The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.
Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)
Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.
Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)
A genus of protozoa parasitic to birds and mammals. T. gondii is one of the most common infectious pathogenic animal parasites of man.
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.
Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.
One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and parasitic diseases. The parasitic infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Substances that are destructive to protozoans.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).
Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Inflammation of the choroid.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.
A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious protozoan disease.
A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.
An infant during the first month after birth.
One of the FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS that is used as an antimalarial or with a sulfonamide to treat toxoplasmosis.
Proteins found in any species of protozoan.
The identification of selected parameters in newborn infants by various tests, examinations, or other procedures. Screening may be performed by clinical or laboratory measures. A screening test is designed to sort out healthy neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN) from those not well, but the screening test is not intended as a diagnostic device, rather instead as epidemiologic.
The study of parasites and PARASITIC DISEASES.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Federative Republic of Brazil. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or science, I'd be happy to help answer those!
Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.
Inflammation of the lymph nodes.
Agents useful in the treatment or prevention of COCCIDIOSIS in man or animals.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.
Skin diseases caused by ARTHROPODS; HELMINTHS; or other parasites.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.
Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
The presence of parasites in food and food products. For the presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food, FOOD MICROBIOLOGY is available.
Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation EMBRYO; FETUS; or pregnant female before birth.
A republic in the north of South America, bordered on the west by GUYANA (British Guiana) and on the east by FRENCH GUIANA. Its capital is Paramaribo. It was formerly called Netherlands Guiana or Dutch Guiana or Surinam. Suriname was first settled by the English in 1651 but was ceded to the Dutch by treaty in 1667. It became an autonomous territory under the Dutch crown in 1954 and gained independence in 1975. The country was named for the Surinam River but the meaning of that name is uncertain. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p1167 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p526)
The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen.
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Zygote-containing cysts of sporozoan protozoa. Further development in an oocyst produces small individual infective organisms called SPOROZOITES. Then, depending on the genus, the entire oocyst is called a sporocyst or the oocyst contains multiple sporocysts encapsulating the sporozoites.
A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*15 allele family.
A mammalian fetus expelled by INDUCED ABORTION or SPONTANEOUS ABORTION.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kyrgyzstan" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition; it is the name of a country located in Central Asia, known officially as the Kyrgyz Republic.
A clear, yellowish liquid that envelopes the FETUS inside the sac of AMNION. In the first trimester, it is likely a transudate of maternal or fetal plasma. In the second trimester, amniotic fluid derives primarily from fetal lung and kidney. Cells or substances in this fluid can be removed for prenatal diagnostic tests (AMNIOCENTESIS).
Member of the genus Trichechus inhabiting the coast and coastal rivers of the southeastern United States as well as the West Indies and the adjacent mainland from Vera Cruz, Mexico to northern South America. (From Scott, Concise Encyclopedia Biology, 1996)
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.
The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)
Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.
Measure of the number of the PARASITES present in a host organism.
A phylum of unicellular parasitic EUKARYOTES characterized by the presence of complex apical organelles generally consisting of a conoid that aids in penetrating host cells, rhoptries that possibly secrete a proteolytic enzyme, and subpellicular microtubules that may be related to motility.
The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.
Infections of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges by single celled organisms of the former subkingdom known as protozoa. The central nervous system may be the primary or secondary site of protozoal infection. These diseases may occur as OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS or arise in immunocompetent hosts.
Diseases affecting the eye.
Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).
Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. They include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including LIVESTOCK (specifically CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; etc.), POULTRY; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., PETS; or specifically DOGS; CATS; etc.
Techniques used to carry out clinical investigative procedures in the diagnosis and therapy of disease.
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa.

Specific antibody-dependent killing of Toxoplasma gondii by normal macrophages. (1/1102)

The requirement for specificity of antibody-dependent inhibition or killing of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii trophozoites by normal mouse peritoneal macrophages was evaluated in vitro using light microscopy and autoradiography. Anti-toxoplasma antibody in the presence of 'accessory factor' rendered extracellular T. gondii trophozoites non-viable and non-infectious for cells, whereas exposure of extracellular trophozoites to heat-inactivated immune serum did not appear to damage the parasites. Although pretreatment of extracellular trophozoites with heat-inactivated immune serum neither diminished nor prevented infection of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages, it did confer upon macrophages the ability to inhibit or kill the organisms once they were intracellular. In contrast, pretreatment of trophozoites with either heat-inactivated normal or Besnoitia jellisoni immune serum did not enable normal macrophages to inhibit or kill T. gondii; rather, such organisms multiplied intracellularly in normal macrophages. Thus, pretreatment with specific antibody alone prepared T. gondii trophozoites for intracellular destruction by normal mouse peritoneal macrophages. These results suggest that spesific antibody acting in concert with normal macrophages may play a role in controlling infection with T. gondii.  (+info)

Toxoplasma gondii antibody titers in sera of children admitted to the Seoul National University Children's Hospital. (2/1102)

A total of 542 children under 10 years of age, admitted to the Seoul National University Children's Hospital, was examined for antibody titers of Toxoplasma gondii using indirect latex agglutination (ILA) test. Among them, 7.7% showed positive titers higher than 1:32, without significant difference between males (7.3%) and females (8.5%). The seropositive rate increased with age although the statistical significance was negligible (0.05 < P < 0.1). By residential areas, the prevalence appeared higher among children from southern provinces (Kyongsang-do and Cholla do) than those from other areas, but the statistical significance was also very low (0.05 < P < 0.1). When the seropositive cases were analyzed by coincidental diseases, the prevalence was significantly higher in patients with congenital diseases than in patients with non-congenital diseases (P < 0.05). The results showed that the seropositive rate of toxoplasmosis in children examined was not high compared with other endemic countries. Some correlations are suggested between toxoplasmosis and congenital anomalies in Korea.  (+info)

Incidence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: 1988-1995. HEMOCO and SEROCO Study Groups. (3/1102)

The incidence of cerebral and extracerebral toxoplasmosis among 1,699 HIV-infected patients followed in the SEROCO and HEMOCO cohorts (1988-1995) was studied. It increased from 0.7 per 100 person-years in 1988 to 2.1 per 100 person-years in 1992, as a result of the increasing prevalence of patients with CD4 cell counts below 200/microL. It decreased thereafter to 0.2 per 100 person-years in 1995, while the proportion of patients receiving specific prophylaxis was increasing. A Toxoplasma antibody titer of >150 IU/mL was an important predictor of toxoplasmosis (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 3.6 [95% confidence interval, 2.1-6.0]), independent of a CD4+ cell count of <200/microL (aRR, 20.8) and specific prophylaxis (aRR, 0.2 [0.1-0.3]). The median CD4+ cell count was 389/microL at the time the antibody titer was first noted to be >150 IU/mL, while the median CD4 cell count at onset of toxoplasmosis was 58/microL. Thus, disease was diagnosed 10 days to 74 months after the rise in Toxoplasma antibody titers. While the risk factors for development of toxoplasmosis remain incompletely defined, the importance of specific prophylaxis for patients with low CD4 cell counts and high Toxoplasma antibody titers is supported by these findings.  (+info)

Quantitation of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in a competitive nested polymerase chain reaction. (4/1102)

AIM: To quantify Toxoplasma gondii DNA using a specially constructed artificial template as competitor in a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODS: The diagnostic assay was a nested PCR employing four primers that amplify part of the single copy gene for the P30 major surface antigen in T gondii. An artificial competitor containing the four primer binding sites was made first by creating a 216 bp deletion in the native 914 bp full length PCR product using restriction enzyme digestion, ligation of selected digestion fragments, and cloning the ligation product into an E coli plasmid vector for production. Competitive nested PCR using three different quantities of T gondii genomic DNA with four corresponding 10-fold dilutions of the artificial competitor was then performed, and the results visualised with agarose gel electrophoresis. A standard curve was drawn by plotting the T gondii to competitor ratio readings against log10 of the competitor readings. RESULTS: The band intensities on agarose gel showed quantitative amplification in competitive nested PCR. The amount of competitor required to achieve equal molar amounts of PCR products is calculated by reading off the value of the competitor where the T gondii to competitor ratio equals 1 on the standard curves. CONCLUSIONS: Competitive PCR is possible with a nested assay, and quantitative amplification is well preserved. The use of an artificial competitor containing the same primer binding sites as the target enables the absolute amount of T gondii DNA in unknown samples to be estimated. In addition, the competitor simultaneously serves as a control for detecting false negative results of failed reactions in individual assay runs.  (+info)

Decreased seroprevalence for Toxoplasma gondii in Seventh Day Adventists in Maryland. (5/1102)

Despite its widespread prevalence, uncertainties remain about the relative contribution of various routes of transmission to the overall rate of infection with Toxoplasma gondii, particularly in developed countries. To explore the hypothesis that meat consumption is an important risk factor for infection, a cross-sectional seroprevalence study was performed on healthy adults in one region in the state of Maryland. The population included Seventh Day Adventists who as a group follow a diet containing no meat, and control community volunteers who were not Seventh Day Adventists. Thirty-one percent of the population had serologic evidence of T. gondii infection. People with T. gondii infection were older (49 versus 42 years old; P < 0.01, by t-test) and less likely to be Seventh Day Adventists (24% versus 50%; P < 0.01, by chi-square test) than people without T. gondii infection. When adjustments were made for age and gender through multiple logistic regression, Seventh Day Adventists had a significantly decreased risk of T. gondii infection (odds ratio = 0.21, 95% confidence interval = 0.09-0.46, P = 0.0001) compared with the controls. While the basis for this effect remains to be determined, one possible protective factor is the general adherence of Seventh Day Adventists to a diet that does not contain meat.  (+info)

Risk factors for infection with Toxoplasma gondii for residents and workers on swine farms in Illinois. (6/1102)

Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in workers and residents of swine farms were studied on 43 farms in Illinois. Blood samples were collected from 174 adults in 1993. The T. gondii seroprevalence was 31%. An interview was conducted with each participant, obtaining information on demographic characteristics and behaviors suspected to affect the risk of T. gondii infection. Factors associated with increased risk of T. gondii seropositivity were a higher number of seropositive cats trapped on the farm, male sex, rearing pigs on pasture, and gardening. Factors associated with a decreased risk were handling of pig feed and presence of cats inside the pig facilities. Thus, infection of cats with T. gondii increased the risk of human infection, and contact with soil was a likely mechanism for transmission. The increased risk of seropositivity in males is attributed to less attention paid to cleanliness in food preparation and eating.  (+info)

CD40-CD40 ligand interaction is central to cell-mediated immunity against Toxoplasma gondii: patients with hyper IgM syndrome have a defective type 1 immune response that can be restored by soluble CD40 ligand trimer. (7/1102)

Cell-mediated immunity that results in IL-12/IFN-gamma production is essential to control infections by intracellular organisms. Studies in animal models revealed contrasting results in regard to the importance of CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) signaling for induction of a type 1 cytokine response against these pathogens. We demonstrate that CD40-CD40L interaction in humans is critical for generation of the IL-12/IFN-gamma immune response against Toxoplasma gondii. Infection of monocytes with T. gondii resulted in up-regulation of CD40. CD40-CD40L signaling was required for optimal T cell production of IFN-gamma in response to T. gondii. Moreover, patients with hyper IgM (HIGM) syndrome exhibited a defect in IFN-gamma secretion in response to the parasite and evidence compatible with impaired in vivo T cell priming after T. gondii infection. Not only was IL-12 production in response to T. gondii dependent on CD40-CD40L signaling, but also, patients with HIGM syndrome exhibited deficient in vitro secretion of this cytokine in response to the parasite. Finally, in vitro incubation with agonistic soluble CD40L trimer enhanced T. gondii-triggered production of IFN-gamma and, through induction of IL-12 secretion, corrected the defect in IFN-gamma production observed in HIGM patients. Our results are likely to explain the susceptibility of patients with HIGM syndrome to infections by opportunistic pathogens.  (+info)

Congenital toxoplasmosis: systematic review of evidence of efficacy of treatment in pregnancy. (8/1102)

OBJECTIVE: To summarise the evidence that treating toxoplasmosis in pregnancy reduces the risk of congenital toxoplasma infection and improves infant outcomes. DESIGN: Systematic review of studies comparing at least two concurrent groups of pregnant women with proved or likely acute toxoplasma infection in which treatments were compared with no treatment and outcomes in the children were reported. SUBJECTS: Studies were identified from Medline (1966-97), Pascal (1990-7), Embase (1993-7), and Biological abstracts (1993-5) plus contact with experts in the field, including the European Research Network on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Proportion of infected children at 1 year born to infected pregnant women who were or were not treated. RESULTS: Out of 2591 papers identified, nine met the inclusion criteria. There were no randomised comparisons, and control groups were generally not directly comparable with the treatment groups. Congenital infection was common in treated groups. five studies showed that treatment was effective and four that it was not. CONCLUSION: It is unclear whether antenatal treatment in women with presumed toxoplasmosis reduces congenital transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. Screening is expensive, so the effects of treatment and impact of screening programmes need to be evaluated. In countries where screening or treatment is not routine, these technologies should not be introduced outside carefully controlled trials.  (+info)

Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. It can infect humans, birds, and most warm-blooded animals, including marine mammals. In humans, it is usually contracted through eating undercooked, contaminated meat or ingesting oocysts (a form of the parasite) from cat feces, often through contact with litter boxes or gardening in soil that has been contaminated with cat feces.

The infection can also be passed to the fetus if a woman becomes infected during or just before pregnancy. Most healthy individuals who become infected with Toxoplasma gondii experience few symptoms and are not aware they have the disease. However, for those with weakened immune systems, such as people with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, and pregnant women, toxoplasmosis can cause severe complications, including damage to the brain, eyes, and other organs.

Symptoms of toxoplasmosis in individuals with weakened immune systems may include swollen lymph nodes, fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and headache. In pregnant women, infection can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe developmental problems in the baby. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine.

Congenital toxoplasmosis is a medical condition that results from the transmission of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite from an infected pregnant woman to her developing fetus through the placenta. The severity of the infection can vary widely, depending on the stage of pregnancy at which the mother becomes infected.

Infection during early pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of severe symptoms in the newborn, including:

* Intracranial calcifications
* Hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain)
* Microcephaly (abnormally small head)
* Chorioretinitis (inflammation of the eye's retina and choroid layer)
* Seizures
* Developmental delays
* Hearing loss

Infection later in pregnancy may result in less severe symptoms or be asymptomatic at birth, but can still lead to developmental delays, learning disabilities, and vision problems as the child grows.

Diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis typically involves a combination of tests, such as blood tests to detect antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, imaging studies (e.g., ultrasound, CT, or MRI) to assess any structural abnormalities in the brain and other organs, and ophthalmologic examinations to evaluate potential eye damage.

Treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis usually involves a combination of antiparasitic medications (such as spiramycin, pyrimethamine, and sulfadiazine) and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Early treatment can help minimize the severity of symptoms and improve outcomes for affected children.

Ocular toxoplasmosis is an inflammatory eye disease caused by the parasitic infection of Toxoplasma gondii in the eye's retina. It can lead to lesions and scarring in the retina, resulting in vision loss or impairment. The severity of ocular toxoplasmosis depends on the location and extent of the infection in the eye. In some cases, it may cause only mild symptoms, while in others, it can result in severe damage to the eye. Ocular toxoplasmosis is usually treated with medications that target the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, often combined with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.

Cerebral toxoplasmosis is a type of toxoplasmosis, which is an infection caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. In cerebral toxoplasmosis, the infection primarily affects the brain, leading to inflammation and the formation of lesions or abscesses in the brain tissue.

This condition is most commonly observed in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV/AIDS, receiving immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation, or having other conditions that compromise their immune function. The infection can cause a range of neurological symptoms, including headaches, seizures, confusion, memory loss, poor coordination, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Early diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antiparasitic medications are crucial to manage the infection and prevent complications.

"Toxoplasma" is a genus of protozoan parasites, and the most well-known species is "Toxoplasma gondii." This particular species is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals, including humans. It's known for its complex life cycle that involves felines (cats) as the definitive host.

Infection in humans, called toxoplasmosis, often occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or through contact with cat feces that contain T. gondii oocysts. While many people infected with Toxoplasma show no symptoms, it can cause serious health problems in immunocompromised individuals and developing fetuses if a woman becomes infected during pregnancy.

It's important to note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition should not be used for self-diagnosis or treatment. Always consult with a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. It is caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite can infect a wide range of warm-blooded animals, including birds and mammals, as intermediate hosts. However, cats are the primary definitive host for this parasite because the sexual stage of the parasite's life cycle occurs in their intestines, leading to the shedding of oocysts (environmentally resistant stages) in their feces.

Animals can become infected with Toxoplasma gondii through several routes:

1. Ingestion of sporulated oocysts from contaminated soil, water, or food.
2. Consumption of tissue cysts present in the tissues of infected animals during predation.
3. Vertical transmission (transplacental) from an infected mother to her offspring.

Clinical signs and symptoms of toxoplasmosis in animals can vary depending on their age, immune status, and the parasite's virulence. In many cases, animals may not show any apparent signs of infection, but some may develop:

1. Generalized illness with fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite.
2. Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes).
3. Neurological symptoms such as tremors, ataxia (lack of coordination), or seizures if the central nervous system is affected.
4. Eye lesions, including inflammation and scarring of the retina, which can lead to vision loss in severe cases.
5. Reproductive issues, such as abortion, stillbirths, or birth defects in offspring when pregnant females are infected.

It is important to note that while toxoplasmosis can cause significant health problems in animals, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and developing fetuses, it is often asymptomatic or mild in healthy adult animals. Nonetheless, the zoonotic potential of Toxoplasma gondii highlights the importance of practicing good hygiene and taking necessary precautions when handling infected animals or their waste to minimize the risk of transmission to humans.

Chorioretinitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the choroid and the retina, which are both important structures in the eye. The choroid is a layer of blood vessels that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina, while the retina is a light-sensitive tissue that converts light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images.

Chorioretinitis can be caused by various infectious and non-infectious conditions, such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, or cancer. The symptoms of chorioretinitis may include decreased vision, floaters, blurry vision, sensitivity to light, and eye pain. Treatment for chorioretinitis depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, corticosteroids, or other immunosuppressive therapies. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you experience any symptoms of chorioretinitis, as timely diagnosis and treatment can help prevent permanent vision loss.

Antibodies, protozoan, refer to the immune system's response to an infection caused by a protozoan organism. Protozoa are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various diseases in humans, such as malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis.

When the body is infected with a protozoan, the immune system responds by producing specific proteins called antibodies. Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called a B-cell, and they recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the protozoan organism.

There are five main types of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each type of antibody has a different role in the immune response. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody and provides long-term immunity to previously encountered pathogens. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection and is important for activating the complement system, which helps to destroy the protozoan organism.

Overall, the production of antibodies against protozoan organisms is a critical part of the immune response and helps to protect the body from further infection.

Sulfadiazine is an antibacterial drug, specifically a sulfonamide. It is chemically described as 4-amino-N-(2-pyrimidinyl)benzenesulfonamide. Sulfadiazine works by inhibiting the bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid, which is essential for bacterial growth and reproduction.

It is used to treat a wide range of infections caused by susceptible bacteria, including urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and certain types of meningitis. Sulfadiazine is often combined with other antibiotics, such as trimethoprim, to increase its effectiveness against certain bacteria.

Like all sulfonamides, sulfadiazine can cause side effects, including skin rashes, allergic reactions, and stomach upset. It should be used with caution in people who are allergic to sulfa drugs or have kidney or liver disease. Additionally, it is important to note that the use of sulfonamides during pregnancy, especially during the third trimester, should be avoided due to the risk of kernicterus in the newborn.

Parasitic pregnancy complications refer to a rare condition where a parasitic twin takes over the development of the dominant twin's reproductive system and becomes pregnant. This condition is also known as fetus in fetu or vanishing twin syndrome with a parasitic twin. The parasitic twin may have some organs developed, but it is not fully formed and relies on the dominant twin for survival. The pregnancy can pose risks to the dominant twin, such as abnormal growth patterns, organ damage, and complications during childbirth. This condition is usually detected during prenatal ultrasound examinations.

Antiprotozoal agents are a type of medication used to treat protozoal infections, which are infections caused by microscopic single-celled organisms called protozoa. These agents work by either killing the protozoa or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. They can be administered through various routes, including oral, topical, and intravenous, depending on the type of infection and the severity of the illness.

Examples of antiprotozoal agents include:

* Metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide for treating infections caused by Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica.
* Atovaquone, clindamycin, and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for treating malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum or other Plasmodium species.
* Pentamidine and suramin for treating African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense.
* Nitroimidazoles, such as benznidazole and nifurtimox, for treating Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
* Sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin for treating leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania species.

Antiprotozoal agents can have side effects, ranging from mild to severe, depending on the drug and the individual patient's response. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking these medications and report any adverse reactions promptly.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.

IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.

In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.

Parasitic lung diseases refer to conditions caused by infection of the lungs by parasites. These are small organisms that live on or in a host organism and derive their sustenance at the expense of the host. Parasitic lung diseases can be caused by various types of parasites, including helminths (worms) and protozoa.

Examples of parasitic lung diseases include:

1. Pulmonary echinococcosis (hydatid disease): This is a rare infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The larvae form cysts in various organs, including the lungs.
2. Paragonimiasis: This is a food-borne lung fluke infection caused by Paragonimus westermani and other species. Humans become infected by eating raw or undercooked crustaceans (such as crabs or crayfish) that contain the larval stage of the parasite.
3. Toxocariasis: This is a soil-transmitted helminth infection caused by the roundworm Toxocara canis or T. cati, which are found in the intestines of dogs and cats. Humans become infected through accidental ingestion of contaminated soil, undercooked meat, or through contact with an infected animal's feces. Although the primary site of infection is the small intestine, larval migration can lead to lung involvement in some cases.
4. Amebic lung disease: This is a rare complication of amebiasis, which is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. The parasite usually infects the large intestine, but it can spread to other organs, including the lungs, through the bloodstream.
5. Cryptosporidiosis: This is a waterborne protozoan infection caused by Cryptosporidium parvum or C. hominis. Although the primary site of infection is the small intestine, immunocompromised individuals can develop disseminated disease, including pulmonary involvement.

Symptoms of parasitic lung diseases vary depending on the specific organism and the severity of infection but may include cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, and sputum production. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, such as stool or blood examinations for parasites or their antigens. Treatment depends on the specific organism but may include antiparasitic medications, supportive care, and management of complications.

Antigens are substances (usually proteins) found on the surface of cells, or viruses, that can be recognized by the immune system and stimulate an immune response. In the context of protozoa, antigens refer to the specific proteins or other molecules found on the surface of these single-celled organisms that can trigger an immune response in a host organism.

Protozoa are a group of microscopic eukaryotic organisms that include a diverse range of species, some of which can cause diseases in humans and animals. When a protozoan infects a host, the host's immune system recognizes the protozoan antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response involves the activation of various types of immune cells, such as T-cells and B-cells, which recognize and target the protozoan antigens.

Understanding the nature of protozoan antigens is important for developing vaccines and other immunotherapies to prevent or treat protozoan infections. For example, researchers have identified specific antigens on the surface of the malaria parasite that are recognized by the human immune system and have used this information to develop vaccine candidates. However, many protozoan infections remain difficult to prevent or treat, and further research is needed to identify new targets for vaccines and therapies.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.

Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.

These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.

There doesn't seem to be a specific medical definition for "DNA, protozoan" as it is simply a reference to the DNA found in protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be found in various environments such as soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals.

Protozoan DNA refers to the genetic material present in these organisms. It is composed of nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which contain the instructions for the development, growth, and reproduction of the protozoan.

The DNA in protozoa, like in other organisms, is made up of two strands of nucleotides that coil together to form a double helix. The four nucleotide bases that make up protozoan DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These bases pair with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder, with A always pairing with T and G always pairing with C.

The genetic information stored in protozoan DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nucleotide bases. This information is used to synthesize proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of the organism's cells. Protozoan DNA also contains other types of genetic material, such as regulatory sequences that control gene expression and repetitive elements with no known function.

Understanding the DNA of protozoa is important for studying their biology, evolution, and pathogenicity. It can help researchers develop new treatments for protozoan diseases and gain insights into the fundamental principles of genetics and cellular function.

AIDS-related opportunistic infections (AROIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with advanced HIV infection or AIDS. These infections take advantage of a weakened immune system and can affect various organs and systems in the body.

Common examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii
2. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, caused by a type of bacteria called mycobacteria
3. Candidiasis, a fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, esophagus, and genitals
4. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii
5. Cryptococcosis, a fungal infection that affects the lungs and central nervous system
6. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, caused by a type of herpes virus
7. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
8. Cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic infection that affects the intestines
9. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a viral infection that affects the brain

Preventing and treating AROIs is an important part of managing HIV/AIDS, as they can cause significant illness and even death in people with weakened immune systems. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to treat HIV infection and prevent the progression of HIV to AIDS, which can help reduce the risk of opportunistic infections. In addition, medications to prevent specific opportunistic infections may be prescribed for people with advanced HIV or AIDS.

Choroiditis is an inflammatory condition that affects the choroid, a layer of blood vessels in the eye located between the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye) and the sclera (the white outer coat of the eye). The choroid provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina.

Choroiditis is characterized by spots or patches of inflammation in the choroid, which can lead to damage and scarring of the tissue. This can result in vision loss if it affects the macula (the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision). Symptoms of choroiditis may include blurred vision, floaters, sensitivity to light, and decreased color perception.

There are several types of choroiditis, including:

1. Multifocal choroiditis: This type is characterized by multiple, small areas of inflammation in the choroid, often accompanied by scarring. It can affect both eyes and may cause vision loss if it involves the macula.
2. Serpiginous choroiditis: This is a chronic, relapsing form of choroiditis that affects the outer layers of the retina and the choroid. It typically causes well-defined, wavy or serpentine-shaped lesions in the posterior pole (the back part) of the eye.
3. Birdshot chorioretinopathy: This is a rare form of choroiditis that primarily affects the peripheral retina and choroid. It is characterized by multiple, cream-colored or yellowish spots throughout the fundus (the interior surface of the eye).
4. Sympathetic ophthalmia: This is a rare condition that occurs when one eye is injured, leading to inflammation in both eyes. The choroid and other structures in the uninjured eye become inflamed due to an autoimmune response.
5. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease: This is a multisystemic autoimmune disorder that affects the eyes, skin, hair, and inner ear. In the eye, it causes choroiditis, retinal inflammation, and sometimes optic nerve swelling.

Treatment for choroiditis depends on the underlying cause and may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, or biologic agents to control inflammation. In some cases, laser therapy or surgery might be necessary to address complications such as retinal detachment or cataracts.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

Serologic tests are laboratory tests that detect the presence or absence of antibodies or antigens in a patient's serum (the clear liquid that separates from clotted blood). These tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases, as well as autoimmune disorders and other medical conditions.

In serologic testing for infectious diseases, a sample of the patient's blood is collected and allowed to clot. The serum is then separated from the clot and tested for the presence of antibodies that the body has produced in response to an infection. The test may be used to identify the specific type of infection or to determine whether the infection is active or has resolved.

Serologic tests can also be used to diagnose autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, by detecting the presence of antibodies that are directed against the body's own tissues. These tests can help doctors confirm a diagnosis and monitor the progression of the disease.

It is important to note that serologic tests are not always 100% accurate and may produce false positive or false negative results. Therefore, they should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and laboratory test results.

Atovaquone is an antiprotozoal medication used for the treatment and prevention of certain parasitic infections. It works by inhibiting the mitochondria of the parasites, disrupting their energy production and ultimately leading to their death. Atovaquone is available as a oral suspension or coated tablets and is often prescribed for conditions such as Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis, and babesiosis. It is also used for the prevention of PCP in people with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS or other causes.

The medical definition of Atovaquone can be stated as:

"Atovaquone is an antiprotozoal medication (synthetic hydroxynaphthoquinone) that exhibits activity against a variety of protozoa, including Plasmodium falciparum (the parasite responsible for malaria), Pneumocystis jirovecii (the causative agent of PCP), Toxoplasma gondii, and Babesia microti. It is used primarily for the treatment and prevention of PCP in individuals with compromised immune systems, as well as for the treatment of babesiosis and toxoplasmosis."

There is no medical definition for "Protozoan Vaccines" as such because there are currently no licensed vaccines available for human protozoan diseases. Protozoa are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various diseases in humans, such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, and leishmaniasis.

Researchers have been working on developing vaccines against some of these diseases, but none have yet been approved for use in humans. Therefore, it is not possible to provide a medical definition for "Protozoan Vaccines" as a recognized category of vaccines.

Antibody affinity refers to the strength and specificity of the interaction between an antibody and its corresponding antigen at a molecular level. It is a measure of how strongly and selectively an antibody binds to its target antigen. A higher affinity indicates a more stable and specific binding, while a lower affinity suggests weaker and less specific interactions. Affinity is typically measured in terms of the dissociation constant (Kd), which describes the concentration of antigen needed to achieve half-maximal binding to an antibody. Generally, a smaller Kd value corresponds to a higher affinity, indicating a tighter and more selective bond. This parameter is crucial in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, such as immunoassays and targeted therapies, where high-affinity antibodies are preferred for improved sensitivity and specificity.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Pyrimethamine is an antiparasitic medication that is primarily used to treat and prevent protozoan infections, such as toxoplasmosis and malaria. It works by inhibiting the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme, which is essential for the parasite's survival. By doing so, it interferes with the synthesis of folate, a vital component for the growth and reproduction of the parasite.

Pyrimethamine is often used in combination with other medications, such as sulfonamides or sulfones, to increase its effectiveness and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains. Common side effects of pyrimethamine include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and headache. It is important to note that pyrimethamine should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional due to its potential for serious side effects and interactions with other medications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Protozoan Proteins" is not a specific medical or scientific term. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, and proteins are large biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acid residues. Therefore, "Protozoan Proteins" generally refers to the various types of proteins found in protozoa.

However, if you're looking for information about proteins specific to certain protozoan parasites with medical relevance (such as Plasmodium falciparum, which causes malaria), I would be happy to help! Please provide more context or specify the particular protozoan of interest.

Neonatal screening is a medical procedure in which specific tests are performed on newborn babies within the first few days of life to detect certain congenital or inherited disorders that are not otherwise clinically apparent at birth. These conditions, if left untreated, can lead to serious health problems, developmental delays, or even death.

The primary goal of neonatal screening is to identify affected infants early so that appropriate treatment and management can be initiated as soon as possible, thereby improving their overall prognosis and quality of life. Commonly screened conditions include phenylketonuria (PKU), congenital hypothyroidism, galactosemia, maple syrup urine disease, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and hearing loss, among others.

Neonatal screening typically involves collecting a small blood sample from the infant's heel (heel stick) or through a dried blood spot card, which is then analyzed using various biochemical, enzymatic, or genetic tests. In some cases, additional tests such as hearing screenings and pulse oximetry for critical congenital heart disease may also be performed.

It's important to note that neonatal screening is not a diagnostic tool but rather an initial step in identifying infants who may be at risk of certain conditions. Positive screening results should always be confirmed with additional diagnostic tests before any treatment decisions are made.

Parasitology is a branch of biology that deals with the study of parasites, their life cycles, the relationship between parasites and their hosts, the transmission of parasitic diseases, and the development of methods for their control and elimination. It involves understanding various types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that can infect humans, animals, and plants. Parasitologists also study the evolution, genetics, biochemistry, and ecology of parasites to develop effective strategies for their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.

Posterior uveitis is a type of uveitis that specifically affects the back portion of the uvea, which includes the choroid (a layer of blood vessels that provides nutrients to the outer layers of the retina), the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye), and the optic nerve (which carries visual information from the eye to the brain).

Posterior uveitis can cause symptoms such as blurred vision, floaters, sensitivity to light, and decreased vision. It may also lead to complications such as retinal scarring, cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal detachment if left untreated. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and trauma. Treatment typically involves the use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications to reduce inflammation and prevent complications.

Lymphadenitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of one or more lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped glands that are part of the body's immune system. Lymph nodes contain white blood cells called lymphocytes, which help fight infection and disease.

Lymphadenitis can occur as a result of an infection in the area near the affected lymph node or as a result of a systemic infection that has spread through the bloodstream. The inflammation causes the lymph node to become swollen, tender, and sometimes painful to the touch.

The symptoms of lymphadenitis may include fever, fatigue, and redness or warmth in the area around the affected lymph node. In some cases, the overlying skin may also appear red and inflamed. Lymphadenitis can occur in any part of the body where there are lymph nodes, including the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen.

The underlying cause of lymphadenitis must be diagnosed and treated promptly to prevent complications such as the spread of infection or the formation of an abscess. Treatment may include antibiotics, pain relievers, and warm compresses to help reduce swelling and discomfort.

Coccidiostats are a type of medication used to prevent and treat coccidiosis, which is an infection caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Coccidia. These medications work by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of the parasites in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, particularly poultry and livestock.

Coccidiostats are commonly added to animal feed to prevent infection and reduce the spread of coccidiosis within a flock or herd. They can also be used to treat active infections, often in combination with other medications. Common examples of coccidiostats include sulfaquinoxaline, monensin, and lasalocid.

It's important to note that the use of coccidiostats in food-producing animals is regulated by government agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to ensure their safe use and to minimize the risk of residues in animal products.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

Vertical transmission of infectious diseases refers to the spread of an infection from an infected mother to her offspring during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. This mode of transmission can occur through several pathways:

1. Transplacental transmission: The infection crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus while it is still in the womb. Examples include HIV, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis.
2. Intrauterine infection: The mother's infection causes direct damage to the developing fetus or its surrounding tissues, leading to complications such as congenital defects. Examples include rubella and cytomegalovirus (CMV).
3. Perinatal transmission: This occurs during childbirth when the infant comes into contact with the mother's infected genital tract or bodily fluids. Examples include group B streptococcus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and hepatitis B.
4. Postnatal transmission: This occurs after birth, often through breastfeeding, when the infant ingests infected milk or comes into contact with the mother's contaminated bodily fluids. Examples include HIV and HTLV-I (human T-lymphotropic virus type I).

Vertical transmission is a significant concern in public health, as it can lead to severe complications, congenital disabilities, or even death in newborns. Preventive measures, such as prenatal screening, vaccination, and antimicrobial treatment, are crucial for reducing the risk of vertical transmission and ensuring better outcomes for both mothers and their offspring.

Parasitic skin diseases are conditions caused by parasites living on or in the skin. These parasites can be insects, mites, or fungi that feed off of the host for their own survival. They can cause a variety of symptoms including itching, rashes, blisters, and lesions on the skin. Examples of parasitic skin diseases include scabies, lice infestations, and ringworm. Treatment typically involves the use of topical or oral medications to kill the parasites and alleviate symptoms.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

An immunocompromised host refers to an individual who has a weakened or impaired immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and decreased ability to fight off pathogens. This condition can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developed during one's lifetime).

Acquired immunocompromised states may result from various factors such as medical treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive drugs), infections (e.g., HIV/AIDS), chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, malnutrition, liver disease), or aging.

Immunocompromised hosts are at a higher risk for developing severe and life-threatening infections due to their reduced immune response. Therefore, they require special consideration when it comes to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of the human body. It is primarily found in external secretions, such as saliva, tears, breast milk, and sweat, as well as in mucous membranes lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. IgA exists in two forms: a monomeric form found in serum and a polymeric form found in secretions.

The primary function of IgA is to provide immune protection at mucosal surfaces, which are exposed to various environmental antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and allergens. By doing so, it helps prevent the entry and colonization of pathogens into the body, reducing the risk of infections and inflammation.

IgA functions by binding to antigens present on the surface of pathogens or allergens, forming immune complexes that can neutralize their activity. These complexes are then transported across the epithelial cells lining mucosal surfaces and released into the lumen, where they prevent the adherence and invasion of pathogens.

In summary, Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a vital antibody that provides immune defense at mucosal surfaces by neutralizing and preventing the entry of harmful antigens into the body.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

Naphthoquinones are a type of organic compound that consists of a naphthalene ring (two benzene rings fused together) with two ketone functional groups (=O) at the 1 and 2 positions. They exist in several forms, including natural and synthetic compounds. Some well-known naphthoquinones include vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinone), which are important for blood clotting and bone metabolism. Other naphthoquinones have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, some naphthoquinones can also be toxic or harmful to living organisms, so they must be used with caution.

Encephalitis is defined as inflammation of the brain parenchyma, which is often caused by viral infections but can also be due to bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to toxins. The infection or inflammation can cause various symptoms such as headache, fever, confusion, seizures, and altered consciousness, ranging from mild symptoms to severe cases that can lead to brain damage, long-term disabilities, or even death.

The diagnosis of encephalitis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and laboratory tests (such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis). Treatment may include antiviral medications, corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Food parasitology is not a commonly used term in medical or scientific communities. However, it generally refers to the study of parasites that are transmitted through food, including parasitic protozoa, helminths (worms), and arthropods (e.g., tapeworms, roundworms, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, etc.). Food parasitology involves understanding the life cycles, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these foodborne parasites. It is an important field within medical and veterinary parasitology, as well as food safety and public health.

Agglutination tests are laboratory diagnostic procedures used to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a sample, such as blood or serum. These tests work by observing the clumping (agglutination) of particles, like red blood cells or bacteriophages, coated with specific antigens or antibodies when mixed with a patient's sample.

In an agglutination test, the sample is typically combined with a reagent containing known antigens or antibodies on the surface of particles, such as latex beads, red blood cells, or bacteriophages. If the sample contains the corresponding antibodies or antigens, they will bind to the particles, forming visible clumps or agglutinates. The presence and strength of agglutination are then assessed visually or with automated equipment to determine the presence and quantity of the target antigen or antibody in the sample.

Agglutination tests are widely used in medical diagnostics for various applications, including:

1. Bacterial and viral infections: To identify specific bacterial or viral antigens in a patient's sample, such as group A Streptococcus, Legionella pneumophila, or HIV.
2. Blood typing: To determine the ABO blood group and Rh type of a donor or recipient before a blood transfusion or organ transplantation.
3. Autoimmune diseases: To detect autoantibodies in patients with suspected autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
4. Allergies: To identify specific IgE antibodies in a patient's sample to determine allergic reactions to various substances, such as pollen, food, or venom.
5. Drug monitoring: To detect and quantify the presence of drug-induced antibodies, such as those developed in response to penicillin or hydralazine therapy.

Agglutination tests are simple, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic tools that provide valuable information for clinical decision-making and patient management. However, they may have limitations, including potential cross-reactivity with other antigens, false-positive results due to rheumatoid factors or heterophile antibodies, and false-negative results due to the prozone effect or insufficient sensitivity. Therefore, it is essential to interpret agglutination test results in conjunction with clinical findings and other laboratory data.

Clindamycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It is a type of antibiotic known as a lincosamide, which works by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis. This leads to the death of the bacteria and helps to clear the infection.

Clindamycin is effective against a wide range of gram-positive and some anaerobic bacteria, making it a useful antibiotic for treating many different types of infections, including skin and soft tissue infections, bone and joint infections, respiratory infections, and dental infections. It is also sometimes used to treat certain types of bacterial vaginal infections.

Like all antibiotics, clindamycin should be used only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance. Additionally, clindamycin can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, and it may increase the risk of developing a serious intestinal infection called Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking this medication.

There are many diseases that can affect cats, and the specific medical definitions for these conditions can be quite detailed and complex. However, here are some common categories of feline diseases and examples of each:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include:
* Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), also known as feline parvovirus, which can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms and death in kittens.
* Feline calicivirus (FCV), which can cause upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing and nasal discharge.
* Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which can suppress the immune system and lead to a variety of secondary infections and diseases.
* Bacterial infections, such as those caused by Pasteurella multocida or Bartonella henselae, which can cause abscesses or other symptoms.
2. Neoplastic diseases: These are cancerous conditions that can affect various organs and tissues in cats. Examples include:
* Lymphoma, which is a common type of cancer in cats that can affect the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other organs.
* Fibrosarcoma, which is a type of soft tissue cancer that can arise from fibrous connective tissue.
* Squamous cell carcinoma, which is a type of skin cancer that can be caused by exposure to sunlight or tobacco smoke.
3. Degenerative diseases: These are conditions that result from the normal wear and tear of aging or other factors. Examples include:
* Osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative joint disease that can cause pain and stiffness in older cats.
* Dental disease, which is a common condition in cats that can lead to tooth loss, gum inflammation, and other problems.
* Heart disease, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which is a thickening of the heart muscle that can lead to congestive heart failure.
4. Hereditary diseases: These are conditions that are inherited from a cat's parents and are present at birth or develop early in life. Examples include:
* Polycystic kidney disease (PKD), which is a genetic disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure.
* Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in some cats.
* Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), which is a group of genetic disorders that cause degeneration of the retina and can lead to blindness.

Prenatal diagnosis is the medical testing of fetuses, embryos, or pregnant women to detect the presence or absence of certain genetic disorders or birth defects. These tests can be performed through various methods such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, or ultrasound. The goal of prenatal diagnosis is to provide early information about the health of the fetus so that parents and healthcare providers can make informed decisions about pregnancy management and newborn care. It allows for early intervention, treatment, or planning for the child's needs after birth.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Suriname" is not a medical term. It is a country located in South America, known for its diverse culture and rich biodiversity. If you have any questions about medical terminology or Surinamese health issues, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Immunocompetence is the condition of having a properly functioning immune system that can effectively respond to the presence of foreign substances, such as pathogens (like bacteria, viruses, and parasites) and other potentially harmful agents. It involves the ability of the immune system to recognize, attack, and eliminate these foreign substances while also maintaining tolerance to self-tissues and promoting tissue repair.

Immunocompetence is essential for overall health and wellbeing, as it helps protect the body from infections and diseases. Factors that can affect immunocompetence include age, genetics, stress, nutrition, sleep, and certain medical conditions or treatments (like chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs) that can weaken the immune system.

Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the white of the eye (sclera). The uvea consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Uveitis can cause redness, pain, and vision loss. It can be caused by various systemic diseases, infections, or trauma. Depending on the part of the uvea that's affected, uveitis can be classified as anterior (iritis), intermediate (cyclitis), posterior (choroiditis), or pan-uveitis (affecting all layers). Treatment typically includes corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs to control inflammation.

An oocyst is a thick-walled, environmentally resistant spore-like structure produced by some protozoan parasites, such as Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora, during their life cycle. These oocysts can survive for long periods in the environment and can infect a host when ingested, leading to infection and disease. The term "oocyst" is specific to certain groups of protozoan parasites and should not be confused with other types of spores produced by fungi or bacteria.

The HLA-B15 antigen is a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type B serotype that is encoded by the HLA-B gene located on chromosome 6 in humans. The HLA system plays an essential role in the immune system, presenting foreign peptides to T-cells and triggering an immune response.

The HLA-B15 antigen is a type of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein, which presents endogenous peptides to CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The HLA-B15 serotype includes several subtypes, such as HLA-B*1501, HLA-B*1502, and others.

The HLA-B15 antigen is associated with certain diseases, including an increased risk of developing BehƧet's disease, a rare autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in various parts of the body. Additionally, the HLA-B*1502 subtype has been found to be strongly associated with carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) in individuals of Asian descent.

An aborted fetus refers to a developing human organism that is expelled or removed from the uterus before it is viable, typically as a result of an induced abortion. An abortion is a medical procedure that intentionally ends a pregnancy and can be performed through various methods, depending on the stage of the pregnancy.

It's important to note that the term "abortion" is often used in different contexts and may carry different connotations depending on one's perspective. In medical terminology, an abortion refers specifically to the intentional ending of a pregnancy before viability. However, in other contexts, the term may be used more broadly to refer to any spontaneous or induced loss of a pregnancy, including miscarriages and stillbirths.

The definition of "viable" can vary, but it generally refers to the point at which a fetus can survive outside the uterus with medical assistance, typically around 24 weeks of gestation. Fetal viability is a complex issue that depends on many factors, including the availability and accessibility of medical technology and resources.

In summary, an aborted fetus is a developing human organism that is intentionally expelled or removed from the uterus before it is viable, typically as a result of a medical procedure called an abortion.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kyrgyzstan" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

Amniotic fluid is a clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds and protects the developing baby in the uterus. It is enclosed within the amniotic sac, which is a thin-walled sac that forms around the embryo during early pregnancy. The fluid is composed of fetal urine, lung secretions, and fluids that cross over from the mother's bloodstream through the placenta.

Amniotic fluid plays several important roles in pregnancy:

1. It provides a shock-absorbing cushion for the developing baby, protecting it from injury caused by movement or external forces.
2. It helps to maintain a constant temperature around the fetus, keeping it warm and comfortable.
3. It allows the developing baby to move freely within the uterus, promoting normal growth and development of the muscles and bones.
4. It provides a source of nutrients and hydration for the fetus, helping to support its growth and development.
5. It helps to prevent infection by providing a barrier between the fetus and the outside world.

Throughout pregnancy, the volume of amniotic fluid increases as the fetus grows. The amount of fluid typically peaks around 34-36 weeks of gestation, after which it begins to gradually decrease. Abnormalities in the volume of amniotic fluid can indicate problems with the developing baby or the pregnancy itself, and may require medical intervention.

'Trichechus manatus' is the scientific name for the West Indian Manatee, also known as the American Manatee. It is a large, aquatic, herbivorous mammal that lives in warm, shallow waters of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean along the North American coast. They are known for their slow movement, wrinkled skin, and paddle-like flippers. West Indian Manatees are an endangered species due to habitat loss, boat strikes, and other human activities.

"Cat" is a common name that refers to various species of small carnivorous mammals that belong to the family Felidae. The domestic cat, also known as Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus, is a popular pet and companion animal. It is a subspecies of the wildcat, which is found in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Domestic cats are often kept as pets because of their companionship, playful behavior, and ability to hunt vermin. They are also valued for their ability to provide emotional support and therapy to people. Cats are obligate carnivores, which means that they require a diet that consists mainly of meat to meet their nutritional needs.

Cats are known for their agility, sharp senses, and predatory instincts. They have retractable claws, which they use for hunting and self-defense. Cats also have a keen sense of smell, hearing, and vision, which allow them to detect prey and navigate their environment.

In medical terms, cats can be hosts to various parasites and diseases that can affect humans and other animals. Some common feline diseases include rabies, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and toxoplasmosis. It is important for cat owners to keep their pets healthy and up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative treatments to protect both the cats and their human companions.

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems, often due to a underlying condition such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplantation. These infections are caused by microorganisms that do not normally cause disease in people with healthy immune function, but can take advantage of an opportunity to infect and cause damage when the body's defense mechanisms are compromised. Examples of opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis (thrush), and cytomegalovirus infection. Preventive measures, such as antimicrobial medications and vaccinations, play a crucial role in reducing the risk of opportunistic infections in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Aqueous humor is a clear, watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes in the posterior chamber and circulates through the pupil into the anterior chamber, where it provides nutrients to the cornea and lens, maintains intraocular pressure, and helps to shape the eye. The aqueous humor then drains out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and into the canal of Schlemm, eventually reaching the venous system.

Hemagglutination tests are laboratory procedures used to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a sample, typically in blood serum. These tests rely on the ability of certain substances, such as viruses or bacteria, to agglutinate (clump together) red blood cells.

In a hemagglutination test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of red blood cells that have been treated with a specific antigen. If the patient has antibodies against that antigen in their serum, they will bind to the antigens on the red blood cells and cause them to agglutinate. This clumping can be observed visually, indicating a positive test result.

Hemagglutination tests are commonly used to diagnose infectious diseases caused by viruses or bacteria that have hemagglutinating properties, such as influenza, parainfluenza, and HIV. They can also be used in blood typing and cross-matching before transfusions.

An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a specific protein, antibody, or antigen in a sample using the principles of antibody-antigen reactions. It is commonly used in clinical laboratories to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions such as infections, hormonal disorders, allergies, and cancer.

Immunoassays typically involve the use of labeled reagents, such as enzymes, radioisotopes, or fluorescent dyes, that bind specifically to the target molecule. The amount of label detected is proportional to the concentration of the target molecule in the sample, allowing for quantitative analysis.

There are several types of immunoassays, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), and chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). Each type has its own advantages and limitations, depending on the sensitivity, specificity, and throughput required for a particular application.

Parasite load, in medical terms, refers to the total number or quantity of parasites (such as worms, protozoa, or other infectious agents) present in a host organism's body. It is often used to describe the severity of a parasitic infection and can be an important factor in determining the prognosis and treatment plan for the infected individual.

Parasite load can vary widely depending on the type of parasite, the route of infection, the immune status of the host, and other factors. In some cases, even a small number of parasites may cause significant harm if they are highly virulent or located in critical areas of the body. In other cases, large numbers of parasites may be necessary to produce noticeable symptoms.

Measuring parasite load can be challenging, as it often requires specialized laboratory techniques and equipment. However, accurate assessment of parasite load is important for both research and clinical purposes, as it can help researchers develop more effective treatments and allow healthcare providers to monitor the progression of an infection and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.

Apicomplexa is a phylum of single-celled, parasitic organisms that includes several medically important genera, such as Plasmodium (which causes malaria), Toxoplasma (which causes toxoplasmosis), and Cryptosporidium (which causes cryptosporidiosis). These organisms are characterized by the presence of a unique apical complex, which is a group of specialized structures at one end of the cell that are used during invasion and infection of host cells. They have a complex life cycle involving multiple stages, including sexual and asexual reproduction, often in different hosts. Many Apicomplexa are intracellular parasites, meaning they live and multiply inside the cells of their hosts.

Host-parasite interactions refer to the relationship between a parasitic organism (the parasite) and its host, which can be an animal, plant, or human body. The parasite lives on or inside the host and derives nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. This interaction can range from relatively benign to severe, depending on various factors such as the species of the parasite, the immune response of the host, and the duration of infection.

The host-parasite relationship is often categorized based on the degree of harm caused to the host. Parasites that cause little to no harm are called commensals, while those that cause significant damage or disease are called parasitic pathogens. Some parasites can even manipulate their hosts' behavior and physiology to enhance their own survival and reproduction, leading to complex interactions between the two organisms.

Understanding host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as for understanding the ecological relationships between different species in natural ecosystems.

I. Definition:

An abortion in a veterinary context refers to the intentional or unintentional termination of pregnancy in a non-human animal before the fetus is capable of surviving outside of the uterus. This can occur spontaneously (known as a miscarriage) or be induced through medical intervention (induced abortion).

II. Common Causes:

Spontaneous abortions may result from genetic defects, hormonal imbalances, infections, exposure to toxins, trauma, or other maternal health issues. Induced abortions are typically performed for population control, humane reasons (such as preventing the birth of a severely deformed or non-viable fetus), or when the pregnancy poses a risk to the mother's health.

III. Methods:

Veterinarians may use various methods to induce abortion depending on the species, stage of gestation, and reason for the procedure. These can include administering drugs that stimulate uterine contractions (such as prostaglandins), physically removing the fetus through surgery (dilation and curettage or hysterectomy), or using techniques specific to certain animal species (e.g., intrauterine infusion of hypertonic saline in equids).

IV. Ethical Considerations:

The ethics surrounding veterinary abortions are complex and multifaceted, often involving considerations related to animal welfare, conservation, population management, and human-animal relationships. Veterinarians must weigh these factors carefully when deciding whether to perform an abortion and which method to use. In some cases, legal regulations may also influence the decision-making process.

V. Conclusion:

Abortion in veterinary medicine is a medical intervention that can be used to address various clinical scenarios, ranging from unintentional pregnancy loss to deliberate termination of pregnancy for humane or population control reasons. Ethical considerations play a significant role in the decision-making process surrounding veterinary abortions, and veterinarians must carefully evaluate each situation on a case-by-case basis.

Central nervous system (CNS) protozoal infections refer to diseases caused by protozoa that invade and infect the brain and spinal cord. These infections can lead to serious neurological symptoms and complications.

There are several types of protozoa that can cause CNS infections, including:

1. Toxoplasma gondii: This parasite is commonly found in cats and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected cat feces or consumption of undercooked meat. In people with weakened immune systems, T. gondii can cause severe CNS symptoms such as seizures, confusion, and coma.
2. Naegleria fowleri: Also known as the "brain-eating amoeba," N. fowleri is a free-living protozoan found in warm freshwater environments. When people swim or dive in infected water, the amoeba can enter the body through the nose and travel to the brain, causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but often fatal CNS infection.
3. Acanthamoeba: Like N. fowleri, Acanthamoeba is a free-living protozoan found in freshwater and soil. It can cause a range of CNS infections, including granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), which typically affects people with weakened immune systems.
4. Trypanosoma brucei: This parasite is transmitted through the bite of infected tsetse flies and causes African sleeping sickness, a CNS infection that can lead to coma and death if left untreated.
5. Plasmodium falciparum: While not strictly a protozoan, P. falciparum is a parasite that causes malaria, a mosquito-borne disease that can cause severe CNS symptoms such as seizures, coma, and cerebral malaria.

Treatment for CNS protozoal infections depends on the specific type of infection and may include antiprotozoal medications, antibiotics, or supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with infected animals or insects, practicing good hygiene, and using appropriate protective measures such as insect repellent or bed nets in areas where these infections are common.

Eye diseases are a range of conditions that affect the eye or visual system, causing damage to vision and, in some cases, leading to blindness. These diseases can be categorized into various types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia, which affect the way light is focused on the retina and can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens inside the eye that leads to blurry vision, glare, and decreased contrast sensitivity. Cataract surgery is the most common treatment for this condition.
3. Glaucoma: A group of diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes medications, laser therapy, or surgery.
4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurry vision and, in advanced stages, loss of central vision. Treatment may include anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or nutritional supplements.
5. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to bleeding, leakage, and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, or surgery.
6. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with surgery.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye does not develop normal vision, often due to a misalignment or refractive error in childhood. Treatment includes correcting the underlying problem and encouraging the use of the weaker eye through patching or other methods.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A misalignment of the eyes that can lead to amblyopia if not treated promptly with surgery, glasses, or other methods.
9. Corneal diseases: Conditions that affect the transparent outer layer of the eye, such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, and infectious keratitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
10. Uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly with anti-inflammatory medications or surgery.

Retinitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are then sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Retinitis can be caused by various factors, including infections, autoimmune diseases, or genetic conditions.

The inflammation associated with retinitis can affect any part of the retina, but it typically involves the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones). Depending on the severity and location of the inflammation, retinitis can cause a range of visual symptoms, such as blurry vision, floaters, loss of peripheral vision, or night blindness.

Retinitis is often distinguished from another condition called retinopathy, which refers to damage to the retina caused by diabetes or other systemic diseases. While both conditions can affect the retina and cause visual symptoms, retinitis is characterized by inflammation, while retinopathy is characterized by damage due to circulatory problems.

It's important to note that retinitis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. If left untreated, it can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. Treatment options for retinitis depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, corticosteroids, or other immunosuppressive medications.

Domestic animals, also known as domestic animals or pets, are species that have been tamed and kept by humans for various purposes. These purposes can include companionship, work, protection, or food production. Some common examples of domestic animals include dogs, cats, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and chickens.

Domestic animals are distinguished from wild animals in that they are dependent on humans for their survival and are able to live in close proximity to people. They have often been selectively bred over generations to possess certain traits or characteristics that make them more suitable for their intended uses. For example, dogs may be bred for their size, strength, agility, or temperament, while cats may be bred for their coat patterns or behaviors.

It is important to note that the term "domestic animal" does not necessarily mean that an animal is tame or safe to handle. Some domestic animals, such as certain breeds of dogs, can be aggressive or dangerous if not properly trained and managed. It is always important to approach and handle any animal, domestic or wild, with caution and respect.

Clinical laboratory techniques are methods and procedures used in medical laboratories to perform various tests and examinations on patient samples. These techniques help in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases by analyzing body fluids, tissues, and other specimens. Some common clinical laboratory techniques include:

1. Clinical chemistry: It involves the analysis of bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid to measure the levels of chemicals, hormones, enzymes, and other substances in the body. These measurements can help diagnose various medical conditions, monitor treatment progress, and assess overall health.

2. Hematology: This technique focuses on the study of blood and its components, including red and white blood cells, platelets, and clotting factors. Hematological tests are used to diagnose anemia, infections, bleeding disorders, and other hematologic conditions.

3. Microbiology: It deals with the identification and culture of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Microbiological techniques are essential for detecting infectious diseases, determining appropriate antibiotic therapy, and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.

4. Immunology: This technique involves studying the immune system and its response to various antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, and allergens. Immunological tests are used to diagnose autoimmune disorders, immunodeficiencies, and allergies.

5. Histopathology: It is the microscopic examination of tissue samples to identify any abnormalities or diseases. Histopathological techniques are crucial for diagnosing cancer, inflammatory conditions, and other tissue-related disorders.

6. Molecular biology: This technique deals with the study of DNA, RNA, and proteins at the molecular level. Molecular biology tests can be used to detect genetic mutations, identify infectious agents, and monitor disease progression.

7. Cytogenetics: It involves analyzing chromosomes and genes in cells to diagnose genetic disorders, cancer, and other diseases. Cytogenetic techniques include karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH).

8. Flow cytometry: This technique measures physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles as they flow through a laser beam. Flow cytometry is used to analyze cell populations, identify specific cell types, and detect abnormalities in cells.

9. Diagnostic radiology: It uses imaging technologies such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound to diagnose various medical conditions.

10. Clinical chemistry: This technique involves analyzing body fluids, such as blood and urine, to measure the concentration of various chemicals and substances. Clinical chemistry tests are used to diagnose metabolic disorders, electrolyte imbalances, and other health conditions.

Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.

Protozoan infections are diseases caused by microscopic, single-celled organisms known as protozoa. These parasites can enter the human body through contaminated food, water, or contact with an infected person or animal. Once inside the body, they can multiply and cause a range of symptoms depending on the type of protozoan and where it infects in the body. Some common protozoan infections include malaria, giardiasis, amoebiasis, and toxoplasmosis. Symptoms can vary widely but may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, and skin rashes. Treatment typically involves the use of antiprotozoal medications to kill the parasites and alleviate symptoms.

Congenital toxoplasmosis is a specific form of toxoplasmosis in which an unborn fetus is infected via the placenta. Congenital ... Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan. Infections with toxoplasmosis are associated ... Toxoplasmosis Study Group) (15 May 2006). "Outcome of Treatment for Congenital Toxoplasmosis, 1981-2004: The National ... Flegr J, Prandota J, SovičkovĆ” M, Israili ZH (March 2014). "Toxoplasmosis-a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis ...
Due to the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis in the fetus, pregnant women are advised not to eat raw meat. Latent toxoplasmosis ... Latent toxoplasmosis in adults has been thought to, but not proven to, cause psychological effects and lower IQ in some studies ... "Toxoplasmosis , ANSES - Agence nationale de sƩcuritƩ sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail". Anses.fr. ... Paquet, Caroline; Yudin, Mark (January 2013). "Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy: Prevention, Screening, and Treatment" (PDF). Journal ...
"Toxoplasmosis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2013-04-25. " ...
"Toxoplasmosis". MayoClinic.com. "Spiramycin". www.toku-e.com. Retrieved 2019-02-28. Parker CT, Mannor K, Garrity GM, eds. (18 ... It is used to treat toxoplasmosis and various other infections of soft tissues. Although used in Europe, Canada and Mexico, ... but can sometimes be obtained by special permission from the FDA for toxoplasmosis in the first trimester of pregnancy. Another ...
Toxoplasma causes toxoplasmosis and can be acquired from undercooked meat or cat feces containing Toxoplasma gondii. The ... "Toxoplasmosis". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-12. "General Information for the Public , Cryptosporidium , Parasites , CDC ...
Toxoplasmosis can cause a miscarriage. Subclinical infections of the lining of the womb, commonly known as chronic endometritis ... "Toxoplasmosis". NHS. September 10, 2020. Archived from the original on June 12, 2023. Rimmer MP, Fishwick K, Henderson I, Chinn ... Ingesting food that has been contaminated with listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, and salmonella is associated with an increased risk ...
Montoya J, Liesenfeld O (2004). "Toxoplasmosis". Lancet. 363 (9425): 1965-76. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16412-X. PMID 15194258 ...
Torda, A. (2001). "Toxoplasmosis. Are cats really the source?". Australian Family Physician. 30 (8): 743-747. PMID 11681144. ... can transmit toxoplasmosis. A large percentage of cats are infected with this parasite, with infection rates ranging from ...
Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii (seropositivity) without developing Toxoplasmosis has been proven to alter various ... Toxoplasmosis; is an infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii an intracellular protozoan parasite. Humans can be infected in 3 ... Late-Stage Neuropsychiatric Lyme Borelliosis Differential Diagnosis and Treatment Toxoplasmosis Parasite May Trigger ...
In congenital toxoplasmosis, the disease is bilateral in 65-85% of cases and involves the macula in 58%. Chronic or recurrent ... Toxoplasmosis Dutta Majumder P, Shah A, Madhuravasal Krishnan J, Rishi E, Curi AL (January 2021). "Driving in Fog without ... Acquired Ocular Toxoplasmosis (Univ of Iowa Hafidi Z, Daoudi R (January 2014). "Images in clinical medicine. Chorioretinal ... IgA : Measurement of IgA antibody titers may also be useful in a diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in a fetus or newborn ...
Therefore, toxoplasmosis has not been found in such systems where animals have concrete flooring. Such soil-based pathogens, ... Additionally, toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii is prevalent in organic pastured systems for swine. Although ... Dubey, JP (2012 Sep). Foodborne toxoplasmosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 55 (6): 845-51. Kijlstra, Aize, et al., 2004. ... commonly occurring in uncooked meat, toxoplasmosis has been also found in outdoor livestock systems, where controlled, indoor ...
"Cerebral Toxoplasmosis". Toxoplasma Gondii. Elsevier. pp. 755-796. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396481-6.00023-4. ISBN 978-0-12-396481 ...
Syverton, Jerome T.; Slavin, H. B. (1946). "Human Toxoplasmosis". Journal of the American Medical Association. 131 (12): 957- ...
Martin S (June 2001). "Congenital toxoplasmosis". Neonatal Network. 20 (4): 23-30. doi:10.1891/0730-0832.20.4.23. PMID 12143899 ... and toxoplasmosis. The Rh factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If the mother is Rh negative ...
"Toxoplasmosis - Breastfeeding - CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 3 August 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, ... cracked and bleeding nipples or breast inflammation within one to two weeks immediately following an acute Toxoplasmosis ...
Toxoplasmosis found in marine life is attributed to freshwater runoff from cities. Toxoplasmosis can be transmitted from cats ... Species toxoplasmosis has been found to be fatal are: The Hawaiian crow, The Nene (bird), The Red-footed booby, and the ... Toxoplasmosis transmitted from cats have been reported in mammalian, avian, marine, marsupial, sheep, and goat species. Various ... "Toxoplasmosis in Cats". Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2022. ...
Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by an infection of Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite found worldwide that can infect ... Toxoplasmosis has been confirmed as a cause of death of endangered Hector's dolphin's and critically endangered Māui dolphins. ... New Zealand native animals can be at risk from toxoplasmosis. Several species of kiwi from wild populations have been found to ... A study done on patients in Auckland with acute toxoplasmosis revealed that the disease may be seriously debilitating in some ...
During his residency, he continued research in toxoplasmosis. He was assisted at this time and throughout his career by a ... "Toxoplasmosis in the Adult". New England Journal of Medicine. 262 (4): 180-86. doi:10.1056/NEJM196001282620406. S2CID 37065768 ...
Toxoplasmosis rarely causes symptoms in cats, but can do so in very young or immunocompromised kittens and cats.[citation ... 8 February 2005) "Toxoplasmosis: Introduction" Archived 20 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, in Kahn, Cynthia M., Line, ... Clindamycin may also be used to treat toxoplasmosis, and, in combination with primaquine, is effective in treating mild to ... Pleyer U, Torun N, Liesenfeld O (2007). "OkulƤre Toxoplasmose" [Ocular toxoplasmosis]. Ophthalmologe (in German). 104 (7): 603- ...
"Toxoplasmosis-a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries". PLOS ... Toxoplasmosis is becoming a global health hazard as it infects 30-50% of the world human population. Clinically, the life-long ... The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis correlated with various disease burden. Statistical associations does not necessarily mean ... The precautionary principle suggests however that possible role of toxoplasmosis as a triggering factor responsible for ...
March 2021). "Toxoplasmosis and the Heart". Current Problems in Cardiology. 46 (3): 100741. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100741 ... causing Chagas disease and toxoplasmosis, respectively) Bacterial: Brucella, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae ...
... human congenital toxoplasmosis. Fetus bearer of these alleles thus suffer an increased susceptibility to this disease. GRCh38: ... "ALOX12 in human toxoplasmosis". Infection and Immunity. 82 (7): 2670-9. doi:10.1128/IAI.01505-13. PMC 4097613. PMID 24686056. ...
Toxoplasmosis is a common infection of cats; in humans it is a mild disease although it can be dangerous to pregnant women. ... "Toxoplasmosis - General Information - Pregnant Women". cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 1 ... toxoplasmosis, and listeriosis, in the pregnant or otherwise immunocompromised. Echinococcosis is caused by a tapeworm, which ...
Dubey, J. P. (2016). Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. xvii+313. ISBN 978-1-4200-9236-3. OCLC ... Neonatal piglets in the country have been found to suffer the entire range of toxoplasmosis severity, including progression to ... This observation has been relevant not only here but to toxoplasmosis control in porciculture around the world.: 95 : 154 ... Dubey, J. P. (2009). "Toxoplasmosis in pigs-The last 20 years". Veterinary Parasitology. Elsevier. 164 (2-4): 89-103. doi: ...
Toxoplasmosis is a constant pressure on pig farming. Worldwide, the percentage of pigs harboring viable Toxoplasma gondii ... This observation has been relevant not only to that country but to toxoplasmosis control in porciculture around the world.: 95 ... ISBN 978-3-7091-1553-4. Dubey, J. P. (2016). Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. xvii+313. ISBN 978 ... ISBN 9781420092363 Dubey, J. P. (2009). "Toxoplasmosis in pigs-The last 20 years". Veterinary Parasitology. Elsevier. 164 (2-4 ...
Paul is hospitalized with toxoplasmosis. Sean is also hospitalized. Willy visits Sean and is so terrified of becoming infected ...
"Consenso Argentino de toxoplasmosis congenita". Medicina. Buenos Aires. 68 (1): 75-87. Arienti, HĆ©ctor M.; Guignard, Susana I ...
"toxoplasmosis" A Dictionary of Public Health. Ed. John M. Last, Oxford University Press, 2007. Oxford Reference Online. Brigham ... One zoonosis of special concern is toxoplasmosis, which can be transmitted to humans through cat feces or badly-prepared meat, ...
Monk seals can be affected by the toxoplasmosis pathogen in cat feces that enters the ocean in polluted runoff and wastewater, ... Since 2001, toxoplasmosis has killed at least eleven seals. Other human-introduced pathogens, including leptospirosis, have ... Honnold, Shelley P.; Braun, Robert; Scott, Dana P.; Sreekumar, C.; Dubey, J. P. (2005). "Toxoplasmosis in a Hawaiian Monk Seal ... Protozoal-related mortality, specifically due to toxoplasmosis, are becoming a great threat to the recovery of the endangered ...
"Toxoplasmosis of the Brain; Candidiasis of the Esophagus; Candidiasis of the Trachea; Candidiasis of the Bronchi; Candidiasis ...
Toxoplasmosis is considered to be a leading cause of death attributed to foodborne illness in the United States. More than 40 ... Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the neglected parasitic infections of the United States, a group of five parasitic diseases ... Toxoplasma during or shortly before pregnancy and anyone with a compromised immune system should be aware that toxoplasmosis ...
Congenital toxoplasmosis is a specific form of toxoplasmosis in which an unborn fetus is infected via the placenta. Congenital ... Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan. Infections with toxoplasmosis are associated ... Toxoplasmosis Study Group) (15 May 2006). "Outcome of Treatment for Congenital Toxoplasmosis, 1981-2004: The National ... Flegr J, Prandota J, SovičkovĆ” M, Israili ZH (March 2014). "Toxoplasmosis-a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis ...
Most people with toxoplasmosis dont need treatment. Read about who is at risk. ... Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a common parasite. ... Toxoplasmosis (American Academy of Family Physicians) Also in ... Toxoplasmosis (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Toxoplasmosis: An Important Message for Cat Owners (Centers for Disease ... Toxoplasmosis (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) * Toxoplasmosis (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) ...
CDC website: Toxoplasmosis. The following authors contributed to the previous version of this chapter: Anne Straily, Susan ... Infants with congenital toxoplasmosis often are asymptomatic, but eye disease, neurologic disease, or other systemic symptoms ... Sepulveda-Arias JC, Gomez-Marin JE, Bobic B, Naranjo-Galvis CA, Djurkovic-Djakovic O. Toxoplasmosis as a travel risk. Travel ... Acute primary toxoplasmosis in travelers returning from endemic countries. J Travel Med. 2012;19(1):57-60. ...
In a series of articles, we will discuss some of these entities, starting with toxoplasmosis. ... encoded search term (Toxoplasmosis Pathology) and Toxoplasmosis Pathology What to Read Next on Medscape ... Is toxoplasmosis a potential risk factor for liver cirrhosis?. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2015 Oct. 8 (10):784-91. [QxMD MEDLINE ... Toxoplasmosis is the general term for infection and disease in man and animals caused by the parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma ...
Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a parasite in cat feces and undercooked meat. Pregnant and immunocompromised people are ... Toxoplasmosis in babies. About 75 percent. of newborns born with toxoplasmosis dont have any noticeable symptoms at birth. In ... Pregnant people with toxoplasmosis can also pass it on to the fetus. This is called congenital toxoplasmosis and can have ... Toxoplasmosis can lead to a miscarriage, stillbirth, or premature delivery.. When a baby is born with toxoplasmosis, it can ...
Toxoplasmosis is caused by infection with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite. The infection ... Effects of toxoplasmosis on mental disorders. Recent investigations have suggested that chronic toxoplasmosis may play several ... Congenital toxoplasmosis usually is a subclinical infection. Among immunodeficient individuals, toxoplasmosis most often occurs ... encoded search term (Toxoplasmosis) and Toxoplasmosis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Receive email alerts on new books, offers and news in 12th International Congress on Toxoplasmosis St Catherines College. ... 12th International Congress on Toxoplasmosis St Catherines College. .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style { width: 36px! ...
Māui or Hectors dolphin found dead on an isolated south Auckland beach has been determined to have died from toxoplasmosis. ... Toxoplasmosis develops when mammals ingest the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. The disease has been identified as a threat to the ... If the animal is a Māui dolphin, this will be the first confirmed Māui dolphin death from toxoplasmosis since 2010. ... "The toxoplasma parasite was found amongst widespread severe tissue damage which confirms the dolphin died of toxoplasmosis." ...
However, the development of an effective toxoplasmosis vaccine in humans remains a challenge to date. In this study, we ... Hence, we evaluated the protective immunity of ME49Ī”cdpk3 as a live attenuated vaccine against toxoplasmosis. Our results ... Toxoplasmosis, a common parasitic disease, is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which infects approximately 30% of the worlds ... and chronic Toxoplasma infections with various strains and was a potential candidate to develop a vaccine against toxoplasmosis ...
toxoplasmosis from Neuroscience News features breaking science news from research labs, scientists and colleges around the ... How Toxoplasmosis Exploits Immune Cells to Reach the Brain. Stockholm University researchers have discovered how a common ... Toxoplasmosis alters neural pathways specifically related to GABA, a new study reports.. Read More ... How to Stop the Nasty Lurking Toxoplasmosis Parasite? Target Its Stomach. Study suggests new avenues for treating ...
... patients with definite congenital and ocular toxoplasmosis (n = 8); (IV) cases of clinical ocular toxoplasmosis (n = 25); and ... In group IV, which was investigated by the ELISA technique, 100% of the toxoplasmosis patients were positive for IgG versus 58 ... Circulating immune complexes containing IgG and toxoplasma antigen were detected in seven of 25 toxoplasmosis patients (28%) ... No relation was observed between the level of the dye test titres and the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis (groups I and II). ...
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii. When acquired during pregnancy, toxoplasmosis often goes ... If acute toxoplasmosis is acquired during pregnancy, the infant is at the risk of developing congenital toxoplasmosis. The ... Thus, PCR testing of amniotic fluid is the standard of care to diagnose the fetal acquisition of toxoplasmosis in utero. ... IgA was more frequently detected (60%) than IgM (50%) in infants with congenital toxoplasmosis. 16,27 IgM antibodies are the ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
When infects humans, toxoplasmosis can cause blindness or congenital birth defects. And now scientists have found that the ... The Cat Parasite That Causes Toxoplasmosis Is Turning Up in Beluga Whales. Native Inuits who eat Beluga whales risk infection ...
This finding suggests toxoplasmosis and aggression are most strongly correlated.. However, the authors caution that the study ... "If we can learn more, it could provide rational to treat IED in toxoplasmosis-positive patients by first treating the latent ... In a study involving 358 adult subjects, a team led by researchers from the University of Chicago found that toxoplasmosis, a ... The research team found that IED-diagnosed group was more than twice as likely to test positive for toxoplasmosis exposure (22 ...
Toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic infection in patients who are immunocompromised, either due to induced immunosuppression ... u003e Cerebral toxoplasmosis.\u003c/p\u003e"},"contributor_login":"elekgabe","case_id":54575,"case_key_image_id":31497567,"case ... u003e Cerebral toxoplasmosis.\u003c/p\u003e","gb":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION: \u003c/strong\ ... Lekgabe E, Cerebral toxoplasmosis. Case study, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 04 Dec 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-54575 ...
Herbs to help heal toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by a microscopic parasite often acquired from exposure to cat feces. ... Herbal Treatment for Toxoplasmosis. by Stephen Harrod Buhner , Jun 11, 2022 , General Health News, Viruses & Bacteria News , 0 ... Normally in this kind of post I would go into what toxoplasmosis is and what it does in the body and all the symptoms and on ... I have not done a lot of work with toxoplasmosis but from a rather deep exploration of the literature there does not seem to be ...
Today, Id like to talk about one particular parasite-Toxoplasmosis gondii. If you have ever been... ...
Typically cerebral toxoplasmosis manifest as multiple lesions, with a predilection for the basal ganglia and corticomedullary ... Radswiki T, Intracranial toxoplasmosis. Case study, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 26 Sep 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID- ... ":"intracranial-toxoplasmosis","modality":"MRI","series":[{"id":571692,"content_type":"image/jpeg","frames":[{"id":571692," ...
Toxoplasmosis is an important infectious disease of sheep and humans that may result in abortion, stillbirth or foetuses born ... Tackling Toxoplasmosis - Toxoplasma is a tiny single-celled organism that can infect all warm-blooded animals, including ... There is an effective vaccine to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis in sheep (disease caused by the parasite passing from the dam ... in conducting the efficacy testing of the only commercially available vaccine worldwide to protect against ovine toxoplasmosis ...
Improve patient management through diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis. Target Audience. *Physicians, sonographers, and ...
Healthcare organizations are operating on slimmer profit margins than ever. One report in August showed that they are even lower than the beginning of the ...
In addition, Toxoplasmosis gondii is recognised as a major mortality factor in Hectors dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori) in ... Toxoplasmosis was first diagnosed in marine animals in Australia in 2000 when an Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis ... 1. Bowater RO, Norton J, Johnson S, Hill B, ODonoghue P, Prior H. Toxoplasmosis in Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphins (Sousa ... Serological evidence of exposure to toxoplasmosis was observed and response to treatment supported the diagnosis. ...
Want to learn more about toxoplasmosis and cats? In this article, Dr. Pete Wedderburn demystifies this common infection and how ... Symptoms of Toxoplasmosis in Humans. The main issue of concern with Toxoplasmosis to cat owners is the rare, but possible, ... How Common Is Toxoplasmosis in Cats?. Globally, around 50% of the cat population has been exposed to Toxoplasmosis at some ... Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis. If you suspect that your cat may have toxoplasmosis, your veterinarian can help you with a ...
... of toxoplasmosis cases and accounted for over half of direct health-care costs associated with clinical toxoplasmosis. A One ... associated toxoplasmosis were $1,971, $763, and $5,744, respectively, with an overall cost of C$1,686,860 annually (2015 ... Annual incidence of serious toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis was 0.257 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.254-0.260) and 0.010 (95 ... Canadian dollars). However, the total economic burden of toxoplasmosis is likely much higher than these direct health-care cost ...
  • If a person becomes infected during pregnancy, a condition known as congenital toxoplasmosis may affect the child. (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately 200,000 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis occur a year. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infants with congenital toxoplasmosis often are asymptomatic, but eye disease, neurologic disease, or other systemic symptoms can occur, and cognitive deficits, learning disabilities, or visual impairments could develop later in life. (cdc.gov)
  • Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • This is called congenital toxoplasmosis and can have serious consequences like miscarriage or stillbirth . (healthline.com)
  • Children born with congenital toxoplasmosis can also develop other health problems later in life. (healthline.com)
  • In some cases, congenital toxoplasmosis can be detected alongside irregularities in a baby's brain and eyes. (healthline.com)
  • Sometimes babies with congenital toxoplasmosis aren't noticeably ill at birth but develop signs and symptoms as they get older. (healthline.com)
  • Aside from congenital toxoplasmosis, which is passed from a pregnant parent to their baby, most people become infected when they ingest the T. gondii parasite. (healthline.com)
  • In Europe and the United States, type II genotype is responsible for most cases of congenital toxoplasmosis. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital toxoplasmosis usually is a subclinical infection. (medscape.com)
  • Primary prevention based on prenatal education could be an effective strategy to reduce congenital toxoplasmosis. (medscape.com)
  • When acquired during pregnancy, toxoplasmosis often goes unrecognized in the mother, but it can produce a severe congenital infection with ocular and neurologic damage to the infant. (glowm.com)
  • When infects humans, toxoplasmosis can cause blindness or congenital birth defects. (smithsonianmag.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis is an important infectious disease of sheep and humans that may result in abortion, stillbirth or foetuses born with congenital infection. (moredun.org.uk)
  • There is an effective vaccine to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis in sheep (disease caused by the parasite passing from the dam to the foetus). (moredun.org.uk)
  • Miscarriage, abortion, and congenital toxoplasmosis are also possible. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this way, the objective of this chapter is to describe the main aspects of congenital toxoplasmosis in pregnant goats, in different gestational stages, infected and reinfected with T. gondii and their offspring. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Goats, Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Domestic Animals (2018) 1: 96. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Most healthy people with toxoplasmosis do not require treatment, but adults with eye involvement, severe or persistent symptoms, or weakened immune systems, and pregnant women, and newborns with congenital infection are treated. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Western blot was evaluated for the neonatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis based on a comparison of antibody profiles between serum samples obtained from the mother at delivery and from the neonate. (pasteur.fr)
  • Passively transferred antibodies can be distinguished from antibodies produced by the neonate, thus allowing early postdelivery diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis before the results of other tests are available. (pasteur.fr)
  • The diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis was ruled out in 34 cases, confirmed in ten cases, and doubtful in 8 cases. (pasteur.fr)
  • Importantly, in two cases Western blot would have provided the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis two months before the secondary elevation in IgM titers in one case and three weeks before the result of mouse placenta inoculation in another case. (pasteur.fr)
  • Time to screen for congenital toxoplasmosis? (elsevierpure.com)
  • Pediatric toxoplasmosis can be acute or chronic and congenital or postnatally acquired. (medscape.com)
  • Apart from toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals, congenital toxoplasmosis is the most serious manifestation of infection, resulting from the vertical transmission of T gondii transplacentally from a parasitemic mother to her offspring. (medscape.com)
  • The fetus, newborn, and young infant with congenital toxoplasmosis are at risk of infection-associated complications, particularly retinal disease that can occur into adulthood. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital toxoplasmosis is a preventable disease. (medscape.com)
  • If you become infected for the first time just before or during your pregnancy, you can pass the infection to your baby (congenital toxoplasmosis), even if you don't have signs and symptoms yourself. (patienteducation.video)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the absence of obvious symptoms, hosts easily become infected with T. gondii and develop toxoplasmosis without knowing it. (wikipedia.org)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Toxoplasma gondii , an intracellular coccidian protozoan parasite, causes toxoplasmosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Toxoplasmosis is the general term for infection and disease in man and animals caused by the parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii . (medscape.com)
  • The etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, the parasite T gondii , is a sporozoan of the coccidian group. (medscape.com)
  • The name of the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis is T. gondii . (healthline.com)
  • Among immunodeficient individuals, toxoplasmosis most often occurs in those with defects of T-cell-mediated immunity, such as those with hematologic malignancies, bone marrow and solid organ transplants, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ).In most immunocompetent individuals, primary or chronic (latent) T gondii infection is asymptomatic. (medscape.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxo- nomic burden on families who may already plasma gondii , is found worldwide and is be financially overburdened. (who.int)
  • Toxoplasmosis develops when mammals ingest the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. (doc.govt.nz)
  • Toxoplasmosis, a common parasitic disease, is caused by Toxoplasma gondii , which infects approximately 30% of the world's population. (nature.com)
  • NIH-supported research underscores value of screening for toxoplasmosis Scientists have identified which strains of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, the cause of. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii . (glowm.com)
  • Today, I'd like to talk about one particular parasite-Toxoplasmosis gondii. (brendawatson.com)
  • Moredun was involved in conducting the efficacy testing of the only commercially available vaccine worldwide to protect against ovine toxoplasmosis, using a live attenuated "incomplete" strain of T. gondii. (moredun.org.uk)
  • Toxoplasma gondii is the most successful parasite worldwide, capable of infecting all warm blooded animals, including humans, and causes the disease toxoplasmosis. (moredun.org.uk)
  • In addition, Toxoplasmosis gondii is recognised as a major mortality factor in Hector's dolphins ( Cephalorhynchus hectori ) in New Zealand. (vin.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a condition that develops following infection with the microscopic parasite Toxoplasma gondii. (cats.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis gondii (T.Gondii) is a protozoon, single-celled parasite: this means that it is so tiny that it can only be seen under the microscope. (cats.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis is infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a common worldwide infection caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii . (ajol.info)
  • Toxoplasma gondii cannot pass through the skin, but oocytes (cells found in ovaries) left on the skin can unintentionally be ingested if hands are not washed properly, resulting in infection (CDC, "Toxoplasmosis," accessed 2014). (saveacat.org)
  • Toxoplasmosis refers to a symptomatic infection by Toxoplasma gondii , a widely distributed protozoan that usually causes an asymptomatic infection in the healthy host. (medscape.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a disease that results from infection with the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, one of the world's most common parasites. (patienteducation.video)
  • A narrative bibliographic review article was done with the search of original and review articles in international scientific mentales en adultos journals, in English and Spanish listing the relationship between the seroprevalence of T. gondii and the development of mental disorders in the adult population. (bvsalud.org)
  • El Toxoplasma gondii es un parĆ”sito que se encuentra, aproximadamente, en el 30 % de la poblaciĆ³n humana. (bvsalud.org)
  • Of those with the parasite, the people most at risk of serious illness are people with weakened immune systems and babies born to parents with toxoplasmosis. (healthline.com)
  • The toxoplasma parasite was found amongst widespread severe tissue damage which confirms the dolphin died of toxoplasmosis. (doc.govt.nz)
  • How to Stop the Nasty Lurking Toxoplasmosis Parasite? (neurosciencenews.com)
  • Study suggests new avenues for treating toxoplasmosis parasite infections. (neurosciencenews.com)
  • What Is the Life Cycle of the Toxoplasmosis Parasite? (cats.com)
  • The Toxoplasmosis parasite cannot produce eggs when they infect intermediate hosts (all other animals), but they produce tissue cysts instead. (cats.com)
  • High parasite burdens were observed in all tissues except the central nervous system, and toxoplasmosis with severe protozoal steatitis was the primary cause of death for all cases. (frontiersin.org)
  • The same applies if she is gardening, as it is possible for the parasite to live in soil (CDC, "Toxoplasmosis," accessed 2014). (saveacat.org)
  • The only risk occurs when the parasite infects a woman during pregnancy-if she was exposed to toxoplasmosis before pregnancy, there is no risk to her child since she will have developed antibodies to fight the parasite. (saveacat.org)
  • People with weakened immune systems are likely to experience headache, confusion, poor coordination, seizures, lung problems that may resemble tuberculosis or Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (a common opportunistic infection that occurs in people with AIDS), or chorioretinitis caused by severe inflammation of the retina (ocular toxoplasmosis). (wikipedia.org)
  • Serology in ocular toxoplasmosis. (bmj.com)
  • No relation was observed between the level of the dye test titres and the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis (groups I and II). (bmj.com)
  • Our study shows that the definite diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis or its exclusion by serological means only is not yet feasible. (bmj.com)
  • Researchers from Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine have identified the role of iron in ocular toxoplasmosis (OT), a form of toxoplasmosis that causes blindness. (thesynapse.net)
  • Risk factors for ocular toxoplasmosis among uveitis patients in Kinshasa, DR Congo. (bvsalud.org)
  • To identify the risk factors associated with ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) in a cohort of Congolese patients with uveitis . (bvsalud.org)
  • As part of their pioneering research to improve diagnosis and treatment for IED and impulsive aggression, Coccaro and his colleagues examined possible connections to toxoplasmosis, an extremely common parasitic infection. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Serological evidence of exposure to toxoplasmosis was observed and response to treatment supported the diagnosis. (vin.com)
  • Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is challenging, because the symptoms are general and found with many other diseases. (rankinveterinaryclinic.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the neglected parasitic infections of the United States , a group of five parasitic diseases that have been targeted by CDC for public health action. (cdc.gov)
  • Infections with toxoplasmosis are associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric and behavioral conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • These data demonstrated that ME49Ī” cdpk3 inoculation induced effective cellular and humoral immune responses against acute and chronic Toxoplasma infections with various strains and was a potential candidate to develop a vaccine against toxoplasmosis. (nature.com)
  • Overall, it's very rare for humans to get toxoplasmosis from cats. (healthline.com)
  • However, the development of an effective toxoplasmosis vaccine in humans remains a challenge to date. (nature.com)
  • In a study involving 358 adult subjects, a team led by researchers from the University of Chicago found that toxoplasmosis, a relatively harmless parasitic infection carried by an estimated 30 percent of all humans, is associated with intermittent explosive disorder and increased aggression. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • This article aims to explain the details of Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease that can affect both cats and humans. (cats.com)
  • The COUG genotype was first isolated from mountain lions in British Columbia, Canada during investigation of a waterborne outbreak of toxoplasmosis in humans. (frontiersin.org)
  • This funding starts in the 2023/24 financial year and will be spent on research to inform actions to reduce the risk to Māui dolphins from toxoplasmosis. (doc.govt.nz)
  • Most people with toxoplasmosis don't need treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pregnant people with toxoplasmosis can also pass it on to the fetus. (healthline.com)
  • Lekgabe E, Cerebral toxoplasmosis. (radiopaedia.org)
  • u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiagnosis:\u003c/strong\u003e Cerebral toxoplasmosis. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Typically cerebral toxoplasmosis manifest as multiple lesions, with a predilection for the basal ganglia and corticomedullary junction. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Persistent enhancement after treatment for cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS: predictive value for subsequent recurrence. (ajnr.org)
  • Cats don't usually show symptoms of toxoplasmosis. (healthline.com)
  • Transmitted through the feces of infected cats, undercooked meat or contaminated water, toxoplasmosis is typically latent and harmless for healthy adults. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Cats can contract toxoplasmosis through hunting birds and rodents, and eating undercooked food. (cats.com)
  • Overall, it's estimated that around 50% of the cats in the world have been infected by Toxoplasmosis at some stage in their lives. (cats.com)
  • Cats (wild cats and domestic cats, including pet cats and stray cats) are the only animals that can be definitive hosts, so Toxoplasmosis organism can only produce eggs (known as "oocysts") when they are inside a cat's body. (cats.com)
  • However, it is important to note that there is less risk of acquiring toxoplasmosis from cats than from eating raw vegetables and undercooked meat (Vittecoq et al. (saveacat.org)
  • As part of a significant spend on conservation in Budget 2022, the Government committed $4.88 million to a three-year work programme focussing on toxoplasmosis, and how it impacts Māui dolphins. (doc.govt.nz)
  • From February 2020 to March 2022, four southern sea otters ( Enhydra lutris nereis ) stranded in California with severe protozoal steatitis and systemic toxoplasmosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Keep reading to learn more about toxoplasmosis, how it's diagnosed and treated, and the steps you can take to avoid getting this parasitic infection. (healthline.com)
  • However, women newly infected with Toxoplasma during or shortly before pregnancy and anyone with a compromised immune system should be aware that toxoplasmosis can have severe consequences. (cdc.gov)
  • Toxoplasmosis is usually spread by eating poorly cooked food that contains cysts, exposure to infected cat feces, and from an infected person to their baby during pregnancy. (wikipedia.org)
  • For these reasons we aimed to identify pregnancy, 40%-60% give birth to infected the true contribution of toxoplasmosis to infants. (who.int)
  • This leaves about 62% of women at risk to acquire toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. (glowm.com)
  • Thus, fetal infection has not been reported in women with chronic toxoplasmosis that occurred before pregnancy. (glowm.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: prevention, screening, and treatment. (wikem.org)
  • PURPOSE To determine the predictive imaging (CT and/or MR) features of brain toxoplasmosis recurrences in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (ajnr.org)
  • Reviews of serological studies have estimated that 30-50% of the global population has been exposed to and may be chronically infected with latent toxoplasmosis, although infection rates differ significantly from country to country. (wikipedia.org)
  • The above characteristics of Toxoplasma strains pose great challenges to the control of toxoplasmosis. (nature.com)
  • Hence, we evaluated the protective immunity of ME49Ī” cdpk3 as a live attenuated vaccine against toxoplasmosis. (nature.com)
  • About 75 percent of newborns born with toxoplasmosis don't have any noticeable symptoms at birth. (healthline.com)
  • Individuals at risk for toxoplasmosis include fetuses, newborns, and immunologically impaired patients. (medscape.com)
  • In rare cases, toxoplasmosis can be transmitted through an organ transplant or blood transfusion. (patienteducation.video)
  • A cat with toxoplasmosis can shed millions of eggs in its feces for 1 to 3 weeks after infection. (healthline.com)
  • Many doctors are uninformed that the risk of toxoplasmosis for pregnant women is low and exposure from cat feces is far less likely than from raw and undercooked meat. (saveacat.org)
  • A person with a weakened immune system may develop toxoplasmosis if they come into contact with cat litter or other sources of animal feces. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Cat's feces can give you a dangerous infection called Toxoplasmosis. (huggies.com.ph)
  • While the most common way to become infected with toxoplasmosis is through direct contact with cat feces, you can also be exposed to the infection elsewhere. (huggies.com.ph)
  • Toxoplasmosis is of particular concern for pregnant women and those with compromised immune systems. (saveacat.org)
  • Pregnant women can also be screened for toxoplasmosis. (saveacat.org)
  • For pregnant women toxoplasmosis is far more risky. (huggies.com.ph)
  • If you are pregnant and own a cat, you need to be incredibly vigilant with hygiene to avoid Toxoplasmosis. (livingsafe.com.au)
  • Only approximately 1% of seropositive individuals will experience signs or symptoms of toxoplasmosis disease. (medscape.com)
  • Following recovery from toxoplasmosis infection, a few parasites can remain in tiny cysts in the muscles, brain, lungs, or other organs. (qld.gov.au)
  • Tackling Toxoplasmosis - Toxoplasma is a tiny single-celled organism that can infect all warm-blooded animals, including approximately 1-in-5 people worldwide. (moredun.org.uk)
  • When symptoms are seen, they are toxoplasmosis which created a type of pan- most frequently mild and the disease pic- ic reaction in the population. (who.int)
  • During the active stages of the disease no typical change of the titres occurred in several longitudinally studied patients with toxoplasmosis. (bmj.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis was first diagnosed in marine animals in Australia in 2000 when an Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin ( Sousa chinensis ) was found to have died from the disease. (vin.com)
  • Compared with previous reports of human toxoplasmosis in Cameroon, the prevalence in our study showed a decrease in the disease occurrence. (ajol.info)
  • Only a small number of babies who have toxoplasmosis show signs of the disease at birth. (patienteducation.video)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a one-celled organism called toxoplasma. (rankinveterinaryclinic.com)
  • Bradyzoites in tissue cysts are resistant to the immune system and to the drugs that are commonly used to treat toxoplasmosis. (medscape.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis is especially serious for people who have severely weakened immune systems, potentially leading to complications involving the eyes, brain, lungs, or other organs. (healthline.com)
  • In people with a weakened immune system due to AIDS or another condition, toxoplasmosis can reactivate, usually affecting the brain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In healthy people with a good immune system, the effects of toxoplasmosis are only mild. (huggies.com.ph)
  • For infants born to infected mothers and for people with weakened immune systems, toxoplasmosis may cause serious complications. (patienteducation.video)
  • The signs and symptoms of severe toxoplasmosis - blurred vision, confusion, loss of coordination - require immediate medical care, particularly if your immune system has been weakened. (patienteducation.video)
  • Infection has three stages: Acute toxoplasmosis is often asymptomatic in healthy adults. (wikipedia.org)
  • The toxoplasmic trophozoites causing acute toxoplasmosis are referred to as tachyzoites, and are typically found in various tissues and body fluids, but rarely in blood or cerebrospinal fluid. (wikipedia.org)
  • because of the inherent difficulty in diagnosing acute toxoplasmosis, however, physicians are advised to seek confirmatory testing through the reference laboratory at Sutter Health Palo Alto Medical Foundation Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory . (cdc.gov)
  • Even a cat with an active toxoplasmosis infection is only capable of passing it on for seven to ten days of her entire life, when there's an acute infection. (saveacat.org)
  • Young children and immunocompromised people, such as those with HIV/AIDS, those taking certain types of chemotherapy, or those who have recently received an organ transplant, may develop severe toxoplasmosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • ACR does not want to make light of the fact that if a pregnant woman does contract toxoplasmosis it can be dangerous for her unborn baby. (saveacat.org)
  • Placebo-controlled prospective trials have not been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment of toxoplasmosis in utero . (glowm.com)
  • Every few months I get an email or message asking about an herbal treatment for toxoplasmosis. (planetthrive.com)
  • Ten (91%) of these 11 patients with recurrence showed focal persistent enhancement after the initial treatment of toxoplasmosis abscess. (ajnr.org)
  • We hypothesize that demonstration of persistent areas of contrast enhancement after treatment for initial toxoplasmosis may be a valuable sign for identifying patients at risk for recurrence. (ajnr.org)
  • Treatment of toxoplasmosis is unnecessary for regular, healthy people. (huggies.com.ph)
  • If you're generally healthy, not pregnant, and have been diagnosed with toxoplasmosis, you probably won't need any treatment other than conservative management. (patienteducation.video)
  • Educate the public in toxoplasmosis-prevention methods, such as protecting children's play areas from cat litter. (medscape.com)
  • Explain toxoplasmosis prevention methods, such as protecting children's play areas from cat litter, to parents. (medscape.com)
  • The research team found that IED-diagnosed group was more than twice as likely to test positive for toxoplasmosis exposure (22 percent) as measured by a blood test, compared to the healthy control group (9 percent). (infectioncontroltoday.com)
  • Preventing outdoor exposure, hunting, and feeding raw food can reduce risk of a cat contracting toxoplasmosis. (cats.com)
  • [ 3 ] However, certain individuals are at high risk for severe or life-threatening toxoplasmosis . (medscape.com)
  • 2012). Additionally, owning a cat does not increase the risk of contracting toxoplasmosis (Vittecoq et al. (saveacat.org)
  • People can be divided into two groups with respect to toxoplasmosis: those who have already been infected (approximately one third of the U.S. population) and those who have never been infected and are thus at risk. (vin.com)
  • Maternal toxoplasmosis and the risk of childhood autism: serological and molecular small-scale studies. (floridasharkman.org)
  • Your baby is most at risk of contracting toxoplasmosis if you become infected in the third trimester and least at risk if you become infected during the first trimester. (patienteducation.video)
  • Analysis of several of the dead dolphin's internal organs - including its brain, heart and liver - revealed significant lesions consistent with toxoplasmosis," Kristina Hillock says. (doc.govt.nz)
  • Toxoplasmosis is a cause of death for marine mammals around the world. (doc.govt.nz)
  • You can get toxoplasmosis from raw or undercooked meat and shellfish. (healthline.com)
  • In group IV, which was investigated by the ELISA technique, 100% of the toxoplasmosis patients were positive for IgG versus 58% of the control patients. (bmj.com)
  • Toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic infection in patients who are immunocompromised, either due to induced immunosuppression after organ transplantation, like in this case or due to HIV/AIDS . (radiopaedia.org)
  • METHODS The imaging studies of patients with brain toxoplasmosis were retrospectively reviewed. (ajnr.org)