Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of one-time, short-term exposure to a chemical or chemicals.
An array of tests used to determine the toxicity of a substance to living systems. These include tests on clinical drugs, foods, and environmental pollutants.
Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of mid-term (a few months) exposure to a chemical or chemicals.
Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of a long-term exposure to a chemical or chemicals.
Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of a short-term (a few weeks) exposure to a chemical or chemicals.
The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.
A plant genus of the family RUBIACEAE. Members contain iridoid glycosides and ANTHRAQUINONES.
Procedures, such as TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES; mathematical models; etc., when used or advocated for use in place of the use of animals in research or diagnostic laboratories.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
A diverse genus of minute freshwater CRUSTACEA, of the suborder CLADOCERA. They are a major food source for both young and adult freshwater fish.
Tests or bioassays that measure the skin sensitization potential of various chemicals.
An order of mostly marine CRUSTACEA containing more than 5500 species in over 100 families. Like ISOPODA, the other large order in the superorder Peracarida, members are shrimp-like in appearance, have sessile compound eyes, and no carapace. But unlike Isopoda, they possess thoracic gills and their bodies are laterally compressed.
The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and biological action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations.
A genus of CRUSTACEA of the order ANOSTRACA, found in briny pools and lakes and often cultured for fish food. It has 168 chromosomes and differs from most crustaceans in that its blood contains hemoglobin.
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Preclinical safety evaluation of human gene therapy products. (1/1374)

Human gene therapy products include naked DNA and viral as well as non-viral vectors containing nucleic acids. There is limited experience on the preclinical toxicity studies necessary for the safety evaluation of these products, which have been outlined in several recently released guidelines. Requirements for the preclinical safety evaluation of human gene therapy products are both specific and non-specific. All key preclinical studies should be performed in compliance with Good Laboratory Practices. Non-specific requirements are in fact common to all pharmaceutical products. Critical specific issues to be addressed are: the safety evaluation of the vector and the toxicity of the expressed protein(s), which are the two components of gene therapy products, the quality of the test article, the selection of animal species, and the verification that the administration method successfully transports the gene of interest, with the vector, to the target site(s). The treatment schedule should mimic the intended human therapeutic design. The host's immune response against the gene therapy product has to be evaluated to detect possible adverse effects and immune neutralization by antibodies. The biodistribution of the gene of interest is also essential and can be evaluated by molecular biology techniques, such as PCR. Specific confinement is required for the safe manipulation of viral vectors.  (+info)

The contribution of acute toxicity in animals to occupational exposure limits of chemical substances. (2/1374)

The correlations of lethal doses of various industrial chemicals for rats and mice with occupational exposure limit values were investigated. 50% lethal dose (LD50) values obtained by oral (p.o.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values obtained by inhalation exposure were collected from Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). Threshold Limit Value (Time-Weighted Average) (TLVs-TWA) and Threshold Limit Value (Short Term Exposure Limit) (TLVs-STEL) recommended by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) were used as exposure limits. TLVs-TWA or TLVs-STEL and LD50 or LC50 values obtained for the rats were plotted on logarithmic scales on the ordinate and abscissa, respectively. High correlations were obtained between these parameters. The order of correlations was: TLVs-STEL vs. LC50s > TLVs-TWA vs. LC50s > TLVs-TWA vs. LD50s i.p. > TLVs vs. LD50s p.o. The same calculations for the relationship between TLVs and lethal doses in mice were also performed. The order of the three types of correlations was same as that of the rats; however, correlation coefficients for TLVs-STEL vs. LC50s and for TLVs-TWA vs. LC50s obtained in mice were smaller than those in rats. TLVs-TWA are, therefore, well correlated with LC50 values rather than LD50 values, particularly with those in rats. High correlations between TLVs-STEL vs. LC50s were also obtained, as had been expected before calculation. The equation: TLV-TWA = 10b x (LC50)a can be obtained from these plottings, where the values a and b are taken from each linear regression line. TLV-TWA for each chemical can be calculated by using LC50 and the equation. The upper and lower 95% confidence limits for calculated TLV-TWA were TLV-TWA (calculated from LC50) x 22.9 and TLV-TWA (calculated)/22.9, respectively, where LC50 for rats expressed in ppm x hr was used.  (+info)

The marginalization of hormesis. (3/1374)

Despite the substantial development and publication of highly reproducible toxicological data, the concept of hormetic dose-response relationships was never integrated into the mainstream of toxicological thought. Review of the historical foundations of the interpretation of the bioassay and assessment of competitive theories of dose-response relationships lead to the conclusion that multiple factors contributed to the marginalization of hormesis during the middle and subsequent decades of the 20th Century. These factors include the following: (a) the close association of hormesis with homeopathy, which led to the hostility of modern medicine toward homeopathy, thereby creating a guilt-by-association framework, and the carryover influence of that hostility toward hormesis in the judgements of medically based pharmacologists/toxicologists; (b) the emphasis of high-dose effects linked with a lack of appreciation of the significance of the implications of low-dose stimulatory effects; (c) the lack of an evolution-based mechanism(s) to account for hormetic effects; and (d) lack of appropriate scientific advocates to counter aggressive and intellectually powerful critics of the hormetic perspective.  (+info)

Chemical hormesis: its historical foundations as a biological hypothesis. (4/1374)

Despite the long history of hormesis-related experimental research, no systematic effort to describe its early history has been undertaken. The present paper attempts to reconstruct and assess the early history of such research and to evaluate how advances in related scientific fields affected the course of hormesis-related research. The purpose of this paper is not only to satisfy this gap in current knowledge but also to provide a foundation for the assessment of how the concept of hormetic dose-response relationships may have affected the nature of the bioassay, especially with respect to hazard assessment practices within a modern risk assessment framework.  (+info)

Serum vitellogenin levels and reproductive impairment of male Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to 4-tert-octylphenol. (5/1374)

The induction of synthesis of the "female" yolk precursor protein vitellogenin (VTG) in male fish by estrogenic chemicals in the environment has been demonstrated in many recent reports. However, little is known about the organismal and biological significance of this phenomenon. To examine the relationship between VTG production in male fish and reproductive impairment, adult male medaka were exposed to 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), a known environmental estrogen, in concentrations ranging from 20 to 230 ppb for 21 days, under flow-through conditions. Following exposure, male fish were mated, in the absence of OP, with unexposed females. Breeding groups composed of exposed males and control females produced about 50% fewer eggs than control groups. VTG levels in serum of male fish increased with increasing OP exposure concentration and decreased after OP exposure was discontinued. Nevertheless, significant correlations (p<0.01) were observed between VTG levels in exposed male fish and 1) OP exposure concentrations, 2) percent of fertilized eggs, and 3) survival of embryos. OP-induced VTG synthesis and reproductive impairment appear to be closely linked phenomena. Histological examination indicated spermatogenesis in OP-exposed fish was inhibited, and some exposed fish had oocytes in their testes. Finally, OP caused a significant increase in the number of abnormally developing embryos, suggesting that OP may be genotoxic as well as estrogenic.  (+info)

Demonstration of the pathogenic effect of point mutated keratin 9 in vivo. (6/1374)

A wild type keratin 9 (K9) cDNA and a point mutated keratin 9 cDNA were injected subcutaneously into mouse skin. The hemagglutinin tag staining of the wild type K9 cDNA injected specimens mainly showed a homogeneous pattern, whereas the point mutated K9 cDNA injected specimens mainly showed a granular pattern in the suprabasal cells. Double staining of K9 and the endogenous keratin revealed the incorporation of de novo synthesized K9 into the keratin network. These results demonstrate that (1) a naked DNA transfection into mouse skin can detect the pathogenic changes of point mutated keratin in vivo and (2) the keratin 9 mutation disrupts the keratin network formation in the suprabasal cells in vivo.  (+info)

Changes in thyroid gland morphology after acute acrylamide exposure. (7/1374)

High exposure to the acrylamide monomer has been associated with neuropathy and neurotoxic effects. Chronic lower exposure causes endocrine disruption associated with thyroid, testicular, and mammary tumors. To investigate mechanisms of endocrine disruption, short-term, low-level oral dosing studies were conducted. Weanling female Fischer 344 rats were acclimatized for two weeks before dosing. Controls were given distilled water by gavage and rats in other groups were given acrylamide at doses of 2 mg/kg/day and 15 mg/kg/day for 2 or 7 days by gavage. Twenty-four h after the last dose, the rats were killed by decapitation. Trunk blood was collected for hormone analyses and tissues for histopathological examination. There were no toxicity-related deaths, no clinical signs of toxicity, and no significant difference in the mean body weight of animal groups. Histopathological examination of select tissues showed no lesions of pathologic significance. Plasma thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), and pituitary TSH and PRL analyses did not reveal significant changes between control vs. treated rats. In the 7-day study, however, there was a slight dose-dependent increase in plasma T4 and a slight dose-dependent decrease in plasma TSH. Thyroid gland morphometry showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the colloid area and a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the follicular cell height of treated rats as compared to controls. The follicular area shrinkage was similar in both studies. These results show a very early endocrine response to very low levels of toxic insult and opens other venues to further investigate the mechanisms of endocrine disruption by acrylamide.  (+info)

Effects of acute exposure to PCBs 126 and 153 on anterior pituitary and thyroid hormones and FSH isoforms in adult Sprague Dawley male rats. (8/1374)

3,3'4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) were administered to adult male rats in order to identify sensitive indicators of endocrine disruption. We tested the hypothesis that PCB exposure modifies follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) pituitary isoforms, as well as the pituitary and serum concentrations of FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Effects on serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and testosterone (T), and prostate androgen receptor content, were also tested. In one experiment, 5 groups of 8 rats each received two i.p. injections, one day apart, of either corn oil or 6.25, 25, 100 or 400 micrograms/kg/day of PCB 126. Decreases (p < 0.05) in the serum concentrations of T4 and LH started at doses of 25 and 100 micrograms/kg/day, respectively. Serum FSH concentrations were reduced (p = 0.07) in the highest dose group. In contrast, pituitary content of FSH and LH increased with PCB-126 doses (p = 0.004, p = 0.002, respectively). Despite changes in reproductive hormones, PCB-126 had no effect on the androgen receptor content of the prostate. The effect of PCB-126 was tested in the hemicastrated rat, and suggested adverse effects on testosterone secretion. To test the effects of PCB exposure on FSH pituitary isoforms, 4 groups of 10 male rats received two i.p. injections, one day apart, of either corn oil, PCB 153 (25 mg/kg/day), estradiol-17 beta (E2; 20 micrograms/kg/day), or PCB 126 (0.1 mg/kg/day). Serum T4 levels were higher (p < 0.01) in the E2 and PCB 153 groups, and slightly reduced in the PCB 126-treated groups, compared to controls. Simultaneous purification of pituitary FSH and TSH isoforms was performed by HPLC, using two chromatofocusing columns in series. In contrast to TSH isoforms, the distribution of FSH isoforms over the chromatography run differed slightly between treatment groups; the amounts of FSH isoform eluted during the pH gradient were lower (p < 0.05) in E2 and PCB 153-treated rats than in control or PCB 126-treated rats. The similarity between the effects of E2 and PCB 153 on T4 and FSH isoforms supports the contention that PCB 153 possesses estrogenic properties. Serum LH and T4 concentrations were the most sensitive and practical endocrine indicators of PCBs 126 and 153 exposure in male rats.  (+info)

Acute toxicity tests are a category of medical or biological testing that measure the short-term adverse effects of a substance on living organisms. These tests are typically performed in a laboratory setting and involve exposing test subjects (such as cells, animals, or isolated organs) to a single high dose or multiple doses of a substance within a short period of time, usually 24 hours or less.

The primary objective of acute toxicity testing is to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) or concentration (LC50) of a substance, which is the amount or concentration that causes death in 50% of the test subjects. This information can be used to help assess the potential health hazards associated with exposure to a particular substance and to establish safety guidelines for its handling and use.

Acute toxicity tests are required by regulatory agencies around the world as part of the process of evaluating the safety of chemicals, drugs, and other substances. However, there is growing concern about the ethical implications of using animals in these tests, and many researchers are working to develop alternative testing methods that do not involve the use of live animals.

Toxicity tests, also known as toxicity assays, are a set of procedures used to determine the harmful effects of various substances on living organisms, typically on cells, tissues, or whole animals. These tests measure the degree to which a substance can cause damage, inhibit normal functioning, or lead to death in exposed organisms.

Toxicity tests can be conducted in vitro (in a test tube or petri dish) using cell cultures or in vivo (in living organisms) using animals such as rats, mice, or rabbits. The results of these tests help researchers and regulators assess the potential risks associated with exposure to various chemicals, drugs, or environmental pollutants.

There are several types of toxicity tests, including:

1. Acute toxicity tests: These tests measure the immediate effects of a single exposure to a substance over a short period (usually 24 hours or less).
2. Chronic toxicity tests: These tests evaluate the long-term effects of repeated exposures to a substance over an extended period (weeks, months, or even years).
3. Genotoxicity tests: These tests determine whether a substance can damage DNA or cause mutations in genetic material.
4. Developmental and reproductive toxicity tests: These tests assess the impact of a substance on fertility, embryonic development, and offspring health.
5. Carcinogenicity tests: These tests evaluate the potential of a substance to cause cancer.
6. Ecotoxicity tests: These tests determine the effects of a substance on entire ecosystems, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.

Toxicity tests play a crucial role in protecting public health by helping to identify potentially harmful substances and establish safe exposure levels. They also contribute to the development of new drugs, chemicals, and consumer products by providing critical data for risk assessment and safety evaluation.

Subchronic toxicity tests are a type of medical study used to evaluate the potential adverse health effects resulting from repeated exposure to a substance over a relatively short period of time, usually lasting between 28 and 90 days. These tests are designed to identify the dosage levels at which a substance may cause harm, as well as any patterns of toxicity that may emerge with repeated exposure.

The tests typically involve administering the substance to groups of animals, such as rats or mice, at different dose levels. The animals are then closely monitored for signs of toxicity, including changes in body weight, food and water intake, clinical chemistry parameters, hematology, urinalysis, and histopathological examinations of major organs.

The data collected from these tests can be used to establish a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) or a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), which can help inform regulatory decisions about the safe use of the substance in question. Subchronic toxicity tests are an important part of the overall risk assessment process for many chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other substances that may be used in consumer products or industrial applications.

Chronic toxicity tests are a type of experimental procedure in toxicology that are conducted over an extended period to evaluate the potential adverse health effects resulting from repeated exposure to low levels of chemical substances or physical agents. These tests are designed to assess the long-term effects of these agents on living organisms, including humans, and typically span a significant portion of the lifespan of the test species.

The primary objective of chronic toxicity testing is to identify potential health hazards associated with prolonged exposure to chemicals or physical agents, such as heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, nanomaterials, and ionizing radiation. The tests provide information on the nature and severity of toxic effects, including cancer, reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurological damage, and other chronic health issues.

Standardized protocols for conducting chronic toxicity tests are established by regulatory agencies such as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). These guidelines typically involve testing on two or more species, often including rodents and non-rodents, to ensure the results are applicable across different taxonomic groups.

The data generated from chronic toxicity tests contribute significantly to risk assessment and help regulatory agencies establish safe exposure limits for chemical substances and physical agents in various settings, such as occupational, consumer, and environmental contexts.

Subacute toxicity tests are a type of toxicity test used in preclinical safety evaluation of new pharmaceuticals, chemicals, or medical devices. These tests are conducted over a longer period than acute toxicity tests, typically lasting between 14 and 28 days, to evaluate the potential adverse effects of repeated exposure to the substance.

The test involves administering the substance to animals, usually rodents, at specified doses and observing them for signs of toxicity. The parameters evaluated during subacute toxicity tests include clinical observations, body weight changes, food and water consumption, hematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis, and necropsy findings.

The primary objective of subacute toxicity testing is to identify the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) or the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL), which helps in determining safe starting doses for subsequent long-term toxicity studies and human clinical trials. It also provides information on potential target organs of toxicity, which is useful in risk assessment and safety evaluation.

Medical Definition:

Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) is a standard measurement in toxicology that refers to the estimated amount or dose of a substance, which if ingested, injected, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin by either human or animal, would cause death in 50% of the test population. It is expressed as the mass of a substance per unit of body weight (mg/kg, μg/kg, etc.). LD50 values are often used to compare the toxicity of different substances and help determine safe dosage levels.

"Morinda" is a botanical term that refers to a genus of tropical shrubs and trees in the family Rubiaceae, which includes several species with medicinal properties. One of the most well-known species is Morinda citrifolia, also known as noni, which has been used in traditional medicine for various health purposes.

The fruit, leaves, bark, and roots of Morinda plants have been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of conditions such as infections, inflammation, fever, skin disorders, and digestive problems. Some studies suggest that Morinda extracts may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immune-boosting properties, but more research is needed to confirm these effects and establish recommended dosages and safety guidelines.

It's important to note that while Morinda has a long history of use in traditional medicine, it should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment. Before taking any herbal supplements, including Morinda, it's always best to consult with a healthcare provider to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Animal testing alternatives, also known as alternative methods or replacement methods, refer to scientific techniques that can be used to replace the use of animals in research and testing. These methods aim to achieve the same scientific objectives while avoiding harm to animals. There are several categories of animal testing alternatives:

1. In vitro (test tube or cell culture) methods: These methods involve growing cells or tissues in a laboratory setting, outside of a living organism. They can be used to study the effects of chemicals, drugs, and other substances on specific cell types or tissues.
2. Computer modeling and simulation: Advanced computer programs and algorithms can be used to model biological systems and predict how they will respond to various stimuli. These methods can help researchers understand complex biological processes without using animals.
3. In silico (using computer models) methods: These methods involve the use of computational tools and databases to predict the potential toxicity or other biological effects of chemicals, drugs, and other substances. They can be used to identify potential hazards and prioritize further testing.
4. Microdosing: This method involves giving human volunteers very small doses of a drug or chemical, followed by careful monitoring to assess its safety and pharmacological properties. This approach can provide valuable information while minimizing the use of animals.
5. Tissue engineering: Scientists can create functional tissue constructs using cells, scaffolds, and bioreactors. These engineered tissues can be used to study the effects of drugs, chemicals, and other substances on human tissues without using animals.
6. Human-based approaches: These methods involve the use of human volunteers, donated tissues, or cells obtained from consenting adults. Examples include microdosing, organ-on-a-chip technology, and the use of human cell lines in laboratory experiments.

These animal testing alternatives can help reduce the number of animals used in research and testing, refine experimental procedures to minimize suffering, and replace the use of animals with non-animal methods whenever possible.

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

'Daphnia' is not a medical term, but rather it refers to a group of small, planktonic crustaceans commonly known as water fleas. They are widely distributed in various freshwater environments and play an important role in the aquatic food chain as they serve as a food source for many larger animals such as fish.

While Daphnia may not have a direct medical definition, there has been some research into their potential use in biomedical applications due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. For instance, they have been used as indicators of water quality and toxicity levels in ecotoxicological studies. However, it is important to note that Daphnia itself is not a medical term or concept.

Skin irritancy tests are experimental procedures used to determine the potential of a substance to cause irritation or damage to the skin. These tests typically involve applying the substance to intact or abraded (damaged) skin of human volunteers or animals, and then observing and measuring any adverse reactions that occur over a specified period. The results of these tests can help assess the safety of a substance for use in consumer products, pharmaceuticals, or industrial applications. It is important to note that the ethical considerations and regulations surrounding animal testing have led to an increased focus on developing alternative methods, such as in vitro (test tube) tests using reconstructed human skin models.

Amphipoda is an order of crustaceans characterized by a laterally compressed body and a distinctive jointed swimming leg, making them well-adapted for swimming in open water. They are commonly known as "sand fleas" or "beach fleas," although they are not actually fleas. Amphipods can be found in various aquatic habitats, including marine, freshwater, and brackish environments. Some species live on the seafloor, while others are planktonic or associate with other organisms. They vary greatly in size, ranging from less than a millimeter to over 30 centimeters in length.

The medical definition of 'Amphipoda' is not typically used since amphipods do not have direct relevance to human health or medicine. However, they can serve as bioindicators of environmental quality and may be involved in the transmission of certain diseases between aquatic organisms.

Toxicology is a branch of medical science that deals with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or toxins on living organisms and the environment, including their detection, evaluation, prevention, and treatment. It involves understanding how various substances can cause harm, the doses at which they become toxic, and the factors that influence their toxicity. This field is crucial in areas such as public health, medicine, pharmacology, environmental science, and forensic investigations.

'Artemia' is a genus of aquatic branchiopod crustaceans, also known as brine shrimp. They are commonly found in saltwater environments such as salt lakes and highly saline ponds. Artemia are known for their ability to produce cysts (also called "resting eggs") that can survive extreme environmental conditions, making them an important organism in research related to survival in harsh environments and space exploration.

In a medical context, Artemia is not typically used as a term but may be referenced in scientific studies related to biology, genetics, or astrobiology. The compounds derived from Artemia, such as astaxanthin and other carotenoids, have been studied for their potential health benefits, including antioxidant properties and support for eye and heart health. However, these applications are still under research and not yet considered part of mainstream medical practice.

A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

"Definition of TOXICITY". 30 July 2023. "Toxicity Endpoints & Tests". AltTox.org. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018 ... Toxicity testing also helps calculate the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) dose and is helpful for clinical studies. ... Aquatic toxicity testing subjects key indicator species of fish or crustacea to certain concentrations of a substance in their ... The preclinical toxicity testing on various biological systems reveals the species-, organ- and dose-specific toxic effects of ...
A creatinine blood test and BUN test are usually performed together along with other blood panels for diagnosis. Treatment ... Symptoms of protein toxicity include unexplained vomiting and loss of appetite. Untreated protein toxicity can lead to serious ... The prevalence of protein toxicity cannot be accurately quantified as there are numerous etiologies from which protein toxicity ... causing them to accumulate in the body and lead to toxicity. Although there are many causes of protein toxicity, this condition ...
Tests in animals have indicated a variation in tolerance similar to that found in central nervous system toxicity, as well as ... Of the 6,250 oxygen-tolerance tests performed between 1976 and 1997, only 6 episodes of oxygen toxicity were observed (0.1%). ... Of the 6,250 oxygen-tolerance tests performed between 1976 and 1997, only 6 episodes of oxygen toxicity were observed (0.1%). ... For pulmonary toxicity, time is in hours, and PO2 in atmospheres absolute, TI should be limited to 250. For CNS toxicity, time ...
In addition, models and computer systems that predict toxicity are also cost-effective in comparison to running toxicity tests ... This due to the quantity of industrial chemicals with unknown toxicity, for which individual toxicity testing is not realistic ... 96-hour acute toxicity tests data, FATS data and QSARs to create a computer based expert system that predicts chemical toxicity ... polar compounds have exhibited greater toxicity than predicted by baseline toxicity models. This difference in toxicity between ...
Variants of this test has been used for potable water across the globe, for example by the Cree community of Split Lake, ... Toxicity Assessment. 3 (5): 551-564. doi:10.1002/tox.2540030510. Archived from the original on 2012-12-16. Retrieved 2020-09-09 ... "Portable Water-testing Kit: International Development Research Centre". Archived from the original on December 4, 2007. Suan, ... Gently heat until completely dissolved and distribute 9 mL into test tubes with an inverted Durham tube. Sterilize in an ...
There are several different types of acute toxicity tests. The LD50 ("Lethal Dose 50%") test is used to evaluate the toxicity ... Abbott writes that, as of 2005, "the LD50 acute toxicity test ... still accounts for one-third of all animal [toxicity] tests ... toxicology tests, which gauge acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicity. Acute toxicity is studied by using a rising dose until ... Such tests, which are still conducted in the U.S., involve general toxicity, eye and skin irritancy, phototoxicity (toxicity ...
Toxicity S 2. Interaction S 3. Allergy S 4. Addiction (dependence) S 5. Other side effects S 6. Contraindication S 7. ... Complementary test for treatment control N 7. Administrative activity N 8. On patient request (fears, doubts, wants). S 0. ...
"Toxicity Testing of Dispersants , EPA Response to BP Spill in the Gulf of Mexico , US EPA". Epa.gov. Retrieved 2010-07-01. " ... "Unified Command for the BP Oil Spill , NOAA Conducts Tests to Determine Fate of Whale Found Dead in Gulf of Mexico". ... "EPA's results indicated that none of the eight dispersants tested, including the product in use in the Gulf, displayed ... BP announces plans to have the well testing vessel Toisa Pisces replace the Discoverer Enterprise for bringing oil to the ...
"Toxicity Testing of Dispersants , EPA Response to BP Spill in the Gulf of Mexico , US EPA". Epa.gov. Retrieved 2010-08-03. " ... "Comparative Toxicity of Louisiana Sweet Crude Oil (LSC) and Chemically Dispersed LSC to Two Gulf of Mexico Aquatic Test Species ... "EPA Releases Second Phase of Toxicity Testing Data for Eight Oil Dispersants , Restore the Gulf". App.restorethegulf.gov. ... BP exec Doug Suttles says he would eat seafood from the Gulf saying, "There's been a tremendous amount of testing done by NOAA ...
"Toxicity Testing of Dispersants , EPA Response to BP Spill in the Gulf of Mexico , US EPA". Epa.gov. Retrieved August 3, 2010 ... Conducting the test would have taken 9-12 hours and $128,000. By canceling the cement test BP paid only $10,000. Crew leaves on ... "EPA Releases Second Phase of Toxicity Testing Data for Eight Oil Dispersants , Restore the Gulf". App.restorethegulf.gov. ... Tests begin on testing well integrity. Salazar issues a new moratorium until November 30 on deepwater wells that use a blowout ...
"Nonclinical Juvenile Toxicity Testing". In Hood, R.D. (ed.). Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology: A Practical Approach, ... Early in Holson's career, while at NCTR, he led studies that assessed the developmental toxicity of FD&C Red No. 2, an amaranth ... Holson, J. F.; Stump, D. G.; Pearce, L. B.; Watson, R. E.; DeSesso, J. M. (2015-04-01). "Absence of developmental toxicity in a ... Stump, D. G.; Holson, J. F.; Harris, C.; Pearce, L. B.; Watson, R. E.; DeSesso, J. M. (2015-04-01). "Developmental toxicity in ...
The correct diagnosis is an exclusion diagnosis and can require some tests. The treatment of pulmonary toxicity due to ... Pulmonary toxicity is the medical name for side effects on the lungs. Although most cases of pulmonary toxicity in medicine are ... Within all classes of medicinal drugs that possibly can lead to pulmonary toxicity as a side effect, most pulmonary toxicity is ... Many medicinal drugs can lead to pulmonary toxicity. A few medicinal drugs can lead to pulmonary toxicity frequently (in ...
Animal tests indicate low toxicity. Little is known about chronic effects. For liver toxicity, the 3,4-epoxide are proposed ...
... , also known as safety assessment, or toxicity testing, is the process of determining the degree to which a ... Animal testing for cosmetic purposes is currently banned all across the European Union Toxicity tests examine finished products ... Toxicity tests can also be conducted on materials need to be disposed such as sediment to be disposed in a marine environment. ... Initial toxicity tests often involve computer modelling (in silico) to predict toxicokinetic pathways or to predict potential ...
New Technologies for Toxicity Testing. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. xv. ISBN 978-1-4614-3055-1. "London Gazette Issue ... He is best known for his work on laboratory animal welfare and alternatives to animal testing. Balls was born in 1938 in ... "In recognition of his pioneering work in promoting animal welfare and alternatives to animal testing" Marchig Animal Welfare ... The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology, History of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Academic Press, pp. 95- ...
"Lead Toxicity and Human Health , Bone Lead Testing Facility". labs.icahn.mssm.edu. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2019. " ... aware that children testing higher than the reference level are testing higher than 97.5% of all US children. The CDC expects ... "Lead Toxicity What Are the Physiologic Effects of Lead Exposure?". Retrieved 5 February 2016. Aizer, Anna; Currie, Janet; Simon ... An x-ray fluorescence test provides measurements from the bone because lead is predominantly stored in the human body in ...
"Performance Verification Testing; Rapid Toxicity Monitoring and Detection Systems; Overview and Analysis". Washington, DC: US ... An ATP test is the process of rapidly measuring active microorganisms in water through detection adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ... Approved CWA Microbiological Test Methods. EPA. October 2002. EPA 821-R-02-026. Hanaor, Dorian A. H.; Sorrell, Charles C. (2014 ... Approved CWA Microbiological Test Methods. EPA. 2002. EPA 821-R-02-021. Neogen Corporation, Lansing, MI (2011). "m-Endo Agar ( ...
Nimmo, D. R.; Hamaker, T. L. (1982). "Mysids in toxicity testing - a review". Hydrobiologia. 93 (1-2): 171-178. doi:10.1007/ ... Americamysis bahia and Americamysis almyra are frequently used to test for pesticides and other toxic substances, with A. bahia ...
The Draize test is an acute toxicity test devised in 1944 by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) toxicologists John H. Draize ... Swanston DW: Eye irritancy testing. In: Balls M, Riddell RJ, Warden AN (Eds). Animals and Alternatives in Toxicity Testing. ... The FDA supports the test, stating that "to date, no single test, or battery of tests, has been accepted by the scientific ... Eye irritation testing. OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals. Test guideline 405, Paris. OECD, 1992. Acute skin irritation ...
L?kke, Hans; Gestel, Cornelis A. M. van (May 5, 1998). Handbook of Soil Invertebrate Toxicity Tests. Wiley. ISBN 9780471971030 ...
Marshall, E. (1983). "The murky world of toxicity testing". Science. 220 (4602): 1130-1132. Bibcode:1983Sci...220.1130M. doi: ... Bowman tested the new seeds, and found that, as he had expected, some were resistant to glyphosate. He intentionally replanted ... "Mass Roundup Settlement Could Test the Limits of Tort Law". Walden Consultants LLC. 2019-05-24. Archived from the original on ... "Faking it: The Case against Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories". Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 18 ...
Toxicity Tests for Novarseno-benzene (Neosalvarsan). London, Medical Research Council Special Report No. 128 Hurst, C. C. ( ...
Blood and Biochemical Test Manual; Dermal Toxicity Test Standard Operating Manual; Genetic Toxicology Testing Standard ... For over 20 years, Wang has researched drug and toxicity testing and has experience in new drug development. Since 2001, he has ... Long-Term Toxicity Test Standard Operating Manual; Common Instruments Using Standard Operating Manual; Animal Husbandry ... He has developed test methods, several of which are included in Pharmacology Research Methodology (People's Health Press, 2nd ...
High-Throughput Screening Methods in Toxicity Testing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 107-127. doi:10.1002/9781118538203.ch5. ISBN ... These techniques can be used to assess the success of cell culture techniques, cryopreservation techniques, the toxicity of ... Wusteman MC, Pegg DE, Robinson MP, Wang LH, Fitch P (February 2002). "Vitrification media: toxicity, permeability, and ... but its test cells are diluted in liquid and then kept in liquid through the examination process. The "tadpoling" method can be ...
Marshall, Eliot (1983-06-10). "The murky world of toxicity testing" (PDF). Science. 220 (4602): 1130-1132. Bibcode:1983Sci... ... Marshall, Eliot (1983-06-10). "The murky world of toxicity testing" (PDF). Science. 220 (4602): 1130-1132. Bibcode:1983Sci... ... Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories (IBT Labs) was an American industrial product safety testing laboratory. IBT conducted ... In a number of cases, sick test animals were replaced with healthy ones, resulting in invalid test results.[page needed] In ...
It is classified in toxicity class III. It shows some evidence of toxicity to dogs and cats, such as changes in body weight and ... Tests of carcinogenicity in this range yielded differing results. It is moderately toxic to fish. "Extension Toxicology Network ...
Marshall, Eliot (1983-06-10). "The murky world of toxicity testing" (PDF). Science. 220 (4602): 1130-1132. Bibcode:1983Sci... ... Merrell, Paul (Winter 1981). "The Industrial Bio-Test Caper" (PDF). NCAP News. 2 (3): 2-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on ... "The Scandal in Chemical Testing". The New York Times. 1983-05-16. Retrieved 2012-07-27. The problem was discovered only by ... naproxen largely led to the Food and Drug Administration's uncovering of extensive scientific misconduct by Industrial Bio-Test ...
... for toxicology tests in medicine is an alternative to the LD50 test, in which animals are used for acute toxicity testing. It ... Bruce, R (February 1985). "An up-and-down procedure for acute toxicity testing". Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 5 (1): 151 ... Gaul, Gilbert M. (12 April 2008). "In U.S., Few Alternatives To Testing On Animals". The Washington Post. Dixon, W. J. (1965 ... "Acute Oral Toxicity Up-And-Down-Procedure". US EPA. 2 June 2015. ... v t e (Toxicology tests, All stub articles, Toxicology stubs). ...
"Alternative toxicity test methods: reducing, refining and replacing animal use for safety testing" (PDF). Society of Toxicology ... and computational toxicology could transform toxicity testing from a system based on whole-animal testing to one founded ... Toxicity experiments may be conducted in vivo (using the whole animal) or in vitro (testing on isolated cells or tissues), or ... Toxicity testing is approaching such a scientific pivot point. It is poised to take advantage of the revolutions in biology and ...
A blood or urine test to diagnose overdose is not generally available. CCB overdose may cause high blood sugar levels, and this ... Calcium channel blocker toxicity is the taking of too much of the medications known as calcium channel blockers (CCBs), either ... CCB toxicity can cause a number of electrocardiogram abnormalities with a low sinus rhythm being the most common. Others ... The medical management of CCB toxicity may be difficult. It may not improve with the usual treatments used for a low blood ...
encoded search term (Orellanine Mushroom Toxicity) and Orellanine Mushroom Toxicity What to Read Next on Medscape ... Other Tests. A 12-lead electrocardiogram is useful if hyperkalemia or other comorbidity is suspected. ... Improved Tissue-Based Analytical Test Methods for Orellanine, a Biomarker of Cortinarius Mushroom Intoxication. Toxins (Basel) ... A reference lab may be able to test for orellanine if a food specimen is available. ...
Pulmonary function tests.. Other tests and procedures that are sometimes used to diagnose asbestos-associated diseases by ... Screening Pulmonary Function Tests. Screening pulmonary function tests are useful for finding restrictive deficits most ... Pulmonary Function Test Results Associated with Asbestos-related Diseases. Asbestos-Associated Disease. Findings. ... Other tests that can be useful include BAL, lung biopsy, and colon cancer screening. ...
This revised Test Guideline 413 (TG 413) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route ... It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 10 ... and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test ... Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is ...
Mouse toxicity (or weight gain) test. [back] Medical tests [back] Vivisection [back] Medical study ploys ... Thats it! Im not making this up!.......The only toxicity test required for the initial licensing of the DPT vaccine in the ... Drug manufacturers and the FDA have known since at least the early 1960s that the mouse toxicity test bears little relation to ... After more than 40 years of submitting pertussis vaccine to the mouse toxicity test, children are still dying and being brain- ...
Feds Agree to Toxicity Tests That Cut Animal Testing. The NIH and EPA commit to exploring new technologies designed to phase ... The agencies are hoping to coordinate their resources to better identify toxicity pathways, select chemicals for testing, ... They stressed that they plan to move quickly to test the new technology and reduce animal testing as soon and as much as ... information and other resources that will improve the toxicity testing of chemical compounds used in food, medicine and other ...
Liver function tests, because elevated liver enzyme levels, hepatitis, and hyperammonemia may be noted with chronic toxicity ... encoded search term (Carbamazepine Toxicity) and Carbamazepine Toxicity What to Read Next on Medscape ... Carbamazepine Toxicity Workup. Updated: Sep 05, 2023 * Author: Muhammad Waseem, MBBS, MS, FAAP, FACEP, FAHA; Chief Editor: ... The severity of toxicity is assessed on the basis of the clinical status and not only the serum carbamazepine concentration. ...
Quanterix, Partners Develop PCR-Free miRNA Detection Method for Liver Toxicity Testing Jul 18, 2017 , Justin Petrone ... Clinicians currently rely on another PCR-based test for the alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme to diagnose liver toxicity, noted ... Germany to Test Genomics-Based Precision Medicine for Cancer, Rare Disease in National Pilot Project Premium ... And for scientists at the University of Edinburgh, it offers the hope of introducing miRNA testing that is faster than PCR and ...
"Toxicity Tests" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Toxicity Tests" was a major or minor topic of ... An array of tests used to determine the toxicity of a substance to living systems. These include tests on clinical drugs, foods ... "Toxicity Tests" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Engineering spatial-organized cardiac organoids for developmental toxicity testing. Stem Cell Reports. 2021 05 11; 16(5):1228- ...
Researchers are developing an irritant test for mascara using the organism protozoa which could be used as an effective ... Mascara is a mild irritant which, despite the animal testing ban in Europe, has been tested on animals around the world to test ... Scientists develop alternative toxicity test for mascara. By Andrew MCDOUGALL 07-Jan-2014. - Last updated on 07-Jan-2014 at 11: ... Testing​. The scientists from the Universitys Institute of Integrative Biology were able to examine potential toxicity caused ...
Six-pack of animal tests The US Environmental Protection Agency is working to replace these in vivo animal tests with nonanimal ... US EPA struggles to replace animal tests for pesticide toxicity Nonanimal approaches have been available for years, but ... The US Environmental Protection Agency is working to reduce the number of animals used in testing the acute toxicity of ... For example, the agency would consider waiving acute oral toxicity tests when a chemical exists as a vapor or gas. ...
1.6 Uses of Sediment Toxicity Tests-Toxicity tests conducted on sediments collected from field locations can be used to: (1) ... Results of toxicity tests with test materials spiked into sediments at different concentrations may be reported in terms of a ... As for effluent tests, direct testing of sediment toxicity allows the assessment of biological effects even if: (1) the ... 1.5 Understanding the Causes of Sediment Toxicity-While direct testing of sediment toxicity has the advantage of being able to ...
To study their neurodevelopmental toxicity, we evaluated the ha … ... Due to their neurodevelopmental toxicity, flame retardants (FRs) like polybrominated diphenyl ethers are banned from the market ... Neurodevelopmental toxicity assessment of flame retardants using a human DNT in vitro testing battery Cell Biol Toxicol. 2022 ... To study their neurodevelopmental toxicity, we evaluated the hazard of several FRs including phased-out polybrominated FRs and ...
... but it also provides an early testing technique that could help the industry continue to move forward. ... a clear emergence of toxicity - in nanomaterial product formulations, ... New testing finds synergistic combination leads to toxicity in nanomaterials. (Nanowerk News) A new study finds reason for ... "This isnt the first time that people have seen mixture toxicity, but it does remind us that two safe things mixed together ...
The standard acute toxicity tests were conducted on juvenile shrimp and small fish that are found in the gulf and are commonly ... EPAs results indicate that the eight dispersants tested have similar toxicities to one another when mixed with Louisiana Sweet ... used in toxicity testing. The tests were conducted on mixtures of Louisiana Sweet Crude Oil and eight different dispersant ... The same eight dispersants were used during EPAs first round of independent toxicity testing. ...
21st century approaches to toxicity testing, biomonitoring, and risk assessment. Start date: 16 Jun. 2008 ... The emergence and rapid development of new tools for biomonitoring and toxicity testing can provide a significant opportunity ... 2. Advanced technologies - Evaluating the applications of advanced methods in toxicity testing/molecular screening using ... toxicity testing, exposure science, and the interpretation of biomonitoring data. ...
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... This record is part of a dataset collected by the EU ... thus providing a relevant means for acute and sub-chronic toxicity testing in human tissue cells. iCell Cardiomyocytes exhibit ... The PREPARE Guidelines for Planning Animal Research and Testing. International Webinars and Meetings Calendar. Creating a ... and hepatocytes as tools for early and robust toxicity detection. Procedures for implementing iPSC-derived cell types in your ...
Andar, Abhay U. (2010) Development of a microfluidic device to test nanoparticle toxicity. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. ... Miniaturisation helps reduce the use of test solutions and allow the development of high throughput screening devices for ...
N2: Assessment of nanoparticle specific effects in environmental toxicity testing - Deadline: August 31, 2008. Background. ... All projectsHuman HealthIntelligent testingComplex environmentsAcceptance of technology. *Toolbox All ToolsHuman Health ... Currently accepted testing strategies must be evaluated, supplemented and improved where possible to address nano specific ... in test media and in the environment remains a critical area where research is lacking. ...
Ontology-driven and artificial intelligence-based repeated dose toxicity testing of chemicals for next generation risk ... "Ontology-driven and artificial intelligence-based repeated dose toxicity testing of chemicals for next generation risk ... "Ontology-driven and artificial intelligence-based repeated dose toxicity testing of chemicals for next generation risk ... Data gaps, as identified by AI, will be filled by targeted state-of-the-art in vitro and in silico testing.The 6 NAMs will be ...
A fire test is a means of determining whether fire protection products meet minimum performance criteria as set out in a ... EPC Products Material Testing Equipment Fire Testing Reaction to Fire Tests FTIR Toxicity Test ... Model:FTIR Toxicity Test. Use:FTT FTIR is an advanced FTIR gas analyser used for continuous gas monitoring in conjunction with ... Civil Engineering Testing Instruments Material Testing Equipment Device Diagnostic Tool Transducer & Data logger Education ...
... findings of its task force regarding opportunities for application of the 3Rs in the area of acute systemic toxicity testing. ... Deletion of requirements for acute testing by the dermal route for chemicals and agrochemical/biocide active substances and ... The report and recommendations of the acute toxicity workshop will be published shortly on the EPAA website. ... On 16 September, the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) convened a cross-sector workshop ...
Accelerating Global Deletion of the Abnormal Toxicity Test. Planning common next steps.. Organised by AFSA/HSI and EFPIA in ... Accelerating Global Deletion of the Abnormal Toxicity Test. Planning common next steps. Virtual event ... Accelerating Global Deletion of the Abnormal Toxicity Test. Planning common next steps. ... to reach a shared agreement on further concrete actions to make the deletion of the test a global concrete achievement.. ...
Melanosome binding and oxidation-reduction properties of synthetic L-dopa-melanin as in vitro tests for drug toxicity.. I ... Melanosome binding and oxidation-reduction properties of synthetic L-dopa-melanin as in vitro tests for drug toxicity.. I ... Melanosome binding and oxidation-reduction properties of synthetic L-dopa-melanin as in vitro tests for drug toxicity.. I ... Melanosome binding and oxidation-reduction properties of synthetic L-dopa-melanin as in vitro tests for drug toxicity. ...
Developmental toxicity testing of the fume condensate extracts of bitumen and oxidized asphalt in a series of in vitro ... Developmental toxicity testing of the fume condensate extracts of bitumen and oxidized asphalt in a series of in vitro ...
Digitalis toxicity can be a side effect of digitalis therapy. It may occur when you take too much of the drug at one time. It ... Digitalis toxicity can be a side effect of digitalis therapy. It may occur when you take too much of the drug at one time. It ... Blood tests should also be done to check for conditions that make this toxicity more common. ... A low level of potassium in the body can increase the risk of digitalis toxicity. Digitalis toxicity may also develop in people ...
... oral toxicity, chronic toxicity, toxicity of residues on foliage, and field and tunnel colony toxicity levels. Questions not ... EPA Posts New FAQs on Honeybee Toxicity Testing for Registrants and Contract Laboratories Lisa M. Campbell Lara A. Hall, MS, ... for registrants and contract laboratories conducting honeybee toxicity testing. EPA states that these FAQs are "made up of ... The FAQs include general study questions and questions related to specific kinds of contact toxicity, ...
Animals, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Nitro Compounds, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polystyrenes, Toxicity Tests ... Quantitation and prediction of sorptive losses during toxicity testing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and nitrated ... Quantitation and prediction of sorptive losses during toxicity testing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and nitrated ... Quantitation and prediction of sorptive losses during toxicity testing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and nitrated ...
... tests are conducted to measure a chemicals capacity to cause harm or death within two weeks of a ... Animal Tests Mammalian acute systemic toxicity tests are commonly conducted on rats. A chemicals toxicity is predicted based ... Non-Animal Tests. Mammalian acute systemic toxicity can be studied using computer models or human cells that assess the actions ... Acute systemic toxicity tests are conducted to measure a chemicals capacity to cause harm or death within two weeks of a ...
... significant toxicity (p , 0.05) was observed for CH-SPIONs at 300 and 400 mg L−1. The Raphanus sativa plant assay tests showed ... The toxicity of SPIONs was evaluated using Artemia salina as model aquatic organisms and Raphanus sativus and Lactuca sativa as ... this is the first report to compare the toxicity of chemically and biogenically synthesized SPIONs. In conclusion, although BS- ... This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) synthesized by biogenic (BS) ...
  • He added that the effort-designed to expand the use of in vitro testing of human cells and cellular components to identify chemicals with toxic effects-represents the 'birth of a new approach to a crucial problem in public health. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The agencies are hoping to coordinate their resources to better identify toxicity pathways, select chemicals for testing, analyze and interpret data, and promote their findings to scientific and regulatory communities. (scientificamerican.com)
  • This is expected to generate data more relevant to humans, expand the number of chemicals tested and reduce the time, money and number of animals involved in current lab studies. (scientificamerican.com)
  • But they acknowledged that some animal testing will continue at least until the technology proves its mettle in large-scale studies or until Congress passes a substance regulation act similar to the European Union's (E.U.) Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals, or ( REACH ), which regulates chemicals and their safe use. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Putative adverse outcome pathways for female reproductive disorders to improve testing and regulation of chemicals. (harvard.edu)
  • The EPA is evaluating whether an equation that sums the hazards of individual chemicals can replace the animal test for formulations and mixtures. (acs.org)
  • 5.2 The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. (astm.org)
  • 1 ) determine the relationship between toxic effects and bioavailability, ( 2 ) investigate interactions among chemicals, ( 3 ) compare the sensitivities of different organisms, ( 4 ) determine spatial and temporal distribution of contamination, ( 5 ) evaluate hazards of dredged material, ( 6 ) measure toxicity as part of product licensing or safety testing, ( 7 ) rank areas for clean up, and ( 8 ) estimate the effectiveness of remediation or management practices. (astm.org)
  • 5.3 Results of toxicity tests on sediments spiked at different concentrations of chemicals can be used to establish cause and effect relationships between chemicals and biological responses. (astm.org)
  • The technique harnesses molecular design principles to produce safer chemicals, reduce toxicity and minimize waste. (nanowerk.com)
  • Deletion of requirements for acute testing by the dermal route for chemicals and agrochemical/biocide active substances and formulations. (ecopa.eu)
  • Some plants contain chemicals that can cause symptoms similar to digitalis toxicity if they are eaten. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For example, a study examining almost 2,500 chemicals showed that, when repeated, the oral animal test failed to produce the same result 40% of the time. (peta.org)
  • Mammalian acute systemic toxicity can be studied using computer models or human cells that assess the actions of toxic chemicals at the cellular level. (peta.org)
  • For acute inhalation toxicity, three-dimensional models constructed from human cells (such as those from Epithelix Sàrl ) can be used to study the effects of chemicals on specific parts of the lung. (peta.org)
  • Abstract In silico toxicology is one type of toxicity assessment that uses computational methods to visualize, analyze, simulate, and predict the toxicity of chemicals. (sciencegate.app)
  • In light of European legislation such as Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) and the Cosmetics Regulation, in silico methods for predicting chemical toxicity have become increasingly important and used extensively worldwide e.g., in the USA, Canada, Japan, and Australia. (sciencegate.app)
  • Abstract Safety evaluation for medical devices includes the toxicity assessment of chemicals used in device manufacturing, cleansing and/or sterilization that may leach into a patient. (sciencegate.app)
  • According to international standards on biocompatibility assessments (ISO 10993), chemicals that could be released from medical devices should be evaluated for their potential to induce skin sensitization/allergenicity, and one of the commonly used approaches is the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). (sciencegate.app)
  • Corrosive chemicals possess physical toxicity because they destroy tissues, but are not directly poisonous unless they interfere directly with biological activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • From the regulatory point of view, the main objective of acute toxicity testing is basically to classify chemicals according to their intrinsic toxicity as required by the EEC directive on the classification, packaging, and labelling of dangerous substances (Council Directive 67/548/EEC and subsequent amendments). (qima-lifesciences.com)
  • Heavy metals toxicity may be caused due to the increasing level of chemicals and pollution. (euromedclinicdubai.com)
  • Do not apply any dying agents to your hair for at least eight months before the test, as such products include chemicals. (euromedclinicdubai.com)
  • ONTOX will deliver a generic strategy to create innovative new approach methodologies to predict systemic repeated dose toxicity effects that, when combined with tailored exposure assessment, will enable human risk assessment. (fhi.no)
  • On 16 September, the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) convened a cross-sector workshop in Brussels to examine the findings of its task force regarding opportunities for application of the 3Rs in the area of acute systemic toxicity testing. (ecopa.eu)
  • Acute systemic toxicity tests are conducted to measure a chemical's capacity to cause harm or death within two weeks of a single, short-term exposure. (peta.org)
  • Mammalian acute systemic toxicity tests are commonly conducted on rats. (peta.org)
  • For example, for acute dermal toxicity, three-dimensional reconstructed human skin models can be used first to determine whether a substance will penetrate the skin, which is necessary for a substance to cause systemic (dermal) toxicity. (peta.org)
  • To assess the acute systemic toxicity of products comprising a number of different ingredients, the GHS additivity equation can be used to consider the individual toxicity values of each ingredient to predict the overall toxicity of the product. (peta.org)
  • PETA scientists have hosted workshops and webinars, published articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, and organized funding and testing studies with the goal of developing strategies to replace animal use in acute systemic toxicity testing. (peta.org)
  • No abnormalities in clinical signs, terminal body and organ weights, or hematologic and serum chemistry were noted, and no gross or histopathologic lesions of systemic tissue toxicity were found in any treatment group at any time point studied. (hindawi.com)
  • In conclusion, a single intramuscular dose of C4 produced no acute or chronic systemic toxicity or inflammation in rats, suggesting that C4 may be toxicologically safe for clinical use in cancer brachytherapy. (hindawi.com)
  • Further, whether leakage of the C4 solution from the capsules after prostate brachytherapy would potentiate systemic inflammatory effects or produce acute or chronic toxicity is unknown. (hindawi.com)
  • The fluoride ion, which penetrates tissues deeply, can cause both local cellular destruction and systemic toxicity and is readily absorbed through both intact and damaged skin. (cdc.gov)
  • One of the primary ways to test the toxicology of a compound has been to inject it into a lab animal, see if the animal gets sick, and then conduct an autopsy to observe the damage done to their internal organs. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Marinco Bioassay Laboratory, Inc. performs whole effluent toxicity testing (environmental toxicology) on industrial and municipal wastewater (effluent) discharges that are regulated by NPDES permits . (toxicitylab.com)
  • IIRT (Institute For Industrial Research & Toxicology) is a prominent name in toxicity testing laboratories. (iirt.in)
  • The core of the idea is to extract reproducible results on general toxicology, teratogenicity, cardio-, neuro- and hepato- toxicity from microscope images of zebrafish embryos and to automatize the entire process of treatment, image acquisition and analysis. (zeclinics.com)
  • Melanosome binding and oxidation-reduction properties of synthetic L-dopa-melanin as in vitro tests for drug toxicity. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The implications of melanin binding with respect to drug toxicity are discussed in the light of the present observations. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Drug toxicity is a key reason for drug candidate rejection. (home.pl)
  • Therefore, we can offer our clients a cheap and predictive drug toxicity analysis of novel potential medicines, making more attractive the Replacement of mammal models by zebrafish. (zeclinics.com)
  • The FAQs include general study questions and questions related to specific kinds of contact toxicity, oral toxicity, chronic toxicity, toxicity of residues on foliage, and field and tunnel colony toxicity levels. (lawbc.com)
  • For acute oral toxicity, there are computational models such as CATMoS (the Collaborative Acute Toxicity Modeling Suite) that can predict toxicity following oral consumption of a substance. (peta.org)
  • The scientists from the University's Institute of Integrative Biology were able to examine potential toxicity caused by mascara, based on the growth of the protozoa when placed in experimental chambers containing the cosmetic. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
  • Identifying potential toxicity at an early stage in drug discovery can save both time and developmental costs, and most importantly reduce the likelihood of late stage failure. (home.pl)
  • Although the composition of the materials being burned is well studied, the resulting chemistry and potential toxicity of the emissions are not. (nih.gov)
  • Similar to shorter repeated dose toxicity study designs, the purpose of chronic and subchronic toxicity study is to further test the hypotheses regarding mode of action, predict the health effects of your therapeutic entity in human exposure, identify target organs, further characterize the dose-response relationship, and identify a dose level that does not demonstrate adverse effects with chronic or subchronic use. (altasciences.com)
  • Accordingly, it is our objective to always provide the most comprehensive and regulatory-compliant chronic and subchronic toxicity study reports to better support your clinical trials. (altasciences.com)
  • Genotoxicity test and subchronic toxicity study with Superba™ krill oil in rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • The safety of krill oil was assessed in a subchronic toxicity study and in a genotoxicity test . (bvsalud.org)
  • This Test Guideline allows the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, interim sacrifices, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical. (oecd.org)
  • Many different types of in silico methods have been developed to characterize the toxicity of chemical materials and predict their catastrophic consequences to humans and the environment. (sciencegate.app)
  • This revised Test Guideline 413 (TG 413) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a period of 90 days, and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. (oecd.org)
  • Although in utero exposure to carbamazepine has not been associated with adverse neuropsychological function, it has been associated with reduced verbal abilities.Therefore, a urine pregnancy test should be obtained on adolescent girls and women and if they are pregnant they should be counseled as to the possible effects of carbamazepine on the development of the fetus. (medscape.com)
  • Posters were presented from current research conducted in Europe, the United States, and Canada, displaying projects related to genomics, toxicity testing, exposure science, and the interpretation of biomonitoring data. (cefic-lri.org)
  • Excessive sun exposure doesn't cause vitamin D toxicity. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Beryllium toxicity is more common in people who work with beryllium as part of their employment who have the greater risk of developing health issues from beryllium.People with only infrequent exposure to beryllium may still develop health effects. (labtestfromhome.com)
  • Children who have eaten the recalled products or have other suspected sources of lead exposure should be tested. (cdc.gov)
  • Details on the available acute oral and dermal toxicity studies are provided in Tables 7 and 8 . (canada.ca)
  • Although concentrations higher than 1 mg/L are generally associated with toxicity, deaths have been reported with blood levels of 0.1-20.9 mg/L. Because of this wide range of toxicity, quantitative blood levels of cocaine or metabolites are generally not clinically useful. (medscape.com)
  • We tend to additionally give a range of toxicity testing services. (iirt.in)
  • The EPA waived the test for formulations in 2016, saying that information from acute oral tests was sufficient. (acs.org)
  • The synergistic, or multiplicative effect, was discovered when using a new delivery system while testing nanomaterials, the four-member research team noted in a paper in ACS Nano ( 'Synergistic Toxicity Produced by Mixtures of Biocompatible Gold Nanoparticles and Widely Used Surfactants' ). (nanowerk.com)
  • The new study found an 88 percent mortality rate of zebrafish embryos exposed to gold nanoparticles mixed with polysorbate 20, whereas pipette delivery of the nanoparticles alone resulted in just 3 percent toxicity. (nanowerk.com)
  • In the project, the researchers re-examined the toxicity of nanoparticles that had been studied as part of the Safer Nanomaterials and Nanomanufacturing Initiative, which was funded by the Air Force Research Laboratory. (nanowerk.com)
  • As increasing amounts of surfactants were added, the researchers observed that the particles diffused more slowly because the surfactant assembles on the outside of the gold nanoparticles, leading to both increased uptake and toxicity, driven by surface structure, in the zebrafish. (nanowerk.com)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) synthesized by biogenic (BS) and chemical (CH) routes. (mdpi.com)
  • In this study, a boiling-stable 31-kDa protein (namely GP) was purified from licorice and self-assembled into nanoparticles (206.2 ± 2.0 nm) at pH 5.0, 25 °C. The aconitine-encapsulated GP nanoparticles (238.2 ± 1.2 nm) were prepared following the same procedure and tested for its toxicity by intraperitoneal injection on ICR mouse ( n = 8). (springer.com)
  • Encapsulation of poisonous alkaloids into self-assembled herbal protein nanoparticles contributes to toxicity attenuation of combined use of herbs, implying a prototype nanostructure and a universal principle for the safer clinical applications of herbal medicines. (springer.com)
  • The ephedrine alkaloid-containing colloidal nanoparticles discovered in another licorice containing Chinese medicinal decoction [ 12 ] imply that licorice root proteins would hypothetically interact with aconitine to form aggregates thereafter affecting the toxicity. (springer.com)
  • Engineering spatial-organized cardiac organoids for developmental toxicity testing. (harvard.edu)
  • Developmental toxicity testing of the fume condensate extracts of bitumen and oxidized asphalt in a series of in vitro alternative assays. (stembook.org)
  • The data from developmental toxicity experiments usually are very difficult to analyze statistically because of the lack of independence among littermates and the random nature of the litter size. (psu.edu)
  • Chinchilli, VM & Clark, BC 1989, ' Trend tests for proportional responses in developmental toxicity experiments ', Environmental health perspectives , vol. 79, pp. 217-221. (psu.edu)
  • Risk of environmental impact cannot be excluded, due to the lack of environmental toxicity data. (janusinfo.se)
  • iCell Hepatocytes 2.0 maintain appropriate function longer than existing models and over extended culture periods, thus providing a relevant means for acute and sub-chronic toxicity testing in human tissue cells. (norecopa.no)
  • What are the differences between acute WET tests and chronic WET tests? (toxicitylab.com)
  • Acute tests measure how well organisms survive, while chronic tests measure survival and sub-lethal effects, such as a sample's effect on organism growth, reproduction, or fecundity ( WET test methods ). (toxicitylab.com)
  • Short-term chronic tests run for about seven (7) days. (toxicitylab.com)
  • Chronic toxicity: No data. (janusinfo.se)
  • This sort of 'high-throughput' testing will enable researchers to generate more data relevant to humans, and at the same time reduce the amount of animal experimentation. (scientificamerican.com)
  • 2. Advanced technologies - Evaluating the applications of advanced methods in toxicity testing/molecular screening using genomics and high-throughput testing/screening in the context of systems biology. (cefic-lri.org)
  • Miniaturisation helps reduce the use of test solutions and allow the development of high throughput screening devices for biological applications (Beebe, 2002). (gla.ac.uk)
  • Such tests can be streamlined and carried out in a high-throughput fashion, therefore eliminating the toxic compounds at the early stages of drug development. (home.pl)
  • In parallel, in vitro metabolomics is a promising approach that can help accelerate the transition from animal models to high-throughput cell-based models in toxicity testing. (sciencegate.app)
  • Researchers are developing an irritant test for mascara using the organism protozoa which could be used as an effective replacement for animal testing across the world. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
  • A bioassay test determines the relative strength of a substance by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. (toxicitylab.com)
  • Toxic response, notably when accompanied by erratic or inverted data, may also be a by-product of poor test organism health or poor laboratory techniques. (toxicitylab.com)
  • At our Toxicity testing lab we can test the degree to which a substance can damage a living organism. (iirt.in)
  • Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). (wikipedia.org)
  • The biological toxicity of pathogens can be difficult to measure because the threshold dose may be a single organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Toxicity can be measured by its effects on the target (organism, organ, tissue or cell). (wikipedia.org)
  • People who take prescription-strength vitamin D are at risk for vitamin D toxicity due to the high dose of the medication unless they check their levels periodically. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • One of the models proposed by Van Ryzin is invoked to construct a test of trend (dose response). (psu.edu)
  • The trend test based on isotonic regression is relatively straightforward to calculate, and when the number of dose groups (including control) is four or less, the significance of the observed results is easily determined. (psu.edu)
  • Because individuals typically have different levels of response to the same dose of a toxic substance, a population-level measure of toxicity is often used which relates the probabilities of an outcome for a given individual in a population. (wikipedia.org)
  • For further assessment of whether a patient has a restrictive abnormality and asbestosis, additional, more specialized tests may be required. (cdc.gov)
  • Data gaps, as identified by AI, will be filled by targeted state-of-the-art in vitro and in silico testing.The 6 NAMs will be evaluated and applied in collaboration with industrial and regulatory stakeholders in order to maximise end-user acceptance and regulatory confidence.This is anticipated to expedite implementation in risk assessment practice and to facilitate commercialisation. (fhi.no)
  • EPA states that these FAQs are "made up of responses to inquiries EPA commonly receives about protocols used to generate honeybee toxicity data for submission in support of pesticide registration," and are "meant to complement the Agency's existing Pollinator Risk Assessment Guidance and increase the transparency and clarity of the risk assessment process. (lawbc.com)
  • We expect that PreSS/MD will be used by both researchers and regulatory agencies to support safety assessment for medical devices and help replace, reduce or refine the use of animals in toxicity testing. (sciencegate.app)
  • We offer a variety of health assessment tests that are easily and safely done from the privacy of your home. (labtestfromhome.com)
  • The results obtained from this study, and the routine application of this test to real industrial samples can be used to make a predictive assessment of the inhibitory effects of heavy metals in biological treatment units. (deu.edu.tr)
  • Screening pulmonary function tests are useful for finding restrictive deficits most commonly associated with asbestosis (see table). (cdc.gov)
  • The standard acute toxicity tests were conducted on juvenile shrimp and small fish that are found in the gulf and are commonly used in toxicity testing. (wwdmag.com)
  • Commonly available over-the-counter drug test kits may help exclude a suspected case of illicit drug toxicosis. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Most commonly, effluent from industrial or municipal wastewater discharges are tested. (toxicitylab.com)
  • Acute tests are run for twenty-four (24) hours, forty-eight (48) hours, or most commonly in Florida for ninety-six (96) hours. (toxicitylab.com)
  • Testing laboratory staff inject vaccine into the abdomens of mice, then weigh them regularly. (whale.to)
  • Ice should cover the top of the samples so that the samples arrive at the testing laboratory cold and within the temperature constraints (usually 0 to 4°C). Blue ice packs DO NOT keep the sample temperature low enough and should not be used. (toxicitylab.com)
  • At our highly advanced toxicity testing laboratory in India wherein we carry out all kinds of toxicity testing and topological research work. (iirt.in)
  • Developing zebrafish are increasingly being used for rapid assessments of chemical toxicity, and these assays are frequently conducted in multi-well plastic plates. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The US Environmental Protection Agency is working to replace these in vivo animal tests with nonanimal alternatives to categorize the toxicity of pesticides. (acs.org)
  • Toxicity of the NPs was tested in vivo in comparison to pure aconitine, aconite, and licorice root decoction and reported here. (springer.com)
  • However, whether phosphorylation at these residues enhances or protects against α-syn toxicity in vivo remains unknown. (jneurosci.org)
  • Together, our data demonstrate, for the first time, that mimicking phosphorylation at S87 inhibits α-syn aggregation and protects against α-syn-induced toxicity in vivo , suggesting that phosphorylation at this residue would play an important role in controlling α-syn neuropathology. (jneurosci.org)
  • demonstrated that overexpression of parkin protects against α-syn-induced toxicity by reducing the levels of both pS87 and pS129 in vivo , suggesting that phosphorylation at these residues is a pathological event. (jneurosci.org)
  • Substitution of non-lethal endpoints (e.g. 'evident toxicity') in place of conventional acute lethality studies. (ecopa.eu)
  • Newer paradigms and metrics are evolving to bypass animal testing, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints. (wikipedia.org)
  • The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. (astm.org)
  • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released peer reviewed results from the second phase of its independent toxicity testing on mixtures of eight oil dispersants with Louisiana Sweet Crude Oil. (wwdmag.com)
  • The results also indicate that dispersant-oil mixtures are generally no more toxic to the aquatic test species than oil alone. (wwdmag.com)
  • The tests were conducted on mixtures of Louisiana Sweet Crude Oil and eight different dispersant products found on the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule-Dispersit SPC 1000, Nokomis 3-F4, Nokomis 3-AA, ZI-400, SAFRON Gold, Sea Brat #4, Corexit 9500 A and JD 2000. (wwdmag.com)
  • Oil alone had similar toxicity to mysid shrimp as the dispersant-oil mixtures, with exception of the mixture of Nokomis 3-AA and oil, which was found to be more toxic than oil. (wwdmag.com)
  • However, lower initial serum levels do not necessarily indicate a benign course and the patient still needs to be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of significant toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • Contact your provider if you are taking a digitalis medicine and you have symptoms of toxicity. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What are the symptoms of vitamin D toxicity? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The symptoms of vitamin D toxicity are mainly due to hypercalcemia. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The severity of toxicity is assessed on the basis of the clinical status and not only the serum carbamazepine concentration. (medscape.com)
  • How well a person does depends on the severity of the toxicity and if it has caused an irregular heart rhythm. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hence the purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential inflammatory toxicity of C4 in the target organs and systemically. (hindawi.com)
  • In the optimized ZeGlobalTox, the number of zebrafish larvae to test the 3 organs toxicity has been 20. (zeclinics.com)
  • In some cases, the toxicants or cause of toxicity can be found occurring naturally within the environment. (toxicitylab.com)
  • This collaboration is a milestone because it gives us the ability to apply a new generation of approaches to determining toxicities. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Increased international harmonisation of data requirements toward best practices to ensure timely uptake of 3Rs approaches and mutual recognition of test results among both existing and emerging markets. (ecopa.eu)
  • Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests. (astm.org)
  • The scientists were unable to provide a specific time frame for when the technology might produce significant results or predict how many fewer animals would be used in testing if their effort is a success. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Additionally, the cell-based neutral red uptake cytotoxicity test and the human cell-based AcutoX test can help predict if a substance is not toxic. (peta.org)
  • The EPA began accepting two in vitro tests for antimicrobial cleaning products in 2012. (acs.org)
  • The 'scientists' inject the vaccine to be tested into the stomachs of baby mice. (whale.to)
  • Animal testing has always been a sore point for scientists and animal-rights advocates, following some high-profile cases of mistreatment of lab animals, such as monkeys discovered in 1981 at the Institute for Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Md., in deplorable conditions. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Scientists present at the news conference agreed that animal testing has yielded some important medical breakthroughs. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The new research model would allow scientists to test 100,000 compounds in 1,500 different concentrations in about two days compared with years if the testing was done on animals. (scientificamerican.com)
  • And for scientists at the University of Edinburgh, it offers the hope of introducing miRNA testing that is faster than PCR and less expensive than next-generation sequencing. (genomeweb.com)
  • Now, scientists from the University of Liverpool claim to have developed a cheaper and more reliable test involving miniscule protozoa, which will remove animal cruelty from the equation. (cosmeticsdesign-europe.com)
  • Groups of at least 10 male and 10 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 90 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). (oecd.org)
  • Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test chemical. (oecd.org)
  • Top officials from the U.S. National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) and Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) Thursday announced a five-year deal promising to share technology, information and other resources that will improve the toxicity testing of chemical compounds used in food, medicine and other products using robots rather than lab animals. (scientificamerican.com)
  • With acute carbamazepine toxicity, ultrasonography may reveal chemical pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • The result is a dynamic chemistry approach that relies on a chemical, rather than enzymatic, method for nucleic acid testing. (genomeweb.com)
  • Similar concentrations of a chemical in units of mass of chemical per mass of sediment dry weight often exhibit a range in toxicity in different sediments (Di Toro et al. (astm.org)
  • Toxicity can be caused by chemical, physical, or biological factors or a combination thereof. (toxicitylab.com)
  • Chlorine, a chemical used for disinfection, and ammonia, a by-product of waste, are common causes of toxicity. (toxicitylab.com)
  • The primary emissions and smoke condensates were analyzed for a standardized suite of chemical species, and the condensates were studied for pulmonary toxicity in female CD-1 mice and mutagenic activity in Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay using the frameshift strain TA98 and the base-substitution strain TA100 with and without metabolic activation (S9 from rat liver). (nih.gov)
  • These findings will provide a better understanding of the complex chemical and combustion temperature factors that determine toxicity of burn pit smoke and its potential health risks at military bases. (nih.gov)
  • We offer conducting cytotoxicity tests of different compounds, both on BALB cell line and Human primary cancer cell lines , which allow to evaluate the biological response to a material intended for use. (home.pl)
  • Tests with larval fish or Mysidopsis require an additional couple of days of further analysis to determine and analyze the growth parameter of the test. (toxicitylab.com)
  • Due to their neurodevelopmental toxicity, flame retardants (FRs) like polybrominated diphenyl ethers are banned from the market and replaced by alternative FRs, like organophosphorus FRs, that have mostly unknown toxicological profiles. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, the toxicological effect of changes in ENP size, surface area, and behaviour (dispersion, aggregation, agglomeration, etc.) in test media and in the environment remains a critical area where research is lacking. (cefic-lri.org)
  • An array of tests used to determine the toxicity of a substance to living systems. (harvard.edu)
  • At Altasciences, we understand that subchronic toxicity studies provide conclusions about the long-term effects of a test substance in animals and humans. (altasciences.com)
  • If you take too much supplemental or prescription vitamin D, it can lead to vitamin D toxicity. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • What is vitamin D toxicity? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Vitamin D toxicity (hypervitaminosis D) happens when you have too much vitamin D in your body. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Vitamin D toxicity usually isn't life-threatening, but it can be quite harmful to your health. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Vitamin D toxicity typically only happens from taking too much of a vitamin D supplement or prescription medication. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • How common is vitamin D toxicity? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • What causes vitamin D toxicity? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Vitamin D toxicity most often results from taking too much prescription-strength vitamin D or too much of an over-the-counter vitamin D supplement. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • If you're taking a vitamin D supplement, you should periodically get blood work to test your level of vitamin D. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Consuming too much vitamin D from your diet alone very rarely leads to vitamin D toxicity. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • What are the risk factors for vitamin D toxicity? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • How is vitamin D toxicity diagnosed? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Vitamin D blood tests. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • How is vitamin D toxicity treated? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Treatment for vitamin D toxicity mainly involves lowering the level of calcium in your blood. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • How can I prevent vitamin D toxicity? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Usually, vitamin D toxicity results from taking excessive amounts. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Diagnosis is typically based on elevated blood levels of 25(OH)D. Treatment consists of stopping vitamin D , restricting dietary calcium, restoring intravascular volume deficits, and, if toxicity is severe, giving corticosteroids or bisphosphonates. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Because synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (the most active metabolite of vitamin D ) is tightly regulated, vitamin D toxicity usually occurs only if excessive doses (prescription or megavitamin) are taken. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Vitamin D 1000 mcg (40,000 units)/day causes toxicity within 1 to 4 months in infants. (merckmanuals.com)
  • However, menadione (a synthetic, water-soluble vitamin K precursor) can cause toxicity (infants have developed hemolytic anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice, and kernicterus) and should not be used to treat vitamin K deficiency. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vitamin K toxicity is rare but is most common in formula-fed infants. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It is not clear, he said, if toxicity in zebrafish suggests a threat to human health. (nanowerk.com)
  • This study investigated the sorptive behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) to uncoated 96-well polystyrene plates typically used for zebrafish (Danio rerio) testing. (oregonstate.edu)
  • As a brief conclusion, a traditional single-organ test was conducted on average in a group of 20 zebrafish larvae per tested drug, which sum to a total of 60 animals/drug to test the toxicity in the brain, liver and heart. (zeclinics.com)
  • Obtain a chest radiograph in patients with chest pain, hypoxia, or moderate-to-severe toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • Improved Tissue-Based Analytical Test Methods for Orellanine, a Biomarker of Cortinarius Mushroom Intoxication. (medscape.com)
  • Lab testing is done using non-invasive BLOOD SPOT, DRIED URINE and SALIVA methods. (labtestfromhome.com)
  • WHO is not responsible, and does not accept any liability, for the testing of pesticides for compliance with the specifications, nor for any methods recommended and/or used for testing compliance. (who.int)
  • NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - A team of investigators from Quanterix, Destina Genomics, and the University of Edinburgh have developed a new approach for the amplification-free detection of microRNA-122, a biomarker used for diagnosing liver toxicity. (genomeweb.com)
  • What we are measuring is PCR, which is fine, but it's time consuming," said James Dear, a reader in pharmacology at the University of Edinburgh and paper coauthor, whose work is related to investigating the use of miRNA biomarkers, such as miRNA-122, that are associated with liver toxicity, particularly those resulting from the overuse of acetaminophen. (genomeweb.com)
  • Roughly 100,000 people are admitted to emergency departments in the UK annually, he said, and obtaining information about liver toxicity is crucial to prescribing treatment that can quickly mediate the drug's effects. (genomeweb.com)
  • Clinicians currently rely on another PCR-based test for the alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme to diagnose liver toxicity, noted Dear. (genomeweb.com)
  • On August 21, 2018, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced it was posting new frequently asked questions (FAQ) for registrants and contract laboratories conducting honeybee toxicity testing. (lawbc.com)
  • The laboratories should be contacted for information on the types of samples needed and time required to complete the screens or tests. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • In such cases, a heavy metals hair test in Dubai can help diagnose the actual underlying problem. (euromedclinicdubai.com)
  • Describe pulmonary function test findings associated with asbestosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Pulmonary function tests. (cdc.gov)
  • Some sources report abnormal pulmonary function tests in 50% to 60% of patients with asbestosis [Ross 2003]. (cdc.gov)
  • The pulmonologist may recommend more extensive pulmonary function tests. (cdc.gov)
  • In these tests, carefully chosen indicator organisms are exposed to whole effluent and/or effluent dilutions for a pre-determined time period in order to observe the effluent's effect on the organisms, and thereby, approximate it's potential to effect organisms within the receiving water. (toxicitylab.com)
  • It may be the concentration or synergistic effect that makes these factors exceed the tolerance of the test organisms. (toxicitylab.com)
  • What organisms are used in WET testing? (toxicitylab.com)
  • The organisms used in testing vary by region and test type. (toxicitylab.com)
  • The combined use of Radix glycyrrhizae (licorice) with Radix aconite L. effectively eliminates toxicity of the later while increasing efficacy. (springer.com)
  • As an essential measure for clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, it is recommended that the aconite roots shall be used together with roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch ( Radix glycyrrhizae , Gan-Cao, licorice root) to eliminate the toxicity and improve efficacy [ 5 , 6 ]. (springer.com)
  • These cells are specifically designed to support drug discovery and improve the predictability of drug efficacy and toxicity screens, weeding out ineffective and potentially toxic compounds at early stage of drug development before significant time and resources have been invested. (home.pl)
  • Nanowerk News ) A new study finds reason for caution - a clear emergence of toxicity -- in nanomaterial product formulations, but it also provides an early testing technique that could help the industry continue to move forward. (nanowerk.com)
  • A study of the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and acute toxicity of C4 demonstrated rapid, dual-route elimination and lack of toxicity after injection of the C4 solution into the prostate and periprostatic tissues [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In the present study, a colorimetric screening test using an electron acceptor dye has been used to assess the toxicity of some selected heavy metals to two pure bacterial cultures and to a mixed culture grown from activated sludge. (deu.edu.tr)
  • Given that the effects of the 13-week toxicity study were non-toxic in nature , the no observed adverse effect level ( NOAEL ) for the conditions of this study was considered to be 5% krill oil. (bvsalud.org)
  • In early 2016, the US Environmental Protection Agency set an immediate goal to reduce the number of animals used to test the toxicity of pesticides. (acs.org)
  • Serum drug testing should be based on the history of ingestion and/or the patient's toxidrome. (medscape.com)
  • Initial serum levels of more than 35 mg/L (127 µmol/L) suggest serious toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • The Contribution of acute toxicity testing to the evaluation of pharmaceuticals / edited by D. Schuppan, A. D. Dayan and F. A. Charlesworth. (who.int)
  • Give you corticosteroids and bisphosphonates (medications) in cases of severe toxicity to block bone resorption. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. (oecd.org)
  • Currently accepted testing strategies must be evaluated, supplemented and improved where possible to address nano specific effects and focus on ecologically relevant exposures. (cefic-lri.org)
  • In order to avoid the potential hepatotoxic effects of lead compounds, Celther Polska developed fast and accurate hepatotoxicity tests using induced hepatocytes, derived from iPS cells. (home.pl)
  • Whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests were developed as a tool for evaluating the potential harmful effects of effluents discharged into surface waters. (toxicitylab.com)
  • Behavioral toxicity refers to the undesirable effects of essentially therapeutic levels of medication clinically indicated for a given disorder (DiMascio, Soltys and Shader, 1970). (wikipedia.org)