The segment of GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the ESOPHAGUS; the STOMACH; and the DUODENUM.
Generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the MOUTH to ANUS, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
Tumors or cancer of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, from the MOUTH to the ANAL CANAL.
Diseases in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Inflammation of the DUODENUM section of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL). Erosive duodenitis may cause bleeding in the UPPER GI TRACT and PEPTIC ULCER.
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.
Strong alkaline chemicals that destroy soft body tissues resulting in a deep, penetrating type of burn, in contrast to corrosives, that result in a more superficial type of damage via chemical means or inflammation. Caustics are usually hydroxides of light metals. SODIUM HYDROXIDE and potassium hydroxide are the most widely used caustic agents in industry. Medically, they have been used externally to remove diseased or dead tissues and destroy warts and small tumors. The accidental ingestion of products (household and industrial) containing caustic ingredients results in thousands of injuries per year.
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the stomach.
The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.
'Chemical burns' is a medical term that refers to injuries resulting from skin or eye contact with harmful substances, such as acids, alkalis, or irritants, which can cause damage ranging from mild irritation to severe necrosis and scarring.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the duodenum.
Pathological processes involving the STOMACH.
Instruments for the visual examination of the interior of the gastrointestinal tract.
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the esophagus.
The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.
Tumors or cancer of the DUODENUM.
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.
The motor activity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.
Surgical creation of an external opening into the ILEUM for fecal diversion or drainage. This replacement for the RECTUM is usually created in patients with severe INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES. Loop (continent) or tube (incontinent) procedures are most often employed.
Surgery performed on the digestive system or its parts.
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.
Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.
Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
The liquid secretion of the stomach mucosa consisting of hydrochloric acid (GASTRIC ACID); PEPSINOGENS; INTRINSIC FACTOR; GASTRIN; MUCUS; and the bicarbonate ion (BICARBONATES). (From Best & Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th ed, p651)
The portion of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT between the PYLORUS of the STOMACH and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE. It is divisible into three portions: the DUODENUM, the JEJUNUM, and the ILEUM.
The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.
An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
The segment of GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the small intestine below the DUODENUM, and the LARGE INTESTINE.
A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The region of the upper limb in animals, extending from the deltoid region to the HAND, and including the ARM; AXILLA; and SHOULDER.
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.
The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.
The duct which coveys URINE from the pelvis of the KIDNEY through the URETERS, BLADDER, and URETHRA.
The blind sac or outpouching area of the LARGE INTESTINE that is below the entrance of the SMALL INTESTINE. It has a worm-like extension, the vermiform APPENDIX.
A segment of the LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the CECUM; the COLON; and the RECTUM.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.
Two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. (From Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p766)
Animals not contaminated by or associated with any foreign organisms.

A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for dietary uptake of hydrophobic organic compounds by fish: I. Feeding studies with 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl. (1/111)

A physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model was developed to describe dietary uptake of hydrophobic organic compounds by fish. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract was modeled using four compartments corresponding to the stomach, pyloric ceca, upper intestine, and lower intestine, and the lumenal volume of each compartment was allowed to change in time as a function of bulk flow down the GI tract and (for the pyloric ceca and upper intestine) nutrient uptake. The model was developed using data from rainbow trout that were fed a single meal of 60-day-old fathead minnows contaminated with [UL-(14)C] 2,2',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl ([(14)C] PCB 52). Chemical partitioning coefficients for the gut contents and tissues were adjusted to account for changes in chemical affinity associated with uptake of dietary lipid. Permeability constants for the absorbing gut segments were then fitted by modeling to measured [(14)C] PCB 52 concentrations in gut contents and tissues. The model accurately describes observed patterns of gastric evacuation and bulk flow of digesta, the concentration time course for [(14)C] PCB 52 in contents and tissues of the GI tract, and [(14)C] PCB 52 distribution to other major tissues. Most of the [(14)C] PCB 52 was taken up in the pyloric ceca and upper intestine during the period of peak lipid absorption. It is concluded, however, that a kinetic limitation acting along the entire length of the GI tract resulted in a chemical disequilibrium between feces and tissues of the lower intestine.  (+info)

The mammalian twisted gastrulation gene functions in foregut and craniofacial development. (2/111)

Extracellular modulators of cell-cell signaling control numerous aspects of organismal development. The Twisted gastrulation (Twsg1) gene product is a small, secreted cysteine-rich protein that has the unusual property of being able to either enhance or inhibit signaling by the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) subfamily of TGF-beta type factors in a context-dependent manner. In this report, we characterize the early embryonic and skeletal phenotypes associated with loss of Twsg1 function in mice. All Twsg1 mutant mice, irrespective of genetic background, exhibit deletions of neural arches in the cervical vertebrae. In a C57BL/6 background, we also observe pronounced forebrain defects including rostral truncations, holoprosencephaly, cyclopia, as well as alterations in the first branchial arch (BA1) leading to lack of jaw (agnathia). Characterization of marker expression suggests that these defects are attributable to loss of signaling from forebrain-organizing centers including Fgf8 from the anterior neural ridge (ANR) and Shh from the prechordal plate (PrCP). In addition, we find defects in the foregut endoderm and a reduction in Hex expression, which may contribute to both the forebrain and BA1 defects.  (+info)

Prospective randomized trial for optimal prophylactic treatment of the upper gastrointestinal complications after open heart surgery. (3/111)

BACKGROUND: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a lethal complication after open heart surgery. We designed a prospective randomized trial to test the efficacy of different antisecretory agents to prevent upper gastrointestinal disease after operation. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 210 patients were divided into 3 groups: group I had 70 patients who had mucosal protection (teprenone 150 mg/day), group II had 70 patients who had histamine2-receptor antagonist (ranitidine 300 mg/day), and group III included 70 patients who had a proton pump inhibitor (rabeprazole 10 mg/day). Gastric fiberscopy was used in all patients postoperatively during days 5 to 7. We compared the 3 groups in terms of endoscopic findings. Four patients (5.7%) had gastric bleeding complications in each of groups I and II; 2 died of coagulopathy. In group III no patients had gastric bleeding. The incidence of hemorrhagic gastritis was significantly higher in groups I (22.9%) and II (15.7%) than in III (2.9%) (p=0.0003). The incidence of active ulcers was also significantly higher in groups I (28.6%) and II (21.4%) than in III (4.3%) (p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Early medication postoperative by a proton pump inhibitor was shown to be the most effective treatment and indeed might be described as mandatory to prevent upper gastrointestinal diseases after open heart surgery.  (+info)

Genomic organization, expression, and function of bitter taste receptors (T2R) in mouse and rat. (4/111)

Mammalian type 2 taste receptors (T2R) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors that mediate bitter signals in taste cells. In the present study, we compared the genomic organization of rodent T2R genes based on the recently completed mouse and rat genomes and examined tissue- and cell-specific expression of T2Rs. Both mouse and rat T2R families consist of 36 intact genes and at least 7 pseudogenes that are mapped to mouse chromosomes 15, 2, and 6 and to rat chromosomes 2, 3, and 4, respectively. All but two T2R genes are clustered on mouse chromosome 6 and rat chromosome 4 with virtually identical genomic organization. The orthologs of the first human T2R gene identified, mT2R119 and rT2R1, are located on mouse chromosome 15 and rat chromosome 2, whereas the novel rodent-specific T2R genes, mT2R134 and rT2R34, are located on mouse chromosome 2 and rat chromosome 3, respectively. Our results, using RT-PCR, demonstrate the presence of transcripts corresponding to the putative denatonium benzoate (DB) and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) receptors in the antrum, fundus, and duodenum as well as in STC-1 and AR42J cells. The novel rodent-specific T2R gene (mT2R134 and rT2R34) was also expressed in these tissues and cell lines. The addition of DB, PTC, or cycloheximide to AR42J cells induced a rapid increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. The specificity of these effects is shown by the fact that these bitter stimuli did not induce any detectable Ca(2+) signaling in many other rodent or human cells that do not express receptors or G proteins implicated in bitter taste signaling. These results demonstrate that mouse and rat T2R genes are highly conserved in terms of genomic organization and tissue expression, suggesting that rodent T2Rs are evolved under similar dietary pressure and share bitter sensing functions in the lingual and gastrointestinal systems.  (+info)

Measuring the quality of referral letters about patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. (5/111)

BACKGROUND: General practitioners state the reason for referring patients in referral letters. The paucity of information in these letters has been the source of criticism from specialist colleagues. OBJECTIVE: To invite general practitioners to set standards for referral letters to gastroenterologists and to apply these standards to actual referral letters to one specialist gastroenterology unit. METHODS: A scoring schedule was designed based on the responses to a questionnaire survey of a large sample of all general practitioners in one locality. Altogether 350 consecutive letters to a district general hospital about patients referred for an upper gastrointestinal specialist opinion were subsequently scored using the schedule. RESULTS: 102 practitioners responded to the survey. Their responses imply that colleagues assess and record findings on 18 potential features of upper bowel disease. In practice most referral letters address fewer than six features of upper bowel disease. The mean number of positive features of upper gastrointestinal disease reported in each letter was one. CONCLUSIONS: This study reported a failure to meet "peer defined" standards for the content of referral letters set by colleagues in one locality. Referral letters serve many purposes, however, encouraging full documentation of specific clinical findings may serve to increase the pre-referral assessments performed in practice.  (+info)

Autoimmune hepatitis in India: profile of an uncommon disease. (6/111)

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) has been reported to show considerable geographical variation in frequency and clinical manifestations. It is considered a rare cause of liver disease in India. The present study was undertaken to determine the incidence, clinical, biochemical and histological profile of AIH in this part of the world. METHODS: Patients presenting with acute or chronic liver disease between January 1999 and June 2002 were evaluated prospectively. AIH was diagnosed using the international autoimmune hepatitis group criteria. Workup included clinical, biochemical, USG, viral markers, UGI endoscopy, AI markers (ANA, SMA, Anti-LKM, AMA, RF, p-ANCA) using indirect immunofluorescence and liver biopsy if possible. RESULTS: Forty-one of 2401 (1.70%) patients were diagnosed to have autoimmune liver disease. Out of these, 38 had autoimmune hepatitis and the rest 3 had primary biliary cirrhosis. The mean age of the patients of autoimmune hepatitis was 36.2 (15.9) years, 34 (89.4%) were females, and the duration of symptoms was 20.3 (20.5) months. Nineteen (50%) of them presented with chronic hepatitis, 13 (34.2%) as cirrhosis, 5 (13.1%) with acute hepatitis and 1 (2.6%) with cholestatic hepatitis. The presentations were jaundice in 21 (55.2%), pedal edema and hepatomegaly in 17 (44.7%), splenomegaly in 13 (34.2%), encephalopathy, abdominal pain in 9 (23.6%) and fever in 8 (21%). Twelve had esophageal varices and 3 had bled. Biochemical parameters were ALT 187 (360) U/L, AST 157 (193) U/L, ALP 246 (254) U/L, globulin 4.1 (1.6) g/dL, albumin 2.8 (0.9) g/dL, bilirubin 5.2 (7.4) mg/dL, prothrombin time 17 (7) sec and ESR 47 (17) sec. The autoimmune markers were SMA (24), ANA (15), both SMA and ANA (4), AMA (1), rheumatoid factor (2), pANCA (1), and Anti-LKM in none. Thirty (79%) patients had definite AIH and eight (21%) had probable AI hepatitis. Associated autoimmune diseases was seen in 15/38 (39.4%), diabetes 4, hypothyroidism 3, vitiligo 2, thrombocytopenia 2, rheumatoid arthritis 2, Sjogren's syndrome 1 and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome III in 1. Viral markers were positive in two patients, one presenting as acute hepatitis and HEV-IgM positive and another anti-HCV positive. CONCLUSION: In India, autoimmune hepatitis is uncommon and usually presents with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, acute hepatitis being less common. Age at presentation was earlier but clinical parameters and associated autoimmune diseases were similar to that reported from the west. Primary biliary cirrhosis is rare. Type II AIH was not observed.  (+info)

Analysis of mucin composition in gastric juices of chronic rheumatic patients with upper gastrointestinal damage. (7/111)

Assessment of the mucin subclasses in the gastric juices of severe chronic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients was compared with non-RA cases which received the eradication treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Gastric juice samples were obtained from 8 RA patients (5 for H. pylori-negative and 3 for H. pylori-positive) and 5 control subjects in which we confirmed the successful eradication of H. pylori. The gastric luminal mucins were extracted and isolated by the ethanol precipitation method. These mucin solutions were digested with chymotrypsin, dialyzed, lyophilized, and redissolved. The obtained specimen was applied to an ion exchange column containing DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and eluted with a discontinuous salt gradient in three salt steps. The gastric luminal mucins were divided into three fractions based on the distinctive sialic acid content. The proportion of acidic mucin rich in sialic acid from the gastric juice of RA patients without the H. pylori infection was significantly lower than those RA patients with H. pylori or the control subjects. A decrease in the acidic mucin content after eradication of H. pylori was commonly observed in all the control subjects. Our investigation raises the possibility that the gastric mucosae of RA patients have resistance against H. pylori infection. And the analysis of the composition in the gastric luminal mucin may be a very useful tool for the evaluation of gastric homeostasis in RA patients.  (+info)

Review article: proton pump inhibitors and bacterial overgrowth. (8/111)

Proton pump inhibitors are potent drugs producing profound suppression of gastric acid secretion. Consequently, they are highly effective at treating acid-related disorders. There have been concerns that the suppression of gastric acid will alter the bacterial flora of the upper gastrointestinal tract and lead to complications such as cancer, enteric or other infections and malabsorption. Studies have confirmed that proton pump inhibitors do alter the bacterial population but present evidence indicates that this only rarely leads to clinical disease. As with all drugs, proton pump inhibitors should only be used for disorders shown clearly to benefit from the therapy and where the benefits will outweigh the small risks associated with them. Further research to more fully quantify the risk associated with PPI therapy is required.  (+info)

The Upper Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract refers to the segment of the digestive system that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This region is responsible for the initial stages of digestion, such as mechanical breakdown of food by chewing and churning, and chemical breakdown through enzymes and acids. It's also where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs. Various medical conditions, including infections, inflammation, and cancers, can affect the upper GI tract.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the digestive tract, is a continuous tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is responsible for ingesting, digesting, absorbing, and excreting food and waste materials. The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus), and accessory organs such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The primary function of this system is to process and extract nutrients from food while also protecting the body from harmful substances, pathogens, and toxins.

The digestive system is a complex group of organs and glands that process food. It converts the food we eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. The digestive system also eliminates waste from the body. It is made up of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.

The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Other organs that are part of the digestive system include the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands.

The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The food then travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where it is broken down further by stomach acids. The digested food then moves into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining waste material passes into the large intestine, where it is stored until it is eliminated through the anus.

The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play important roles in the digestive process as well. The liver produces bile, a substance that helps break down fats in the small intestine. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine.

Overall, the digestive system is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. It plays a critical role in maintaining our health and well-being.

Gastrointestinal (GI) neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the gastrointestinal tract, which can be benign or malignant. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. They can sometimes be removed completely and may not cause any further health problems.

Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous growths that can invade nearby tissues and organs and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These types of neoplasms can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

GI neoplasms can cause various symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel habits, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and anemia. The specific symptoms may depend on the location and size of the neoplasm.

There are many types of GI neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), lymphomas, and neuroendocrine tumors. The diagnosis of GI neoplasms typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.

Gastrointestinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the organs from the mouth to the anus, responsible for food digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste. These diseases can affect any part of the GI tract, causing various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Common gastrointestinal diseases include:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.
2. Peptic ulcers - sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infection or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac disease - an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticular disease - a condition that affects the colon, causing diverticula (small pouches) to form and potentially become inflamed or infected.
7. Constipation - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools.
8. Diarrhea - a common gastrointestinal symptom characterized by loose, watery stools and frequent bowel movements.
9. Food intolerances and allergies - adverse reactions to specific foods or food components that can cause various gastrointestinal symptoms.
10. Gastrointestinal infections - caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can lead to a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows direct visualization of the inner lining of the digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and sometimes the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). This procedure is performed using an endoscope, a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth for upper endoscopy or through the rectum for lower endoscopy (colonoscopy), and the images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor for the physician to view.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy can help diagnose various conditions, such as inflammation, ulcers, tumors, polyps, or bleeding in the digestive tract. It can also be used for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps, taking tissue samples (biopsies), treating bleeding, and performing other interventions to manage certain digestive diseases.

There are different types of gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures, including:

1. Upper Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure examines the colon and rectum.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: A limited examination of the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) using a shorter endoscope.
4. Enteroscopy: An examination of the small intestine, which can be performed using various techniques, such as push enteroscopy, single-balloon enteroscopy, or double-balloon enteroscopy.
5. Capsule Endoscopy: A procedure that involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera, which captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is generally considered safe when performed by experienced medical professionals. However, like any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications, such as bleeding, infection, perforation, or adverse reactions to sedatives used during the procedure. Patients should discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a term used to describe any bleeding that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The bleeding can range from mild to severe and can produce symptoms such as vomiting blood, passing black or tarry stools, or having low blood pressure.

GI hemorrhage can be classified as either upper or lower, depending on the location of the bleed. Upper GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs above the ligament of Treitz, which is a point in the small intestine where it becomes narrower and turns a corner. Common causes of upper GI hemorrhage include gastritis, ulcers, esophageal varices, and Mallory-Weiss tears.

Lower GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs below the ligament of Treitz. Common causes of lower GI hemorrhage include diverticulosis, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and vascular abnormalities such as angiodysplasia.

The diagnosis of GI hemorrhage is often made based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, or radionuclide scanning. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the bleeding and may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Duodenitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine that receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach. The inflammation can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

Duodenitis can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and autoimmune disorders like Crohn's disease. In some cases, the cause may remain unidentified, leading to a diagnosis of "non-specific duodenitis."

Treatment for duodenitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as eradicating H. pylori infection or discontinuing NSAID use. Acid-suppressing medications and antacids may also be prescribed to alleviate symptoms and promote healing of the duodenal lining. In severe cases, endoscopic procedures or surgery might be necessary to manage complications like bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

Esophageal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. Here are some common esophageal diseases with their brief definitions:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophageal lining, often caused by GERD, infection, or medication.
3. Esophageal stricture: Narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring or inflammation, which can make swallowing difficult.
4. Esophageal cancer: Cancer that forms in the tissues of the esophagus, often as a result of long-term GERD or smoking.
5. Esophageal motility disorders: Disorders that affect the normal movement and function of the esophagus, such as achalasia, diffuse spasm, and nutcracker esophagus.
6. Barrett's esophagus: A condition in which the lining of the lower esophagus changes, increasing the risk of esophageal cancer.
7. Esophageal diverticula: Small pouches that form in the esophageal wall, often causing difficulty swallowing or regurgitation.
8. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): A chronic immune-mediated disorder characterized by inflammation of the esophagus due to an allergic reaction.

These are some of the common esophageal diseases, and their diagnosis and treatment may vary depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

In medical terms, "caustics" refer to substances that can cause burns or destroy living tissue due to their corrosive nature. They can cause chemical burns upon contact with skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, leading to inflammation, necrosis (tissue death), and potential scarring. Common caustic substances include strong acids and bases, such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide (lye).

In dermatology, the term "caustics" may also refer to chemical peeling agents used for the treatment of various skin conditions, such as hyperpigmentation, acne scars, or fine lines. These substances, which include trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and phenol, cause a controlled injury to the skin, leading to exfoliation and the stimulation of new tissue growth. However, they must be used with caution, as improper application can result in unwanted side effects or complications.

In anatomical terms, the stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a crucial role in digestion. The stomach's primary functions include storing food, mixing it with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins, and slowly emptying the partially digested food into the small intestine for further absorption of nutrients.

The stomach is divided into several regions, including the cardia (the area nearest the esophagus), the fundus (the upper portion on the left side), the body (the main central part), and the pylorus (the narrowed region leading to the small intestine). The inner lining of the stomach, called the mucosa, is protected by a layer of mucus that prevents the digestive juices from damaging the stomach tissue itself.

In medical contexts, various conditions can affect the stomach, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach or duodenum), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and stomach cancer. Symptoms related to the stomach may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

Gastroscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a gastroscope, which is a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end, through the mouth and into the digestive tract. The gastroscope allows the doctor to visually examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors.

The procedure is usually performed under sedation to minimize discomfort, and it typically takes only a few minutes to complete. Gastroscopy can help diagnose various conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, stomach ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus. It can also be used to take tissue samples for biopsy or to treat certain conditions, such as bleeding or the removal of polyps.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, immediately following the stomach. It is a C-shaped structure that is about 10-12 inches long and is responsible for continuing the digestion process that begins in the stomach. The duodenum receives partially digested food from the stomach through the pyloric valve and mixes it with digestive enzymes and bile produced by the pancreas and liver, respectively. These enzymes help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules, allowing for efficient absorption in the remaining sections of the small intestine.

Chemical burns are a type of tissue injury that results from exposure to strong acids, bases, or other corrosive chemicals. These substances can cause damage by reacting chemically with the skin or other tissues, leading to destruction of cells and potentially serious harm. The severity of a chemical burn depends on several factors, including the type and concentration of the chemical, the duration of exposure, and the amount of body surface area affected.

Chemical burns can occur through direct contact with the skin or eyes, inhalation of toxic fumes, or ingestion of harmful substances. Symptoms may include redness, pain, blistering, swelling, and irritation at the site of contact. In severe cases, chemical burns can lead to scarring, disability, or even death.

Immediate medical attention is required for chemical burns, as they can continue to cause damage until the source of the injury is removed, and appropriate first aid measures are taken. Treatment typically involves thorough cleaning and irrigation of the affected area, followed by administration of pain medication and other supportive care as needed. In some cases, skin grafting or other surgical interventions may be required to promote healing and minimize scarring.

Duodenoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a duodenoscope, which is a flexible, lighted tube with a camera and tiny tools on the end, through the mouth and down the throat to examine the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) and the opening of the bile and pancreatic ducts.

During the procedure, the doctor can take tissue samples for biopsy, remove polyps or other abnormal growths, or perform other interventions as needed. Duodenoscopy is commonly used to diagnose and treat conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammation, infection, and cancer.

It's important to note that duodenoscopes have been associated with the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in some cases, so healthcare providers must follow strict cleaning and disinfection protocols to minimize this risk.

Stomach diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the stomach, a muscular sac located in the upper part of the abdomen and is responsible for storing and digesting food. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, indigestion, loss of appetite, and bloating. Some common stomach diseases include:

1. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining that can cause pain, irritation, and ulcers.
2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damage to the esophageal lining.
3. Peptic ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. Stomach cancer: Abnormal growth of cancerous cells in the stomach, which can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
5. Gastroparesis: A condition where the stomach muscles are weakened or paralyzed, leading to difficulty digesting food and emptying the stomach.
6. Functional dyspepsia: A chronic disorder characterized by symptoms such as pain, bloating, and fullness in the upper abdomen, without any identifiable cause.
7. Eosinophilic esophagitis: A condition where eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, accumulate in the esophagus, causing inflammation and difficulty swallowing.
8. Stomal stenosis: Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and small intestine, often caused by scar tissue or surgical complications.
9. Hiatal hernia: A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, causing symptoms such as heartburn and difficulty swallowing.

These are just a few examples of stomach diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the stomach. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing these conditions and preventing complications.

An endoscope is a medical device used for visualizing the internal surfaces of hollow organs or cavities in the body. Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopes are specifically designed to examine the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and rectum.

There are several types of GI endoscopes, including:

1. Gastroscope: Used for examining the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenum).
2. Colonoscope: Used for examining the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
3. Sigmoidoscope: A shorter version of a colonoscope, used for examining the lower part of the large intestine (sigmoid colon) and rectum.
4. Duodenoscope: Used for examining and treating conditions in the pancreas and bile ducts.
5. Enteroscope: A longer endoscope used to examine the small intestine, which is more challenging to reach due to its length and location.

GI endoscopes typically consist of a long, flexible tube with a light source, camera, and channels for instruments to be passed through. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the medical professional to inspect the internal surfaces of the digestive tract and perform various procedures, such as taking biopsies or removing polyps.

A peptic ulcer is a sore or erosion in the lining of your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). The most common causes of peptic ulcers are bacterial infection and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen.

The symptoms of a peptic ulcer include abdominal pain, often in the upper middle part of your abdomen, which can be dull, sharp, or burning and may come and go for several days or weeks. Other symptoms can include bloating, burping, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Severe ulcers can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, which can lead to anemia, black stools, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.

If left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in serious complications such as perforation (a hole through the wall of the stomach or duodenum), obstruction (blockage of the digestive tract), and bleeding. Treatment for peptic ulcers typically involves medications to reduce acid production, neutralize stomach acid, and kill the bacteria causing the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required.

Esophagoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the visual examination of the esophagus, which is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This procedure is typically carried out using an esophagogastroduodenoscope (EGD), a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end.

During the procedure, the EGD is inserted through the mouth and down the throat into the esophagus, allowing the medical professional to examine its lining for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. The procedure may also involve taking tissue samples (biopsies) for further examination and testing.

Esophagoscopy is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, and other disorders affecting the esophagus. It may also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing polyps or foreign objects from the esophagus.

The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. It is located in the midline of the neck and chest, passing through the diaphragm to enter the abdomen and join the stomach. The main function of the esophagus is to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.

The esophagus has a few distinct parts: the upper esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the throat), the middle esophagus, and the lower esophageal sphincter (another ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach). The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food and liquids to enter the stomach and then contracts to prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.

The walls of the esophagus are made up of several layers, including mucosa (a moist tissue that lines the inside of the tube), submucosa (a layer of connective tissue), muscle (both voluntary and involuntary types), and adventitia (an outer layer of connective tissue).

Common conditions affecting the esophagus include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, esophageal strictures, and eosinophilic esophagitis.

Stomach neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the stomach that can be benign or malignant. They include a wide range of conditions such as:

1. Gastric adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop from glandular cells in the stomach lining.
2. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): These are rare tumors that can be found in the stomach and other parts of the digestive tract. They originate from the stem cells in the wall of the digestive tract.
3. Leiomyomas: These are benign tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the stomach wall.
4. Lipomas: These are benign tumors that develop from fat cells in the stomach wall.
5. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): These are tumors that develop from the neuroendocrine cells in the stomach lining. They can be benign or malignant.
6. Gastric carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the glandular cells in the stomach lining. They are the most common type of stomach neoplasm and include adenocarcinomas, signet ring cell carcinomas, and others.
7. Lymphomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the immune cells in the stomach wall.

Stomach neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. The diagnosis of stomach neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy.

Gastric mucosa refers to the innermost lining of the stomach, which is in contact with the gastric lumen. It is a specialized mucous membrane that consists of epithelial cells, lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle. The surface epithelium is primarily made up of mucus-secreting cells (goblet cells) and parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and chief cells, which produce pepsinogen.

The gastric mucosa has several important functions, including protection against self-digestion by the stomach's own digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The mucus layer secreted by the epithelial cells forms a physical barrier that prevents the acidic contents of the stomach from damaging the underlying tissues. Additionally, the bicarbonate ions secreted by the surface epithelial cells help neutralize the acidity in the immediate vicinity of the mucosa.

The gastric mucosa is also responsible for the initial digestion of food through the action of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. The intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells plays a crucial role in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

The gastric mucosa is constantly exposed to potential damage from various factors, including acid, pepsin, and other digestive enzymes, as well as mechanical stress due to muscle contractions during digestion. To maintain its integrity, the gastric mucosa has a remarkable capacity for self-repair and regeneration. However, chronic exposure to noxious stimuli or certain medical conditions can lead to inflammation, erosions, ulcers, or even cancer of the gastric mucosa.

Duodenal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine that receives digestive secretions from the pancreas and bile duct. These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms include adenomas, leiomyomas, lipomas, and hamartomas. They are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bleeding, or obstruction of the intestine.

Malignant neoplasms include adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids), lymphomas, and sarcomas. They are more aggressive and can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, anemia, or bowel obstruction.

The diagnosis of duodenal neoplasms is usually made through imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI, or endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities.

Esophageal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissue of the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant esophageal neoplasms are typically classified as either squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas, depending on the type of cell from which they originate.

Esophageal cancer is a serious and often life-threatening condition that can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, weight loss, and coughing. Risk factors for esophageal neoplasms include smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Barrett's esophagus. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Gastrointestinal motility refers to the coordinated muscular contractions and relaxations that propel food, digestive enzymes, and waste products through the gastrointestinal tract. This process involves the movement of food from the mouth through the esophagus into the stomach, where it is mixed with digestive enzymes and acids to break down food particles.

The contents are then emptied into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed, and the remaining waste products are moved into the large intestine for further absorption of water and electrolytes and eventual elimination through the rectum and anus.

Gastrointestinal motility is controlled by a complex interplay between the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and local reflexes. Abnormalities in gastrointestinal motility can lead to various symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation.

Esophagitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and irritation of the esophageal lining, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This inflammation can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, heartburn, and acid reflux.

Esophagitis can be caused by various factors, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), infection, allergies, medications, and chronic vomiting. Prolonged exposure to stomach acid can also cause esophagitis, leading to a condition called reflux esophagitis.

If left untreated, esophagitis can lead to complications such as strictures, ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus, which is a precancerous condition that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. Treatment for esophagitis typically involves addressing the underlying cause, managing symptoms, and protecting the esophageal lining to promote healing.

Endoscopy of the digestive system, also known as gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, is a medical procedure that allows healthcare professionals to visually examine the inside lining of the digestive tract using a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, called an endoscope. This procedure can help diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the digestive system, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer.

There are several types of endoscopy procedures that focus on different parts of the digestive tract:

1. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is often used to investigate symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, or bleeding in the upper GI tract.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure explores the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It is commonly performed to screen for colon cancer, as well as to diagnose and treat conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis, or polyps.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, this procedure examines the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) and rectum. It is often used as a screening tool for colon cancer and to investigate symptoms like rectal bleeding or changes in bowel habits.
4. Upper GI endoscopy: This procedure focuses on the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, using a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it. It is used to diagnose and treat conditions such as GERD, ulcers, and difficulty swallowing.
5. Capsule endoscopy: This procedure involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera that captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through. It can help diagnose conditions in the small intestine that may be difficult to reach with traditional endoscopes.

Endoscopy is typically performed under sedation or anesthesia to ensure patient comfort during the procedure. The images captured by the endoscope are displayed on a monitor, allowing the healthcare provider to assess the condition of the digestive tract and make informed treatment decisions.

An ileostomy is a surgical procedure in which the end of the small intestine, called the ileum, is brought through an opening in the abdominal wall (stoma) to create a path for waste material to leave the body. This procedure is typically performed when there is damage or removal of the colon, rectum, or anal canal due to conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), cancer, or trauma.

After an ileostomy, waste material from the small intestine exits the body through the stoma and collects in a pouch worn outside the body. The patient needs to empty the pouch regularly, typically every few hours, as the output is liquid or semi-liquid. Ileostomies can be temporary or permanent, depending on the underlying condition and the planned course of treatment. Proper care and management of the stoma and pouch are essential for maintaining good health and quality of life after an ileostomy.

The digestive system is a series of organs that work together to convert food into nutrients and energy. Digestive system surgical procedures involve operations on any part of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. These procedures can be performed for a variety of reasons, such as to treat diseases, repair damage, or remove cancerous growths.

Some common digestive system surgical procedures include:

1. Gastric bypass surgery: A procedure in which the stomach is divided into two parts and the smaller part is connected directly to the small intestine, bypassing a portion of the stomach and upper small intestine. This procedure is used to treat severe obesity.
2. Colonoscopy: A procedure in which a flexible tube with a camera on the end is inserted into the rectum and colon to examine the lining for polyps, cancer, or other abnormalities.
3. Colectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the colon is removed, often due to cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, or diverticulitis.
4. Gastrostomy: A procedure in which a hole is made through the abdominal wall and into the stomach to create an opening for feeding. This is often done for patients who have difficulty swallowing.
5. Esophagectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the esophagus is removed, often due to cancer. The remaining esophagus is then reconnected to the stomach or small intestine.
6. Liver resection: A procedure in which a portion of the liver is removed, often due to cancer or other diseases.
7. Pancreatectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the pancreas is removed, often due to cancer or chronic pancreatitis.
8. Cholecystectomy: A procedure in which the gallbladder is removed, often due to gallstones or inflammation.

These are just a few examples of digestive system surgical procedures. There are many other types of operations that can be performed on the digestive system depending on the specific needs and condition of each patient.

A stomach ulcer, also known as a gastric ulcer, is a sore that forms in the lining of the stomach. It's caused by a breakdown in the mucous layer that protects the stomach from digestive juices, allowing acid to come into contact with the stomach lining and cause an ulcer. The most common causes are bacterial infection (usually by Helicobacter pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stomach ulcers may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, and nausea. If left untreated, they can lead to more serious complications like internal bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

Dyspepsia is a medical term that refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, nausea, belching, and early satiety (feeling full quickly after starting to eat). It is also commonly known as indigestion. Dyspepsia can have many possible causes, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, gastritis, and functional dyspepsia (a condition in which there is no obvious structural or biochemical explanation for the symptoms). Treatment for dyspepsia depends on the underlying cause.

Gastritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and stress.

Gastritis can present with a range of symptoms, such as abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and bloating. In some cases, gastritis may not cause any noticeable symptoms. Depending on the severity and duration of inflammation, gastritis can lead to complications like stomach ulcers or even stomach cancer if left untreated.

There are two main types of gastritis: acute and chronic. Acute gastritis develops suddenly and may last for a short period, while chronic gastritis persists over time, often leading to atrophy of the stomach lining. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy and tissue biopsy to assess the extent of inflammation and rule out other potential causes of symptoms. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, or lifestyle modifications.

The intestinal mucosa is the innermost layer of the intestines, which comes into direct contact with digested food and microbes. It is a specialized epithelial tissue that plays crucial roles in nutrient absorption, barrier function, and immune defense. The intestinal mucosa is composed of several cell types, including absorptive enterocytes, mucus-secreting goblet cells, hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages.

The surface of the intestinal mucosa is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells, which are joined together by tight junctions to form a protective barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms. This barrier also allows for the selective absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The intestinal mucosa also contains numerous lymphoid follicles, known as Peyer's patches, which are involved in immune surveillance and defense against pathogens.

In addition to its role in absorption and immunity, the intestinal mucosa is also capable of producing hormones that regulate digestion and metabolism. Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosa can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and food allergies.

The digestive system is a complex network of organs and glands that work together to break down food into nutrients, which are then absorbed and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and cell repair. The physiological phenomena associated with the digestive system include:

1. Ingestion: This is the process of taking in food through the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion: This involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces through processes such as chewing, churning, and segmentation.
3. Chemical digestion: This involves the chemical breakdown of food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body. This is achieved through the action of enzymes produced by the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
4. Motility: This refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract, which is achieved through a series of coordinated muscle contractions called peristalsis.
5. Secretion: This involves the production and release of various digestive juices and enzymes by glands such as the salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas, and liver.
6. Absorption: This is the process of absorbing nutrients from the digested food into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
7. Defecation: This is the final process of eliminating undigested food and waste products from the body through the rectum and anus.

Overall, the coordinated functioning of these physiological phenomena ensures the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, maintaining the health and well-being of the individual.

Gastric juice is a digestive fluid that is produced in the stomach. It is composed of several enzymes, including pepsin, which helps to break down proteins, and gastric amylase, which begins the digestion of carbohydrates. Gastric juice also contains hydrochloric acid, which creates a low pH environment in the stomach that is necessary for the activation of pepsin and the digestion of food. Additionally, gastric juice contains mucus, which helps to protect the lining of the stomach from the damaging effects of the hydrochloric acid. The production of gastric juice is controlled by hormones and the autonomic nervous system.

The small intestine is the portion of the gastrointestinal tract that extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine (cecum). It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. The small intestine is divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

1. Duodenum: This is the shortest and widest part of the small intestine, approximately 10 inches long. It receives chyme (partially digested food) from the stomach and begins the process of further digestion with the help of various enzymes and bile from the liver and pancreas.
2. Jejunum: The jejunum is the middle section, which measures about 8 feet in length. It has a large surface area due to the presence of circular folds (plicae circulares), finger-like projections called villi, and microvilli on the surface of the absorptive cells (enterocytes). These structures increase the intestinal surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water.
3. Ileum: The ileum is the longest and final section of the small intestine, spanning about 12 feet. It continues the absorption process, mainly of vitamin B12, bile salts, and any remaining nutrients. At the end of the ileum, there is a valve called the ileocecal valve that prevents backflow of contents from the large intestine into the small intestine.

The primary function of the small intestine is to absorb the majority of nutrients, electrolytes, and water from ingested food. The mucosal lining of the small intestine contains numerous goblet cells that secrete mucus, which protects the epithelial surface and facilitates the movement of chyme through peristalsis. Additionally, the small intestine hosts a diverse community of microbiota, which contributes to various physiological functions, including digestion, immunity, and protection against pathogens.

The ileum is the third and final segment of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum (the beginning of the large intestine). It plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, particularly for vitamin B12 and bile salts. The ileum is characterized by its thin, lined walls and the presence of Peyer's patches, which are part of the immune system and help surveil for pathogens.

A mucous membrane is a type of moist, protective lining that covers various body surfaces inside the body, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, as well as the inner surface of the eyelids and the nasal cavity. These membranes are composed of epithelial cells that produce mucus, a slippery secretion that helps trap particles, microorganisms, and other foreign substances, preventing them from entering the body or causing damage to tissues. The mucous membrane functions as a barrier against infection and irritation while also facilitating the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the body and its environment.

Barrett esophagus is a condition in which the tissue lining of the lower esophagus changes, becoming more like the tissue that lines the intestines (intestinal metaplasia). This change can increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer. The exact cause of Barrett esophagus is not known, but it is often associated with long-term gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as chronic acid reflux.

In Barrett esophagus, the normal squamous cells that line the lower esophagus are replaced by columnar epithelial cells. This change is usually detected during an upper endoscopy and biopsy. The diagnosis of Barrett esophagus is confirmed when the biopsy shows intestinal metaplasia in the lower esophagus.

It's important to note that not everyone with GERD will develop Barrett esophagus, and not everyone with Barrett esophagus will develop esophageal cancer. However, if you have been diagnosed with Barrett esophagus, your healthcare provider may recommend regular endoscopies and biopsies to monitor the condition and reduce the risk of cancer. Treatment options for Barrett esophagus include medications to control acid reflux, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Multiple primary neoplasms refer to the occurrence of more than one primary malignant tumor in an individual, where each tumor is unrelated to the other and originates from separate cells or organs. This differs from metastatic cancer, where a single malignancy spreads to multiple sites in the body. Multiple primary neoplasms can be synchronous (occurring at the same time) or metachronous (occurring at different times). The risk of developing multiple primary neoplasms increases with age and is associated with certain genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

Oral administration is a route of giving medications or other substances by mouth. This can be in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, pastes, or other forms that can be swallowed. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream to reach its intended target site in the body. Oral administration is a common and convenient route of medication delivery, but it may not be appropriate for all substances or in certain situations, such as when rapid onset of action is required or when the patient has difficulty swallowing.

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is the retrograde movement of stomach contents into the esophagus, which can cause discomfort and symptoms. It occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach) relaxes inappropriately, allowing the acidic or non-acidic gastric contents to flow back into the esophagus.

Gastroesophageal reflux becomes gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) when it is more severe, persistent, and/or results in complications such as esophagitis, strictures, or Barrett's esophagus. Common symptoms of GERD include heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and chronic cough or hoarseness.

Helicobacter infections are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which colonizes the stomach lining and is associated with various gastrointestinal diseases. The infection can lead to chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer.

The spiral-shaped H. pylori bacteria are able to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes gastric acid in their immediate vicinity. This allows them to adhere to and colonize the epithelial lining of the stomach, where they can cause inflammation (gastritis) and disrupt the normal functioning of the stomach.

Transmission of H. pylori typically occurs through oral-oral or fecal-oral routes, and infection is more common in developing countries and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. The diagnosis of Helicobacter infections can be confirmed through various tests, including urea breath tests, stool antigen tests, or gastric biopsy with histology and culture. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and reduce stomach acidity.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) are a class of medications that reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. They work by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that contribute to inflammation and cause blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, leading to symptoms such as pain, redness, warmth, and swelling.

NSAIDs are commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including arthritis, muscle strains and sprains, menstrual cramps, headaches, and fever. Some examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.

While NSAIDs are generally safe and effective when used as directed, they can have side effects, particularly when taken in large doses or for long periods of time. Common side effects include stomach ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, and increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about using NSAIDs.

The lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the segment of the digestive system that includes the large intestine (colon), rectum, and anus. The primary function of this part of the digestive system is to absorb water and electrolytes from undigested food, form and store feces (stool), and eliminate waste through defecation.

The large intestine is responsible for the final stages of nutrient absorption, mainly the fermentation of dietary fiber by gut bacteria, producing short-chain fatty acids that can be absorbed. The colon also absorbs water and electrolytes, while the rectum and anus store and evacuate feces.

Various medical conditions can affect the lower GI tract, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diverticular disease, colorectal cancer, and infections.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the stomach of approximately 50% of the global population. It is closely associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. H. pylori infection is usually acquired in childhood and can persist for life if not treated. The bacterium's spiral shape and flagella allow it to penetrate the mucus layer and adhere to the gastric epithelium, where it releases virulence factors that cause inflammation and tissue damage. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection can be made through various tests, including urea breath test, stool antigen test, or histological examination of a gastric biopsy. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and promote healing of the stomach lining.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular epithelial cells. These cells line the inside of many internal organs, including the breasts, prostate, colon, and lungs. Adenocarcinomas can occur in any of these organs, as well as in other locations where glands are present.

The term "adenocarcinoma" is used to describe a cancer that has features of glandular tissue, such as mucus-secreting cells or cells that produce hormones. These cancers often form glandular structures within the tumor mass and may produce mucus or other substances.

Adenocarcinomas are typically slow-growing and tend to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The prognosis for adenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and age.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

The term "upper extremity" is used in the medical field to refer to the portion of the upper limb that extends from the shoulder to the hand. This includes the arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. The upper extremity is responsible for various functions such as reaching, grasping, and manipulating objects, making it an essential part of a person's daily activities.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are defined as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, typically bacteria, in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, resulting in infection and inflammation. The majority of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, but other organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus can also cause UTIs.

UTIs can be classified into two types based on the location of the infection:

1. Lower UTI or bladder infection (cystitis): This type of UTI affects the bladder and urethra. Symptoms may include a frequent and urgent need to urinate, pain or burning during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and discomfort in the lower abdomen or back.

2. Upper UTI or kidney infection (pyelonephritis): This type of UTI affects the kidneys and can be more severe than a bladder infection. Symptoms may include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the flanks or back.

UTIs are more common in women than men due to their shorter urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. Other risk factors for UTIs include sexual activity, use of diaphragms or spermicides, urinary catheterization, diabetes, and weakened immune systems.

UTIs are typically diagnosed through a urinalysis and urine culture to identify the causative organism and determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. In some cases, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan may be necessary to evaluate for any underlying abnormalities in the urinary tract.

The intestines, also known as the bowel, are a part of the digestive system that extends from the stomach to the anus. They are responsible for the further breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food, as well as the elimination of waste products. The intestines can be divided into two main sections: the small intestine and the large intestine.

The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that measures about 20 feet in length and is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase its surface area and enhance nutrient absorption. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is a wider tube that measures about 5 feet in length and is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from digested food, forming stool, and eliminating waste products from the body. The large intestine includes several regions, including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.

Together, the intestines play a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being by ensuring that the body receives the nutrients it needs to function properly.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

The colon, also known as the large intestine, is a part of the digestive system in humans and other vertebrates. It is an organ that eliminates waste from the body and is located between the small intestine and the rectum. The main function of the colon is to absorb water and electrolytes from digested food, forming and storing feces until they are eliminated through the anus.

The colon is divided into several regions, including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus. The walls of the colon contain a layer of muscle that helps to move waste material through the organ by a process called peristalsis.

The inner surface of the colon is lined with mucous membrane, which secretes mucus to lubricate the passage of feces. The colon also contains a large population of bacteria, known as the gut microbiota, which play an important role in digestion and immunity.

The urinary tract is a system in the body responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine. It includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood to produce urine, which then travels down the ureters into the bladder. When the bladder is full, urine is released through the urethra during urination. Any part of this system can become infected or inflamed, leading to conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney stones.

The cecum is the first part of the large intestine, located at the junction of the small and large intestines. It is a pouch-like structure that connects to the ileum (the last part of the small intestine) and the ascending colon (the first part of the large intestine). The cecum is where the appendix is attached. Its function is to absorb water and electrolytes, and it also serves as a site for the fermentation of certain types of dietary fiber by gut bacteria. However, the exact functions of the cecum are not fully understood.

The large intestine, also known as the colon, is the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract that extends from the cecum, where it joins the small intestine, to the anus. It is called "large" because it has a larger diameter compared to the small intestine and is responsible for several important functions in the digestive process.

The large intestine measures about 1.5 meters (5 feet) long in adults and consists of four main regions: the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes from undigested food materials, compact the remaining waste into feces, and store it until it is eliminated through defecation.

The large intestine also contains a diverse population of bacteria that aid in digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates, producing vitamins like vitamin K and some B vitamins, and competing with harmful microorganisms to maintain a healthy balance within the gut. Additionally, the large intestine plays a role in immune function and helps protect the body from pathogens through the production of mucus, antimicrobial substances, and the activation of immune cells.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infections that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, and lungs. These infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or, less commonly, fungi.

RTIs are classified into two categories based on their location: upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). URTIs include infections of the nose, sinuses, throat, and larynx, such as the common cold, flu, laryngitis, and sinusitis. LRTIs involve the lower airways, including the bronchi and lungs, and can be more severe. Examples of LRTIs are pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis.

Symptoms of RTIs depend on the location and cause of the infection but may include cough, congestion, runny nose, sore throat, difficulty breathing, wheezing, fever, fatigue, and chest pain. Treatment for RTIs varies depending on the severity and underlying cause of the infection. For viral infections, treatment typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms, while antibiotics may be prescribed for bacterial infections.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, small intestine, colon, and rectum. It is sometimes referred to as the "second brain" because it can operate independently of the central nervous system (CNS).

The ENS contains around 500 million neurons that are organized into two main plexuses: the myenteric plexus, which lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut, and the submucosal plexus, which is located in the submucosa. These plexuses contain various types of neurons that are responsible for regulating gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and blood flow.

The ENS can communicate with the CNS through afferent nerve fibers that transmit information about the state of the gut to the brain, and efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the brain back to the ENS. However, the ENS is also capable of functioning independently of the CNS, allowing it to regulate gastrointestinal functions in response to local stimuli such as food intake, inflammation, or infection.

A germ-free life refers to an existence in which an individual is not exposed to or colonized by any harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. This condition is also known as "sterile" or "aseptic." In a medical context, achieving a germ-free state is often the goal in certain controlled environments, such as operating rooms, laboratories, and intensive care units, where the risk of infection must be minimized. However, it is not possible to maintain a completely germ-free life outside of these settings, as microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment and are an essential part of the human microbiome. Instead, maintaining good hygiene practices and a healthy immune system is crucial for preventing illness and promoting overall health.

The tract itself is divided into upper and lower tracts, and the intestines small and large parts. The upper gastrointestinal ... The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system ... Various methods of imaging the gastrointestinal tract include the upper and lower gastrointestinal series: Radioopaque dyes may ... Look up gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal, or tract in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media ...
Upper gastrointestinal tract. In Liu J-B, Goldberg BB (eds): Endoluminal Ultrasound. London, Martin Dunitz Ltd, 1998;147-200. ... Alexander AA, Miller LS, Schiano TD, Liu-J-B. Lower gastrointestinal tract. In Liu J-B, Goldberg BB (eds): Endoluminal ... "American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: List of Current Fellows". Retrieved June 8, 2011. "New York Organ Donor ... Miller LS, Schiano TD, Liu J-B. Pancreaticobiliary tract: In Liu J-B, Goldberg BB (eds): Endoluminal Ultrasound. London, Martin ...
These include pain or nausea requiring hospitalization (1.08%); upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding (0.56%); peri-gastric ... Mild to moderate gastrointestinal side effects (such as nausea, cramping, bloating, and abdominal discomfort) are common after ... World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 11 (5): 322-328. doi:10.4253/wjge.v11.i5.322. ISSN 1948-5190. PMC 6556490. PMID ... Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 97 (1): S0016-5107(22)01834-X. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2022.07.017. ISSN 1097-6779. PMID 35870507. S2CID ...
The source is generally the upper gastrointestinal tract, typically above the suspensory muscle of duodenum. It may be caused ... The source of vomited blood is usually from the upper gastrointestinal tract. This can include the esophagus, stomach, and ... Hematemesis may be investigated with endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Barium meal may also be used. Hematemesis ... doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-08500-7.00048-5. ISBN 978-0-323-08500-7. Goff, John S. (2010). "51 - Upper Gastrointestinal Tract ...
Cancer of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract. PMPH-USA. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-55009-101-4. Archived from the original on 2015-10-30 ... Mayer RJ (2008). "Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer". In Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (eds.). ... upper-left of image) and normal squamous epithelium (upper-right of image) at H&E staining Esophageal cancers are typically ... A rule of thumb is that a cancer in the upper two-thirds is likely to be ESCC and one in the lower one-third EAC. Rare ...
Cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Hamilton: PMPH-USA. p. 290. ISBN 9781550091014. Image at breastcancer.org ... Malignancies in the gastrointestinal system like gastric cancer can metastasize to the left axillary lymph node which is called ... Lateral group: Lying along the medial side of the axillary vein, these nodes receive most of the lymph vessels of the upper ... and the vessels from the upper limb. They are divided in several groups according to their location in the armpit. These lymph ...
2002). Cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Hamilton: B.C. Decker. Ralph Weichselbaum; et al. (2000). Cancer Medicine. ...
Canon, Cheri L. (2000). "Radiologic Evaluation of the Postoperative Upper Gastrointestinal Tract". Contemporary Diagnostic ... Shackelford, Richard T. (2007). Shackelford's surgery of the alimentary tract. Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 1640-1658. ISBN 978-1- ... World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, and Journal of the American College of Radiology. In addition to her multiple ... Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 56 (3): 417. doi:10.1016/s0016-5107(02)70049-7. ISSN 0016-5107. PMID 12196783. Lockhart, Mark E.; ...
It can sometimes result in upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Investigation of choice - CT angiography Surgical repair is ... Vehling-Kaiser, U. (1993). "Lusorian artery lesion as rare cause of severe upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding". Digestive ...
The most confirmatory investigation is endoscopy of upper gastrointestinal tract. Laboratory often find hypochloremic, ... Succussion splash is a splash-like sound heard over the stomach in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen on shaking the ... Malignant Tumours of the stomach, including adenocarcinoma (and its linitis plastica variant), lymphoma, and gastrointestinal ...
Webb, WA (1995). "Management of foreign bodies of the upper gastrointestinal tract: update". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 41 (1 ... Neustater, B; Barkin, JS (1996). "Extraction of an esophageal food impaction with a Roth retrieval net". Gastrointestinal ... 2002). "Guideline for the management of ingested foreign bodies". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 55 (7): 802-6. doi:10.1016/S0016- ... Seo, JK (1999). "Endoscopic management of gastrointestinal foreign bodies in children". Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 66 (1 ...
Laine LA, Bentley E, Chandrasoma P (February 1988). "Effect of oral iron therapy on the upper gastrointestinal tract. A ... This can cause false negative results in upper gastrointestinal bleeding sources, or in right colon adenomas and cancers that ... A positive gFOBT with subsequent negative colonoscopy may lead to an upper endoscopy. It is unclear whether this is an ... Barada K, Abdul-Baki H, El Hajj II, Hashash JG, Green PH (January 2009). "Gastrointestinal bleeding in the setting of ...
it is normally examined as part of the upper gastrointestinal tract. van Gijn J; Gijselhart JP (2011). "Treitz and his ligament ... Like other structures of the gastrointestinal tract, the duodenum has a mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia. ... of all the gastrointestinal tract tumors but around half of cancerous tissues that develop in the small intestine. Its ... "The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based profiling ...
Witting MD, Magder L, Heins AE, Mattu A, Granja CA, Baumgarten M (May 2006). "ED predictors of upper gastrointestinal tract ... In children, a BUN:Cr ratio of 30 or greater has a sensitivity of 68.8% and a specificity of 98% for upper gastrointestinal ... Usually, a small amount (less than 0.5 g/day) is lost through the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and skin; during exercise, a ... The ratio is useful for the diagnosis of bleeding from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in patients who do not present with ...
Waste products (vitiated dosha) are eliminated through the upper gastrointestinal tract. After the emesis, the therapy is ...
It was found also in bronchial epithelial cells and upper gastrointestinal tract. EPHX1 expression is individually variable ... Significant associations between EPHX1 SNPs and risk of lung, upper aerodigestive tract, breast, and ovarian cancers have been ...
"Cytomegalovirus Disease of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract: A 10-Year Retrospective Study". GE - Portuguese Journal of ... Symptoms include dysphagia, upper abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes hematemesis. This condition occurs ... Dysphagia: Difficulty or pain while swallowing Hematemesis: Blood while vomiting Abdominal Pain: Pain in the upper abdominal ...
They infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds. They are the cause of a wide range of ... The gastrointestinal tract and lymphatic system can be affected at any age, leading to vomiting, diarrhea and immunosuppression ...
Hydrolase aids in the digestion of food in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Lactobacillus jensenii and other Lactobacillus ... Lactobacillus jensenii is a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract in healthy women. L. jensenii makes up 23% of ... 2012 (Special Issue on The Infections of Lower Genital Tract): 1-6. doi:10.1155/2012/706540. ISSN 1064-7449. PMC 3369434. PMID ...
Mucosal erosion and hemorrhage is seen in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Renal dysfunction is common and related to ... The gastrointestinal tract sustains the brunt of toxicity, resulting in fatal hemorrhages. Renal toxicity is a result of its ... Ingesting cantharidin can initially cause severe damage to the lining of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, and may also ... Cantharides were in widespread use among the upper classes in France in the 1600s, despite being a banned substance. Police ...
... is gastrointestinal bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, commonly defined as bleeding ... SSRIs double the rate of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. There are many causes for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Causes ... an upper gastrointestinal bleed is likely; if the aspirate is negative, the source of a gastrointestinal bleed is probably, but ... Upper gastrointestinal bleeding affects around 50 to 150 people per 100,000 a year. It represents over 50% of cases of ...
... a new trichomonad from the upper gastrointestinal tract of scavenging birds of prey". Parasitology Research. 114 (1): 101-112. ... inhabits the upper digestive tract of scavenging birds of prey, such as vultures. Trichomonas stableri - inhabits the upper ... In birds, it can be found in the upper digestive tract and is transmitted when adult birds regurgitate food to feed their young ... Trichomonas in birds inhabit the upper digestive tract and also cause trichomoniasis. It creates lesions in the trachea and ...
Therefore, some IMO preparations are only partially digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Isomalto-oligosaccharides are ... Higher dosages (greater than 40 g/day), can cause gastrointestinal symptoms like flatulence, bloating, soft stool or diarrhea. ...
With lower doses, mild inflammation may be seen in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Some animals are immune to the effects of ... Diagnosis is based on knowledge of exposure and foliage found in the digestive tract. With smaller doses, animals display ... and gastrointestinal protectants. It may also be necessary to control aggressive behaviour and convulsions with tranquilizers. ...
In 2015, it was estimated that over 50% of the world's population had H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tracts with ... Logan RP, Walker MM (October 2001). "ABC of the upper gastrointestinal tract: Epidemiology and diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori ... but a condition associated with a number of disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Testing is recommended if peptic ... bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract, and, rarely, gastric outlet obstruction while colorectal polyps may be the ...
Involvement of the upper gastrointestinal tract may lead to difficulty swallowing or ulceration. Upon histology, graft versus ... In contrast to Crohn's disease, which can affect areas of the gastrointestinal tract outside of the colon, ulcerative colitis ... The gradual loss of blood from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as chronic inflammation, often leads to anemia, and ... Opportunely, low gastrointestinal absorption (or high absorbed drug gastrointestinal secretion) of fexofenadine results in ...
"Prevalence of gastrointestinal tract lesions in 73 brachycephalic dogs with upper respiratory syndrome". The Journal of Small ... Brachycephalic syndrome has been linked to changes in the lungs, as well as the gastrointestinal tract including bronchial ... Poor tear production Gastrointestinal problems Cephalic index - for lists of affected dog, cat, and other animal breeds Gay, ... Studies has found that a DNA mutation in a gene called ADAMTS3 that is not dependent on skull shape is linked to upper airway ...
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy - a diagnostic endoscopic procedure that visualizes the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. ... Esophageal motility study - a test to assess motor function of the upper and lower esophageal sphincter as well as the ... even though there is not a clear correlation between the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and the pharyngeal and upper ...
... from the upper tract occurs in 50 to 150 per 100,000 adults per year. It is more common than lower ... upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. About 2/3 of all GI bleeds are from upper sources and 1/3 ... upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Causes of upper GI bleeds include: peptic ulcer disease, ... Endoscopy of the lower and upper gastrointestinal tract may locate the area of bleeding. Medical imaging may be useful in cases ...
"Detection of occult upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding: performance differences in fecal occult blood tests". Mayo Clinic ... A positive test can result from upper gastrointestinal bleeding or lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The common causes are: 2-10 ... Positive tests ("positive stool") may result from either upper gastrointestinal bleeding or lower gastrointestinal bleeding and ... usually looking for lower gastrointestinal bleeding before upper gastrointestinal bleeding causes unless there are other clues ...
This in combination with other plain radiographs allows for the imaging of parts of the upper gastrointestinal tract such as ... The barium enhances the visibility of the relevant parts of the gastrointestinal tract by coating the inside wall of the tract ... whereas the barium enema is called a lower gastrointestinal series (or study). In upper gastrointestinal series examinations, ... An upper gastrointestinal series, also called a barium swallow, barium study, or barium meal, is a series of radiographs used ...
Fifty patients with glyphosate-surfactant oral ingestion were studied with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopic grading ... Clinical impact of upper gastrointestinal tract injuries in glyphosate-surfactant oral intoxication Hum Exp Toxicol. 1999 Aug; ... The upper gastrointestinal tract injuries caused by glyphosate-surfactant were minor in comparison with those by other strong ... Fifty patients with glyphosate-surfactant oral ingestion were studied with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopic grading ...
Medication-induced upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract injuries are probably fairly common, yet these injuries are rarely ... In this review, key features of the most commonly encountered medication-induced upper GI tract injuries are briefly discussed ...
Foreign body in the upper gastrointestinal tract: report of an unusual case of injury ... Foreign body in the upper gastrointestinal tract: report of an unusual case of injury ...
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in infants and children is a fairly common problem, accounting for 10%-20% of referrals to ... Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in children aged 1-2 years. In children older than 1 year, peptic ulcer disease is a ... Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in children older than age 2 years. Esophageal varices result can from portal ... Lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding in children aged 1-2 years. Most polyps in persons of this age group are the juvenile ...
The tract itself is divided into upper and lower tracts, and the intestines small and large parts. The upper gastrointestinal ... The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system ... Various methods of imaging the gastrointestinal tract include the upper and lower gastrointestinal series: Radioopaque dyes may ... Look up gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal, or tract in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media ...
Upper gastrointestinal tract. The upper GI tract consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. ... the pharynx, to the upper duodenum. pharynx, esophagus, stomach, upper duodenum, respiratory tract (including the lungs), liver ... Lower gastrointestinal tract. The lower GI tract comprises the intestines and anus. ... long and consists of the upper and lower GI tracts. The tract may also be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, reflecting ...
BACKGROUND: While the effectiveness of upper endoscopy has been established for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract ... Endoscopy for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage: is sooner better? A systematic review.. B M Spiegel, N ... efforts to develop a more standardized and time-sensitive approach to acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage ... vs delayed endoscopy improves patient and economic outcomes for all risk groups with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract ...
5.6 Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Obstruction. Pyloric stenosis or other organic or functional obstruction in the upper ... 5.6 Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Obstruction 5.7 Photosensitivity 5.8 Nephrolithiasis 5.9 Interference with Laboratory Tests 6 ... Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Obstruction [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)] *Photosensitivity [see Warnings and Precautions ( ... Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Obstruction Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they experience signs and ...
keywords = "Adenocarcinoma of upper gastrointestinal tract, Docetaxel",. author = "Einzig, {Avi I.} and Donna Neuberg and ... Docetaxel administered on this schedule is an active agent in adenocarcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Further ... title = "Phase II trial of docetaxel (Taxotere) in patients with adenocarcinoma of the upper gastrointestinal tract previously ... Docetaxel administered on this schedule is an active agent in adenocarcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Further ...
Lieberman, D. (1990). Endoscopic therapy for bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract. Postgraduate medicine, 87(4), 75- ... Endoscopic therapy for bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract. / Lieberman, D. In: Postgraduate medicine, Vol. 87, No. ... Lieberman D. Endoscopic therapy for bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract. Postgraduate medicine. 1990;87(4):75-82+87- ... Lieberman, D 1990, Endoscopic therapy for bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract, Postgraduate medicine, vol. 87, no ...
Starch digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans. / Brownlee, Iain A.; Gill, Saloni; Wilcox, Matt D. et al. In: ... Starch digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans. Iain A. Brownlee*, Saloni Gill, Matt D. Wilcox, Jeff P. Pearson ... Starch digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans. Starch/Staerke. 2018 Sept 1;70(9-10):1700111. Epub 2018 Jan 2. ... Brownlee, IA, Gill, S, Wilcox, MD, Pearson, JP & Chater, PI 2018, Starch digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract of ...
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in infants and children is a fairly common problem, accounting for 10%-20% of referrals to ... Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in children aged 1-2 years. NSAID use is one of the factors in the development of peptic ... Lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding in children aged 1 month to 1 year. Episodic abdominal pain that is cramping in nature, ... Lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding in children aged 1-2 years. Children with polyps are found to have painless bleeding per ...
After high gastrointestinal tract obstruction the blood fibrin increases rapidly. The change is more marked in animals with ... BLOOD FIBRIN IN UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OBSTRUCTION Russell L. Haden, Russell L. Haden ... Russell L. Haden, Thomas G. Orr; BLOOD FIBRIN IN UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OBSTRUCTION . J Exp Med 1 March 1927; 45 (3): 427 ... THE VISCOSITY OF THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT ...
The upper digestive tract, Functional investigations of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Lookup NU author(s): Jason Powell ...
... biliary tract, gallbladder, and upper gastrointestinal tract. ... Upper Gastrointestinal Tract. *Gastric cancer. * ... biliary tract, gallbladder and upper GI tract. ...
Upper Gastrointestinal - UGI Tract Examination. The upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract extends from the esophagus to the end of ...
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, usually in the upper GI tract. *Genetic diseases of the urea cycle ... Ureterosigmoidostomy (a procedure to reconstruct the urinary tract in certain illnesses). *Urinary tract infection with a ... Sleisenger and Fordtrans Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: ...
Postprandial hypoglycemia after upper gastrointestinal tract surgery: diagnosis and treatment (part 2) ... Postprandial hypoglycemia after upper gastrointestinal tract surgery: diagnosis and treatment (part 2). ... Home , Archives , Vol 49, No 5 (2021) , Postprandial hypoglycemia after upper gastrointestinal tract surgery: diagnosis and ... The causes of postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (PHH) in patients who have under-gone an upper gastrointestinal tract ...
... ... Is Immature Granulocyte Count a Potential Prognostic Marker for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding? A New Road to Explore. ... always dont represent bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract. Also, we cant rule out the interplay between infection ... Upper gastrointestinal bleeding was defined by authors as the hemorrhage into the lumen between the proximal duodenum up to the ...
Cholangiocarcinoma, obstructive jaundice, biliary tract infection and upper gastrointestinal bleeding were diagnosed.. ...
Gastroenterology I: Diseases of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract. *General Internal Medicine I: Common Symptoms ...
Information about the SNOMED CT code 122865005 representing Gastrointestinal tract structure. ... Structure of lymphoid tissue of gastrointestinal tract 19655003. *Upper gastrointestinal tract structure 62834003 ... Digestive tract structure 51289009. Digestive tract part 709519000. Gastrointestinal tract structure 122865005. ancestors. ... gastrointestinal-tract-structure.html. Copyright © 2000-2023 InnoviHealth Systems Inc - CPT® copyright American Medical ...
Upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms (nausea, vomiting) occur first or predominate. Less than 1 h. Nausea, vomiting, unusual ... Lower gastrointestinal tract symptoms (abdominal cramps, diarrhea) occur first or predominate. 2-36 h, mean 6-12 h. Abdominal ...
A GP primer for understanding upper gastrointestinal tract biopsy reports Upper gastrointestinal (GI) disease is common in ... A GP primer to understanding biopsy reports of the lower gastrointestinal tract Gastrointestinal (GI) disease is common in ...
Endoscopic removal of foreign bodies from the upper gastrointestinal tract: 5-year experience ... art in advanced endoscopic imaging for the detection and evaluation of dysplasia and early cancer of the gastrointestinal tract ... A clinical perspective on the role of chronic inflammation in gastrointestinal cancer Rasch S, Algül H ... The p53/microRNA connection in gastrointestinal cancer Rokavec M, Li H, Jiang L, Hermeking H ...
To prevent upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in seriously ill patients: * Adults-The first day: 40 milligrams (mg) for the ...
... and gastrointestinal (epithelium loss, hemorrhagic gastritis) lesions. In addition, this may have taken place along with the ... In Mechanism of Mucosal Protection in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract; Allen, A., Flemstrom, G., Garner, A., Silen, W., ... Vascular recruitment and gastrointestinal tract healing. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2018, 24, 1990-2001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] ... Gastrointestinal tract healing, lessons from tendon, ligament, muscle and bone healing. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2018, 24, 1972-1989 ...
... history of upper gastrointestinal tract surgery; presence of a stoma; history of colonoscopy preparation in the four weeks ... incurable and affects any part of the gastrointestinal tract88. Chebli JMF, de Abreu NC, Chebli LA, Reboredo MM, Pinheiro HS. ... such as surgery involving the gastrointestinal tract, especially ileocecal resection, dysmotility and stenoses or fistulas1414 ... Hydrogen and methane-based breath testing in gastrointestinal disorders: The North American Consensus. Am J Gastroenterol . ...
  • The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most animals have a "through-gut" or complete digestive tract. (wikipedia.org)
  • The digestive tract is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food , digests it to extract energy and nutrients , and expels the remaining waste. (wikidoc.org)
  • The combined tissues and organs of the upper part of the digestive tract and the respiratory tract are defined as the aerodigestive tract. (nyogmd.com)
  • A complex condition that can affect the upper airway, lungs, as well as the digestive tract, aerodigestive disorders can affect a person's ability to eat, swallow, and breathe. (nyogmd.com)
  • There are five types of Crohn's disease, each affecting different parts of the digestive tract and involving several treatment options. (healthline.com)
  • This means Crohn's disease may affect several parts of the digestive tract at once. (healthline.com)
  • Even when your Crohn's disease is in remission, it's important to know how to manage it so you can avoid severe flare-ups and prevent long-term negative effects on your digestive tract. (healthline.com)
  • After a meal, light physical activity may help to move food through your digestive tract. (healthline.com)
  • In using a thin flexible tube with it's own light source, the upper digestive tract is examined. (albertahealthservices.ca)
  • Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Medical University of Lodz. (who.int)
  • Hematochezia is more likely when bleeding comes from the large intestine, although it can be caused by very rapid bleeding from the upper portions of the digestive tract as well. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The symptoms included those of the upper respiratory tract, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal system. (cdc.gov)
  • Our tests revealed metapneumovirus in serum, upper and lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, and vagina of the adult, and in the lung of the infant. (cdc.gov)
  • We also detected streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae in the respiratory tract of the adult. (cdc.gov)
  • Symptoms such as upper respiratory tract infection, fever, and rash are common in children between 6 months and 5 years, with most children having been infected by the time they start kindergarten. (cdc.gov)
  • Shedding from the upper respiratory tract can occur for 1-3 weeks and from gastrointestinal tract for as long as 6 months after infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Bacterial infections of respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosae : based on a symposium of the SGM held in September 1987 / edited by W. Donachie, E. Griffiths, J. Stephen. (who.int)
  • however, other possibilities such as respiratory tract could not be excluded. (medscape.com)
  • Pasteurella multocida is small Gram-negative coccobacillus that is a component of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal flora of many animals. (medscape.com)
  • Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in infants and children occurs frequently. (medscape.com)
  • Go to Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding for complete information on this topic. (medscape.com)
  • This differentiates the embryonic borders between the foregut and midgut, and is also the division commonly used by clinicians to describe gastrointestinal bleeding as being of either "upper" or "lower" origin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lieberman, D 1990, ' Endoscopic therapy for bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract ', Postgraduate medicine , vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 75-82+87-88. (elsevierpure.com)
  • However, massive upper GI bleeding can produce bright red blood per rectum if GI transit time is rapid. (medscape.com)
  • Is Immature Granulocyte Count a Potential Prognostic Marker for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding? (ijccm.org)
  • Immature granulocyte count, Infections, Upper gastrointestinal bleeding. (ijccm.org)
  • Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is one such common medical emergency encountered in the emergency room (ER) and intensive care unit (ICU). (ijccm.org)
  • Had upper gastrointestinal bleeding. (cdc.gov)
  • Cholangiocarcinoma, obstructive jaundice, biliary tract infection and upper gastrointestinal bleeding were diagnosed. (cdc.gov)
  • Treat upper GI bleeding that may be causing anemia . (healthwise.net)
  • Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is one of the most common diseases of the GI tract and represents a high percentage of emergency room admissions. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Transcatheter embolization as the new reference standard for endoscopically unmanageable upper gastrointestinal bleeding. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 2 Wee E. Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. (thieme-connect.com)
  • The mortality rate among patients with acute upper GI bleeding (with/without EGD) at Aleppo University Hospital: a retrospective study. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 4 Moledina SM, Komba E. Risk factors for mortality among patients admitted with upper gastrointestinal bleeding at a tertiary hospital: a prospective cohort study. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Prevalence and risk factors for clinically significant upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. (thieme-connect.com)
  • ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. (thieme-connect.com)
  • ACR Appropriateness Criteria on treatment of acute nonvariceal gastrointestinal tract bleeding. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Embolization of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage resistant to endoscopic treatment: results and predictors of recurrent bleeding. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Role of interventional radiology in the management of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Refractory gastrointestinal bleeding: role of angiographic intervention. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Recent update of embolization of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Empiric transcatheter embolization for acute arterial upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 16 Darcy M. Treatment of lower gastrointestinal bleeding: vasopressin infusion versus embolization. (thieme-connect.com)
  • The hospital management policy speci- bleeding duodenal ulcer account for more fied immediate resuscitation and endoscopy than 30% of admissions with upper gastroin- within 24 hours of admission. (who.int)
  • Emergency Department of Erbil City hospi- were in shock and 328 (59.0%) had a hae- tal with upper gastrointestinal bleeding over moglobin of 10 g/dL (Table 3). (who.int)
  • Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in infants and children is a fairly common problem, accounting for 10%-20% of referrals to pediatric gastroenterologists. (medscape.com)
  • Bleeding may occur anywhere along the digestive (gastrointestinal or GI) tract, from the mouth to the anus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hematemesis indicates the bleeding is coming from the upper GI tract, usually from the esophagus, stomach, or the first part of the small intestine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Current research on the gastro-intestinal tract and associated organs in the African environment : proceedings of the Fifth Annual Medical Scientific Conference, Nairobi, 1984 / editor, P. M. Tukei. (who.int)
  • The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. (wikipedia.org)
  • The human gastrointestinal tract consists of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, and is divided into the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. (wikipedia.org)
  • The upper GI tract consists of the mouth , pharynx , esophagus , and stomach . (wikidoc.org)
  • Included in the aerodigestive tract are the oral cavity (mouth), pyriform sinus, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, as well as the nose and sinus tract. (nyogmd.com)
  • Once ingested, anthrax spores can affect the upper gastrointestinal tract (throat and esophagus), stomach, and intestines, causing a wide variety of symptoms. (cdc.gov)
  • The doctor focusses on the lining of the esophagus, stomach and upper portion of the small intestine. (albertahealthservices.ca)
  • An upper gastrointestinal (or GI) endoscopy is a test that allows your doctor to look at the inside of your esophagus, stomach, and the first part of your small intestine, called the duodenum. (healthwise.net)
  • Endoscopy for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage: is sooner better? (qxmd.com)
  • While the effectiveness of upper endoscopy has been established for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage, its optimal timing has not been clearly defined. (qxmd.com)
  • To determine whether early vs delayed endoscopy improves patient and economic outcomes for all risk groups with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage. (qxmd.com)
  • Given the strength of the evidence, efforts to develop a more standardized and time-sensitive approach to acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage should be undertaken. (qxmd.com)
  • Advanced in endoscopic therapy have dramatically altered the approach to acute upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Angiographic diagnosis and endovascular management of nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Effectiveness of coil embolization in angiographically detectable versus non-detectable sources of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Fifty patients with glyphosate-surfactant oral ingestion were studied with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopic grading using Zargar's modified grading system for mucosal corrosive injury. (nih.gov)
  • The primary goal of the study was to describe the endoscopic vacuum therapy as a treatment option for leaks in the upper gastrointestinal tract, to evaluate results and comparing the results with current studies in the literature. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Conemaugh Health System offers specialized management and surgical treatment of benign and malignant diseases of the liver, pancreas, biliary tract, gallbladder, and upper gastrointestinal tract. (conemaugh.org)
  • The complete human digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder). (wikipedia.org)
  • I serve as Industrial Strategy and Business Engagement Lead of the Precision Imaging Beacon of Excellence, on the Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) Gastrointestinal & Liver theme Strategy Board and on the Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre Science Committee. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Several Campylobacter species utilize humans as their natural host and accumulated evidence supports their role in chronic inflammatory diseases of the human intestinal tract. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thanks to a Wellcome Trust VIP Fellowship and a RCUK Academic Fellowship I then moved to the School of Medicine, where I am now Professor in Gastrointestinal Imaging at the Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre (NDDC) within the Translational Medical Sciences academic unit. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Gastrointestinal diseases. (who.int)
  • Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines. (wikipedia.org)
  • The tract itself is divided into upper and lower tracts, and the intestines small and large parts. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lower GI tract comprises the intestines and anus. (wikidoc.org)
  • The GI tract includes all structures between the mouth and the anus, forming a continuous passageway that includes the main organs of digestion, namely, the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) consists of increased and/or abnormal microbiota comprising different bacterial species derived from the colonic flora that ascend to small intestine segments and may be associated with a myriad of gastrointestinal symptoms and extraintestinal complications 1 1. (scielo.br)
  • Find the cause of symptoms, such as upper belly pain or bloating, trouble swallowing (dysphagia), vomiting, or unexplained weight loss. (healthwise.net)
  • and gastrointestinal symptoms (33%), including nausea and vomiting. (cdc.gov)
  • Overview of Digestive Symptoms Disorders that affect the digestive (gastrointestinal) system are called digestive disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In it, the investigators asked an important question: For those with T2D, does Roux-en-Y gastric bypass have therapeutic effects on metabolic function that are independent of weight loss? (medscape.com)
  • After high gastrointestinal tract obstruction the blood fibrin increases rapidly. (silverchair.com)
  • The major functions of the GI tract are ingestion , digestion , absorption, and defecation . (wikidoc.org)
  • The authors consider the physiological factors that govern starch digestion and absorption, consider other dietary factors that may impact on this process and attempt to highlight the limitations in current knowledge to help focus future research needs in relation to starch digestion the upper gastrointestinal tract. (northumbria.ac.uk)
  • Several drug products require formulation strategies to either target certain areas of the gastrointestinal tract for optimized absorption or to provide enteric protection. (lonza.com)
  • The exact demarcation between the upper and lower tracts is the suspensory muscle of the duodenum. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lower gastrointestinal tract includes most of the small intestine and all of the large intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a normal human adult male, the GI tract is approximately 6.5 meters (20 feet) long and consists of the upper and lower GI tracts. (wikidoc.org)
  • In this review, key features of the most commonly encountered medication-induced upper GI tract injuries are briefly discussed, and a practical guide to assist the practicing pathologist in the recognition and diagnosis of these injuries is provided. (bmj.com)
  • This enzymatic digestion is aided by mechanical and secretory actions of the gastrointestinal tract. (northumbria.ac.uk)
  • Look at the inside of the stomach and upper small intestine (duodenum) after surgery. (healthwise.net)
  • The causes of postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (PHH) in patients who have under-gone an upper gastrointestinal tract surgery are still a matter of debate in the scientific community. (almclinmed.ru)
  • Without treatment, more than half of patients with gastrointestinal anthrax die. (cdc.gov)
  • Eighty percent to 90% of upper GI bleeds are nonvariceal, with a mortality of 1 to 10% of patients. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Greek: éntera) is the segment of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the anus and as in other mammals, consists of two segments: the small intestine and the large intestine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gastrointestinal infections in the tropics / editor, Vinod K. Rustgi. (who.int)
  • The upper gastrointestinal tract injuries caused by glyphosate-surfactant were minor in comparison with those by other strong acids. (nih.gov)
  • Medication-induced upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract injuries are probably fairly common, yet these injuries are rarely documented in pathology reports. (bmj.com)
  • So essentially the aerodigestive tract is the region in the throat and oral cavity where both food and air pass. (nyogmd.com)
  • My research focuses on gastrointestinal physiology and pathology using MRI methods in combination with other physiological and behavioural techniques. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • My personal expertise is in imaging the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • I am developing a new programme imaging paediatric gastrointestinal function. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Expert Panels on Vascular Imaging and Gastrointestinal Imaging. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Nutritional adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract of the newborn / editors, Norman Kretchmer, Alexandre Minkowski. (who.int)
  • Leakages in the upper gastrointestinal tract are associated with numerous and most serious complications. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Due to lack of studies Leakages in the upper gastrointestinal tract are associated with numerous and most serious complications. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • Upper gastrointestinal (GI) disease is common in Australia. (racgp.org.au)
  • Prospective evaluation for upper gastrointestinal tract acute graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (nature.com)
  • The gastrointestinal tract contains the gut microbiota, with some 1,000 different strains of bacteria having diverse roles in maintenance of immune health and metabolism, and many other microorganisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • C. concisus primarily colonizes the human oral cavity and some strains can be translocated to the intestinal tract. (frontiersin.org)
  • The tract may also be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, reflecting the embryological origin of each segment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The whole human GI tract is about nine metres (30 feet) long at autopsy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Oral beclomethasone dipropionate for the treatment of gastrointestinal acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). (nature.com)
  • A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral beclomethasone dipropionate as a prednisone-sparing therapy for gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease. (nature.com)
  • Nutrition in gastrointestinal disease / edited by Robert C. Kurtz. (who.int)
  • These high ammonia concentrations are usually limited to the upper few centimeters of topsoil. (cdc.gov)
  • Their study set out to determine whether surgical procedures that involve bypass of the upper gastrointestinal tract offer unique therapeutic effects on glycemic control, allowing remission of T2D. (medscape.com)
  • Targeted Cancer Next Generation Sequencing as a Primary Screening Tool for Microsatellite Instability and Lynch Syndrome in Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers. (cdc.gov)