Toxocariasis
Toxocara canis
Larva Migrans, Visceral
Eye Infections, Parasitic
Central Nervous System Helminthiasis
Larva Migrans
Ascariasis
Antigens, Helminth
Seroepidemiologic Studies
Thiabendazole
Child, Abandoned
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Anthelmintics
Albendazole
Ascaris lumbricoides
Food Parasitology
Dogs
Argentina
Aetiological study of the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome in the Netherlands. (1/174)
AIM: To investigate whether presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome in the Netherlands is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum and whether other risk factors might play a role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. METHODS: 23 patients were clinically diagnosed as having presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome based on the following criteria: peripapillary atrophy, punched out lesions, a macular disciform lesion or scar in one eye without vitritis. As controls, 66 sex and age matched healthy volunteers were used. Serum samples from both patients and controls were tested for the presence of antibodies against H capsulatum, Toxoplasma gondii, Toxocara canis et cati, Ascaris sp, and for the presence of antigens of Cryptococcus neoformans. Serum samples were also tested for the presence of autoantibodies against retinal or choroidal proteins. To investigate other risk factors, patients and controls were asked to fill in a health and travel related questionnaire. Ten patients with ocular toxoplasmosis were used as a disease control group. RESULTS: None of the patients with presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome or controls had circulating antibodies directed against H capsulatum. No risk factors could be identified and no indications for autoimmunity and no evidence for the role of the other infectious agents could be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: In a Dutch group of patients fulfilling the criteria of a disease currently named presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, no risk factors or relation with the fungus H capsulatum could be detected. (+info)New animal model for human ocular toxocariasis: ophthalmoscopic observation. (2/174)
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although human ocular toxocariasis causes severe vision defect, little is known about its aetiology, diagnosis, and treatment. To develop a new animal model for human ocular toxocariasis, ophthalmological findings of fundi in Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus, and BALB/c mice were investigated following infection with Toxocara canis. METHODS: Using an ophthalmoscope, which was specifically developed to observe the fundi of small animals, ocular changes of fundi of 20 gerbils and 11 mice were monitored after oral infection with embryonated eggs of T canis. RESULTS: Vitreous, choroidal, and retinal haemorrhages were consistently observed in Mongolian gerbils, but rarely in mice. Severe exudative lesions and vasculitis were often present in gerbils but not in mice. Migrating larvae were also frequently observed in gerbils. CONCLUSION: Mongolian gerbils are more appropriate animal model for human ocular toxocariasis than previously used experimental animal such as mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys because of its high susceptibility of ocular infection. (+info)Frequency of human toxocariasis in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. (3/174)
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) was used to examine sera of 104 children and adults in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria for anti-toxocaral antibodies, out of which 31 (29.8%) were reactive. The seropositive rates were 30.4% for adults, 29.6% for children, 34% for females and 25.9% for males. However, the differences were not significant by age and sex. A highly significant association (p < 0.001) was observed between seropositivity and geography but none between seropositivity and dog ownership (p > 0.05). (+info)Development of a highly specific recombinant Toxocara canis second-stage larva excretory-secretory antigen for immunodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. (4/174)
The specificity of the recombinant Toxocara canis antigen developed for the immunodiagnosis of human toxocariasis was compared with that of the excretory-secretory antigen from T. canis second-stage larvae (TES) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 153 human serum samples from patients infected with 20 different helminths, including 11 cases of toxocariasis, were examined. No false-negative reactions were observed for the toxocariasis cases. When the TES was used at concentrations of 0.5 and 0.125 microg/ml, cross-reactions were observed in 79 (55.6%) and 61 (43.0%) of 142 cases, respectively. In contrast, when the recombinant antigen was tested at a concentration of 0.5 microg/ml, cross-reactions were observed in 19 (13.4%) of 142 cases. At a concentration of 0.125 microg/ml, however, the cross-reaction rate decreased sharply to only 2.1%, corresponding to 3 of 142 cases. The cross-reactions occurred with one case each of gnathostomiasis, paragonimiasis with Paragonimus miyazakii, and spirometriasis, in which high antibody titers were detected. In addition, the recombinant antigen showed negative reactions with serum samples from patients infected with Ascaris and hookworms, which are the most common parasites in the world. These findings are also supported by experiments with animals infected with Ascaris and hookworm. From these results, the recombinant antigen is highly specific for toxocariasis and may provide more reliable diagnostic results than other methods. (+info)A case of presumed ocular toxocariasis in a 28-year old woman. (5/174)
This is a case of presumed ocular toxocariasis in a 28-year old woman complaining of a sudden onset of nasal side field defect of the right eye. The patient had been suffering from uveitis for ten months. Fundoscopic examination of the right eye showed a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Furthermore, a retinochoroidal granulomatous lesion was observed nearby the tear site. Scleral buckling, cryotherapy, and gas injection(SF6, pure gas, 0.7 cc) were conducted. Mebendazole was prescribed for one month at 25 mg/kg per body weight daily. Even though the interventions resulted in the recovery of the field defect, anti-Toxocara IgG and IgE titer levels did not decrease when checked three months after the treatment ended. This is the first confirmed serological ocular toxocariasis case in Korea. Uveitis may be a clinical presentation prior to retinal detachment of a person with toxocariasis. (+info)Human toxocarosis. Its seroprevalence in the city of La Plata. (6/174)
Toxocara canis is very common in dogs throughout the world. It is the primary cause of visceral larva migrans (VLM) in humans. Soil contaminated with T. canis embryonated eggs is the main source of infection of man. Our objective was to describe Toxocara seroprevalence in humans in the city of La Plata associated with some determinants such asage, presence or absence of clinical manifestations and risk factors. Blood samples were collected at random from 156 patients of different sex and age, with and without clinical symptoms compatible with the disease. The diagnostic technique ELISA test was performed with the Bordier Affinity Products Commercial Kit, using excretory-secretory Toxocara antigen with a sensitivity higher than 90%. The values were positive in 39% of the studied population. In the analysis according to age, the younger group presented significant differences with respect to the older one (Chi-square p<0.05). Positive patients presented clinical symptoms compatible with the disease (84%), and 41% presented some risk factor. The level of positivity obtained indicates a certain risk of being infects mainly in patients younger than 15 years old. The authors agree that an early identification and treatment of VLM may save a life. (+info)Toxocara seroprevalence in children from a subtropical city in Argentina. (7/174)
Most studies from Argentina have focused on toxocariasis as an environmental problem of big cities, and there are no available data about children infection from small or middle-sized cities. In order to assess the prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in infantile population, 206 children from Resistencia, of both sexes, aged 1-14 years old were studied by Elisa testing with E/S T. canis L2 antigens. Hematological parameters and immunoglobulin levels were determined; five days' stool samples were studied and epidemiological data were obtained by means of a questionnaire to parents. Results showed that 73% of the children had one or more dogs living at home, 57% reported geophagia and 37.9% were positive for Toxocara serology, but there was no significant difference in prevalence neither for boys and girls, nor concerning age. An increased risk of infection was observed in age groups 5-6 and 7-8 for boys, and in age groups 3-4 and 5-6 for girls. (+info)Observations on topical ivermectin in the treatment of otoacariosis, cheyletiellosis, and toxocariosis in cats. (8/174)
The purpose of this study was to observe the efficacy of a topical pour-on formulation of ivermectin in the treatment of otoacariosis, cheyletiellosis, and toxocariosis in cats. Forty-five cats were treated. All cats received 2 to 4 topical applications of ivermectin on the skin between the shoulder blades in a narrow strip, 14 days apart. This practical treatment was effective in 96% (23/24) of cases of feline otoacariosis and in 100% (20/20) of cats with toxocariosis. All cats with cheyletiellosis (16/16) received 4 treatments and had resolution of clinical signs, but one Cheyletiella egg could still be found 45 days after the last treatment. The viability of this egg could not be evaluated, but the cats were still free of clinical signs on follow-up 6 months later. The treatment was well tolerated in all the animals. A few cats developed a transient small alopecic area and mild scaling at the site of application of the drug. (+info)Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworms Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, which are found in the intestines of dogs and cats, respectively. Humans become infected through the accidental ingestion of infective eggs from contaminated soil, water, or food. The larvae hatch in the small intestine and migrate to various tissues, including the liver, lungs, eyes, and central nervous system, where they can cause inflammation and damage.
The severity of the infection depends on the number of larvae that have infected the body and the organs involved. Most infections are asymptomatic or mild, causing symptoms such as fever, cough, rash, or abdominal discomfort. However, in severe cases, toxocariasis can lead to serious complications, including blindness (ocular larva migrans) or neurological damage (visceral larva migrans).
Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands after handling soil or pets, and avoiding contact with dog or cat feces. Regular deworming of pets can also help reduce the risk of transmission.
Toxocara is a type of parasitic roundworm that belongs to the genus Toxocara. The two most common species that infect humans are Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, which are primarily found in dogs and cats, respectively.
Humans can become infected with Toxocara through accidental ingestion of contaminated soil or sand that contains the eggs of the parasite. This can occur when people come into contact with infected animal feces and then touch their mouths without properly washing their hands. Children are particularly at risk of infection due to their frequent hand-to-mouth behaviors and tendency to play in environments where the eggs may be present.
In humans, Toxocara infection can cause a range of symptoms known as toxocariasis. The most common form is visceral larva migrans (VLM), which occurs when the parasite's larvae migrate through various organs in the body, causing inflammation and damage. Symptoms of VLM may include fever, fatigue, coughing, wheezing, abdominal pain, and liver enlargement.
Another form of toxocariasis is ocular larva migrans (OLM), which occurs when the parasite's larvae migrate to the eye, causing inflammation and potentially leading to vision loss. Symptoms of OLM may include eye pain, redness, blurred vision, and light sensitivity.
Preventive measures for Toxocara infection include washing hands thoroughly after handling animals or coming into contact with soil, covering sandboxes when not in use, and cooking meat thoroughly before eating. Treatment for toxocariasis typically involves anti-parasitic medications such as albendazole or mebendazole, which can help kill the parasite's larvae and reduce symptoms.
"Toxocara canis" is a species of roundworm that primarily infects canids, such as dogs and foxes. The adult worms live in the intestines of the host animal, where they lay eggs that are passed in the feces. These eggs can then mature and become infective to other animals, including humans, if they ingest them.
In humans, infection with "Toxocara canis" can cause a range of symptoms known as toxocariasis, which can include fever, coughing, wheezing, rash, and abdominal pain. In severe cases, the larvae of the worm can migrate to various organs in the body, including the eyes, leading to potentially serious complications.
Preventive measures for "Toxocara canis" infection include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands after handling pets or coming into contact with soil that may contain infected feces, and regular deworming of pets.
Visceral Larva Migrans is a parasitic infection caused by the migration of the larval stage of certain nematode roundworms, such as Toxocara spp. (most commonly Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati), through the tissues of the host. The larvae are ingested, usually through the consumption of contaminated soil, water, or undercooked meat, and then penetrate the intestinal wall, entering the bloodstream and migrating to various organs, including the liver, lungs, central nervous system, and eyes. This condition is more commonly seen in children due to their higher likelihood of engaging in pica (the consumption of soil or other non-food items) and having close contact with pets that may carry these parasites. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the organs involved but often include fever, coughing, wheezing, abdominal pain, and skin rashes. In severe cases, it can lead to potentially life-threatening complications such as blindness or neurological damage. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical presentation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, such as serology or stool examination for parasite eggs. Treatment usually consists of anthelmintic medications to eliminate the parasites and supportive care to manage symptoms.
Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, known as an antigen. They are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens, neutralizing or marking them for destruction by other immune cells.
Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect humans and animals. They include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes, among others. Helminth infections can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of worm and the location of the infection.
Antibodies to helminths are produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these parasitic worms. These antibodies can be detected in the blood and serve as evidence of a current or past infection. They may also play a role in protecting against future infections with the same type of worm.
There are several different classes of antibodies, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Antibodies to helminths are typically of the IgE class, which are associated with allergic reactions and the defense against parasites. IgE antibodies can bind to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators that help to protect against the worm.
In addition to IgE, other classes of antibodies may also be produced in response to a helminth infection. For example, IgG antibodies may be produced later in the course of the infection and can provide long-term immunity to reinfection. IgA antibodies may also be produced and can help to prevent the attachment and entry of the worm into the body.
Overall, the production of antibodies to helminths is an important part of the immune response to these parasitic worms. However, in some cases, the presence of these antibodies may also be associated with allergic reactions or other immunological disorders.
Parasitic eye infections are conditions characterized by the invasion and infestation of the eye or its surrounding structures by parasites. These can be protozoans, helminths, or ectoparasites. Examples of such infections include Acanthamoeba keratitis, which is caused by a free-living amoeba found in water and soil; Toxoplasmosis, which is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii; Loiasis, which is caused by the parasitic filarial worm Loa loa; and Demodicosis, which is caused by the mite Demodex folliculorum. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of parasite but often include redness, pain, discharge, and vision changes. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications and sometimes surgery to remove the parasites or damaged tissue. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices and avoiding contact with contaminated water or soil.
Central nervous system helminthiasis is a medical condition that refers to the invasion and infection of the central nervous system (CNS), specifically the brain and spinal cord, by parasitic worms, also known as helminths. This rare but serious condition can occur when helminth larvae or eggs accidentally migrate from their usual location in the body to the CNS through the bloodstream or cerebrospinal fluid.
The most common types of helminths that can cause CNS helminthiasis include:
1. Neurocysticercosis: This is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia solium, which typically infects the muscles and brain. However, when the larvae invade the CNS, they can form cysts that cause inflammation, swelling, and damage to brain tissue.
2. Echinococcosis: This is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis. The larvae can form hydatid cysts in various organs, including the brain, leading to neurological symptoms.
3. Gnathostomiasis: This is caused by the larval stage of the nematode Gnathostoma spinigerum or Gnathostoma hispidum. The larvae can migrate to various organs, including the CNS, causing inflammation and damage to brain tissue.
4. Angiostrongyliasis: This is caused by the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which typically infects rats but can accidentally infect humans through contaminated food or water. The larvae can migrate to the CNS and cause eosinophilic meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Symptoms of CNS helminthiasis depend on the type of parasite involved, the location and extent of the infection, and the host's immune response. They can range from mild to severe and may include headache, seizures, weakness, numbness, vision changes, confusion, and cognitive impairment. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical presentation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, such as serology or CSF analysis. Treatment depends on the type of parasite involved and may include antiparasitic drugs, corticosteroids, and supportive care. Prevention measures include avoiding contaminated food and water, practicing good hygiene, and using insect repellents to prevent mosquito-borne infections.
Larva migrans is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of certain nematode (roundworm) species. The term "larva migrans" is used to describe two distinct clinical syndromes: cutaneous larva migrans and visceral larva migrans.
1. Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM): Also known as creeping eruption, it is caused by the hookworm species that typically infect dogs and cats (Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum). The larvae penetrate human skin, usually through bare feet in contact with contaminated soil or sand, and cause an intensely pruritic (itchy) serpiginous (snake-like) track as they migrate under the skin.
2. Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM): It is caused by the migration of larvae from certain roundworm species, such as Toxocara spp., which primarily infect canids (dogs and related animals). Humans become accidental hosts when they ingest embryonated eggs present in contaminated soil, water, or undercooked meat. The larvae then migrate through various organs, causing inflammation and damage to tissues. VLM often affects the liver, lungs, eyes, and less commonly the central nervous system. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the organs involved but may include fever, cough, abdominal pain, and eye inflammation.
It is important to note that these infections are not transmitted from person-to-person. Preventive measures include wearing shoes in areas with contaminated soil, washing hands thoroughly after contact with soil or pets, cooking meat properly, and avoiding the ingestion of dirt or sand by young children.
Ascariasis is a medical condition caused by infection with the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. This type of worm infection, also known as intestinal ascariasis, occurs when people ingest contaminated soil, food, or water that contains Ascaris eggs. Once inside the body, these eggs hatch into larvae, which then migrate through the tissues and eventually reach the small intestine, where they mature into adult worms.
The adult worms can grow to be several inches long and live in the small intestine, where they feed on partially digested food. Female worms can produce thousands of eggs per day, which are then passed out of the body in feces. If these eggs hatch and infect other people, the cycle of infection continues.
Symptoms of ascariasis can vary depending on the severity of the infection. Mild infections may not cause any symptoms, while more severe infections can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. In some cases, the worms can cause intestinal blockages or migrate to other parts of the body, leading to potentially serious complications.
Treatment for ascariasis typically involves medication to kill the adult worms and prevent them from producing more eggs. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom and before eating, and avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water.
Helminth antigens refer to the proteins or other molecules found on the surface or within helminth parasites that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. Helminths are large, multicellular parasitic worms that can infect various tissues and organs in humans and animals, causing diseases such as schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases.
Helminth antigens can be recognized by the host's immune system as foreign invaders, leading to the activation of various immune cells and the production of antibodies. However, many helminths have evolved mechanisms to evade or suppress the host's immune response, allowing them to establish long-term infections.
Studying helminth antigens is important for understanding the immunology of helminth infections and developing new strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some researchers have also explored the potential therapeutic use of helminth antigens or whole helminths as a way to modulate the immune system and treat autoimmune diseases or allergies. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these approaches.
Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.
Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.
These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Thiabendazole is a medication that belongs to the class of antiparasitic drugs. It works by inhibiting the growth of parasites, particularly roundworms, hookworms, and threadworms, in the body. Thiabendazole is used to treat a variety of infections caused by these parasites, including intestinal infections, skin infections, and eye infections. It may also be used to prevent certain parasitic infections in people who are at high risk.
Thiabendazole works by interfering with the metabolism of the parasite's cells, which ultimately leads to their death. The medication is available in both oral and topical forms, depending on the type of infection being treated. Thiabendazole is generally well-tolerated, but it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It may also interact with other medications, so it's important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting thiabendazole therapy.
It is important to note that Thiabendazole should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional and should not be used for self-treatment without proper medical advice.
Eosinophilia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of eosinophils in the circulating blood. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in fighting off parasitic infections and regulating allergic reactions. However, when their numbers become excessively high, they can contribute to tissue damage and inflammation.
Eosinophilia is typically defined as a count of more than 500 eosinophils per microliter of blood. Mild eosinophilia (up to 1,500 cells/μL) may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered during routine blood tests. However, higher levels of eosinophilia can lead to various symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, skin rashes, and organ damage, depending on the underlying cause.
The causes of eosinophilia are varied and can include allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, certain medications, and some types of cancer. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilia require identification and management of the underlying cause.
Pica is a medical condition where an individual has an appetite for substances that are not typically considered food, and are not nutritionally beneficial. These substances can include things like dirt, clay, paper, hair, paint chips, or even feces. The behavior must be persistent and continue for a month or longer to be considered pica.
Pica can occur in children, pregnant women, and people with intellectual disabilities, but it can also affect typically developing adults. It's important to note that while some cultures may include non-food items in their diet, this does not necessarily mean they have pica.
The causes of pica are not fully understood, but it can be associated with nutritional deficiencies, mental health disorders, or developmental disabilities. It can lead to serious health complications, such as poisoning, intestinal blockages, and infections, so it's important to seek medical help if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of pica.
An abandoned child is a child who has been abandoned or deserted by their parent or caregiver and lacks proper care and supervision. This can occur in various situations, such as when a parent leaves a newborn at a hospital or fire station without providing any identifying information, or when a parent or caregiver fails to return for a child after leaving them in the care of another person.
Abandoned children may face significant risks to their physical and emotional well-being, including neglect, abuse, and trauma. They may also experience developmental delays, behavioral problems, and other negative outcomes as a result of their experiences. In many cases, abandoned children become wards of the state and are placed in foster care or other temporary living arrangements until a permanent home can be found for them.
It is important to note that each jurisdiction has its own legal definition of child abandonment, which may vary depending on factors such as the age of the child, the length of time they have been abandoned, and the specific circumstances surrounding their situation. If you suspect that a child has been abandoned, it is important to contact local child welfare authorities or law enforcement agencies immediately to ensure their safety and well-being.
An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.
In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.
ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.
Anthelmintics are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms, also known as helminths. These medications work by either stunting the growth of the worms, paralyzing them, or killing them outright, allowing the body to expel the worms through normal bodily functions. Anthelmintics are commonly used to treat infections caused by roundworms, tapeworms, flukeworms, and hookworms. Examples of anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, and ivermectin.
Albendazole is an antiparasitic medication used to treat a variety of parasitic infections, including neurocysticercosis (a tapeworm infection that affects the brain), hydatid disease (a parasitic infection that can affect various organs), and other types of worm infestations such as pinworm, roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infections.
Albendazole works by inhibiting the polymerization of beta-tubulin, a protein found in the microtubules of parasitic cells, which disrupts the parasite's ability to maintain its shape and move. This leads to the death of the parasite and elimination of the infection.
Albendazole is available in oral form and is typically taken two to three times a day with meals for several days or weeks, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Common side effects of albendazole include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headache. Rare but serious side effects may include liver damage, bone marrow suppression, and neurological problems.
It is important to note that albendazole should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have serious side effects and interactions with other medications. Additionally, it is not effective against all types of parasitic infections, so proper diagnosis is essential before starting treatment.
'Ascaris lumbricoides' is the medical term for a type of intestinal roundworm that can infect humans. This parasitic worm is one of the largest that can infest humans, and it is particularly prevalent in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene.
The life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides begins when an infected person passes eggs in their feces. These eggs can then be ingested through contaminated food or water, or by accidentally ingesting soil that contains the eggs. Once inside the body, the larvae hatch from the eggs and migrate through the tissues to the lungs, where they mature further. They are then coughed up and swallowed, entering the digestive system again, where they mature into adult worms.
Adult female Ascaris lumbricoides worms can grow up to 20-35 cm in length, while males are smaller, typically around 15-30 cm. They live in the small intestine and feed on partially digested food. Females can lay tens of thousands of eggs per day, which are passed in the feces and can infect other people if they come into contact with them.
Symptoms of ascariasis (the infection caused by Ascaris lumbricoides) can vary depending on the number of worms present and the severity of the infestation. Mild infections may cause no symptoms at all, while more severe infections can lead to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. In rare cases, the worms can cause intestinal obstruction or migrate to other parts of the body, leading to serious complications.
Treatment for ascariasis typically involves medication to kill the worms, such as albendazole or mebendazole. Preventing infection requires good hygiene practices, including washing hands thoroughly with soap and water after using the toilet and before eating, and avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water.
A choroid hemorrhage is a type of hemorrhage that occurs in the choroid layer of the eye. The choroid is a part of the uveal tract, which is located between the retina and the sclera (the white outer coat of the eye). It contains numerous blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the retina.
A choroid hemorrhage occurs when there is bleeding in the choroid layer, which can cause sudden vision loss or other visual symptoms. The bleeding may result from various causes, such as trauma, hypertension, blood disorders, or inflammatory conditions affecting the eye. In some cases, the exact cause of a choroid hemorrhage may be difficult to determine.
Treatment for a choroid hemorrhage depends on the underlying cause and severity of the bleeding. In some cases, observation and monitoring may be sufficient, while in other cases, medical or surgical intervention may be necessary to manage the condition and prevent further vision loss.
Food parasitology is not a commonly used term in medical or scientific communities. However, it generally refers to the study of parasites that are transmitted through food, including parasitic protozoa, helminths (worms), and arthropods (e.g., tapeworms, roundworms, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, etc.). Food parasitology involves understanding the life cycles, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these foodborne parasites. It is an important field within medical and veterinary parasitology, as well as food safety and public health.
I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.
If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Argentina" is a country in South America and not a medical term or concept. The term "argyria" may be what you're looking for, which is a rare condition resulting from the accumulation of silver compounds in the body, causing the skin to turn blue-gray. However, Argentina and argyria are two distinct terms with different meanings.
No data available that match "toxocariasis"
http://www2c.cdc.gov/podcasts/media/pdf/COCA Toxocariasis.pdf
Toxocariasis - Wikipedia
Toxocariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
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A Blood Test For Toxocariasis - What Is It, Deciphering, Norm, Preparation | Parasites in humans 2023
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Science Clips - Volume 9, Issue 35, September 1, 2017
Toxocara20
- Toxocariasis is an illness of humans caused by the dog roundworm (Toxocara canis) and, less frequently, the cat roundworm (Toxocara cati). (wikipedia.org)
- Both Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati eggs require a several week incubation period in moist, humid weather outside a host before becoming infective, so fresh eggs cannot cause toxocariasis. (wikipedia.org)
- Toxocariasis is an infection caused by the ingestion of larvae of the dog roundworm Toxocara canis or the cat roundworm Toxocara cati . (medscape.com)
- Toxocariasis is a helminthic disease due to the migration of either Toxocara canis or T. cati larvae through the human organism. (medicaljournals.se)
- The presence of the larvae of the genus Toxocara in human tissues causes the manifestations of human toxocariasis, including the syndrome of visceral larva migrans, ocular toxocariasis, covert toxocariasis, as well as signs of liver, lungs or central nervous system involvement (1). (medicaljournals.se)
- Toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by migrating nematode worms, Toxocara species larvae, within tissues. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Toxocariasis is generally spread through dirt that has been contaminated with animal feces that contain infectious Toxocara eggs. (rareguru.com)
- Toxocariasis is caused by Toxocara canis ( T. canis ) and, less frequently, Toxocara catis (T. catis), which are intestinal nematodes (roundworms) found in dogs and cats, respectively. (medscape.com)
- Stool examination for Toxocara larvae is not a helpful diagnostic test for toxocariasis. (medscape.com)
- Because the anti-Toxocara immunoglobulin-positive population is much higher than the prevalence of clinical toxocariasis, most patients are thought to have subclinical infection. (medscape.com)
- Toxocariasis is infection caused by larvae of the roundworms Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati , which are parasites of animals. (msdmanuals.com)
- Toxocariasis occurs mainly in young children, who acquire Toxocara eggs by ingesting soil contaminated by the feces of dogs, cats, or other animals that carry the parasite. (msdmanuals.com)
- The diagnosis of toxocariasis is confirmed by identifying Toxocara antibodies in the blood. (msdmanuals.com)
- 109. In Toxocara and Toxocariasis: Clinical Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives. (cdc.gov)
- Toxocariasis is a disease caused by Toxocara nematodes and occurs from consuming their eggs. (ac.ir)
- Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease affecting humans that is predominantly caused by Toxocara canis and T. cati , primarily parasites of dogs and cats, respectively. (nih.gov)
- Infection by Toxocara canis in humans may cause cerebral toxocariasis (CT). (tmu.edu.tw)
- Soil-contamination by Toxocara eggs nematode is the cause of toxocariasis (vis- in public parks has been reported previ- ceral larva migrans) [1]. (who.int)
- John H. Rockey Intravitreal injection of Toxocara canis and Ascaris suum larvae into guinea pigs is being studied as a model for human ocular toxocariasis. (karger.com)
- Toxocariasis is a parasitic disease due to Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, which live in the intestines of cats and dogs. (cshd.org.tr)
Covert toxocariasis7
- One is called covert toxocariasis, or common toxocariasis. (cdc.gov)
- Covert toxocariasis is often undiagnosed because the patient is not sick enough to seek medical attention. (cdc.gov)
- Covert toxocariasis often does not need to be treated. (cdc.gov)
- There are three distinct syndromes of toxocariasis: covert toxocariasis is a relatively mild illness very similar to Löffler's syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
- Covert toxocariasis is the least serious of the three syndromes and is believed to be due to chronic exposure. (wikipedia.org)
- Signs and symptoms of covert toxocariasis are coughing, fever, abdominal pain, headaches, and changes in behavior and ability to sleep. (wikipedia.org)
- these are visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular larva migrans (OLM), and covert toxocariasis (common toxocariasis). (medscape.com)
Larvae3
- Diagnosis of toxocariasis is difficult because confirmation of infection requires demonstration of larvae via biopsy. (medscape.com)
- Ocular Toxocariasis - when the larvae infect the eye and cause vision loss, eye inflammation, and/or damage to the retina. (rareguru.com)
- Visceral Toxocariasis - when the larvae infect various organs of the body (i.e. the liver or the central nervous system) and cause fever, fatigue, coughing, wheezing, and/or abdominal pain. (rareguru.com)
Prevalence5
- Based on prevalence and impact on public health, toxocariasis is an underestimated zoonosis in developing and developed countries. (scielo.org.co)
- Risk factors and prevalence of toxocariasis in pregnant women and diabetic patients compared to healthy adults in Ilam province, Western Iran. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of toxocariasis in children aged 6-14 years. (ac.ir)
- The results showed a low prevalence of toxocariasis in children studied. (ac.ir)
- There have been few epidemiological proportionally according to residence with studies on the prevalence of toxocariasis a probable prevalence of 15% in urban areas in the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially and 3% in rural areas with 95% confidence in western parts such as Hamadan, except interval. (who.int)
Zoonotic1
- Toxocariasis is a widespread zoonotic parasite. (medicaljournals.se)
Diagnosis of toxocariasis1
- Diagnosis of toxocariasis is made using an Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay, or ELISA test. (cdc.gov)
Centers for Diseas1
- Every year, at least 3,000-4,000 serum specimens from patients with presumptive diagnoses of toxocariasis are sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), state public health laboratories, or private laboratories for serodiagnostic confirmation (9). (cdc.gov)
Visceral toxocariasis4
- The two more severe forms of the disease are visceral toxocariasis and ocular toxocariasis. (cdc.gov)
- Visceral toxocariasis typically occurs in children, but can infect persons of any age. (cdc.gov)
- In visceral toxocariasis, treatment is usually required and includes five days of albendazole. (cdc.gov)
- Visceral toxocariasis is treated with antiparasitic medications. (rareguru.com)
Seroprevalence3
- Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in schoolchildren in Trinidad. (ac.ir)
- Seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Denmark. (ac.ir)
- Seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Andean communities from the Northeast of Lima, Peru. (harvard.edu)
Humans4
- Prevention of toxocariasis is important in both animals and humans. (cdc.gov)
- Good hygiene practices, timely disposal of pet feces, and routine deworming of pets are strategies necessary to reduce ocular toxocariasis in humans. (medscape.com)
- In humans, toxocariasis is considered an aberrant infection because humans are incidental hosts, as the parasites cannot successfully reach full maturity in the human body. (medscape.com)
- The Blood Lions team has identified five diseases as being the most dangerous ones to humans: human ehrlichiosis, human babesiosis, toxocariasis, trichinosis, and African sleeping sickness. (mongabay.com)
Nematode1
- Most frequently, human toxocariasis is caused by T. canis , a nematode roundworm of the family Ascaridae. (medscape.com)
Epidemiological2
- This paper reviews the experimental studies focused on vaccine development for toxocariasis control, and special attention is given to relevant epidemiological studies on the importance of dogs in human toxocariasis. (scielo.org.co)
- 16. Abdi J, Darabi M, Sayehmiri K. Epidemiological situation of toxocariasis in Iran: Meta-analysis and systematic review. (ac.ir)
Roundworms1
- Toxocariasis is a disease provoked by roundworms from the order of nematodes. (parazitiintestinali.com)
Eosinophilia2
- A seroepidemiological survey of toxocariasis among eosinophilia patients in Chungcheongnam-do. (ac.ir)
- In this article, we report a 12-year-old girl who presented with complaints of abdominal pain and edema of the eyes and face and who had immunoglobulin E level of 4540 kU/L, white blood cell count (WBC) of 21500/mm 3 , and 81% eosinophilia in peripheric blood smear, who was diagnosed as toxocariasis. (cshd.org.tr)
Epidemiology1
- The epidemiology and public health importance of toxocariasis: A zoonosis of global importance. (ac.ir)
Symptoms1
- Toxocariasis symptoms may start within several weeks after eggs are ingested. (msdmanuals.com)
Human12
- Toxocariasis is a human disease caused by infection with the larval stages of the dog or cat roundworm. (cdc.gov)
- One of the main risk factors for the infection and development of human toxocariasis, is to cohabit with puppies and kittens. (scielo.org.co)
- The clinical manifestations of human toxocariasis are miscellaneous. (medicaljournals.se)
- We report here a case of human toxocariasis revealed by febrile exanthema. (medicaljournals.se)
- The cutaneous signs clearly linked to human toxocariasis in case-control studies are chronic prurigo, pruritus, and urticaria (3, 4). (medicaljournals.se)
- therefore, the presence of these eggs is not a diagnostic finding in human toxocariasis. (medscape.com)
- 1993. Antibody reactivity in human toxocariasis. (cdc.gov)
- An initial test for toxocariasis (fecal examination) may not show the presence of parasites in the body, so doctors take human blood for diagnosis. (parazitiintestinali.com)
- Highlights of human toxocariasis. (ac.ir)
- People become ously [10,11] and clinical evidence suggests infected by ingestion of eggs from soil, dirty the presence of human toxocariasis in this hands (thumb-sucking) and raw vegetables. (who.int)
- Diagnosis of human in the city and 9 health centres in the rural toxocariasis through most immunologi- areas. (who.int)
- Drawing on this research, conservationists have named five diseases that have the potential to spill over into the human population and impact public health: human ehrlichiosis, human babesiosis, toxocariasis, trichinosis, and African sleeping sickness. (mongabay.com)
Disease2
- This observation illustrates the broad spectrum of the cutaneous manifestations of toxocariasis, showing that the disease may also cause febrile exanthema. (medicaljournals.se)
- Dog faeces is associated with the disease toxocariasis which can cause serious illness and even lead to blindness. (fermanaghherald.com)
Zoonosis1
- Según la prevalencia y el impacto en la salud pública, la toxocariasis es una zoonosis subestimada en los países en desarrollo y desarrollados. (scielo.org.co)
Cutaneous1
- According to this case, febrile exanthema can be added to the cutaneous manifestations of toxocariasis. (medicaljournals.se)
Schoolchildren1
- Ocular toxocariasis in schoolchildren. (ac.ir)
Helminthic Diseases1
- Among helminthic diseases, doctors often diagnose toxocariasis in people of different ages, which is a dangerous ailment. (parazitiintestinali.com)
Granuloma1
- Ocular toxocariasis can induce decreased visual acuity, uveitis , retinal granuloma, endophthalmitis, and other ocular lesions that often lead to sudden vision loss in the affected eye. (medscape.com)
Serological1
- 14. Portus M, Riera C, Prats G. A serological survey of toxocariasis in patients and healthy donors in Barcelona (spain). (ac.ir)
Prevention1
- Prevention of toxocariasis obviously is preferable, but eradicating T canis infection is difficult because of the complexity of its life cycle. (medscape.com)
Occurs1
- Ocular toxocariasis typically occurs in 5 to 10-year-olds. (cdc.gov)
Iran1
- Screening of Cystic Echinococcosis and Toxocariasis in Urmia Municipal Workers, Northwest Iran. (harvard.edu)
Diagnostic2
- miRNA-based diagnostic biomarkers for toxocariasis are emerging, but there is limited information about the role of many miRNAs and a more detailed diagnostic evaluation of miRNA expression patterns is needed to understand their immunobiological function. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Our study revealed that miRNAs 21 and 103a might play fundamental roles as biomarkers and diagnostic tools for toxocariasis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Severe1
- Patients with atopy may experience more severe toxocariasis. (medscape.com)
Inflammation1
- A doctor may suspect toxocariasis in a person who has an enlarged liver, inflammation of the lungs, a fever, and high levels of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell). (msdmanuals.com)
Patients1
- Connect with other caregivers and patients with Toxocariasis and get the support you need. (rareguru.com)
Children3
- Toxocariasis: potential association with bronchial asthma, and pneumonia among pediatric children. (qxmd.com)
- Toxocariasis is considered to be a dis- ease mainly of children, although adults can also be affected. (who.int)
- 29 children positive for toxocariasis, 24 had obtained from the parents for their child to a low titre, 4 a medium titre and only 1 had participate. (who.int)
Rash2
- Erythematous and vesicular abdominal rash during toxocariasis. (medicaljournals.se)
- Erythematous and vesicular rash of the left side of the trunk and left upper arm during toxocariasis. (medicaljournals.se)
Aspects1
- Today, we'll discuss the clinical aspects of toxocariasis. (cdc.gov)
Migration1
- Toxocariasis is an underestimated geohelminthic infection which shows respiratory changes concurrent with larval migration. (qxmd.com)
Categories1
- Further studies are still needed to explore the correlation between toxocariasis and different patient categories. (qxmd.com)
Liver1
- With toxocariasis, liver function tests will show a greatly increased level of bilirubin. (parazitiintestinali.com)