).
3. Fungal diseases: Examples include saprolegniasis (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) and cotton wool disease (caused by Aphanomyces spp.).
4. Parasitic diseases: Examples include ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), costia, trichodina, and various worm infestations such as anchor worms (Lernaea spp.) and tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium spp.).
5. Environmental diseases: These are caused by poor water quality, temperature stress, or other environmental factors that weaken the fish's immune system and make them more susceptible to infections. Examples include osmoregulatory disorders, ammonia toxicity, and low dissolved oxygen levels.
It is essential to diagnose and treat fish diseases promptly to prevent their spread among fish populations and maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems. Preventative measures such as proper sanitation, water quality management, biosecurity practices, and vaccination can help reduce the risk of fish diseases in both farmed and ornamental fish settings.
Decapodiformes is a taxonomic order of marine cephalopods, which includes squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish. The name "Decapodiformes" comes from the Greek words "deca," meaning ten, and "podos," meaning foot, referring to the fact that these animals have ten limbs.
However, it is worth noting that within Decapodiformes, octopuses are an exception as they only have eight arms. The other members of this order, such as squids and cuttlefish, have ten appendages, which are used for locomotion, feeding, and sensory perception.
Decapodiformes species are known for their complex behaviors, sophisticated communication systems, and remarkable adaptations that enable them to thrive in a variety of marine habitats. They play important ecological roles as both predators and prey in the ocean food chain.
Aquaculture is the controlled cultivation and farming of aquatic organisms, such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants, in both freshwater and saltwater environments. It involves the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of these organisms under controlled conditions to produce food, feed, recreational resources, and other products for human use. Aquaculture can take place in a variety of systems, including ponds, raceways, tanks, and cages, and it is an important source of protein and livelihoods for many people around the world.
"Eels" is not a term that has a medical definition. It refers to a type of long, snake-like fish that belong to the order Anguilliformes. There are several species of eels found in fresh and saltwater environments around the world. While there may be some references to "eels" in a medical context, such as in the name of certain medical conditions or procedures, these would be specific and unrelated to the fish themselves.
DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.
The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.
In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.
Bacterial typing techniques are methods used to identify and differentiate bacterial strains or isolates based on their unique characteristics. These techniques are essential in epidemiological studies, infection control, and research to understand the transmission dynamics, virulence, and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens.
There are various bacterial typing techniques available, including:
1. **Bacteriophage Typing:** This method involves using bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to identify specific bacterial strains based on their susceptibility or resistance to particular phages.
2. **Serotyping:** It is a technique that differentiates bacterial strains based on the antigenic properties of their cell surface components, such as capsules, flagella, and somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens.
3. **Biochemical Testing:** This method uses biochemical reactions to identify specific metabolic pathways or enzymes present in bacterial strains, which can be used for differentiation. Commonly used tests include the catalase test, oxidase test, and various sugar fermentation tests.
4. **Molecular Typing Techniques:** These methods use genetic markers to identify and differentiate bacterial strains at the DNA level. Examples of molecular typing techniques include:
* **Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE):** This method uses restriction enzymes to digest bacterial DNA, followed by electrophoresis in an agarose gel under pulsed electrical fields. The resulting banding patterns are analyzed and compared to identify related strains.
* **Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST):** It involves sequencing specific housekeeping genes to generate unique sequence types that can be used for strain identification and phylogenetic analysis.
* **Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS):** This method sequences the entire genome of a bacterial strain, providing the most detailed information on genetic variation and relatedness between strains. WGS data can be analyzed using various bioinformatics tools to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene deletions or insertions, and other genetic changes that can be used for strain differentiation.
These molecular typing techniques provide higher resolution than traditional methods, allowing for more accurate identification and comparison of bacterial strains. They are particularly useful in epidemiological investigations to track the spread of pathogens and identify outbreaks.
Flagella are long, thin, whip-like structures that some types of cells use to move themselves around. They are made up of a protein called tubulin and are surrounded by a membrane. In bacteria, flagella rotate like a propeller to push the cell through its environment. In eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus), such as sperm cells or certain types of algae, flagella move in a wave-like motion to achieve locomotion. The ability to produce flagella is called flagellation.
Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.
Environmental Microbiology is a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microscopic entities, that are found in various environments such as water, soil, air, and organic matter. This field focuses on understanding how these microbes interact with their surroundings, their role in various ecological systems, and their impact on human health and the environment. It also involves studying the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that allow microorganisms to survive and thrive in different environmental conditions, as well as the potential uses of microbes for bioremediation, bioenergy, and other industrial applications.
Luminescence is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in general terms, luminescence refers to the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed energy. This phenomenon can occur in some medical contexts, such as in medical imaging techniques like bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIA).
In BLI, genetically modified organisms or cells are used to produce light at specific wavelengths that can be detected and measured. This technique is often used in preclinical research to study biological processes such as gene expression, cell proliferation, and metastasis.
In CLIA, an enzymatic reaction produces light that is used to detect and quantify the presence of a specific analyte or target molecule. This technique is commonly used in clinical laboratories for the detection of various biomarkers, such as hormones, drugs, and infectious agents.
Therefore, while luminescence is not a medical term per se, it has important applications in medical research and diagnostics.
Virulence factors are characteristics or components of a microorganism, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, that contribute to its ability to cause damage or disease in a host organism. These factors can include various structures, enzymes, or toxins that allow the pathogen to evade the host's immune system, attach to and invade host tissues, obtain nutrients from the host, or damage host cells directly.
Examples of virulence factors in bacteria include:
1. Endotoxins: lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that can trigger a strong immune response and inflammation.
2. Exotoxins: proteins secreted by some bacteria that have toxic effects on host cells, such as botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum or diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
3. Adhesins: structures that help the bacterium attach to host tissues, such as fimbriae or pili in Escherichia coli.
4. Capsules: thick layers of polysaccharides or proteins that surround some bacteria and protect them from the host's immune system, like those found in Streptococcus pneumoniae or Klebsiella pneumoniae.
5. Invasins: proteins that enable bacteria to invade and enter host cells, such as internalins in Listeria monocytogenes.
6. Enzymes: proteins that help bacteria obtain nutrients from the host by breaking down various molecules, like hemolysins that lyse red blood cells to release iron or hyaluronidases that degrade connective tissue.
Understanding virulence factors is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases caused by these microorganisms.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Siderophores are low-molecular-weight organic compounds that are secreted by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, to chelate and solubilize iron from their environment. They are able to bind ferric iron (Fe3+) with very high affinity and form a siderophore-iron complex, which can then be taken up by the microorganism through specific transport systems. This allows them to acquire iron even in environments where it is present at very low concentrations or in forms that are not readily available for uptake. Siderophores play an important role in the survival and virulence of many pathogenic microorganisms, as they help them to obtain the iron they need to grow and multiply.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Bangladesh" is a country located in South Asia, rather than a medical term or condition. It is bordered by India to the west, north, and east, and by Myanmar (Burma) to the southeast, with the Bay of Bengal to the south. The official name of the country is the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you!
Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are a type of protein found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane is a unique characteristic of gram-negative bacteria, and it serves as a barrier that helps protect the bacterium from hostile environments. OMPs play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and selective permeability of the outer membrane. They are involved in various functions such as nutrient uptake, transport, adhesion, and virulence factor secretion.
OMPs are typically composed of beta-barrel structures that span the bacterial outer membrane. These proteins can be classified into several groups based on their size, function, and structure. Some of the well-known OMP families include porins, autotransporters, and two-partner secretion systems.
Porins are the most abundant type of OMPs and form water-filled channels that allow the passive diffusion of small molecules, ions, and nutrients across the outer membrane. Autotransporters are a diverse group of OMPs that play a role in bacterial pathogenesis by secreting virulence factors or acting as adhesins. Two-partner secretion systems involve the cooperation between two proteins to transport effector molecules across the outer membrane.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial OMPs is essential for developing new antibiotics and therapies that target gram-negative bacteria, which are often resistant to conventional treatments.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
"O antigens" are a type of antigen found on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The "O" in O antigens stands for "outer" membrane. These antigens are composed of complex carbohydrates and can vary between different strains of the same species of bacteria, which is why they are also referred to as the bacterial "O" somatic antigens.
The O antigens play a crucial role in the virulence and pathogenesis of many Gram-negative bacteria, as they help the bacteria evade the host's immune system by changing the structure of the O antigen, making it difficult for the host to mount an effective immune response against the bacterial infection.
The identification and classification of O antigens are important in epidemiology, clinical microbiology, and vaccine development, as they can be used to differentiate between different strains of bacteria and to develop vaccines that provide protection against specific bacterial infections.
Bacteriophages, often simply called phages, are viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria. They consist of a protein coat, called the capsid, that encases the genetic material, which can be either DNA or RNA. Bacteriophages are highly specific, meaning they only infect certain types of bacteria, and they reproduce by hijacking the bacterial cell's machinery to produce more viruses.
Once a phage infects a bacterium, it can either replicate its genetic material and create new phages (lytic cycle), or integrate its genetic material into the bacterial chromosome and replicate along with the bacterium (lysogenic cycle). In the lytic cycle, the newly formed phages are released by lysing, or breaking open, the bacterial cell.
Bacteriophages play a crucial role in shaping microbial communities and have been studied as potential alternatives to antibiotics for treating bacterial infections.
Fimbriae proteins are specialized protein structures found on the surface of certain bacteria, including some pathogenic species. Fimbriae, also known as pili, are thin, hair-like appendages that extend from the bacterial cell wall and play a role in the attachment of the bacterium to host cells or surfaces.
Fimbrial proteins are responsible for the assembly and structure of these fimbriae. They are produced by the bacterial cell and then self-assemble into long, thin fibers that extend from the surface of the bacterium. The proteins have a highly conserved sequence at their carboxy-terminal end, which is important for their polymerization and assembly into fimbriae.
Fimbrial proteins can vary widely between different species of bacteria, and even between strains of the same species. Some fimbrial proteins are adhesins, meaning they bind to specific receptors on host cells, allowing the bacterium to attach to and colonize tissues. Other fimbrial proteins may play a role in biofilm formation or other aspects of bacterial pathogenesis.
Understanding the structure and function of fimbrial proteins is important for developing new strategies to prevent or treat bacterial infections, as these proteins can be potential targets for vaccines or therapeutic agents.
"Photobacterium" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are capable of producing light, a phenomenon known as bioluminescence. These bacteria are commonly found in marine environments and are often associated with fish and other sea creatures. They are typically rod-shaped and can exist as free-living organisms or as symbiotic partners within host organisms. Photobacterium species are known to produce a variety of enzymes and metabolites that have potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. However, some strains of Photobacterium can cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Luminescent measurements refer to the quantitative assessment of the emission of light from a substance that has been excited, typically through some form of energy input such as electrical energy or radiation. In the context of medical diagnostics and research, luminescent measurements can be used in various applications, including bioluminescence imaging, which is used to study biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.
Bioluminescence occurs when a chemical reaction produces light within a living organism, often through the action of enzymes such as luciferase. By introducing a luciferase gene into cells or organisms, researchers can use bioluminescent measurements to track cellular processes and monitor gene expression in real time.
Luminescent measurements may also be used in medical research to study the properties of materials used in medical devices, such as LEDs or optical fibers, or to develop new diagnostic tools based on light-emitting nanoparticles or other luminescent materials.
In summary, luminescent measurements are a valuable tool in medical research and diagnostics, providing a non-invasive way to study biological processes and develop new technologies for disease detection and treatment.
Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that are present in food, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field examines how these microbes interact with food, how they affect its safety and quality, and how they can be controlled during food production, processing, storage, and preparation. Food microbiology also involves the development of methods for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms in food, as well as studying the mechanisms of foodborne illnesses and developing strategies to prevent them. Additionally, it includes research on the beneficial microbes found in certain fermented foods and their potential applications in improving food quality and safety.
Medical definitions typically do not include general food items like seafood. However, I can provide you with a general definition:
Seafood is a category of food that comes from aquatic animals (both saltwater and freshwater) including fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and echinoderms. It is an essential source of protein, vitamins, and minerals in many diets around the world. Some common examples of seafood are salmon, shrimp, lobster, clams, oysters, and squid.
If you're looking for a medical aspect related to seafood, it is worth noting that some people may have allergies to certain types of seafood, which can cause mild to severe reactions. In such cases, avoiding the specific allergen is crucial to prevent adverse health effects.
A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.
The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.
Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.
'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.
While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.
E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.
Serotyping is a laboratory technique used to classify microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the specific antigens or proteins present on their surface. It involves treating the microorganism with different types of antibodies and observing which ones bind to its surface. Each distinct set of antigens corresponds to a specific serotype, allowing for precise identification and characterization of the microorganism. This technique is particularly useful in epidemiology, vaccine development, and infection control.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Penaeidae" is not a medical term. It is actually the scientific name of a family of crustaceans, specifically marine decapods, commonly known as prawns or shrimps. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those instead.
Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.
Vibrio
Vibrio aerogenes
Vibrio pelagius
Vibrio vulnificus
Vibrio pectenicida
Vibrio anguillarum
Vibrio lentus
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio mimicus
Vibrio fluvialis
Vibrio coralliilyticus
Vibrio diabolicus
Vibrio harveyi
Vibrio campbellii
Vibrio azureus
Vibrio furnissii
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio natriegens
Vibrio tubiashii
Vibrio cyclitrophicus
Vibrio casei
Vibrio ordalii
Vibrio adaptatus
Vibrio tapetis
Vibrio alginolyticus
Vibrio mytili
Vibrio virus K139
Vibrio holin family
Vibrio virus nt1
Vibrio regulatory RNA of OmpA
Vibrio - Wikipedia
Symptoms | Vibrio Illness (Vibriosis) | CDC
Vibrio Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
'Vibrio' in Virology News | Scoop.it
Vibrio vulnificus infections grow
Vibrio vulnificus Health Education Kit Fact Sheet | FDA
Vibrio Vulnificus: Risk Factors, Diagnosing and Treatment
RCSB PDB - 3R6M: Crystal structure of Vibrio parahaemolyticus YeaZ
Case Count Maps | Vibrio Infections Linked to Imported Fresh Crab Meat | Vibrio Illness (Vibriosis) | CDC
Quorum sensing in vibrio cholerae - microbewiki
Effect of lime juice on Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella
Ocorrência de Vibrio spp potencialmente patogênicos em moluscos bivalves comestíveis...
Cloning, Identification, and Characterization of the rpoS-Like Sigma Factor rpoX from Vibrio alginolyticus
RCSB PDB - 3RJ4: Crystal Structure of 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine Reductase, QueF from Vibrio cholerae
Glycogen synthase (Vibrio atlanticus LGP32) | Protein Target - PubChem
Health Alert Network (HAN) - 00497 | Severe Vibrio vulnificus Infections in the United States Associated with Warming Coastal...
Deadly Flesh-Eating Bacteria Vibrio vulnificus Found in New York and Connecticut
Single-channel properties, sugar specificity, and role of chitoporin in adaptive survival of Vibrio cholerae type strain O1 |...
Quorum sensing in vibrio cholerae: Difference between revisions - microbewiki
Collier County reports three cases of Vibrio vulnificus in the last three weeks - NBC2 News
The Genome of Vibrio orientalis : A Luminous Bacterium.
ISO 11348-3:1998 - Water quality - Determination of the inhibitory effect of water samples on the light emission of Vibrio...
Health Care Provider Information on Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infection - MN Dept. of Health
A putative Vibrio cholerae two-component system controls a conserved periplasmic protein in response to the antimicrobial...
After Washington Vibrio Scare, Is It Safe to Eat Oregon Oysters? - Eater Portland
PPT
Cholerae25
- Pathogenic Vibrio species include V. cholerae (the causative agent of cholera), V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. (wikipedia.org)
- ABSTRACT In the past decade the importance of non-O1 and non-O139 strains of Vibrio cholerae has been highlighted globally. (who.int)
- RÉSUMÉ Au cours des dix dernières années, l'importance des souches de Vibrio cholerae non-O1 et non-O139 a été mise en avant à l'échelle mondiale. (who.int)
- La présente étude visait à évaluer la fréquence de l'isolation des souches de Vibrio cholerae non-O1 et non-O139 et leur profil de sensibilité aux antimicrobiens au Pakistan. (who.int)
- Vibrio cholerae O1 biovar El Tor str. (rcsb.org)
- CqsA is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of cholerae autoinducer-1 (CAI-1), the major Vibrio cholerae autoinducer engaged in quorum sensing. (rcsb.org)
- Strains of VIBRIO CHOLERAE containing O ANTIGENS group 1. (online-medical-dictionary.org)
- Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, has been a scourge for centuries. (umd.edu)
- Transcriptional responses of intestinal epithelial cells to infection with Vibrio cholerae. (nih.gov)
- Vibrio cholerae is a noninvasive enteric bacterium that causes the severe diarrheal disease cholera. (nih.gov)
- Researchers also discovered that zonula occludens toxin or 'zot' genes, first described in Vibrio cholerae , which is a secreted toxin that increases intestinal permeability, were some of the most highly retained and selected genes in the vibrios they found. (news-medical.net)
- Vibrio cholerae is a highly successful human pathogen and environmental organism. (utexas.edu)
- Cell vacuolation caused by Vibrio cholerae hemolysin. (cdc.gov)
- Adaptation to shifting temperatures is crucial for the survival of the bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae . (elifesciences.org)
- The transition between motility and biofilm formation is important to the lifecycle of the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae, which causes the disease cholera. (uncg.edu)
- Vibrio cholerae , the etiological agent of cholera is an autochthonous bacterium of aquatic environment, often found attached to crustacean zooplankton. (banglajol.info)
- Annotated bibliography on classical Vibrio cholerae / editor-in-chief, K. M. S. Aziz. (who.int)
- Vibrio cholerae and cholera : molecular to global perspectives / edited by I. Kaye Wachsmuth, Paul A. Blake, Orjan Olsvik. (who.int)
- Métodos de laboratorio para el diagn'ostico de Vibrio cholerae. (who.int)
- Cholera and the ecology of vibrio cholerae / edited by B. S. Drasar and B. D. Forrest. (who.int)
- Risk assessment of choleragenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in warm water shrimp for international trade : interpretative summary and technical report. (who.int)
- Vibrio cholerae" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Vibrio cholerae" by people in this website by year, and whether "Vibrio cholerae" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Vibrio cholerae" by people in Profiles. (wakehealth.edu)
- The Vibrio Cholerae 0139 ELISA Kit, Non-Coated (+ Only) is for detection of select agents (and simulants) in environmental samples. (tetracore.com)
Parahaemolyticus9
- by Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains ed genes ( tdh and trh ). (cdc.gov)
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus ( V. parahaemolyticus or Vibrio p. ) is a bacterium in the same family as those that cause cholera and causes gastrointestinal illness in humans. (whoi.edu)
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a bacterium in the same family as those that cause cholera. (whoi.edu)
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative, salt tolerant bacterium that occurs naturally in estuaries. (fda.gov)
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been associated with outbreaks and individual cases of illness in the United States since 1969. (fda.gov)
- This risk assessment will determine the prevalence and extent of exposure of consumers to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw molluscan shellfish and will assess the resulting public health impact of such exposure. (usda.gov)
- The distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Korea was studied. (ajtmh.org)
- Concentrations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters, water and sediments. (noaa.gov)
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most commonly reported species and is estimated to cause 45,000 illnesses a year in the U.S. (northcarolinahealthnews.org)
Cholera5
- A common sign of Vibrio infection is cholera. (wikipedia.org)
- These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Vibrio Cholera. (fpnotebook.com)
- Méthodes de laboratoire pour le diagnostic du vibrion cholérique et des autres vibrions = Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of cholera vibrio and other vibrios = Métodos de laboratorio para el diagn'ostico del vibri'on colérico y de los otros vibriones / A. Dodin, J.-M. Fournier. (who.int)
- The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance (COVIS) dataset from 1990 to 2010, with 8056 records, was analysed to ascertain trends in antibiotics use and mortality. (biomedcentral.com)
- In 1988, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States established a surveillance system for human infections caused by all species of Vibrio known as "Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance" (COVIS) [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathogen1
- Vibrio alginolyticus, a bacterial pathogen in fish and humans, expresses a type III secretion system (T3SS) that is critical for pathogen virulence and disease development. (stir.ac.uk)
Strains1
- Results of assays of clinical Vibrio fluvialis strains to determine ability to lyse rabbit erythrocytes and cytotoxic effect on CHO and HeLa cells. (cdc.gov)
Oysters7
- That's because Vibrio bacteria thrive in coastal waters where oysters are harvested. (cdc.gov)
- Most people get infected with Vibrio by eating raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters. (cdc.gov)
- Vibrio is commonly found in waters where oysters are cultivated. (whoi.edu)
- We demonstrate that Vibrio populations do not assemble neutrally in oysters from water column populations i.e. specific genotypes colonize the oysters. (univ-lyon1.fr)
- Science 320(5879):1081-1085.Lemire A, Goudenège D, Versigny T, Petton B, Calteau A, Labreuche Y, Le Roux F. (2014) Populations, not clones, are the unit of vibrio pathogenesis in naturally infected oysters. (univ-lyon1.fr)
- Vibrio bacteria do not change the appearance, taste, or odor of oysters or clams. (maryland.gov)
- In France, since 2012 a disease affecting specifically adult oysters has been associated with the presence of Vibrio aestuarianus. (pasteur.fr)
Infections16
- Among children with serious noncholera Vibrio infections in whom tetracycline and fluoroquinolone are contraindicated, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus an aminoglycoside (eg, gentamicin) is recommended. (medscape.com)
- Other newer antibiotics such as daptomycin and linezolid that were approved for the treatment of serious skin and soft-tissue infections have not been studied in serious Vibrio infections. (medscape.com)
- Therefore, the authors do not recommend the use of these antibiotics in the treatment of serious Vibrio infections. (medscape.com)
- As of 2013 in the United States, Vibrio infections as a whole were up 43% when compared with the rates observed in 2006-2008. (wikipedia.org)
- Foodborne Vibrio infections are most often associated with eating raw shellfish. (wikipedia.org)
- Notify healthcare providers, laboratories, and public health departments about recent reports of fatal Vibrio vulnificus ( V. vulnificus ) infections, including wound and foodborne infections. (cdc.gov)
- Extreme weather events, such as coastal floods, hurricanes, and storm surges, can force coastal waters into inland areas, putting people that are exposed to these waters-especially evacuees who are older or have underlying health conditions-at increased risk for Vibrio wound infections. (cdc.gov)
- Noncholera Vibrio wound and bloodstream infections are readily diagnosed with routine cultures. (msdmanuals.com)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a national report on Friday warning Alerts health care professionals to prevent infections Vibrio wound A rare flesh-eating bacteria has killed at least 13 people on the Eastern Seaboard this year. (ganderbeacon.ca)
- CDC He says Many people are affected Vibrio wound "Severe treatment or amputation is required," and some infections can lead to what's called necrotizing fasciitis, a severe infection in which the flesh around an open wound dies. (ganderbeacon.ca)
- Vibrio Wound infections, the CDC said. (ganderbeacon.ca)
- Vibrio vulnificus infections develop rapidly and are associated with a high mortality rate. (biomedcentral.com)
- About 80 percent of vibrio infections occur between May and October, according to the CDC. (northcarolinahealthnews.org)
- The incidence of Vibrio infections, which can cause acute diarrhoea and potentially serious complications such as hypovolemic shock and septicaemia, continues to rise in the United States [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Vibrio vulnificus is the most lethal species, and there are limited data on the effectiveness of antibiotic use in V. vulnificus infections [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Observational studies on lethal Vibrio infections, using established surveillance data over a long defined period of time, may provide insights about the associations between the use of antibiotics and patient outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Ingested Vibrio bacteria1
- When ingested Vibrio bacteria can primarily result in watery diarrhea along with other secondary symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
Vibriosis3
- Information on this website focuses on Vibrio species causing vibriosis. (cdc.gov)
- Vibriosis is a sign of a more severe Vibrio infection. (wikipedia.org)
- Vibrio anguillarum - Vibriosis. (ivami.com)
Infection7
- Vibrio is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, possessing a curved-rod (comma) shape, several species of which can cause foodborne infection, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. (wikipedia.org)
- Pathogenic Vibrio species can cause foodborne illness (infection), usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. (wikipedia.org)
- Most people with Vibrio infection have diarrhea. (cdc.gov)
- When enteric infection is suspected, Vibrio organisms can be cultured from stool on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose medium. (msdmanuals.com)
- Up to 200 people report it in the United States each year Vibrio wound Infection per CDC. (ganderbeacon.ca)
- While it is rare, infection also can occur when cuts, burns or sores are exposed to seawater containing Vibrio bacteria. (maryland.gov)
- Animal model in vivo studies of antibiotic sensitivities to Vibrio infection may not all be applicable to humans due to differences in pharmacokinetic parameters [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Alginolyticus3
- The results showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of V. alginolyticus HopPmaJ shared 78-98% homology with other Vibrio spp. (stir.ac.uk)
- Pang H, Qiu M, Zhao J, Hoare R, Monaghan S, Song D, Chang Y & Jian J (2018) Construction of a Vibrio alginolyticus hopPmaJ (hop) mutant and evaluation of its potential as a live attenuated vaccine in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). (stir.ac.uk)
- Accepted refereed manuscript of: Pang H, Qiu M, Zhao J, Hoare R, Monaghan S, Song D, Chang Y & Jian J (2018) Construction of a Vibrio alginolyticus hopPmaJ (hop) mutant and evaluation of its potential as a live attenuated vaccine in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 76, pp. 93-100. (stir.ac.uk)
Pacini1
- However, Vibrio Müller, 1773 became regarded as the name of a zoological genus, and the name of the bacterial genus became Vibrio Pacini, 1854. (wikipedia.org)
Pathogenic Vibrio1
- The recent emergence of the human-pathogenic Vibrio vulnificus in Israel was investigated by using multilocus genotype data and modern molecular evolutionary analysis tools. (nih.gov)
Vulnificus bacteria1
- Under a high magnification of 13184X, this digitally-colorized scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image depicts a grouping of Vibrio vulnificus bacteria. (northcarolinahealthnews.org)
Shellfish4
- Unlike other Vibrio species, V. vulnificus is primarily transmitted through open-wound contact with salt water or brackish water, but occasionally (in approximately 10% of cases) the bacteria also can infect people if they eat raw or undercooked shellfish. (cdc.gov)
- We want everyone to enjoy fresh seafood this summer, but we also want people to be aware that eating raw shellfish can cause illness due to Vibrio bacteria," said DHMH Secretary Dr. Georges C. Benjamin. (maryland.gov)
- Shellfish harvested from Maryland waters have never been implicated in a Vibrio illness," said Acting MDE Secretary Merrylin Zaw-Mon. "However, so far this year, two Marylanders have become ill after eating raw shellfish harvested out of state. (maryland.gov)
- More Vibrio and seafood safety information can be obtained by calling the U.S. Food & Drug Administration hotline at 1-(800)- 332-4010 or online from the Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference at: www.issc.org. (maryland.gov)
Organisms1
- For instance, if a fish eats a piece of plastic and gets infected by this Vibrio , which then results in a leaky gut and diarrhea, it's going to release waste nutrients such nitrogen and phosphate that could stimulate Sargassum growth and other surrounding organisms. (news-medical.net)
Uridine Phosphorylase1
- 4LNH: Crystal structure of uridine phosphorylase from Vibrio fischeri ES114, NYSGRC Target 29520. (rcsb.org)
Antimicrobial1
- Tigecycline, a novel glycylcycline, has a potent in vitro antimicrobial effect against Vibrio species. (medscape.com)
Bacteria are found1
- Different kinds of Vibrio bacteria are found naturally in coastal waters and are not a result of pollution. (maryland.gov)
Bacterial1
- The assimilation efficiency of the Vibrio protein biomass by Pteridomonas was low, only about 20%, independently of the amount of consumed bacterial biomass, confirming our earlier indirect estimates. (soton.ac.uk)
Genome1
- Utilizing metagenome-assembled genome (MAG), this study represents the first Vibrio spp. (news-medical.net)
Found in waters1
- Vibrio bacteria can be found in waters approved for oyster and clam harvesting. (maryland.gov)
Diagnosis1
- The diagnosis Vibrio-Vulnificous, also known as the flesh-eating disease. (wkrg.com)
Pathogens1
- V =Variable (+/-) Several species of Vibrio are pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
Enteric1
- CDC requests that all Vibrio isolates be forwarded to the Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch (EDLB) for characterization. (cdc.gov)
Genus4
- O. F. Müller (1773, 1786) described eight species of the genus Vibrio (included in Infusoria), three of which were spirilliforms. (wikipedia.org)
- The genus Vibrio contains a large number of species. (wikipedia.org)
- So, variation in the biochemical characteristics are most common in case of the genus Vibrio. (wikipedia.org)
- Colony, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of the genus Vibrio are shown in the Table below. (wikipedia.org)
Organism1
- Vibrio is a model organism for the study of quorum sensing (QS) signaling and is used to identify QS-interfering drugs. (uni-muenchen.de)
Waters2
- Vibrio naturally live in coastal waters, including salt water and brackish water, which is a mixture of salt water and fresh water. (cdc.gov)
- His left leg was amputated Sept. 16, 2018, after he contracted the bacteria Vibrio vulnificus while helping a neighbor in flood waters following Hurricane Florence. (northcarolinahealthnews.org)
Mortality2
- Considering all Vibrio species, the only class of antibiotic associated with reduced odds of mortality was quinolone (odds ratio 0.56, 95 % CI 0.46-0.67). (biomedcentral.com)
- Considering all Vibrio species, use of quinolones is associated with lower mortality and penicillin alone is not particularly effective. (biomedcentral.com)
Primarily1
- Vibrio wound An open wound spreads primarily through contact with salt water or brackish water, the CDC said, although person-to-person transmission is not reported. (ganderbeacon.ca)
20181
- Bacteria known as Vibrio vulnificus , which he came into contact with in the floodwaters Sept. 15, 2018, had migrated. (northcarolinahealthnews.org)
Efficacy2
- There is a paucity of data on the in vivo efficacy of antibiotics for lethal Vibrio species. (biomedcentral.com)
- Studies of treatment efficacy for lethal Vibrio species such as V. vulnificus , have inherent ethical difficulties and consequently there are no randomised control trials (RCT) of V. vulnificus in humans [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Illness1
- One particular kind of Vibrio bacteria, Vibrio vulnificus, can cause serious illness or even death for people considered to be at high risk. (maryland.gov)
Presence1
- The objective of this study was to develop a molecular detection method that better estimates the potential risk associated with the presence of Vibrio vulnificus. (umd.edu)
Risk3
- Anywhere that has water that I think is greater than 68 or 69 degrees Fahrenheit is at risk for vibrio. (wkrg.com)
- People who are not at high risk can also become ill from Vibrio bacteria, although it is much less common. (maryland.gov)
- That same day, New Hanover County officials issued a press release warning about the risk of vibrio. (northcarolinahealthnews.org)
Humans1
- About a dozen species of Vibrio are pathogenic to humans. (cdc.gov)
Protein1
- Among the major hits are two protein targets with essential roles in Vibrio QS and bioluminescence. (uni-muenchen.de)
Open-wound1
- Some people get infected when an open wound is exposed to salt water or brackish water containing Vibrio [1]. (cdc.gov)