Torque
Torque teno virus
Isometric Contraction
Biomechanical Phenomena
Rotation
Electromyography
Muscle, Skeletal
Movement
Muscle Strength Dynamometer
DNA Virus Infections
Ankle Joint
Muscle Contraction
Muscle Strength
Dental Abutments
Muscle Fatigue
Range of Motion, Articular
Quadriceps Muscle
Dental Implants
Joints
Hip
Reflex, Stretch
Molecular Motor Proteins
Orthodontic Appliance Design
Gravitation
Recruitment, Neurophysiological
Torsion, Mechanical
Friction
Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported
Muscle Weakness
Shoulder
Ergometry
Weight-Bearing
Stress, Mechanical
Anellovirus
Shoulder Joint
Dental Prosthesis Retention
Uncoupling of in vivo torque production from EMG in mouse muscles injured by eccentric contractions. (1/952)
1. The main objective of this study was to determine whether eccentric contraction-induced muscle injury causes impaired plasmalemmal action potential conduction, which could explain the injury-induced excitation-contraction coupling failure. Mice were chronically implanted with stimulating electrodes on the left common peroneal nerve and with electromyographic (EMG) electrodes on the left tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. The left anterior crural muscles of anaesthetized mice were stimulated to perform 150 eccentric (ECC) (n = 12 mice) or 150 concentric (CON) (n = 11 mice) contractions. Isometric torque, EMG root mean square (RMS) and M-wave mean and median frequencies were measured before, immediately after, and at 1, 3, 5 and 14 days after the protocols. In parallel experiments, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) concentration was measured in TA muscles to determine whether the excitation failure elicited a denervation-like response. 2. Immediately after the ECC protocol, torque was reduced by 47-89 %, while RMS was reduced by 9-21 %; the RMS decrement was not different from that observed for the CON protocol, which did not elicit large torque deficits. One day later, both ECC and CON RMS had returned to baseline values and did not change over the next 2 weeks. However, torque production by the ECC group showed a slow recovery over that time and was still depressed by 12-30 % after 2 weeks. M-wave mean and median frequencies were not affected by performance of either protocol. 3. AChR concentration was elevated by 79 and 368 % at 3 and 5 days, respectively, after the ECC protocol; AChR concentration had returned to control levels 2 weeks after the protocol. At the time of peak AChR concentration in the ECC protocol muscles (i.e. 5 days), AChR concentration in CON protocol muscles was not different from the control level. 4. In conclusion, these data demonstrate no major role for impaired plasmalemmal action potential conduction in the excitation-contraction coupling failure induced by eccentric contractions. Additionally, a muscle injured by eccentric contractions shows a response in AChR concentration similar to a transiently denervated muscle. (+info)Control of fingertip forces in multidigit manipulation. (2/952)
Previous studies of control of fingertip forces in skilled manipulation have focused on tasks involving two digits, typically the thumb and index finger. Here we examine control of fingertip actions in a multidigit task in which subjects lifted an object using unimanual and bimanual grasps engaging the tips of the thumb and two fingers. The grasps resembled those used when lifting a cylindrical object from above; the two fingers were some 4.25 cm apart and the thumb was approximately 5.54 cm from either finger. The three-dimensional forces and torques applied by each digit and the digit contact positions were measured along with the position and orientation of the object. The vertical forces applied tangential to the grasp surfaces to lift the object were synchronized across the digits, and the contribution by each digit to the total vertical force reflected intrinsic object properties (geometric relationship between the object's center of mass and the grasped surfaces). Subjects often applied small torques tangential to the grasped surfaces even though the object could have been lifted without such torques. The normal forces generated by each digit increased in parallel with the local tangential load (force and torque), providing an adequate safety margin against slips at each digit. In the present task, the orientations of the force vectors applied by the separate digits were not fully constrained and therefore the motor controller had to choose from a number of possible solutions. Our findings suggest that subjects attempt to minimize (or at least reduce) fingertip forces while at the same time ensure that grasp stability is preserved. Subjects also avoid horizontal tangential forces, even at a small cost in total force. Moreover, there were subtle actions exerted by the digits that included changes in the distribution of vertical forces across digits and slight object tilt. It is not clear to what extent the brain explicitly controlled these actions, but they could serve, for instance, to keep tangential torques small and to compensate for variations in digit contact positions. In conclusion, we have shown that when lifting an object with a three-digit grip, the coordination of fingertip forces, in many respects, matches what has been documented previously for two-digit grasping. At the same time, our study reveals novel aspects of force control that emerge only in multidigit manipulative tasks. (+info)Quantitative examinations of internal representations for arm trajectory planning: minimum commanded torque change model. (3/952)
Quantitative examinations of internal representations for arm trajectory planning: minimum commanded torque change model. A number of invariant features of multijoint planar reaching movements have been observed in measured hand trajectories. These features include roughly straight hand paths and bell-shaped speed profiles where the trajectory curvatures between transverse and radial movements have been found to be different. For quantitative and statistical investigations, we obtained a large amount of trajectory data within a wide range of the workspace in the horizontal and sagittal planes (400 trajectories for each subject). A pair of movements within the horizontal and sagittal planes was set to be equivalent in the elbow and shoulder flexion/extension. The trajectory curvatures of the corresponding pair in these planes were almost the same. Moreover, these curvatures can be accurately reproduced with a linear regression from the summation of rotations in the elbow and shoulder joints. This means that trajectory curvatures systematically depend on the movement location and direction represented in the intrinsic body coordinates. We then examined the following four candidates as planning spaces and the four corresponding computational models for trajectory planning. The candidates were as follows: the minimum hand jerk model in an extrinsic-kinematic space, the minimum angle jerk model in an intrinsic-kinematic space, the minimum torque change model in an intrinsic-dynamic-mechanical space, and the minimum commanded torque change model in an intrinsic-dynamic-neural space. The minimum commanded torque change model, which is proposed here as a computable version of the minimum motor command change model, reproduced actual trajectories best for curvature, position, velocity, acceleration, and torque. The model's prediction that the longer the duration of the movement the larger the trajectory curvature was also confirmed. Movements passing through via-points in the horizontal plane were also measured, and they converged to those predicted by the minimum commanded torque change model with training. Our results indicated that the brain may plan, and learn to plan, the optimal trajectory in the intrinsic coordinates considering arm and muscle dynamics and using representations for motor commands controlling muscle tensions. (+info)Function of proline residues of MotA in torque generation by the flagellar motor of Escherichia coli. (4/952)
Bacterial flagellar motors obtain energy for rotation from the membrane gradient of protons or, in some species, sodium ions. The molecular mechanism of flagellar rotation is not understood. MotA and MotB are integral membrane proteins that function in proton conduction and are believed to form the stator of the motor. Previous mutational studies identified two conserved proline residues in MotA (Pro 173 and Pro 222 in the protein from Escherichia coli) and a conserved aspartic acid residue in MotB (Asp 32) that are important for function. Asp 32 of MotB probably forms part of the proton path through the motor. To learn more about the roles of the conserved proline residues of MotA, we examined motor function in Pro 173 and Pro 222 mutants, making measurements of torque at high load, speed at low and intermediate loads, and solvent-isotope effects (D2O versus H2O). Proton conduction by wild-type and mutant MotA-MotB channels was also assayed, by a growth defect that occurs upon overexpression. Several different mutations of Pro 173 reduced the torque of the motor under high load, and a few prevented motor rotation but still allowed proton flow through the MotA-MotB channels. These and other properties of the mutants suggest that Pro 173 has a pivotal role in coupling proton flow to motor rotation and is positioned in the channel near Asp 32 of MotB. Replacements of Pro 222 abolished function in all assays and were strongly dominant. Certain Pro 222 mutant proteins prevented swimming almost completely when expressed at moderate levels in wild-type cells. This dominance might be caused by rotor-stator jamming, because it was weaker when FliG carried a mutation believed to increase rotor-stator clearance. We propose a mechanism for torque generation, in which specific functions are suggested for the proline residues of MotA and Asp32 of MotB. (+info)Modulation of stretch reflexes during imposed walking movements of the human ankle. (5/952)
Our overall objectives were to examine the role of peripheral afferents from the ankle in modulating stretch reflexes during imposed walking movements and to assess the mechanical consequences of this reflex activity. Specifically we sought to define the changes in the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanical responses to a stretch as a function of the phase of the step cycle. We recorded the ankle position of a normal subject walking on a treadmill at 3 km/h and used a hydraulic actuator to impose the same movements on supine subjects generating a constant level of ankle torque. Small pulse displacements, superimposed on the simulated walking movement, evoked stretch reflexes at different phases of the cycle. Three major findings resulted: 1) soleus reflex EMG responses were influenced strongly by imposed walking movements. The response amplitude was substantially smaller than that observed during steady-state conditions and was modulated throughout the step cycle. This modulation was qualitatively similar to that observed during active walking. Because central factors were held constant during the imposed walking experiments, we conclude that peripheral mechanisms were capable of both reducing the amplitude of the reflex EMG and producing its modulation throughout the movement. 2) Pulse disturbances applied from early to midstance of the imposed walking cycle generated large reflex torques, suggesting that the stretch reflex could help to resist unexpected perturbations during this phase of walking. In contrast, pulses applied during late stance and swing phase generated little reflex torque. 3) Reflex EMG and reflex torque were modulated differently throughout the imposed walking cycle. In fact, at the time when the reflex EMG response was largest, the corresponding reflex torque was negligible. Thus movement not only changes the reflex EMG but greatly modifies the mechanical output that results. (+info)The gamma-subunit rotation and torque generation in F1-ATPase from wild-type or uncoupled mutant Escherichia coli. (6/952)
The rotation of the gamma-subunit has been included in the binding-change mechanism of ATP synthesis/hydrolysis by the proton ATP synthase (FOF1). The Escherichia coli ATP synthase was engineered for rotation studies such that its ATP hydrolysis and synthesis activity is similar to that of wild type. A fluorescently labeled actin filament connected to the gamma-subunit of the F1 sector rotated on addition of ATP. This progress enabled us to analyze the gammaM23K (the gamma-subunit Met-23 replaced by Lys) mutant, which is defective in energy coupling between catalysis and proton translocation. We found that the F1 sector produced essentially the same frictional torque, regardless of the mutation. These results suggest that the gammaM23K mutant is defective in the transformation of the mechanical work into proton translocation or vice versa. (+info)An unlearned principle for controlling natural movements. (7/952)
Recently, Gottlieb and colleagues discovered a linear relation between elbow and shoulder dynamic torque in natural pointing movements in the sagittal plane. The present study investigates if the process of learning to reach involves discovering this linearity principle. We inspected torque data from four infants who were learning to reach and grab a toy in front of them. In a longitudinal study, we collected data both in the period before and after they performed their first successful reaches. Torque profiles at the shoulder and elbow were typically multipeaked and became more and more biphasic toward the end of the first year of life. Torques at the shoulder and elbow were correlated tightly for movements in the prereaching period as well as for reaches later in the year. Furthermore, slopes of a regression of shoulder dynamic torque on elbow dynamic torque were remarkably constant at a value approximately 2.5-3.0. If linear synergy is used by the nervous system to reduce the controlled degrees of freedom, it will act as a strong constraint on the complex of possible coordination patterns for arm movement early in life. Natural reaching movements can capitalize on this constraint because it simplifies the process of learning to reach. (+info)The influence of maxillary incisor inclination on arch length. (8/952)
This ex vivo study was designed to investigate Andrews' hypothesis that there is a space implication when incisors are torqued correctly. A working model was constructed to allow acrylic typodont incisors of varying known values of inclination to be substituted into the model. The arch lengths of the various 'set-ups' were measured using a reflex microscope linked to a PC. In order to quantify the space requirement of clinical relevance for adequate incisor torque, the method was repeated by substituting replicas of patients' 'natural' incisors. For both acrylic and natural incisors it was found that, as the inclination of the teeth increased, there was an increase in all arch lengths, this being greater for the natural incisors. This larger increase for the natural incisors was related not only to their increased size, but was also dependent on the morphology of the incisor. Those incisors which were parallel-sided showed the greatest increase in arch length, whereas the incisors that were relatively triangular in shape showed the smallest increase. When the inclination of an 'average' set of 21/12 is increased by 5 degrees, an increase in the arch length of approximately 1 mm may be expected. (+info)"Torque" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a physical concept used in the fields of physics and engineering, referring to a twisting force that causes rotation around an axis. However, in certain medical contexts, such as in discussions of spinal or joint biomechanics, the term "torque" may be used to describe a rotational force applied to a body part. But generally speaking, "torque" is not a term commonly used in medical terminology.
Torque teno virus (TTV) is a single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the family Anelloviridae. It was first identified in 1997 and has since been found to be present in the majority of human populations worldwide. The virus is classified into several genotypes and subtypes, with TTV being the prototype member of the genus Alphainellovirus.
TTV is a small virus, measuring only about 30-40 nanometers in diameter. It has a circular genome that ranges in size from 2.8 to 3.9 kilobases and encodes for several non-structural proteins involved in viral replication. The virus does not appear to cause any specific disease symptoms, but it has been associated with various clinical conditions such as liver disease, respiratory tract infections, and cancer.
TTV is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, although other modes of transmission have also been suggested, including saliva, blood, and vertical transmission from mother to child during pregnancy or delivery. The virus has been detected in various body fluids, tissues, and organs, including blood, stool, respiratory secretions, and the liver.
The clinical significance of TTV infection remains unclear, as it is frequently found in both healthy individuals and those with various diseases. However, some studies have suggested that TTV viral load or genotype may be associated with certain clinical conditions, such as liver disease, transplant rejection, and cancer. Further research is needed to better understand the role of TTV in human health and disease.
Isometric contraction is a type of muscle activation where the muscle contracts without any change in the length of the muscle or movement at the joint. This occurs when the force generated by the muscle matches the external force opposing it, resulting in a balanced state with no visible movement. It is commonly experienced during activities such as holding a heavy object in static position or trying to push against an immovable object. Isometric contractions are important in maintaining posture and providing stability to joints.
Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.
Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:
1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.
Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.
In the context of medicine, particularly in anatomy and physiology, "rotation" refers to the movement of a body part around its own axis or the long axis of another structure. This type of motion is three-dimensional and can occur in various planes. A common example of rotation is the movement of the forearm bones (radius and ulna) around each other during pronation and supination, which allows the hand to be turned palm up or down. Another example is the rotation of the head during mastication (chewing), where the mandible moves in a circular motion around the temporomandibular joint.
Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.
EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.
EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.
In medical terms, the knee is referred to as the largest and one of the most complex joints in the human body. It is a hinge joint that connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bones (tibia and fibula), enabling movements like flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation. The knee also contains several other components such as menisci, ligaments, tendons, and bursae, which provide stability, cushioning, and protection during movement.
The elbow joint, also known as the cubitus joint, is a hinge joint that connects the humerus bone of the upper arm to the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. It allows for flexion and extension movements of the forearm, as well as some degree of rotation. The main articulation occurs between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna, while the radial head of the radius also contributes to the joint's stability and motion. Ligaments, muscles, and tendons surround and support the elbow joint, providing strength and protection during movement.
Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.
In the context of medicine and healthcare, "movement" refers to the act or process of changing physical location or position. It involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles, which allows for the joints to move and the body to be in motion. Movement can also refer to the ability of a patient to move a specific body part or limb, which is assessed during physical examinations. Additionally, "movement" can describe the progression or spread of a disease within the body.
A muscle strength dynamometer is a medical device used to measure the force or strength of a muscle or group of muscles. It typically consists of a handheld handle connected to a spring scale or digital force gauge, which measures the amount of force applied by the individual being tested. The person being tested pushes or pulls against the handle with as much force as possible, and the dynamometer provides an objective measurement of their muscle strength in units such as pounds or kilograms.
Muscle strength dynamometers are commonly used in clinical settings to assess muscle weakness or dysfunction, monitor changes in muscle strength over time, and evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions. They can be used to test various muscle groups, including the handgrip, quadriceps, hamstrings, biceps, triceps, and shoulder muscles.
When using a muscle strength dynamometer, it is important to follow standardized testing protocols to ensure accurate and reliable measurements. This may include positioning the individual in a specific way, providing standardized instructions, and averaging multiple trials to obtain an accurate measure of their muscle strength.
The elbow is a joint formed by the articulation between the humerus bone of the upper arm and the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. It allows for flexion, extension, and rotation of the forearm. The medical definition of "elbow" refers to this specific anatomical structure and its associated functions in human anatomy.
DNA virus infections refer to diseases or conditions caused by the invasion and replication of DNA viruses in a host organism. DNA viruses are a type of virus that uses DNA as their genetic material. They can cause a variety of diseases, ranging from relatively mild illnesses to severe or life-threatening conditions.
Some examples of DNA viruses include herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and adenoviruses. These viruses can cause a range of diseases, including cold sores, genital herpes, chickenpox, shingles, cervical cancer, liver cancer, and respiratory infections.
DNA virus infections typically occur when the virus enters the body through a break in the skin or mucous membranes, such as those found in the eyes, nose, mouth, or genitals. Once inside the body, the virus infects cells and uses their machinery to replicate itself, often causing damage to the host cells in the process.
The symptoms of DNA virus infections can vary widely depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection. Treatment may include antiviral medications, which can help to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, as well as prevent the spread of the virus to others. In some cases, vaccines may be available to prevent DNA virus infections.
The ankle joint, also known as the talocrural joint, is the articulation between the bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula) and the talus bone in the foot. It is a synovial hinge joint that allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements, which are essential for walking, running, and jumping. The ankle joint is reinforced by strong ligaments on both sides to provide stability during these movements.
Muscle contraction is the physiological process in which muscle fibers shorten and generate force, leading to movement or stability of a body part. This process involves the sliding filament theory where thick and thin filaments within the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscles) slide past each other, facilitated by the interaction between myosin heads and actin filaments. The energy required for this action is provided by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary, and they play a crucial role in various bodily functions such as locomotion, circulation, respiration, and posture maintenance.
Muscle strength, in a medical context, refers to the amount of force a muscle or group of muscles can produce during contraction. It is the maximum amount of force that a muscle can generate through its full range of motion and is often measured in units of force such as pounds or newtons. Muscle strength is an important component of physical function and mobility, and it can be assessed through various tests, including manual muscle testing, dynamometry, and isokinetic testing. Factors that can affect muscle strength include age, sex, body composition, injury, disease, and physical activity level.
A dental abutment is a component of a dental implant restoration that connects the implant to the replacement tooth or teeth. It serves as a support structure and is attached to the implant, which is surgically placed in the jawbone. The abutment provides a stable foundation for the placement of a crown, bridge, or denture, depending on the patient's individual needs.
Dental abutments can be made from various materials such as titanium, zirconia, or other biocompatible materials. They come in different shapes and sizes to accommodate the specific requirements of each implant case. The selection of an appropriate dental abutment is crucial for ensuring a successful and long-lasting dental implant restoration.
The knee joint, also known as the tibiofemoral joint, is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the human body. It is a synovial joint that connects the thighbone (femur) to the shinbone (tibia). The patella (kneecap), which is a sesamoid bone, is located in front of the knee joint and helps in the extension of the leg.
The knee joint is made up of three articulations: the femorotibial joint between the femur and tibia, the femoropatellar joint between the femur and patella, and the tibiofibular joint between the tibia and fibula. These articulations are surrounded by a fibrous capsule that encloses the synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.
The knee joint is stabilized by several ligaments, including the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, which provide stability to the sides of the joint, and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, which prevent excessive forward and backward movement of the tibia relative to the femur. The menisci, which are C-shaped fibrocartilaginous structures located between the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, also help to stabilize the joint by absorbing shock and distributing weight evenly across the articular surfaces.
The knee joint allows for flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation, making it essential for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and sitting.
Muscle fatigue is a condition characterized by a reduction in the ability of a muscle to generate force or power, typically after prolonged or strenuous exercise. It is often accompanied by sensations of tiredness, weakness, and discomfort in the affected muscle(s). The underlying mechanisms of muscle fatigue are complex and involve both peripheral factors (such as changes in muscle metabolism, ion handling, and neuromuscular transmission) and central factors (such as changes in the nervous system's ability to activate muscles). Muscle fatigue can also occur as a result of various medical conditions or medications that impair muscle function.
The ankle, also known as the talocrural region, is the joint between the leg and the foot. It is a synovial hinge joint that allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion movements. The ankle is composed of three bones: the tibia and fibula of the lower leg, and the talus of the foot. The bottom portion of the tibia and fibula, called the malleoli, form a mortise that surrounds and articulates with the talus.
The ankle joint is strengthened by several ligaments, including the medial (deltoid) ligament and lateral ligament complex. The ankle also contains important nerves and blood vessels that provide sensation and circulation to the foot.
Damage to the ankle joint, such as sprains or fractures, can result in pain, swelling, and difficulty walking. Proper care and rehabilitation are essential for maintaining the health and function of the ankle joint.
Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.
Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.
The Quadriceps muscle, also known as the Quadriceps Femoris, is a large muscle group located in the front of the thigh. It consists of four individual muscles - the Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius, and Vastus Medialis. These muscles work together to extend the leg at the knee joint and flex the thigh at the hip joint. The Quadriceps muscle is crucial for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and kicking.
Dental implants are artificial tooth roots that are surgically placed into the jawbone to replace missing or extracted teeth. They are typically made of titanium, a biocompatible material that can fuse with the bone over time in a process called osseointegration. Once the implant has integrated with the bone, a dental crown, bridge, or denture can be attached to it to restore function and aesthetics to the mouth.
Dental implants are a popular choice for tooth replacement because they offer several advantages over traditional options like dentures or bridges. They are more stable and comfortable, as they do not rely on adjacent teeth for support and do not slip or move around in the mouth. Additionally, dental implants can help to preserve jawbone density and prevent facial sagging that can occur when teeth are missing.
The process of getting dental implants typically involves several appointments with a dental specialist called a prosthodontist or an oral surgeon. During the first appointment, the implant is placed into the jawbone, and the gum tissue is stitched closed. Over the next few months, the implant will fuse with the bone. Once this process is complete, a second surgery may be necessary to expose the implant and attach an abutment, which connects the implant to the dental restoration. Finally, the crown, bridge, or denture is attached to the implant, providing a natural-looking and functional replacement for the missing tooth.
In medical terms, the arm refers to the upper limb of the human body, extending from the shoulder to the wrist. It is composed of three major bones: the humerus in the upper arm, and the radius and ulna in the lower arm. The arm contains several joints, including the shoulder joint, elbow joint, and wrist joint, which allow for a wide range of motion. The arm also contains muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and other soft tissues that are essential for normal function.
In medical terms, "volition" refers to the conscious and deliberate process of making decisions and initiating actions based on personal choice. It is the ability to choose or decide on a course of action and then carry it out willfully. Volition involves the integration of cognitive, emotional, and motor functions to achieve a specific goal-oriented behavior.
Volitional processes are often impaired in certain neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and depression, among others. Assessing volition is important for evaluating an individual's capacity to make informed decisions and take responsibility for their actions.
A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide support and stability to the body during motion. Joints can be classified in several ways, including structure, function, and the type of tissue that forms them. The three main types of joints based on structure are fibrous (or fixed), cartilaginous, and synovial (or diarthrosis). Fibrous joints do not have a cavity and have limited movement, while cartilaginous joints allow for some movement and are connected by cartilage. Synovial joints, the most common and most movable type, have a space between the articular surfaces containing synovial fluid, which reduces friction and wear. Examples of synovial joints include hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket, saddle, and condyloid joints.
A medical definition of the wrist is the complex joint that connects the forearm to the hand, composed of eight carpal bones arranged in two rows. The wrist allows for movement and flexibility in the hand, enabling us to perform various activities such as grasping, writing, and typing. It also provides stability and support for the hand during these movements. Additionally, numerous ligaments, tendons, and nerves pass through or near the wrist, making it susceptible to injuries and conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome.
In medical terms, fingers are not specifically defined as they are common anatomical structures. However, I can provide you with a general anatomy definition:
Fingers are the terminal parts of the upper limb in primates, including humans, consisting of four digits (thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers) and one opposable thumb. They contain bones called phalanges, connected by joints that allow for movement and flexibility. Each finger has a nail, nerve endings for sensation, and blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen. Fingers are crucial for various activities such as grasping, manipulating objects, and tactile exploration of the environment.
In medical terms, the hip is a ball-and-socket joint where the rounded head of the femur (thigh bone) fits into the cup-shaped socket, also known as the acetabulum, of the pelvis. This joint allows for a wide range of movement in the lower extremities and supports the weight of the upper body during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The hip joint is surrounded by strong ligaments, muscles, and tendons that provide stability and enable proper functioning.
A stretch reflex, also known as myotatic reflex, is a rapid muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle itself. It is a type of reflex that helps to maintain muscle tone, protect muscles and tendons from injury, and assists in coordinating movements.
The stretch reflex is mediated by the stretch (or length) receptors called muscle spindles, which are located within the muscle fibers. When a muscle is stretched suddenly or rapidly, the muscle spindles detect the change in muscle length and activate a rapid motor neuron response, leading to muscle contraction. This reflex helps to stabilize the joint and prevent further stretching or injury.
The most common example of a stretch reflex is the knee-jerk reflex (also known as the patellar reflex), which is elicited by tapping the patellar tendon just below the knee, causing the quadriceps muscle to stretch and contract. This results in a quick extension of the lower leg. Other examples of stretch reflexes include the ankle jerk reflex (Achilles reflex) and the biceps reflex.
Molecular motor proteins are a type of protein that convert chemical energy into mechanical work at the molecular level. They play a crucial role in various cellular processes, such as cell division, muscle contraction, and intracellular transport. There are several types of molecular motor proteins, including myosin, kinesin, and dynein.
Myosin is responsible for muscle contraction and movement along actin filaments in the cytoplasm. Kinesin and dynein are involved in intracellular transport along microtubules, moving cargo such as vesicles, organelles, and mRNA to various destinations within the cell.
These motor proteins move in a stepwise fashion, with each step driven by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). The directionality and speed of movement are determined by the structure and regulation of the motor proteins, as well as the properties of the tracks along which they move.
Orthodontic appliance design refers to the creation and development of medical devices used in orthodontics, which is a branch of dentistry focused on the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of dental and facial irregularities. The design process involves creating a customized treatment plan for each patient, based on their specific needs and goals.
Orthodontic appliances can be removable or fixed and are used to move teeth into proper alignment, improve jaw function, and enhance the overall appearance of the smile. Some common types of orthodontic appliances include braces, aligners, palatal expanders, and retainers.
The design of an orthodontic appliance typically involves several factors, including:
1. The specific dental or facial problem being addressed
2. The patient's age, overall health, and oral hygiene habits
3. The patient's lifestyle and personal preferences
4. The estimated treatment time and cost
5. The potential risks and benefits of the appliance
Orthodontic appliance design is a complex process that requires a thorough understanding of dental anatomy, biomechanics, and materials science. It is typically performed by an orthodontist or a dental technician with specialized training in this area. The goal of orthodontic appliance design is to create a device that is both effective and comfortable for the patient, while also ensuring that it is safe and easy to use.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "gravitation" is not a term that is typically used in the context of medical definitions. Gravitation is a fundamental force that attracts two objects with mass towards each other. It is the force that causes objects to fall towards the earth and keeps the planets in orbit around the sun.
In the field of medicine, the concepts of gravity or gravitational forces are not directly relevant to the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. However, there may be some indirect applications related to physiology and human health, such as the effects of microgravity on the human body during space travel.
Hand strength refers to the measure of force or power that an individual can generate using the muscles of the hand and forearm. It is often assessed through various tests, such as grip strength dynamometry, which measures the maximum force exerted by the hand when squeezing a device called a handgrip dynanometer. Hand strength is important for performing daily activities, maintaining independence, and can be indicative of overall health and well-being. Reduced hand strength may be associated with conditions such as neuromuscular disorders, arthritis, or injuries.
Neurophysiological recruitment refers to the phenomenon where there is an increase in the number of neurons or nerve fibers involved in generating a response to a stimulus. This can occur due to various physiological or pathological conditions that affect the nervous system. In a healthy nervous system, recruitment allows for the gradual and controlled activation of muscles during movement, with more nerve fibers being recruited as force is needed. However, in certain neurological disorders such as motor neuron disease, there may be abnormal neurophysiological recruitment patterns due to the loss of lower motor neurons, leading to weakness and muscle wasting. Neurophysiological tests like electromyography (EMG) can be used to assess recruitment patterns and help diagnose neurological conditions.
Mechanical torsion in a medical context refers to the twisting or rotational deformation of a body or structure due to an applied torque or force. This can occur in various biological structures, such as blood vessels, intestines, or muscles, leading to impaired function, pain, or even tissue necrosis if severe or prolonged.
For example, in the case of the gastrointestinal tract, torsion can cause a segment of the bowel to twist around its own axis, cutting off blood flow and causing ischemia or necrosis. This is a surgical emergency that requires prompt intervention to prevent further complications. Similarly, in the eye, torsion can refer to the rotation of the eyeball within the orbit, which can cause double vision or other visual disturbances.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "friction" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Friction is a physical concept that describes the force that resists the sliding of one surface over another. It is commonly described as the "roughness" between two surfaces. While friction can have effects on various biological processes and medical devices, it does not have a unique medical meaning in and of itself.
A dental prosthesis that is supported by dental implants is an artificial replacement for one or more missing teeth. It is a type of dental restoration that is anchored to the jawbone using one or more titanium implant posts, which are surgically placed into the bone. The prosthesis is then attached to the implants, providing a stable and secure fit that closely mimics the function and appearance of natural teeth.
There are several types of implant-supported dental prostheses, including crowns, bridges, and dentures. A single crown may be used to replace a single missing tooth, while a bridge or denture can be used to replace multiple missing teeth. The specific type of prosthesis used will depend on the number and location of the missing teeth, as well as the patient's individual needs and preferences.
Implant-supported dental prostheses offer several advantages over traditional removable dentures, including improved stability, comfort, and functionality. They also help to preserve jawbone density and prevent facial sagging that can occur when teeth are missing. However, they do require a surgical procedure to place the implants, and may not be suitable for all patients due to factors such as bone density or overall health status.
Muscle weakness is a condition in which muscles cannot develop the expected level of physical force or power. This results in reduced muscle function and can be caused by various factors, including nerve damage, muscle diseases, or hormonal imbalances. Muscle weakness may manifest as difficulty lifting objects, maintaining posture, or performing daily activities. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment of muscle weakness.
In anatomical terms, the shoulder refers to the complex joint of the human body that connects the upper limb to the trunk. It is formed by the union of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), and humerus (upper arm bone). The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint, allowing for a wide range of movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation.
The shoulder complex includes not only the glenohumeral joint but also other structures that contribute to its movement and stability, including:
1. The acromioclavicular (AC) joint: where the clavicle meets the acromion process of the scapula.
2. The coracoclavicular (CC) ligament: connects the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle, providing additional stability to the AC joint.
3. The rotator cuff: a group of four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) that surround and reinforce the shoulder joint, contributing to its stability and range of motion.
4. The biceps tendon: originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and passes through the shoulder joint, helping with flexion, supination, and stability.
5. Various ligaments and capsular structures that provide additional support and limit excessive movement in the shoulder joint.
The shoulder is a remarkable joint due to its wide range of motion, but this also makes it susceptible to injuries and disorders such as dislocations, subluxations, sprains, strains, tendinitis, bursitis, and degenerative conditions like osteoarthritis. Proper care, exercise, and maintenance are essential for maintaining shoulder health and function throughout one's life.
Ergometry is a medical term that refers to the process of measuring the amount of work or energy expended by an individual during physical exercise. It is often used in clinical settings to assess cardiopulmonary function, functional capacity, and exercise tolerance in patients with various medical conditions such as heart disease, lung disease, and metabolic disorders.
Ergometry typically involves the use of specialized equipment, such as a treadmill or stationary bike, which is connected to a computer that measures and records various physiological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production during exercise. The data collected during an ergometry test can help healthcare providers diagnose medical conditions, develop treatment plans, and monitor the effectiveness of interventions over time.
There are several types of ergometry tests, including:
1. Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET): This is a comprehensive assessment that measures an individual's cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic responses to exercise. It typically involves the use of a treadmill or stationary bike and provides detailed information about an individual's functional capacity, exercise tolerance, and overall health status.
2. Stress Echocardiography: This is a type of ergometry test that uses ultrasound imaging to assess heart function during exercise. It involves the use of a treadmill or stationary bike and provides information about blood flow to the heart, wall motion abnormalities, and valve function.
3. Nuclear Stress Test: This is a type of ergometry test that uses radioactive tracers to assess heart function during exercise. It involves the use of a treadmill or stationary bike and provides information about blood flow to the heart, myocardial perfusion, and viability.
4. Six-Minute Walk Test: This is a simple ergometry test that measures an individual's distance walked in six minutes. It is often used to assess functional capacity and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic lung disease or heart failure.
Overall, ergometry is an important tool in the diagnosis and management of various medical conditions and can provide valuable information about an individual's health status and response to treatment.
"Weight-bearing" is a term used in the medical field to describe the ability of a body part or limb to support the weight or pressure exerted upon it, typically while standing, walking, or performing other physical activities. In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often use the term "weight-bearing exercise" to refer to physical activities that involve supporting one's own body weight, such as walking, jogging, or climbing stairs. These exercises can help improve bone density, muscle strength, and overall physical function, particularly in individuals with conditions affecting the bones, joints, or muscles.
In addition, "weight-bearing" is also used to describe the positioning of a body part during medical imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRIs. For example, a weight-bearing X-ray of the foot or ankle involves taking an image while the patient stands on the affected limb, allowing healthcare providers to assess any alignment or stability issues that may not be apparent in a non-weight-bearing position.
Mechanical stress, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to any type of force that is applied to body tissues or organs, which can cause deformation or displacement of those structures. Mechanical stress can be either external, such as forces exerted on the body during physical activity or trauma, or internal, such as the pressure changes that occur within blood vessels or other hollow organs.
Mechanical stress can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the type, duration, and magnitude of the force applied. For example, prolonged exposure to mechanical stress can lead to tissue damage, inflammation, and chronic pain. Additionally, abnormal or excessive mechanical stress can contribute to the development of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and herniated discs.
In order to mitigate the negative effects of mechanical stress, the body has a number of adaptive responses that help to distribute forces more evenly across tissues and maintain structural integrity. These responses include changes in muscle tone, joint positioning, and connective tissue stiffness, as well as the remodeling of bone and other tissues over time. However, when these adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed or impaired, mechanical stress can become a significant factor in the development of various pathological conditions.
Anellovirus is a type of small, single-stranded DNA virus that infects humans and animals. These viruses are classified in the family Anelloviridae and include several genera such as Torque teno virus (TTV), Torque teno mini virus (TTMV), and Torque teno midi virus (TTMDV).
Anelloviruses are widespread and found in various body fluids, including blood, saliva, and stool. They are believed to be transmitted through close contact with infected individuals or through contaminated food and water. Although anelloviruses have been detected in people with various diseases, their role in human health and disease remains unclear.
In immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients, anellovirus infections can become persistent and may be associated with adverse health outcomes. However, more research is needed to fully understand the clinical significance of these viruses.
Gait is a medical term used to describe the pattern of movement of the limbs during walking or running. It includes the manner or style of walking, including factors such as rhythm, speed, and step length. A person's gait can provide important clues about their physical health and neurological function, and abnormalities in gait may indicate the presence of underlying medical conditions, such as neuromuscular disorders, orthopedic problems, or injuries.
A typical human gait cycle involves two main phases: the stance phase, during which the foot is in contact with the ground, and the swing phase, during which the foot is lifted and moved forward in preparation for the next step. The gait cycle can be further broken down into several sub-phases, including heel strike, foot flat, midstance, heel off, and toe off.
Gait analysis is a specialized field of study that involves observing and measuring a person's gait pattern using various techniques, such as video recordings, force plates, and motion capture systems. This information can be used to diagnose and treat gait abnormalities, improve mobility and function, and prevent injuries.
In medical terms, the leg refers to the lower portion of the human body that extends from the knee down to the foot. It includes the thigh (femur), lower leg (tibia and fibula), foot, and ankle. The leg is primarily responsible for supporting the body's weight and enabling movements such as standing, walking, running, and jumping.
The leg contains several important structures, including bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and joints. These structures work together to provide stability, support, and mobility to the lower extremity. Common medical conditions that can affect the leg include fractures, sprains, strains, infections, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders.
Posture is the position or alignment of body parts supported by the muscles, especially the spine and head in relation to the vertebral column. It can be described as static (related to a stationary position) or dynamic (related to movement). Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. Poor posture can lead to various health issues such as back pain, neck pain, headaches, and respiratory problems.
In the context of human anatomy, the thigh is the part of the lower limb that extends from the hip to the knee. It is the upper and largest portion of the leg and is primarily composed of the femur bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body, as well as several muscles including the quadriceps femoris (front thigh), hamstrings (back thigh), and adductors (inner thigh). The major blood vessels and nerves that supply the lower limb also pass through the thigh.
The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is the most mobile joint in the human body. It is a ball and socket synovial joint that connects the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) to the glenoid cavity of the scapula (shoulder blade). The shoulder joint allows for a wide range of movements including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. It is surrounded by a group of muscles and tendons known as the rotator cuff that provide stability and enable smooth movement of the joint.
Dental prosthesis retention refers to the means by which a dental prosthesis, such as a denture, is held in place in the mouth. The retention can be achieved through several methods, including:
1. Suction: This is the most common method of retention for lower dentures, where the shape and fit of the denture base create suction against the gums to hold it in place.
2. Mechanical retention: This involves the use of mechanical components such as clasps or attachments that hook onto remaining natural teeth or dental implants to hold the prosthesis in place.
3. Adhesive retention: Dental adhesives can be used to help secure the denture to the gums, providing additional retention and stability.
4. Implant retention: Dental implants can be used to provide a more secure and stable retention of the dental prosthesis. The implant is surgically placed in the jawbone and acts as an anchor for the prosthesis.
Proper retention of a dental prosthesis is essential for optimal function, comfort, and speech. A well-retained prosthesis can help prevent sore spots, improve chewing efficiency, and enhance overall quality of life.
The hip joint, also known as the coxal joint, is a ball-and-socket type synovial joint that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the pelvis. The "ball" is the head of the femur, while the "socket" is the acetabulum, a concave surface on the pelvic bone.
The hip joint is surrounded by a strong fibrous capsule and is reinforced by several ligaments, including the iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments. The joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction movements, making it one of the most mobile joints in the body.
The hip joint is also supported by various muscles, including the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, iliopsoas, and other hip flexors and extensors. These muscles provide stability and strength to the joint, allowing for weight-bearing activities such as walking, running, and jumping.
Torque
Torque multiplier
Friction torque
Torque limiter
Torque tester
Torque (comics)
Torque wrench
Torque effect
Torque (film)
Torque (band)
Car Torque
Torque converter
Torque vectoring
Torque Pharmaceuticals
Torque motor
Norbar Torque
Torque Mobile
Torque amplifier
Torque (disambiguation)
AA Torque
Torque tube
Torque steer
Torque density
Cogging torque
Project Torque
Stall torque
Yakovlevian torque
Torque screwdriver
Torque (magazine)
Torque - Wikipedia
Torque Trailer | Moviefone
Tentec SD Series Torque Range 2010 HQ
Calculating Torque ratio
QB/a09staticsTorques torque - Wikiversity
Torque Control Solution | Renesas
The Torque Was With Him | MIT Technology Review
Torque and angular momentum
Torque Gloves | Black Diamond
Torque Wrenches | RIDGID Tools
How to Use a Beam Style Torque Wrench | ehow
sys-cluster/torque - Gentoo Packages
Camera and video - Kyocera Torque review - Page 3 | TechRadar
Measuring Torque and Horsepower | HowStuffWorks
Kinematics and torque (practice) | Khan Academy
Vehicle Mass Estimation from CAN Data and Drivetrain Torque Observer
torque convertor lock up
Torque finder | Bahco Africa
Torque Insert features position-control technology.
Haas Fastener Torque Specifications
Torque Standards for Fasteners
Torque OBD2 Repeater (beta) for Android - Free App Download
In-line rotating capacitive torque sensor (Patent) | DOE Patents
Futrell Autowerks Sway Bar & Torque Mount Insert - Tuner News
Accepted torque 2.4.16+dfsg-1+deb7u1 (source amd64)
Ford (Page 138) | Torque News
Hughes Performance Street Master Torque Converters - JEGS
Torq - CLOSED - blogTO - Toronto
Wrench17
- No. 902 Torque Wrench - The 5/16' drive tightens with a fast ratchet action until the wrench clicks for accurate 60 inch-pounds torque. (ridgid.com)
- A beam style torque wrench is considered a must-have tool by automobile enthusiasts. (ehow.com)
- Attach the socket to your torque wrench by pressing the square end of the socket onto the 'drive' of the torque wrench. (ehow.com)
- The drive is the square metal peg located on one end of the torque wrench. (ehow.com)
- Set the wrench aside, and hand tighten the nut or bolt that will be torqued as much as possible. (ehow.com)
- Slowly release pressure from the torque wrench when the specified torque has been attained. (ehow.com)
- Remove the socket from the fastener, and wipe off any grease that may have gotten on the torque wrench. (ehow.com)
- Beam style torque wrenches contain a floating handle, with allows the handle to pivot as you turn the wrench. (ehow.com)
- When you use a lug wrench on a bolt, you're applying torque to it. (howstuffworks.com)
- For example, if that lug wrench is 2 feet (0.6 m) long, and you put 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force on it, you are putting 200 pounds-feet (27.65 kg/m) of torque onto the bolt. (howstuffworks.com)
- Made in the UK by MHH Engineering, Synergy Action now has stock of the Sport Torque wrench kit, which is designed specifically for the cycle market. (bikebiz.com)
- How do you use an angular torque wrench? (howstuffworks.com)
- A torque wrench is a precision tool used to measure the force applied to a fastener while tightening. (howstuffworks.com)
- An angular torque wrench electronically measures both torque force and angle rotation. (howstuffworks.com)
- This one tool eliminates the need for using an angle gauge or protractor together with the torque wrench, and it's ultimately more accurate and faster. (howstuffworks.com)
- An angular torque wrench is often used for automotive mechanical applications, when both torque force and defined angle measurements are specified. (howstuffworks.com)
- Scrap processor struck by wrench and dies after makeshift torque system fails, Kentucky. (cdc.gov)
Dyson V11 Torque Drive1
- Short of pushing itself around, the Dyson V11 Torque Drive cord-free vacuum does practically everything for you! (qvc.com)
Teno virus1
- TTV, Torque teno virus. (cdc.gov)
Hardened steel shaft and torque3
- Unit is designed with zinc housing, zinc finish, and hardened steel shaft and torque element. (thomasnet.com)
- The torque insert is designed for durability with zinc housing, zinc finish, and hardened steel shaft and torque elements. (thomasnet.com)
- Both styles incorporate hardened steel shaft and torque elements and are O-ring sealed for long-lasting durability. (thomasnet.com)
Symmetric torque4
- Unit offers symmetric torque ranges from 1.3-2.66 lb-in. (thomasnet.com)
- Symmetric torque ranges from 0.15 N-m to 0.30 N-m / 1.3 lb-in to 2.66 lb-in with the capability to achieve almost 10 times the holding force of competing hinge products. (thomasnet.com)
- The new 200 Series hinges are available in symmetric torque formats ranging from 0.9 Nm (8 in-lbf) to 1.8 Nm (16 in-lbf), and in asymmetric torque formats between 0.8 Nm (7.2 in-lbf) and 2.3 Nm (20 in-lbf). (thomasnet.com)
- The new 400 Series hinges are available in symmetric torque formats ranging from 1.8 Nm (8 in-lbf) to 3.4 Nm (30 in-lbf), and in asymmetric torque formats between 1.4 Nm (12 in-lbf) and 4.5 Nm (40 in-lbf). (thomasnet.com)
Units of torque2
- For more on the units of torque, see § Units. (wikipedia.org)
- The units of torque are pound-feet. (howstuffworks.com)
Shaft4
- The output shaft will have 3.2 times the torque of the input shaft if the input shaft rotates 3.2 times every time the output shaft rotates 1 time. (physicsforums.com)
- The TI-C5M torque insert features an overall "single-fin" profile and is engineered for easy press-fit mounting into metal (with the exposed knurled-shaft version) or plastic materials (with the adapter-equipped version without exposed knurled shaft). (thomasnet.com)
- The torque sensor measuring shaft is equipped with strain gauges and is protected by a metal housing. (kistler.com)
- These include shaft connection stiffness, large attached inertia, and torque measurement techniques. (horiba.com)
Understand torque1
- The law of conservation of energy can also be used to understand torque. (wikipedia.org)
Tightness1
- This device allows users to fasten nuts and bolts to the exact 'tightness' specification, called 'torque', recommended by manufacturers. (ehow.com)
Wrenches3
- In addition to automotive uses, torque wrenches are excellent tools for properly maintaining all other mechanical devices that rely on nuts or bolts for their assembly. (ehow.com)
- Beam type torque wrenches are easy to operate, and will last a lifetime if given proper care and maintenance. (ehow.com)
- Torque wrenches may be converted from 3/8-inch drive to 1/2-inch drive with an inexpensive adapter available at all hardware stores. (ehow.com)
Rotation5
- Torque ratio is a measure of the relationship between the amount of force applied to an object and the resulting rotation. (physicsforums.com)
- Torque ratio can be calculated by multiplying the force applied to an object by the distance from the point of rotation to the point where the force is applied. (physicsforums.com)
- Various industrial equipment, such as screw-tightening machines and torque testers, need to control motor rotation while measuring torque. (renesas.com)
- These torque sensors operate according to the strain gauge principle and supply a passive analog output signal in mV/V. The torque sensors with integrated angle of rotation measurement are optionally available as torque and angle of rotation sensors. (kistler.com)
- These robust rotating torque sensors of Types 5413-1100, 5413-1160 and 5413-1151 as well as the torque and angle of rotation sensors of Types 5413-1200, 5413-1260 and 5413-1251 are applied for measuring torques and combined torque and angle of rotation measurement. (kistler.com)
Exerts2
- A force of three newtons applied two metres from the fulcrum, for example, exerts the same torque as a force of one newton applied six metres from the fulcrum. (wikipedia.org)
- When held properly, the handle exerts pressure on the extreme end of the tool, thereby allowing precise torque application. (ehow.com)
Rotational2
- In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational analogue of linear force. (wikipedia.org)
- During conventional drilling in underground mining, several variables including thrust, rotational velocity, torque, and penetration rate must be simultaneously monitored in order to detect and interpret lithologic changes. (cdc.gov)
Android3
- OnePlus 5T connect to a Bluetooth adapter from eBay, the OnePlus uses it fine and torque works with it great, but I cannot get this repeater plugin to work at all with any other devices including other phones or my Android head unit. (appbrain.com)
- There are more than 25 alternatives to Torq for a variety of platforms, including Mac, Windows, Linux, Android and iPhone apps. (alternativeto.net)
- Cross DJ is the most popular Android, iPhone, iPad & Android Tablet alternative to Torq. (alternativeto.net)
Angular2
- The net torque on a body determines the rate of change of the body's angular momentum, τ = d L d t {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}={\frac {\mathrm {d} \mathbf {L} }{\mathrm {d} t}}} where L is the angular momentum vector and t is time. (wikipedia.org)
- a) what torque did it exert b) angular acceleration of rod when bee lands. (physicsforums.com)
Calculate3
- How do you calculate torque ratio? (physicsforums.com)
- In other words, to get the horsepower of a vehicle generating 350 pounds-feet of torque at 4,000 rpm, you would calculate (350 X 4,000)/5252, which equals around 267 horsepower. (howstuffworks.com)
- This new technology employs a sophisticated mathematical model to calculate the resulting torque at the output of the engine based on engine and combustion process parameters. (horiba.com)
Multiply2
- The formula is simple: Multiply torque by the engine speed (measured in rpm), then divide that by 5,252 to get the horsepower at that rpm level. (howstuffworks.com)
- So if you multiply torque (in pound-feet) by engine speed (in RPM) and divide the product by 5,252, RPM is converted to 'radians per second' and you can get from torque to horsepower -- from 'pound-feet' to 'foot-pounds per second. (howstuffworks.com)
27.51
- The brand-new Torque CF 7 is available with either 29" or 27.5" wheels and is begging to throw down on big bike park laps and high-speed technical descents alike. (canyon.com)
4,0002
- Have you ever looked at the specs of an engine in a magazine and seen something like 'this engine makes 300 pound-feet of torque at 4,000 RPM,' and wondered how much power that was? (howstuffworks.com)
- The engine that makes 300 pound-feet of torque at 4,000 RPM produces [(300 x 4,000) / 5,252] 228 horsepower at 4,000 RPM. (howstuffworks.com)
Calibration1
- Upon request, the torque sensors are calibrated with traceability in our DAkkS-accredited calibration lab. (kistler.com)
Inserts2
- Founded in 1970, Reell Precision Manufacturing Corporation is a world leader in small-package position control offering a diverse portfolio of positioning hinges, wrap spring clutches, torque inserts, and precision springs and wire forms. (thomasnet.com)
- Available exlusively through Futrell, you can now order Neuspeed's 28mm front sway bar with Autotech's torque mount inserts as a package, and both come in a yellow finish. (motortrend.com)
Horsepower9
- Unlike horsepower, even if the object doesn't move, torque can still be exerted on it. (howstuffworks.com)
- Once we're able to measure torque, we can then measure horsepower. (howstuffworks.com)
- Patrick E. George "For towing, what's more important, horsepower or torque? (howstuffworks.com)
- How do you convert engine torque to horsepower? (howstuffworks.com)
- Converting engine torque to horsepower may seem daunting, but it's easier than it looks. (howstuffworks.com)
- To get from pound-feet of torque to horsepower, you need to go through a few conversions. (howstuffworks.com)
- So to get from torque to horsepower, you need the 'per second' term. (howstuffworks.com)
- We need to get to horsepower, which is 550 foot-pounds per second, using torque (pound-feet) and engine speed (RPM). (howstuffworks.com)
- For related articles on torque, horsepower and engines, check out the links on the next page. (howstuffworks.com)
Bikes1
- With 36 bikes, Torq doesn't feel crowded. (blogto.com)
Measurement3
- What is the unit of measurement for torque ratio? (physicsforums.com)
- The unit of measurement for torque ratio is Newton-meters (Nm) or pound-feet (lb-ft) in the metric and imperial systems, respectively. (physicsforums.com)
- By inputting the torque measurement signal from the MCU equipped with a high-precision analog front end to the high-precision motor control solution for motors and performing feedback control, high-resolution torque control can be achieved with a simple configuration. (renesas.com)
Bolt4
- Torque is simply the amount of direct force required to rotate a nut or bolt around its axis. (ehow.com)
- Locate a socket that fits the nut or bolt that you wish to torque. (ehow.com)
- Measuring a torque angle is an accurate final check for the tension applied to a bolt when tightened. (howstuffworks.com)
- Torque angle specifications must be determined, as well as maximum torque force, for the bolt you are fastening. (howstuffworks.com)
Magnitude6
- Torque is defined as the product of the magnitude of the perpendicular component of the force and the distance of the line of action of a force from the point around which it is being determined. (wikipedia.org)
- The magnitude of torque applied to a rigid body depends on three quantities: the force applied, the lever arm vector connecting the point about which the torque is being measured to the point of force application, and the angle between the force and lever arm vectors. (wikipedia.org)
- The magnitude τ of the torque is given by τ = r F sin θ , {\displaystyle \tau =rF\sin \theta ,} where F is the magnitude of the force applied, and θ is the angle between the position and force vectors. (wikipedia.org)
- Magnitude and direction of elbow torque asymmetries in manual wheelchair users. (bvsalud.org)
- The aims of the present study are to investigate the magnitude and direction of the elbow torque asymmetries in manual wheelchair users and to verify the agreement levels of the asymmetry's direction between different velocities and contraction modes in the isokinetic test. (bvsalud.org)
- In conclusion, the elbow torque asymmetries are highly variable between subjects in terms of magnitude . (bvsalud.org)
Force19
- Just as a linear force is a push or a pull applied to a body, a torque can be thought of as a twist applied to an object with respect to a chosen point. (wikipedia.org)
- Thompson motivates the term as follows: Just as the Newtonian definition of force is that which produces or tends to produce motion (along a line), so torque may be defined as that which produces or tends to produce torsion (around an axis). (wikipedia.org)
- In the UK and in US mechanical engineering, torque is referred to as moment of force, usually shortened to moment. (wikipedia.org)
- A force applied perpendicularly to a lever multiplied by its distance from the lever's fulcrum (the length of the lever arm) is its torque. (wikipedia.org)
- The direction of the torque can be determined by using the right hand grip rule: if the fingers of the right hand are curled from the direction of the lever arm to the direction of the force, then the thumb points in the direction of the torque. (wikipedia.org)
- More generally, the torque on a point particle (which has the position r in some reference frame) can be defined as the cross product: τ = r × F , {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}=\mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {F} ,} where F is the force acting on the particle. (wikipedia.org)
- Any force directed parallel to the particle's position vector does not produce a torque. (wikipedia.org)
- It follows from the properties of the cross product that the torque vector is perpendicular to both the position and force vectors. (wikipedia.org)
- Conversely, the torque vector defines the plane in which the position and force vectors lie. (wikipedia.org)
- The formula for torque ratio is: torque = force x distance. (physicsforums.com)
- a) Relate torque to net force on each of the two masses b) acceleration? (physicsforums.com)
- Apply turning force (torque) by pulling the tool toward you in a clockwise manner. (ehow.com)
- Pull evenly, and apply enough force to bend the beam until the correct amount of torque is indicated on the handle. (ehow.com)
- Torque is a twisting force that rotates or turns an object, like a wheel. (howstuffworks.com)
- Torque is measured in pounds-feet, meaning a force in pounds acting on the end of a lever measured in feet. (howstuffworks.com)
- Read How Force, Power, Torque and Energy Work for more information on torque. (howstuffworks.com)
- A visual or audio indicator signals when you reach the torque force so you know when to stop applying pressure. (howstuffworks.com)
- The force simulator was to be realised using a brushed DC motor and by controlling the motor torque. (lu.se)
- Passive exoskeletons support a posture or movement using unpowered mechanisms (e.g., springs, dampers, or counterbalance forces), whereas active exoskeletons involve powered force/torque generating elements (e.g., electric motors, pneumatics, or hydraulics). (cdc.gov)
Ranges1
- Multiple torque ranges - in symmetric and asymmetric configurations - make it easier for designers to satisfy the positioning, and "feel" requirements of their applications. (thomasnet.com)
Measuring1
- Testing using highly accurate electronic measuring equipment has enabled the firm to guarantee an accuracy of +/- ten per cent of set torque. (bikebiz.com)
Angle1
- A digital readout displays both torque and angle, which can be preset. (howstuffworks.com)
Specification1
- Cycle testing has shown these models to perform within +20% of their nominal torque specification for more than 20,000 cycles, allowing them to provide consistent performance without maintenance, service or adjustment. (thomasnet.com)
Apps1
- Other great apps like Torq are Traktor Pro , VirtualDJ , BpmDj and Deckadance . (alternativeto.net)
Specifications3
- Detailed specifications and CAD models for the TI-C5M torque insert can be accessed at www.Reell.com and custom products can be engineered to meet application demands. (thomasnet.com)
- For torque specifications on balllscrew components refer to Ballscrew - Installation Tools and Torque Specifications . (haascnc.com)
- For torque specifications on the main circuit breaker hardware refer to Haas Main CIrcuit Breaker - Torque Specifications . (haascnc.com)
Precise2
- The new "TI-C5M" torque insert from Reell Precision Manufacturing introduces ideal position-control technology for a wide range of consumer electronics applications, including tablet and laptop stands and holders, device protective covers, and many other end-uses requiring precise and reliable torque performance over time. (thomasnet.com)
- As with other Reell innovations, the TI-C5M torque insert additionally benefits from patented ReellTorq® clip technology for a premium quality feel, smooth and precise position control, and consistent torque. (thomasnet.com)
Hinges3
- Concordville, PA, May 7, 2007 - Southco has recently expanded its line of CEMA E6 constant torque position control hinges to provide greater torque-control functionality across a range of applications-industrial and electronics enclosure doors, contoured headrests for automotive and airplane seats, and LCD display screens found on medical or industrial equipment. (thomasnet.com)
- The compact 200 Series hinges feature aluminum construction and provide strong positioning torque in a lightweight package. (thomasnet.com)
- The larger 400 Series hinges offer even greater strength and positioning torque. (thomasnet.com)
Hydraulic2
- If its hydraulic lifters than you adjust them not torque them. (google.com)
- The only thing that holds a torque converter clutch ON is hydraulic pressure. (exploroz.com)
Vector2
- The resulting torque vector direction is determined by the right-hand rule. (wikipedia.org)
- Joint torques, specified as a vector. (mathworks.com)
Converter4
- The torque converter refuses to disengage at low RPM. (exploroz.com)
- You are right in that it is the torque converter issue. (exploroz.com)
- I don't think it is a simple fix for the layman and may require a reconditioned torque converter. (exploroz.com)
- The Street Master Torque Converter is suggested for stock or slightly modified engines. (jegs.com)
Unlike1
- Unlike many midrange smartphone cameras, photos from the Torque had good contrast with accurate color saturation. (techradar.com)
Cylinder1
- a) what is acceleration of the objects Center of MASS B) torque on cylinder C) acceleration of cylinder? (physicsforums.com)
Applications2
- How can torque ratio be used in real-life applications? (physicsforums.com)
- Torque ratio is used in a variety of real-life applications, such as designing machines and vehicles, calculating the strength of structures, and analyzing the effectiveness of tools and equipment. (physicsforums.com)
Physical1
- In order to produce high fidelity torque pulses, physical properties of traditional dynamometers become practical limitations. (horiba.com)
High2
- Built for high-end mixed climbing and gymnastic drytool routes, the Black Diamond Torque Glove features a super-sticky Slim-Stop palm and low-profile construction for unmatched grip and dexterity. (blackdiamondequipment.com)
- It is specifically designed for large clocks and to power big hands as the dial is high torque. (hobbylobby.com)
Foot-pounds2
- Most tools have torque measurements embossed on the handle in foot-pounds, the nomenclature used in the United States. (ehow.com)
- It said to torque the rockers to 40 foot pounds and since this engine looks like the ones listed that's what we thought what to do. (google.com)
Engine1
- You get that by multiplying the torque by the engine speed. (howstuffworks.com)
News3
- Come to this section of Torque News to read general Ford news and reviews. (torquenews.com)
- Torque News reporters update the news on this page about Ford vehicles daily. (torquenews.com)
- Follow one of Torque News' Ford reporters Jimmy Dinsmore on Twitter at @driversside and send him tips for new Ford stories. (torquenews.com)
Control2
- Torque Insert features position-control technology. (thomasnet.com)
- Tensile, compression, material, and torque testing machines from Mecmesin, a PPT Group brand are used in research and development and quality control laboratories and manufacturing plants around th. (qualitymag.com)
Bike2
- A Torq class gets you right into it with a 10-minute warm up, building your strength and resistance on the bike. (blogto.com)
- Das Torque ist das ultimative Bike für fette Sends. (canyon.com)
Components1
- The Sport Torq utilises an innovative 20° breaking action that reduces the possibility of over tightening and thus protecting the user's valuable components. (bikebiz.com)
Output1
- To resolve these issues, a method independent of a vehicle model is utilized in conjunction with a drivetrain output torque observer to obtain the estimate of the vehicle mass. (sae.org)
Features1
- Unsere 29" Torque fühlt sich auf Vollspeed-Endurostages genauso pudelwohl, wie auf den schwierigsten Trail Features oder den größten Sprüngen im Bikepark. (canyon.com)
Nuts1
- Does anyone know offhand what the torque is on the rocker arm nuts? (google.com)
Physics1
- This article follows the definition used in US physics in its usage of the word torque. (wikipedia.org)