The presence of two or more genetic loci on the same chromosome. Extensions of this original definition refer to the similarity in content and organization between chromosomes, of different species for example.
The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
Processes occurring in various organisms by which new genes are copied. Gene duplication may result in a MULTIGENE FAMILY; supergenes or PSEUDOGENES.
DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.
A method for ordering genetic loci along CHROMOSOMES. The method involves fusing irradiated donor cells with host cells from another species. Following cell fusion, fragments of DNA from the irradiated cells become integrated into the chromosomes of the host cells. Molecular probing of DNA obtained from the fused cells is used to determine if two or more genetic loci are located within the same fragment of donor cell DNA.
The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.
A small order of primarily marine fish containing 340 species. Most have a rotund or box-like shape. TETRODOTOXIN is found in their liver and ovaries.
Mapping of the linear order of genes on a chromosome with units indicating their distances by using methods other than genetic recombination. These methods include nucleotide sequencing, overlapping deletions in polytene chromosomes, and electron micrography of heteroduplex DNA. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 5th ed)
The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.
A genus of pufferfish commonly used for research.
'Poisonous fishes' are aquatic organisms belonging to the Phylum Chordata and Class Pisces, that contain toxic substances either in their tissues or secretions, which can cause harmful or lethal effects when ingested, touched, or coming into contact with their released toxins.
Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.
A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A genus of the family HYLOBATIDAE consisting of six species. The members of this genus inhabit rain forests in southeast Asia. They are arboreal and differ from other anthropoids in the great length of their arms and very slender bodies and limbs. Their major means of locomotion is by swinging from branch to branch by their arms. Hylobates means dweller in the trees. Some authors refer to Symphalangus and Nomascus as Hylobates. The six genera include: H. concolor (crested or black gibbon), H. hoolock (Hoolock gibbon), H. klossii (Kloss's gibbon; dwarf siamang), H. lar (common gibbon), H. pileatus (pileated gibbon), and H. syndactylus (siamang). H. lar is also known as H. agilis (lar gibbon), H. moloch (agile gibbon), and H. muelleri (silvery gibbon).
In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.
Animals having a vertebral column, members of the phylum Chordata, subphylum Craniata comprising mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.
Overlapping of cloned or sequenced DNA to construct a continuous region of a gene, chromosome or genome.
The genetic complement of a helminth (HELMINTHS) as represented in its DNA.
A plant genus in the family ROSACEAE, order Rosales, subclass Rosidae. It is best known as a source of edible fruits such as apricot, plum, peach, cherry, and almond.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.
A technique of operations research for solving certain kinds of problems involving many variables where a best value or set of best values is to be found. It is most likely to be feasible when the quantity to be optimized, sometimes called the objective function, can be stated as a mathematical expression in terms of the various activities within the system, and when this expression is simply proportional to the measure of the activities, i.e., is linear, and when all the restrictions are also linear. It is different from computer programming, although problems using linear programming techniques may be programmed on a computer.
The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.
A plant genus in the family POACEAE. Brachypodium distachyon is a model species for functional genomics studies.
Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.
The addition of descriptive information about the function or structure of a molecular sequence to its MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA record.
A type of chromosomal aberration involving DNA BREAKS. Chromosome breakage can result in CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATION; CHROMOSOME INVERSION; or SEQUENCE DELETION.
The complete gene complement contained in a set of chromosomes in a fungus.
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.
The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. It is distinct from Sweet Clover (MELILOTUS), from Bush Clover (LESPEDEZA), and from Red Clover (TRIFOLIUM).
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Specific regions that are mapped within a GENOME. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of CHROMOSOME 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or HEREDITARY DISEASE.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The grain is used for FOOD and for ANIMAL FEED. This should not be confused with KAFFIR LIME or with KEFIR milk product.
A genus of small free-living nematodes. Two species, CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS and C. briggsae are much used in studies of genetics, development, aging, muscle chemistry, and neuroanatomy.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.
A family of the order DIPTERA. These flies are generally found around decaying vegetation and fruit. Several species, because of their short life span, giant salivary gland chromosomes, and ease of culturing, have been used extensively in studies of heredity.
Annual cereal grass of the family POACEAE and its edible starchy grain, rice, which is the staple food of roughly one-half of the world's population.
An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.
An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.
Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.
Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.
A genus of mushrooms in the family Tricholomataceae, whose species are characterized by a slimy cap (FRUITING BODIES, FUNGAL).
A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.
A plant species of the family FABACEAE that yields edible seeds, the familiar peanuts, which contain protein, oil and lectins.
Proteins obtained from species of fish (FISHES).
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.

Evolutionarily conserved sequences on human chromosome 21. (1/1023)

Comparison of human sequences with the DNA of other mammals is an excellent means of identifying functional elements in the human genome. Here we describe the utility of high-density oligonucleotide arrays as a rapid approach for comparing human sequences with the DNA of multiple species whose sequences are not presently available. High-density arrays representing approximately 22.5 Mb of nonrepetitive human chromosome 21 sequence were synthesized and then hybridized with mouse and dog DNA to identify sequences conserved between humans and mice (human-mouse elements) and between humans and dogs (human-dog elements). Our data show that sequence comparison of multiple species provides a powerful empiric method for identifying actively conserved elements in the human genome. A large fraction of these evolutionarily conserved elements are present in regions on chromosome 21 that do not encode known genes.  (+info)

Identification of a conserved erythroid specific domain of histone acetylation across the alpha-globin gene cluster. (2/1023)

We have analyzed the pattern of core histone acetylation across 250 kb of the telomeric region of the short arm of human chromosome 16. This gene-dense region, which includes the alpha-globin genes and their regulatory elements embedded within widely expressed genes, shows marked differences in histone acetylation between erythroid and non-erythroid cells. In non-erythroid cells, there was a uniform 2- to 3-fold enrichment of acetylated histones, compared with heterochromatin, across the entire region. In erythroid cells, an approximately 100-kb segment of chromatin encompassing the alpha genes and their remote major regulatory element was highly enriched in histone H4 acetylated at Lys-5. Other lysines in the N-terminal tail of histone H4 showed intermediate and variable levels of enrichment. Similar broad segments of erythroid-specific histone acetylation were found in the corresponding syntenic regions containing the mouse and chicken alpha-globin gene clusters. The borders of these regions of acetylation are located in similar positions in all three species, and a sharply defined 3' boundary coincides with the previously identified breakpoint in conserved synteny between these species. We have therefore demonstrated that an erythroid-specific domain of acetylation has been conserved across several species, encompassing not only the alpha-globin genes but also a neighboring widely expressed gene. These results contrast with those at other clusters and demonstrate that not all genes are organized into discrete regulatory domains.  (+info)

The gene orders on human chromosome 15 and chicken chromosome 10 reveal multiple inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements. (3/1023)

Comparative mapping between the human and chicken genomes has revealed a striking conservation of synteny between the genomes of these two species, but the results have been based on low-resolution comparative maps. To address this conserved synteny in much more detail, a high-resolution human-chicken comparative map was constructed from human chromosome 15. Mapping, sequencing, and ordering of specific chicken bacterial artificial chromosomes has improved the comparative map of chromosome 15 (Hsa15) and the homologous regions in chicken with almost 100 new genes and/or expressed sequence tags. A comparison of Hsa15 with chicken identified seven conserved chromosomal segments between the two species. In chicken, these were on chromosome 1 (Gga1; two segments), Gga5 (two segments), and Gga10 (three segments). Although four conserved segments were also observed between Hsa15 and mouse, only one of the underlying rearrangement breakpoints was located at the same position as in chicken, indicating that the rearrangements generating the other three breakpoints occurred after the divergence of the rodent and the primate lineages. A high-resolution comparison of Gga10 with Hsa15 identified 19 conserved blocks, indicating the presence of at least 16 intrachromosomal rearrangement breakpoints in the bird lineage after the separation of birds and mammals. These results improve our knowledge of the evolution and dynamics of the vertebrate genomes and will aid in the clarification of the mechanisms that underlie the differentiation between the vertebrate species.  (+info)

SOX7 transcription factor: sequence, chromosomal localisation, expression, transactivation and interference with Wnt signalling. (4/1023)

The Sox gene family consists of several genes related by encoding a 79 amino acid DNA-binding domain known as the HMG box. This box shares strong sequence similarity to that of the testis determining protein SRY. SOX proteins are transcription factors having critical roles in the regulation of diverse developmental processes in the animal kingdom. We have characterised the human SOX7 gene and compared it to its mouse orthologue. Chromosomal mapping analyses localised mouse Sox7 on band D of mouse chromosome 14, and assigned human SOX7 in a region of shared synteny on human chromosome 8 (8p22). A detailed expression analysis was performed in both species. Sox7 mRNA was detected during embryonic development in many tissues, most abundantly in brain, heart, lung, kidney, prostate, colon and spleen, suggesting a role in their respective differentiation and development. In addition, mouse Sox7 expression was shown to parallel mouse Sox18 mRNA localisation in diverse situations. Our studies also demonstrate the presence of a functional transactivation domain in SOX7 protein C-terminus, as well as the ability of SOX7 protein to significantly reduce Wnt/beta-catenin-stimulated transcription. In view of these and other findings, we suggest different modes of action for SOX7 inside the cell including repression of Wnt signalling.  (+info)

Non-syndromic progressive hearing loss DFNA38 is caused by heterozygous missense mutation in the Wolfram syndrome gene WFS1. (5/1023)

Dominantly inherited progressive hearing loss DFNA38 is caused by heterozygosity for a novel mutation in WFS1, the gene for recessively inherited Wolfram syndrome. Wolfram syndrome is defined by juvenile diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy and may include progressive hearing loss and other neurological symptoms. Heterozygotes for other Wolfram syndrome mutations generally have normal hearing. Dominant deafness defined by DFNA38 is more severe than deafness of Wolfram syndrome patients and lacks any syndromic features. In a six-generation kindred from Newfoundland, Canada, WFS1 Ala716Thr (2146 G-->A) was shared by all deaf members of the family and was specific to deaf individuals. The causal relationship between this missense mutation and deafness was supported by two observations based on haplotype and mutation analysis of the kindred. First, a relative homozygous for the mutation was diagnosed at age 3 years with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, the central feature of Wolfram syndrome. Second, two relatives with normal hearing had an identical haplotype to that defining DFNA38, with the exception of the base pair at position 2146. Other rare variants of WFS1 co-inherited with deafness in the family could be excluded as disease-causing mutations on the basis of this hearing-associated haplotype. The possibility that 'mild' mutations in WFS1 might be a cause of non-syndromic deafness in the general population should be explored.  (+info)

Primary gene structure and expression studies of rodent paracellin-1. (6/1023)

The novel member of the claudin multigene family, paracellin-1/claudin-16, encoded by the gene PCLN1, is a renal tight junction protein that is involved in the paracellular transport of magnesium and calcium in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Mutations in human PCLN1 are associated with familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis, an autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by severe renal magnesium and calcium loss. The complete coding sequences of mouse and rat Pcln1 and the murine genomic structure are here presented. Full-length cDNAs are 939 and 1514 bp in length in mouse and rat, respectively, encoding a putative open-reading frame of 235 amino acids in both species with 99% identity. Exon-intron analysis of the human and mouse genes revealed a 100% homology of coding exon lengths and splice-site loci. By radiation hybrid mapping, the murine Pcln1 gene was assigned directly to marker D16Mit133 on mouse chromosome 16 (syntenic to a locus on human chromosome 3q27, which harbors the human PCLN1 gene). Mouse multiple-tissue Northern blot showed Pcln1 expression exclusively in the kidney. The expression profile along the nephron was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-PCR on microdissected nephron segments and immunohistochemistry of rat kidney. Paracellin-1 expression was restricted to distal tubular segments including the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, the distal tubule, and the collecting duct. The identification and characterization of the rodent Pcln1 genes provide the basis for further studies of paracellin-1 function in suitable animal models.  (+info)

Genome sequence of the plant pathogen and biotechnology agent Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. (7/1023)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen capable of transferring a defined segment of DNA to a host plant, generating a gall tumor. Replacing the transferred tumor-inducing genes with exogenous DNA allows the introduction of any desired gene into the plant. Thus, A. tumefaciens has been critical for the development of modern plant genetics and agricultural biotechnology. Here we describe the genome of A. tumefaciens strain C58, which has an unusual structure consisting of one circular and one linear chromosome. We discuss genome architecture and evolution and additional genes potentially involved in virulence and metabolic parasitism of host plants.  (+info)

Investigation of Prx1 protein expression provides evidence for conservation of cardiac-specific posttranscriptional regulation in vertebrates. (8/1023)

Gene targeting experiments have defined that the homeobox gene Prx1 is essential for normal craniofacial, limb, and vascular development. Although its RNA expression pattern is well established, Prx1 protein expression in the developing embryo has not been examined. A novel Prx1 antibody was produced to define the normal Prx1 protein expression pattern in the developing mouse embryo. In craniofacial and limb mesenchyme, Prx1 protein expression is consistent with previously published data on RNA localization. However, a remarkable discrepancy was found in cardiac tissue. Prx1 protein is undetectable in the murine embryonic and adult heart, despite the presence of Prx1 transcripts. These data demonstrate that Prx1 expression is posttranscriptionally regulated. This discrepancy between the presence of Prx1 transcript and the absence of detectable protein was also observed in embryonic chick heart, suggesting conservation of the regulatory mechanism in vertebrates. This observation provides a new explanation of why the Prx null mice lack cardiac malformations.  (+info)

Synteny, in the context of genetics and genomics, refers to the presence of two or more genetic loci (regions) on the same chromosome, in the same relative order and orientation. This term is often used to describe conserved gene organization between different species, indicating a common ancestry.

It's important to note that synteny should not be confused with "colinearity," which refers to the conservation of gene content and order within a genome or between genomes of closely related species. Synteny is a broader concept that can also include conserved gene order across more distantly related species, even if some genes have been lost or gained in the process.

In medical research, synteny analysis can be useful for identifying conserved genetic elements and regulatory regions that may play important roles in disease susceptibility or other biological processes.

Gene order, in the context of genetics and genomics, refers to the specific sequence or arrangement of genes along a chromosome. The order of genes on a chromosome is not random, but rather, it is highly conserved across species and is often used as a tool for studying evolutionary relationships between organisms.

The study of gene order has also provided valuable insights into genome organization, function, and regulation. For example, the clustering of genes that are involved in specific pathways or functions can provide information about how those pathways or functions have evolved over time. Similarly, the spatial arrangement of genes relative to each other can influence their expression levels and patterns, which can have important consequences for phenotypic traits.

Overall, gene order is an important aspect of genome biology that continues to be a focus of research in fields such as genomics, genetics, evolutionary biology, and bioinformatics.

Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the DNA sequence or protein structure over time, driven by mechanisms such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. It refers to the evolutionary study of changes in DNA, RNA, and proteins, and how these changes accumulate and lead to new species and diversity of life. Molecular evolution can be used to understand the history and relationships among different organisms, as well as the functional consequences of genetic changes.

Gene duplication, in the context of genetics and genomics, refers to an event where a segment of DNA that contains a gene is copied, resulting in two identical copies of that gene. This can occur through various mechanisms such as unequal crossing over during meiosis, retrotransposition, or whole genome duplication. The duplicate genes are then passed on to the next generation.

Gene duplications can have several consequences. Often, one copy may continue to function normally while the other is free to mutate without affecting the organism's survival, potentially leading to new functions (neofunctionalization) or subfunctionalization where each copy takes on some of the original gene's roles.

Gene duplication plays a significant role in evolution by providing raw material for the creation of novel genes and genetic diversity. However, it can also lead to various genetic disorders if multiple copies of a gene become dysfunctional or if there are too many copies, leading to an overdose effect.

Artificial bacterial chromosomes (ABCs) are synthetic replicons that are designed to function like natural bacterial chromosomes. They are created through the use of molecular biology techniques, such as recombination and cloning, to construct large DNA molecules that can stably replicate and segregate within a host bacterium.

ABCs are typically much larger than traditional plasmids, which are smaller circular DNA molecules that can also replicate in bacteria but have a limited capacity for carrying genetic information. ABCs can accommodate large DNA inserts, making them useful tools for cloning and studying large genes, gene clusters, or even entire genomes of other organisms.

There are several types of ABCs, including bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), P1-derived artificial chromosomes (PACs), and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). BACs are the most commonly used type of ABC and can accommodate inserts up to 300 kilobases (kb) in size. They have been widely used in genome sequencing projects, functional genomics studies, and protein production.

Overall, artificial bacterial chromosomes provide a powerful tool for manipulating and studying large DNA molecules in a controlled and stable manner within bacterial hosts.

Radiation hybrid (RH) mapping is a genetic mapping technique used to determine the relative order and distance between DNA markers or genes on a chromosome. This technique involves exposing donor cells, which contain the chromosome of interest, to high-dose radiation. The radiation causes breaks in the chromosomes, which are then repaired by fusing the donor cells with irradiated hamster cells (the recipient cells).

During the repair process, the broken chromosomal fragments from the donor cell randomly assort and integrate into the genome of the recipient cell. The resulting hybrid cells contain a mosaic of donor chromosomal fragments, which can be analyzed to determine the order and distance between DNA markers or genes on the original chromosome.

The frequency of co-occurrence of two markers in the same hybrid cell is used as an estimate of their physical proximity on the chromosome. The greater the frequency of co-occurrence, the closer the two markers are assumed to be. RH mapping can provide high-resolution maps of large genomes and has been widely used for mapping human and other mammalian genomes. However, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, RH mapping has largely been replaced by sequence-based methods such as whole-genome sequencing and optical mapping.

A genome is the complete set of genetic material (DNA, or in some viruses, RNA) present in a single cell of an organism. It includes all of the genes, both coding and noncoding, as well as other regulatory elements that together determine the unique characteristics of that organism. The human genome, for example, contains approximately 3 billion base pairs and about 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes.

The term "genome" was first coined by Hans Winkler in 1920, derived from the word "gene" and the suffix "-ome," which refers to a complete set of something. The study of genomes is known as genomics.

Understanding the genome can provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of diseases, evolution, and other biological processes. With advancements in sequencing technologies, it has become possible to determine the entire genomic sequence of many organisms, including humans, and use this information for various applications such as personalized medicine, gene therapy, and biotechnology.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Genomics is the scientific study of genes and their functions. It involves the sequencing and analysis of an organism's genome, which is its complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Genomics also includes the study of how genes interact with each other and with the environment. This field of study can provide important insights into the genetic basis of diseases and can lead to the development of new diagnostic tools and treatments.

Tetraodontiformes is not a medical term, but a taxonomic order in zoology. It refers to a group of marine fish that includes pufferfish, porcupinefish, boxfish, and triggerfish, among others. These fish are characterized by their specialized teeth, which are fused into beak-like structures. Some species within this order contain tetrodotoxin, a potent neurotoxin, in their organs. While not directly related to medical terminology, it is important for healthcare providers and medical professionals to have an understanding of various animal taxonomies, especially those that can pose a risk to human health.

Physical chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping or genomic mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or DNA sequences along a chromosome based on their physical distance from one another. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques such as restriction enzyme digestion, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and chromosome walking to identify the precise location of a particular gene or sequence on a chromosome.

Physical chromosome mapping provides important information about the organization and structure of chromosomes, and it is essential for understanding genetic diseases and disorders. By identifying the specific genes and DNA sequences that are associated with certain conditions, researchers can develop targeted therapies and treatments to improve patient outcomes. Additionally, physical chromosome mapping is an important tool for studying evolution and comparative genomics, as it allows scientists to compare the genetic makeup of different species and identify similarities and differences between them.

A plant genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in the cells of a plant. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the development and functioning of the plant, including its structural and functional characteristics. The plant genome includes both coding regions that contain instructions for producing proteins and non-coding regions that have various regulatory functions.

The plant genome is composed of several types of DNA molecules, including chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus of the cell. Each chromosome contains one or more genes, which are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins or RNA molecules. Plants typically have multiple sets of chromosomes, with each set containing a complete copy of the genome.

The study of plant genomes is an active area of research in modern biology, with important applications in areas such as crop improvement, evolutionary biology, and medical research. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have made it possible to determine the complete sequences of many plant genomes, providing valuable insights into their structure, function, and evolution.

"Takifugu" is not a medical term, but a genus of pufferfish found in the waters of East Asia. However, some people may use it to refer to "pufferfish poisoning," which is a type of food poisoning caused by the consumption of pufferfish that contain a potent neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin. This toxin is found in the fish's organs, such as the liver and ovaries, and can be deadly if ingested in large quantities. Proper preparation and cooking of pufferfish by trained chefs can make it safe to eat, but it is still considered a delicacy with significant risks.

'Poisonous fishes' are species of fish that contain toxic substances in their bodies, which can cause harm or injury to other organisms, including humans. These toxins can be present in various parts of the fish, such as the flesh, skin, organs, or even in the form of venomous spines.

There are several types of poisonous fishes, including:

1. Pufferfish (Fugu): These fish contain a potent neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin (TTX) in their organs, especially the liver and ovaries. TTX is highly toxic and can cause paralysis and death if ingested in even small amounts.
2. Stonefish: Stonefishes are venomous fishes that have sharp, spiny dorsal fins that can inject a painful toxin into the skin when stepped on or touched. The venom can cause severe pain, swelling, and tissue damage, and in some cases, it can lead to respiratory failure and death.
3. Blue-ringed octopuses: While not technically fish, blue-ringed octopuses are often included in discussions of poisonous marine life. They have venom glands that produce a powerful neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin (TTX), which can cause paralysis and death if it enters the bloodstream.
4. Cone snails: Cone snails are predatory mollusks that use a harpoon-like tooth to inject venom into their prey. Some species of cone snail have venom that contains powerful neurotoxins, which can cause paralysis and death in humans.
5. Lionfish: Lionfish are venomous fishes that have spines on their dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins that can inject a painful toxin into the skin when touched or stepped on. The venom can cause pain, swelling, and other symptoms, but it is rarely fatal to humans.

It's important to note that many species of fish can become toxic if they consume harmful algae blooms (HABs) or other contaminants in their environment. These "toxic fishes" are not considered poisonous by definition, as their toxicity is not inherent to their biology.

Chromosomes in plants are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, DNA, and proteins. They are present in the nucleus of every cell and are inherited from the parent plants during sexual reproduction. Chromosomes come in pairs, with each pair consisting of one chromosome from each parent.

In plants, like in other organisms, chromosomes play a crucial role in inheritance, development, and reproduction. They carry genetic information that determines various traits and characteristics of the plant, such as its physical appearance, growth patterns, and resistance to diseases.

Plant chromosomes are typically much larger than those found in animals, making them easier to study under a microscope. The number of chromosomes varies among different plant species, ranging from as few as 2 in some ferns to over 1000 in certain varieties of wheat.

During cell division, the chromosomes replicate and then separate into two identical sets, ensuring that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information. This process is critical for the growth and development of the plant, as well as for the production of viable seeds and offspring.

A conserved sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to a pattern of nucleotides (in DNA or RNA) or amino acids (in proteins) that has remained relatively unchanged over evolutionary time. These sequences are often functionally important and are highly conserved across different species, indicating strong selection pressure against changes in these regions.

In the case of protein-coding genes, the corresponding amino acid sequence is deduced from the DNA sequence through the genetic code. Conserved sequences in proteins may indicate structurally or functionally important regions, such as active sites or binding sites, that are critical for the protein's activity. Similarly, conserved non-coding sequences in DNA may represent regulatory elements that control gene expression.

Identifying conserved sequences can be useful for inferring evolutionary relationships between species and for predicting the function of unknown genes or proteins.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Genetic linkage is the phenomenon where two or more genetic loci (locations on a chromosome) tend to be inherited together because they are close to each other on the same chromosome. This occurs during the process of sexual reproduction, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over.

The closer two loci are to each other on a chromosome, the lower the probability that they will be separated by a crossover event. As a result, they are more likely to be inherited together and are said to be linked. The degree of linkage between two loci can be measured by their recombination frequency, which is the percentage of meiotic events in which a crossover occurs between them.

Linkage analysis is an important tool in genetic research, as it allows researchers to identify and map genes that are associated with specific traits or diseases. By analyzing patterns of linkage between markers (identifiable DNA sequences) and phenotypes (observable traits), researchers can infer the location of genes that contribute to those traits or diseases on chromosomes.

A multigene family is a group of genetically related genes that share a common ancestry and have similar sequences or structures. These genes are arranged in clusters on a chromosome and often encode proteins with similar functions. They can arise through various mechanisms, including gene duplication, recombination, and transposition. Multigene families play crucial roles in many biological processes, such as development, immunity, and metabolism. Examples of multigene families include the globin genes involved in oxygen transport, the immune system's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, and the cytochrome P450 genes associated with drug metabolism.

Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) are short, single-pass DNA sequences that are derived from cDNA libraries. They represent a quick and cost-effective method for large-scale sequencing of gene transcripts and provide an unbiased view of the genes being actively expressed in a particular tissue or developmental stage. ESTs can be used to identify and study new genes, to analyze patterns of gene expression, and to develop molecular markers for genetic mapping and genome analysis.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

"Hylobates" is not a medical term, but a biological genus name. It refers to a group of small, tailless primates known as gibbons or lesser apes, which are native to the forests of Southeast Asia. They are known for their agility in moving through trees by brachiation (arm-over-arm swinging).

There are currently 10 species recognized in the genus Hylobates, including the lar gibbon, agile gibbon, and siamang. While not a medical term, understanding the natural history of animals like gibbons can be important for medical professionals who work with them or study their diseases, as well as for conservationists and others interested in their welfare.

Chromosomes are thread-like structures that exist in the nucleus of cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. They are composed of DNA and proteins, and are typically present in pairs in the nucleus, with one set inherited from each parent. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes come in different shapes and forms, including sex chromosomes (X and Y) that determine the biological sex of an individual. Changes or abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes can lead to genetic disorders and diseases.

Mammalian chromosomes are thread-like structures that exist in the nucleus of mammalian cells, consisting of DNA, hist proteins, and RNA. They carry genetic information that is essential for the development and function of all living organisms. In mammals, each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes, with one set inherited from the mother and the other from the father.

The chromosomes are typically visualized during cell division, where they condense and become visible under a microscope. Each chromosome is composed of two identical arms, separated by a constriction called the centromere. The short arm of the chromosome is labeled as "p," while the long arm is labeled as "q."

Mammalian chromosomes play a critical role in the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next and are essential for maintaining the stability and integrity of the genome. Abnormalities in the number or structure of mammalian chromosomes can lead to various genetic disorders, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.

A group of chordate animals (Phylum Chordata) that have a vertebral column, or backbone, made up of individual vertebrae. This group includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates are characterized by the presence of a notochord, which is a flexible, rod-like structure that runs along the length of the body during development; a dorsal hollow nerve cord; and pharyngeal gill slits at some stage in their development. The vertebral column provides support and protection for the spinal cord and allows for the development of complex movements and behaviors.

Contig mapping, short for contiguous mapping, is a process used in genetics and genomics to construct a detailed map of a particular region or regions of a genome. It involves the use of molecular biology techniques to physically join together, or "clone," overlapping DNA fragments from a specific region of interest in a genome. These joined fragments are called "contigs" because they are continuous and contiguous stretches of DNA that represent a contiguous map of the region.

Contig mapping is often used to study large-scale genetic variations, such as deletions, duplications, or rearrangements, in specific genomic regions associated with diseases or other traits. It can also be used to identify and characterize genes within those regions, which can help researchers understand their function and potential role in disease processes.

The process of contig mapping typically involves several steps, including:

1. DNA fragmentation: The genomic region of interest is broken down into smaller fragments using physical or enzymatic methods.
2. Cloning: The fragments are inserted into a vector, such as a plasmid or bacteriophage, which can be replicated in bacteria to produce multiple copies of each fragment.
3. Library construction: The cloned fragments are pooled together to create a genomic library, which contains all the DNA fragments from the region of interest.
4. Screening and selection: The library is screened using various methods, such as hybridization or PCR, to identify clones that contain overlapping fragments from the region of interest.
5. Contig assembly: The selected clones are ordered based on their overlapping regions to create a contiguous map of the genomic region.
6. Sequencing and analysis: The DNA sequence of the contigs is determined and analyzed to identify genes, regulatory elements, and other features of the genomic region.

Overall, contig mapping is an important tool for studying the structure and function of genomes, and has contributed significantly to our understanding of genetic variation and disease mechanisms.

A helminth genome refers to the complete set of genetic information present in the DNA of a helminth organism. Helminths are parasitic worms that include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes). The genome of a helminth includes all of the genes that code for proteins, as well as non-coding DNA sequences that regulate gene expression and other functions.

The study of helminth genomics has provided important insights into the biology and evolution of these parasites, as well as their interactions with their hosts. For example, genomic studies have identified potential drug targets and vaccine candidates, and have helped to elucidate the mechanisms of host-parasite coevolution.

It's worth noting that the size and complexity of helminth genomes can vary widely depending on the species. Some helminth genomes are relatively small and compact, while others are large and complex, with a high degree of genetic diversity. The human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), for example, has a genome size of approximately 120 megabases, while the tapeworm Schistosoma mansoni has a genome size of over 360 megabases.

Overall, the study of helminth genomics is an important area of research that has the potential to inform the development of new strategies for preventing and treating helminth infections, which affect millions of people worldwide.

"Prunus" is a term that refers to a genus of plants, which includes many familiar fruits such as plums, cherries, peaches, and almonds. It's not a medical term, but rather a botanical one. The fruit of these plants are often used in food medicine due to their nutritional value and health benefits. For example, prunes (dried plums) are known for their laxative effects. However, the plant itself or its extracts can also have medicinal uses, mainly as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cardioprotective agents.

In genetics, sequence alignment is the process of arranging two or more DNA, RNA, or protein sequences to identify regions of similarity or homology between them. This is often done using computational methods to compare the nucleotide or amino acid sequences and identify matching patterns, which can provide insight into evolutionary relationships, functional domains, or potential genetic disorders. The alignment process typically involves adjusting gaps and mismatches in the sequences to maximize the similarity between them, resulting in an aligned sequence that can be visually represented and analyzed.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

Genetic markers are specific segments of DNA that are used in genetic mapping and genotyping to identify specific genetic locations, diseases, or traits. They can be composed of short tandem repeats (STRs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), or variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). These markers are useful in various fields such as genetic research, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and breeding programs. They can help to track inheritance patterns, identify genetic predispositions to diseases, and solve crimes by linking biological evidence to suspects or victims.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Programming, Linear" is not a recognized medical term or concept. The term "linear programming" comes from the field of mathematics and computer science, and it refers to a method used to find the optimal solution(s) to a problem with certain constraints, where the objective function and constraints are linear.

If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I'd be happy to try to help answer them for you!

A bacterial genome is the complete set of genetic material, including both DNA and RNA, found within a single bacterium. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the bacterium to grow, reproduce, and survive in its environment. The bacterial genome typically includes circular chromosomes, as well as plasmids, which are smaller, circular DNA molecules that can carry additional genes. These genes encode various functional elements such as enzymes, structural proteins, and regulatory sequences that determine the bacterium's characteristics and behavior.

Bacterial genomes vary widely in size, ranging from around 130 kilobases (kb) in Mycoplasma genitalium to over 14 megabases (Mb) in Sorangium cellulosum. The complete sequencing and analysis of bacterial genomes have provided valuable insights into the biology, evolution, and pathogenicity of bacteria, enabling researchers to better understand their roles in various diseases and potential applications in biotechnology.

'Brachypodium' is a genus of plants in the family Poaceae, also known as grasses. It includes several species of narrow-leafed cool-season grasses that are native to Europe, Asia, and Africa. One of the most commonly studied species is Brachypodium distachyon, which is often used as a model organism in plant research due to its small genome size, ease of cultivation, and short life cycle. The name 'Brachypodium' comes from the Greek words "brachys" meaning short and "podion" meaning little foot, referring to the short spikelets of these grasses.

I am not aware of a widely accepted medical definition for the term "software," as it is more commonly used in the context of computer science and technology. Software refers to programs, data, and instructions that are used by computers to perform various tasks. It does not have direct relevance to medical fields such as anatomy, physiology, or clinical practice. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help with those instead!

Molecular sequence annotation is the process of identifying and describing the characteristics, functional elements, and relevant information of a DNA, RNA, or protein sequence at the molecular level. This process involves marking the location and function of various features such as genes, regulatory regions, coding and non-coding sequences, intron-exon boundaries, promoters, introns, untranslated regions (UTRs), binding sites for proteins or other molecules, and post-translational modifications in a given molecular sequence.

The annotation can be manual, where experts curate and analyze the data to predict features based on biological knowledge and experimental evidence. Alternatively, computational methods using various bioinformatics tools and algorithms can be employed for automated annotation. These tools often rely on comparative analysis, pattern recognition, and machine learning techniques to identify conserved sequence patterns, motifs, or domains that are associated with specific functions.

The annotated molecular sequences serve as valuable resources in genomic and proteomic studies, contributing to the understanding of gene function, evolutionary relationships, disease associations, and biotechnological applications.

Chromosome breakage is a medical term that refers to the breaking or fragmentation of chromosomes, which are thread-like structures located in the nucleus of cells that carry genetic information. Normally, chromosomes are tightly coiled and consist of two strands called chromatids, joined together at a central point called the centromere.

Chromosome breakage can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals, or inherited genetic disorders. When a chromosome breaks, it can result in various genetic abnormalities, depending on the location and severity of the break.

For instance, if the break occurs in a region containing important genes, it can lead to the loss or alteration of those genes, causing genetic diseases or birth defects. In some cases, the broken ends of the chromosome may rejoin incorrectly, leading to chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations, deletions, or inversions. These rearrangements can also result in genetic disorders or cancer.

Chromosome breakage is commonly observed in individuals with certain inherited genetic conditions, such as Bloom syndrome, Fanconi anemia, and ataxia-telangiectasia, which are characterized by an increased susceptibility to chromosome breakage due to defects in DNA repair mechanisms.

A fungal genome refers to the complete set of genetic material or DNA present in the cells of a fungus. It includes all the genes and non-coding regions that are essential for the growth, development, and survival of the organism. The fungal genome is typically haploid, meaning it contains only one set of chromosomes, unlike diploid genomes found in many animals and plants.

Fungal genomes vary widely in size and complexity, ranging from a few megabases to hundreds of megabases. They contain several types of genetic elements such as protein-coding genes, regulatory regions, repetitive elements, and mobile genetic elements like transposons. The study of fungal genomes can provide valuable insights into the evolution, biology, and pathogenicity of fungi, and has important implications for medical research, agriculture, and industrial applications.

A gene in plants, like in other organisms, is a hereditary unit that carries genetic information from one generation to the next. It is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains the instructions for the development and function of an organism. Genes in plants determine various traits such as flower color, plant height, resistance to diseases, and many others. They are responsible for encoding proteins and RNA molecules that play crucial roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of plants. Plant genes can be manipulated through traditional breeding methods or genetic engineering techniques to improve crop yield, enhance disease resistance, and increase nutritional value.

Computational biology is a branch of biology that uses mathematical and computational methods to study biological data, models, and processes. It involves the development and application of algorithms, statistical models, and computational approaches to analyze and interpret large-scale molecular and phenotypic data from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other high-throughput technologies. The goal is to gain insights into biological systems and processes, develop predictive models, and inform experimental design and hypothesis testing in the life sciences. Computational biology encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including bioinformatics, systems biology, computational genomics, network biology, and mathematical modeling of biological systems.

"Gene rearrangement" is a process that involves the alteration of the order, orientation, or copy number of genes or gene segments within an organism's genome. This natural mechanism plays a crucial role in generating diversity and specificity in the immune system, particularly in vertebrates.

In the context of the immune system, gene rearrangement occurs during the development of B-cells and T-cells, which are responsible for adaptive immunity. The process involves breaking and rejoining DNA segments that encode antigen recognition sites, resulting in a unique combination of gene segments and creating a vast array of possible antigen receptors.

There are two main types of gene rearrangement:

1. V(D)J recombination: This process occurs in both B-cells and T-cells. It involves the recombination of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments to form a functional antigen receptor gene. In humans, there are multiple copies of V, D, and J segments for each antigen receptor gene, allowing for a vast number of possible combinations.
2. Class switch recombination: This process occurs only in mature B-cells after antigen exposure. It involves the replacement of the constant (C) region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene with another C region, resulting in the production of different isotypes of antibodies (IgG, IgA, or IgE) that have distinct effector functions while maintaining the same antigen specificity.

These processes contribute to the generation of a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors, allowing the immune system to recognize and respond effectively to a wide range of pathogens.

"Medicago" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, also known as the legume or pea family. It includes several species that are important forage crops and green manure, such as Medicago sativa (alfalfa or lucerne) and Medicago lupulina (black medic). These plants have the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere through their root nodules, which benefits the soil and other nearby plants. They are often used in rotational grazing systems and for erosion control.

Sequence homology in nucleic acids refers to the similarity or identity between the nucleotide sequences of two or more DNA or RNA molecules. It is often used as a measure of biological relationship between genes, organisms, or populations. High sequence homology suggests a recent common ancestry or functional constraint, while low sequence homology may indicate a more distant relationship or different functions.

Nucleic acid sequence homology can be determined by various methods such as pairwise alignment, multiple sequence alignment, and statistical analysis. The degree of homology is typically expressed as a percentage of identical or similar nucleotides in a given window of comparison.

It's important to note that the interpretation of sequence homology depends on the biological context and the evolutionary distance between the sequences compared. Therefore, functional and experimental validation is often necessary to confirm the significance of sequence homology.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

A genetic locus (plural: loci) is a specific location on a chromosome where a particular gene or DNA sequence is found. It is the precise position where a specific genetic element, such as a gene or marker, is located on a chromsomere. This location is defined in terms of its relationship to other genetic markers and features on the same chromosome. Genetic loci can be used in linkage and association studies to identify the inheritance patterns and potential relationships between genes and various traits or diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sorghum" is not a medical term. It is actually the name of a genus of various grasses, one species of which is cultivated as a cereal crop. Sorghum is primarily used for food, animal feed, and the production of biofuel. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help with those instead!

"Caenorhabditis" is a genus of nematode (roundworm) animals, which are commonly used as model organisms in scientific research. The most widely studied species within this genus is "Caenorhabditis elegans," which has been extensively researched due to its simple anatomy, short lifespan, and fully sequenced genome. These nematodes are found in various environments, including soil and decaying organic matter, and play a crucial role in the decomposition process. The term "Caenorhabditis" itself is derived from Greek roots, with "caeno" meaning "recent" or "new," and "rhabditis" referring to the shape of their tails.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material present in the cells of all living organisms, including plants. In plants, DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell, as well as in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Plant DNA contains the instructions for the development, growth, and function of the plant, and is passed down from one generation to the next through the process of reproduction.

The structure of DNA is a double helix, formed by two strands of nucleotides that are linked together by hydrogen bonds. Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, forming the rungs of the ladder that make up the double helix.

The genetic information in DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogenous bases. Large sequences of bases form genes, which provide the instructions for the production of proteins. The process of gene expression involves transcribing the DNA sequence into a complementary RNA molecule, which is then translated into a protein.

Plant DNA is similar to animal DNA in many ways, but there are also some differences. For example, plant DNA contains a higher proportion of repetitive sequences and transposable elements, which are mobile genetic elements that can move around the genome and cause mutations. Additionally, plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, which are not present in animal cells, and these structures contain their own DNA.

Drosophilidae is a family of small, robust flies that are commonly known as fruit flies or pomace flies. This family includes over 4,000 species, with the most well-known being Drosophila melanogaster, which is widely used as a model organism in various areas of biological research, including genetics, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology.

Fruit flies are typically found in rotting fruits, vegetables, and other decaying organic matter where they lay their eggs and feed on the yeasts and bacteria that break down these materials. The larvae develop rapidly, going through three instars before pupating and emerging as adult flies. Adult fruit flies have a short lifespan of around 40-50 days, depending on environmental conditions.

The medical relevance of Drosophilidae lies primarily in their role as model organisms for understanding fundamental biological processes. Research using fruit flies has contributed significantly to our understanding of genetics, gene function, development, aging, and various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Additionally, fruit flies can serve as vectors for some human pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, although their significance in disease transmission is relatively minor compared to other insects like mosquitoes or ticks.

"Oryza sativa" is the scientific name for Asian rice, which is a species of grass and one of the most important food crops in the world. It is a staple food for more than half of the global population, providing a significant source of calories and carbohydrates. There are several varieties of Oryza sativa, including indica and japonica, which differ in their genetic makeup, growth habits, and grain characteristics.

Oryza sativa is an annual plant that grows to a height of 1-2 meters and produces long slender leaves and clusters of flowers at the top of the stem. The grains are enclosed within a tough husk, which must be removed before consumption. Rice is typically grown in flooded fields or paddies, which provide the necessary moisture for germination and growth.

Rice is an important source of nutrition for people around the world, particularly in developing countries where it may be one of the few reliable sources of food. It is rich in carbohydrates, fiber, and various vitamins and minerals, including thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and magnesium. However, rice can also be a significant source of arsenic, a toxic heavy metal that can accumulate in the grain during growth.

In medical terms, Oryza sativa may be used as a component of nutritional interventions for individuals who are at risk of malnutrition or who have specific dietary needs. It may also be studied in clinical trials to evaluate its potential health benefits or risks.

A zebrafish is a freshwater fish species belonging to the family Cyprinidae and the genus Danio. Its name is derived from its distinctive striped pattern that resembles a zebra's. Zebrafish are often used as model organisms in scientific research, particularly in developmental biology, genetics, and toxicology studies. They have a high fecundity rate, transparent embryos, and a rapid development process, making them an ideal choice for researchers. However, it is important to note that providing a medical definition for zebrafish may not be entirely accurate or relevant since they are primarily used in biological research rather than clinical medicine.

A chromosome inversion is a genetic rearrangement where a segment of a chromosome has been reversed end to end, so that its order of genes is opposite to the original. This means that the gene sequence on the segment of the chromosome has been inverted.

In an inversion, the chromosome breaks in two places, and the segment between the breaks rotates 180 degrees before reattaching. This results in a portion of the chromosome being inverted, or turned upside down, relative to the rest of the chromosome.

Chromosome inversions can be either paracentric or pericentric. Paracentric inversions involve a segment that does not include the centromere (the central constriction point of the chromosome), while pericentric inversions involve a segment that includes the centromere.

Inversions can have various effects on an individual's phenotype, depending on whether the inversion involves genes and if so, how those genes are affected by the inversion. In some cases, inversions may have no noticeable effect, while in others they may cause genetic disorders or predispose an individual to certain health conditions.

A genetic database is a type of biomedical or health informatics database that stores and organizes genetic data, such as DNA sequences, gene maps, genotypes, haplotypes, and phenotype information. These databases can be used for various purposes, including research, clinical diagnosis, and personalized medicine.

There are different types of genetic databases, including:

1. Genomic databases: These databases store whole genome sequences, gene expression data, and other genomic information. Examples include the National Center for Biotechnology Information's (NCBI) GenBank, the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA), and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ).
2. Gene databases: These databases contain information about specific genes, including their location, function, regulation, and evolution. Examples include the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database, the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), and the Gene Ontology (GO) database.
3. Variant databases: These databases store information about genetic variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions/deletions (INDELs), and copy number variations (CNVs). Examples include the Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP), the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC), and the International HapMap Project.
4. Clinical databases: These databases contain genetic and clinical information about patients, such as their genotype, phenotype, family history, and response to treatments. Examples include the ClinVar database, the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB), and the Genetic Testing Registry (GTR).
5. Population databases: These databases store genetic information about different populations, including their ancestry, demographics, and genetic diversity. Examples include the 1000 Genomes Project, the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), and the Allele Frequency Net Database (AFND).

Genetic databases can be publicly accessible or restricted to authorized users, depending on their purpose and content. They play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of genetics and genomics, as well as improving healthcare and personalized medicine.

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) are regions of the genome that are associated with variation in quantitative traits, which are traits that vary continuously in a population and are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. QTLs can help to explain how genetic variations contribute to differences in complex traits such as height, blood pressure, or disease susceptibility.

Quantitative trait loci are identified through statistical analysis of genetic markers and trait values in experimental crosses between genetically distinct individuals, such as strains of mice or plants. The location of a QTL is inferred based on the pattern of linkage disequilibrium between genetic markers and the trait of interest. Once a QTL has been identified, further analysis can be conducted to identify the specific gene or genes responsible for the variation in the trait.

It's important to note that QTLs are not themselves genes, but rather genomic regions that contain one or more genes that contribute to the variation in a quantitative trait. Additionally, because QTLs are identified through statistical analysis, they represent probabilistic estimates of the location of genetic factors influencing a trait and may encompass large genomic regions containing multiple genes. Therefore, additional research is often required to fine-map and identify the specific genes responsible for the variation in the trait.

"Flammulina" is a genus of fungi in the family Physalacriaceae. It is commonly known as the "Winter Fungus" or "Enoki Mushroom." The most common species is Flammulina velutipes, which has white or pale brown caps and long, slender stems. This mushroom is often cultivated for food in East Asia and can be found in woods during the winter months in cooler climates. It contains various bioactive compounds with potential health benefits, such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antitumor activities.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. The term "fishes" is not typically used in a medical context. "Fish" or "fishes" refers to any aquatic organism belonging to the taxonomic class Actinopterygii (bony fish), Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays), or Agnatha (jawless fish).

However, if you are referring to a condition related to fish or consuming fish, there is a medical issue called scombroid fish poisoning. It's a foodborne illness caused by eating spoiled or improperly stored fish from the Scombridae family, which includes tuna, mackerel, and bonito, among others. The bacteria present in these fish can produce histamine, which can cause symptoms like skin flushing, headache, diarrhea, and itchy rash. But again, this is not related to the term "fishes" itself but rather a condition associated with consuming certain types of fish.

'Arachis hypogaea' is the scientific name for the peanut plant. It is a legume crop that grows underground, which is why it is also known as a groundnut. The peanut plant produces flowers above ground, and when the flowers are pollinated, the ovary of the flower elongates and grows downwards into the soil where the peanut eventually forms and matures.

The peanut is not only an important food crop worldwide but also has various industrial uses, including the production of biodiesel, plastics, and animal feed. The plant is native to South America and was domesticated by indigenous peoples in what is now Brazil and Peru thousands of years ago. Today, peanuts are grown in many countries around the world, with China, India, and the United States being the largest producers.

"Fish proteins" are not a recognized medical term or concept. However, fish is a source of protein that is often consumed in the human diet and has been studied in various medical and nutritional contexts. According to the USDA FoodData Central database, a 100-gram serving of cooked Atlantic salmon contains approximately 25 grams of protein.

Proteins from fish, like other animal proteins, are complete proteins, meaning they contain all nine essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Fish proteins have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their role in muscle growth and repair, immune function, and cardiovascular health.

It's worth noting that some people may have allergies to fish or seafood, which can cause a range of symptoms from mild skin irritation to severe anaphylaxis. If you suspect you have a fish allergy, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

A human genome is the complete set of genetic information contained within the 23 pairs of chromosomes found in the nucleus of most human cells. It includes all of the genes, which are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for making proteins, as well as non-coding regions of DNA that regulate gene expression and provide structural support to the chromosomes.

The human genome contains approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA and is estimated to contain around 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The sequencing of the human genome was completed in 2003 as part of the Human Genome Project, which has had a profound impact on our understanding of human biology, disease, and evolution.

... server Server for Synteny Identification and Analysis of Genome Rearrangement-the Identification of synteny and ... Study of synteny can show how the genome is cut and pasted in the course of evolution. Synteny is a neologism meaning "on the ... The analysis of synteny in the gene order sense has several applications in genomics. Shared synteny is one of the most ... Patterns of shared synteny or synteny breaks can also be used as characters to infer the phylogenetic relationships among ...
In 2012 her lab helped develop a computational tool, MCScanX, to identify synteny across genomes, which has been cited >650 ... DeBarry, J. D.; Kissinger, J. C. (2011-10-01). "Jumbled Genomes: Missing Apicomplexan Synteny". Molecular Biology and Evolution ... it was shown that genetic synteny (genes arranged in the same groupings in different genomes) was substantially less than ... a toolkit for detection and evolutionary analysis of gene synteny and collinearity". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (7): e49. doi: ...
Tang H, Bowers JE, Wang X, Ming R, Alam M, Paterson AH (April 2008). "Synteny and collinearity in plant genomes". Science. 320 ...
synteny synthesis phase See S phase. Contents Top A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References ...
Synteny and Collinearity in Plant Genomes (2008). Protoglobin and globin-coupled sensors (2008). "About Professor Maqsudul Alam ... Tang, Haibao; Bowers, John E.; Wang, Xiyin; Ming, Ray; Alam, Maqsudul; Paterson, Andrew H. (2008-04-25). "Synteny and ...
In genetic mapping, visualizing synteny is one way to see the preserved order of genes on chromosomes. It is usually used for ... If there is close relationship between them, then their genome will display a linear behaviour (synteny), namely some or all of ... Duran C, Edwards D, Batley J (2009). "Genetic maps and the use of synteny". Plant Genomics. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. ... Liu D, Hunt M, Tsai IJ (January 2018). "Inferring synteny between genome assemblies: a systematic evaluation". BMC ...
Pan, X.; Stein, L.; Brendel, V. (2005). "SynBrowse: A synteny browser for comparative sequence analysis". Bioinformatics. 21 ( ...
Conserved and compared synteny between human and chicken". Cytogenet. Genome Res. 97 (3-4): 234-8. doi:10.1159/000066611. PMID ...
2008). "Do cnidarians have a ParaHox cluster? Analysis of synteny around a Nematostella homeobox gene cluster". Evolution & ...
It thus models the synteny, or proximity between genes. At another scale, it can as well model the evolution of two domains ... Characters can evolve on reconciled phylogenies, like gene synteny on a gene/species reconciliation. Transfers can be upper ... like gene synteny (E), or two levels can be reconciled with the constraint of an upper one (F). Transfers can be upper ...
TWINSCAN examined only human-mouse synteny to look for orthologous genes. Programs such as N-SCAN and CONTRAST allowed the ...
McLysaght, Aoife; Enright, Anton J.; Skrabanek, Lucy; Wolfe, Kenneth H. (2000). "Estimation of Synteny Conservation and Genome ...
According to a study that mapped synteny (genes occurring on the same chromosome) disruptions in the gibbon and human genome, ... No common specific sequence element in the independent rearrangements was found, while 46% of the gibbon-human synteny ... "A high-resolution map of synteny disruptions in gibbon and human genomes". PLOS Genetics. 2 (12): e223. doi:10.1371/journal. ...
Birds have heterogametic females (ZW) and homogametic males (ZZ). The avian Z chromosome is conserved synteny with chromosome 9 ...
The region of conserved synteny was the gene casein kinase I epsilon (CKIe). This is consistent with CKIe's homology to the ...
... synteny was restricted to the downstream ornithine descarboxylase gene. del Val C, Rivas E, Torres-Quesada O, Toro N, Jiménez- ... Partial synteny of the αr45 genomic regions was observed in the Mesorhizobium and Brucella species where instead of aLysR ...
Use of synteny and local similarity, for instance, provides a basis for trait inference. Note that LIS makes use of the UniProt ...
Shiue, Y-L; Millon, LV; Skow, LC; Honeycutt, D; Murray, JD; Bowling, AT (2000). "Synteny and regional marker order assignment ... "A synteny map of the horse genome comprised of 240 microsatellite and RAPD markers". Animal Genetics. 30 (1): 1-9. doi:10.1046/ ...
... indication of PON-cystic fibrosis synteny". Clinical Genetics. 28 (4): 265-271. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1985.tb00400.x. ISSN ...
James, Timothy (2007). "Analysis of mating type locus organization and synteny in mushroom fungi: Beyond model species". In ...
2001). "Human adolescent nephronophthisis: gene locus synteny with polycystic kidney disease in pcy mice". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol ...
"SSR-based Genetic Linkage Map of Cucurbita moschata and its Synteny With Cucurbita pepo". Genome. 51 (11): 878-887. doi:10.1139 ...
... revealing synteny conservation with functional significance". Mamm. Genome. 13 (2): 102-7. doi:10.1007/s00335-001-3058-y. PMID ... revealing synteny conservation with functional significance". Mamm. Genome. 13 (2): 102-7. doi:10.1007/s00335-001-3058-y. PMID ...
Vakirlis N, Carvunis AR, McLysaght A (February 2020). "Synteny-based analyses indicate that sequence divergence is not the main ...
April 2010). "Extensive synteny conservation of holocentric chromosomes in Lepidoptera despite high rates of local genome ...
A synteny analysis revealed that there is an intrachromosomal rearrangement on chromosomes 2 and 9; this could be a factor in ...
"Abnormal microRNA-16 locus with synteny to human 13q14 linked to CLL in NZB mice". Blood. 109 (12): 5079-86. doi:10.1182/blood- ...
There are 135 identifiable segments in the human genome which retain synteny with the ancestral chordate karyotype. Synteny ... and humans Homo sapiens revealed extensive macro-synteny with little or no micro-synteny. That is, across the Chordate clade ... It uses comparisons of synteny blocks, chromosome translocation, and other genomic rearrangements to determine the evolutionary ...
"Synteny of Images in Three Illustrated Dioscoridean Herbals: Julianna Anica Codex, Codex Neapolitanus, and Morgan 652". Purdue ... "Synteny of Images in Three Illustrated Dioscoridean Herbals: Julianna Anica Codex, Codex Neapolitanus, and Morgan 652". Purdue ...
Grootjans JJ, Reekmans G, Ceulemans H, David G (2000). "Syntenin-syndecan binding requires syndecan-synteny and the co- ...
Synteny server Server for Synteny Identification and Analysis of Genome Rearrangement-the Identification of synteny and ... Study of synteny can show how the genome is cut and pasted in the course of evolution. Synteny is a neologism meaning "on the ... The analysis of synteny in the gene order sense has several applications in genomics. Shared synteny is one of the most ... Patterns of shared synteny or synteny breaks can also be used as characters to infer the phylogenetic relationships among ...
13.4: Synteny and Evolution John H. Renwick first coined the term "synteny" in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the ... Based on synteny relation and DNA sequence analysis, scientists have predicted the karyotype of all primate ancestors. Synteny ... In evolutionary perspective, synteny refers to the phenomenon of co-localization of genes on a chromosome of two or more ... Based on synteny analysis and high resolution DNA data from all known modern primates, scientists have proposed a karyotype for ...
Query contigs have been ordered based on synteny length to reference. Contig IDs are labelled A) Genome synteny between E. lata ... Synteny blocks are coloured based on the reference sequence and query assembly is represented in grey. ... Repeat elements neighbouring (< 2 kb) synteny breakpoints are shown, excluding repeats located in contig ends. C) Genome ...
Operon Synteny Brings Order to the Case for Intelligent Design, Part 1 (of 2). by Fazale Rana ... This article is Part 1 (of 2) of "Operon Synteny Brings Order to the Case for Intelligent Design".. To access Part 2, please ... Operon Synteny Brings Order to the Case for Intelligent Design, Part 1 (of 2) ...
The Insights of Genomic Synteny and Codon Usage Preference on Genera Demarcation of Iridoviridae Family.XLSX ... Table_1_The Insights of Genomic Synteny and Codon Usage Preference on Genera Demarcation of Iridoviridae Family. .XLSX (. 34.34 ... Table_1_The Insights of Genomic Synteny and Codon Usage Preference on Genera Demarcation of Iridoviridae Family.XLSX. ... Furthermore, the information provided by synteny analysis and codon usage preference (relative synonymous codon usage, ...
Comparative genomics using paired BAC-ends revealed several regions of conserved synteny across all the fish species analyzed ... Comparative synteny analysis. Identification of regions of conserved synteny between rainbow trout and model fish species were ... As expected, our analysis revealed moderate macro-synteny between rainbow trout and the three model species and even lower ... The comparative genome analyses reported here provide a survey of conserved synteny between rainbow trout and three model fish ...
SyMAP - Synteny browser for plant genomes, including Medicago and Soybean. Comparison of Brachypodium with rice and sorghum ( ... SyMAP - Synteny browser for plant genomes, including Medicago and Soybean , Wishful Blog by Wishfulthemes ...
SyMAP - Synteny browser for plant genomes, including Medicago and Soybean. Comparison of Brachypodium with rice and sorghum ( ... SyMAP - Synteny browser for plant genomes, including Medicago and Soybean , Wishful Blog by Wishfulthemes ...
This was achieved by high-throughput transcript mapping, chromosome survey sequencing, and integration of conserved synteny ... This enabled a genome-wide high-density comparative analysis of rye/barley/model grass genome synteny. Seventeen conserved ...
In contrast, the View Synteny page gives access to perfect and imperfect synteny blocks precomputed for a large number of ... For both Run OrthoCluster and View Synteny, identified synteny blocks can be browsed at the whole genome, chromosome, and ... which host synteny blocks from various groups of species (especially eukaryotes) and also allow users to run synteny- ... considering order and strandedness of genes within synteny blocks, including or excluding nested synteny blocks, handling one- ...
... lacking synteny with A. nidulans and A. fumigatus) in a mosaic manner throughout the genome of A. oryzae. The blocks of A. ... Synteny analysis. Orthologues between A. oryzae and either A. nidulans or A. fumigatus were identified using the best bi- ... These secondary metabolism genes are enriched in regions lacking synteny with either A. fumigatus or A. nidulans (P = 9.8 × 10- ... The mosaic structure of the genome, considered to be evidence for horizontal gene transfer17, was found by synteny analysis of ...
Fast mapping Functional prediction Synteny dotplot Genome pair orthology GO enrichment analysis OMA-MO: Find model organism ... Extant and ancestral genomes OMA groups Hierarchical orthologous groups (HOGs) Functional annotations Local synteny ...
Can i just input a gene sequence to compare synteny? Or I must input the genomic sequence?. And how do you implement synteny ... I want to analyze synteny of a targeted gene between two species. But one of them just has some scaffold sequences (unfinished ... I want to analyze synteny of a targeted gene between two species. But one of them just has some scaffold sequences (unfinished ... If these are unplaced scaffolds that have no chromosome or genotyping information then youre not going to gauge synteny. ...
Fast mapping Functional prediction Synteny dotplot Genome pair orthology OMA-MO: Finding model organism OMArk: Assessing ...
Based on phylogenetic and synteny analyses, this study reveals that nanos1 gene has undergone multiple duplications and gene ... The nanos1B synteny was not found in sea lamprey, chimaera (elephant shark), Xenopus tropicalis and green anole. The synteny ... The synteny results support the previous hypothesis of a duplication of nanos1B in the ancestor at the base of the teleost ... Synteny analyses showed that Tetrapods have lost the nanos1B gene copy. Teleosts underwent a third round (3 R) of whole genome ...
OrchidBase: comparative genomics of synteny and miRNA-target gene among orchid whole genomes. 修頤, 何. (Author). 2020 ... reliable of research result we use a lot of characteristic of miRNA The second part is synteny viewer We defined the synteny ... OrchidBase: comparative genomics of synteny and miRNA-target gene among orchid whole genomes ...
Index of /archives/PAST_RELEASES/release-61/synteny_maps. Name. Last modified. Size. Description. ...
Synteny Grants and funding This research was partially supported by the Italian Ministry of Agricultural Alimentary and Forest ...
... for which genome synteny has been reported (Li et al., 2021). Indeed, a striking synteny is observed in the genome region ... Hymenoptera synteny analysis. The mapping of gene loci is based on the information available on the Genome Data Viewer (https ... Synteny of Hymenoptera genomes adjacent to CDCA7 genes. Genome compositions around CDCA7 genes in Hymenoptera insects are shown ... the synteny analysis strongly indicates that CDCA7 is lost from braconid wasps. Intriguingly, braconid wasps co-lost CDCA7 ...
Next‐generation sequencing, FISH mapping and synteny‐based modeling reveal mechanisms of decreasing dysploidy in Cucumis. ... Full paper: Next‐generation sequencing, FISH mapping and synteny‐based modeling reveal mechanisms of decreasing dysploidy in ... Next‐generation sequencing, FISH mapping and synteny‐based modeling reveal mechanisms of decreasing dysploidy in Cucumis ... we investigated chromosome synteny among cucumber, C. hystrix and melon using integrated and complementary approaches. We ...
Synteny objects produced by the R package DECIPHER provides quantitative information about that shared order. SynExtend ... Tools for Working With Synteny Objects. Bioconductor version: Release (3.17) Shared order between genomic sequences provide a ... provides tools for extracting information from Synteny objects.. Author: Nicholas Cooley [aut, cre] , Aidan Lakshman [aut, ctb ...
In grafab/gsrc: Genome Structure Rearrangement Calling in Genomes with High Synteny Description Usage Arguments Value Examples ...
Chromosomal synteny. Figure1 shows blocks of synteny shared between T. equi and B. bovis, T. parva, or T. annulata. There are ... Chromosomal map and depiction of synteny between piroplasms. T. equi (Te), T. annulata (Ta), T. parva (Tp) and B. bovis (Bb) ... p67 locus synteny. T. parva p67 is an abundant sporozoite surface antigen, and along with its homolog from T. annulata (SPAG-1 ... bovis[29, 37]. Large regions of synteny are observed between the Theileria spp. and T. equi, suggesting more recent shared ...
These data, in conjunction with earlier human chromosome painting studies of the horse karyotype and synteny mapping of horse ... were used as PCR primers to produce molecular markers for synteny mapping in the horse. Primer sets for 21 genes yielded eight ... horse-specific markers, which were mapped with the UC Davis horse-mouse somatic cell hybrid panel into two synteny groups: ... Equine Synteny Mapping of Comparative Anchor Tagged Sequences (CATS) From Human Chromosome 5. Mammalian Genome. Vol.10(11). ...
When compared to the complete genome of C. elegans, evidence for conservation of long-range synteny and microsynteny was found ... The pbr synteny cluster and pbr homologs in other species. The genomic organization of the pbr synteny cluster in C. elegans ... Fractured synteny between the genomes of B. malayi and C. elegans. All of the C. elegans orthologs, except for Y56A3A.3 (Ce-mif ... Table 2 Synteny conservation between B. malayi BAC-end genome survey sequences and C. elegans genome sequence. Full size table ...
Synteny-Based Genome Assembly for 16 Species of Heliconius Butterflies, and an Assessment of Structural Variation across the ...
SNP Discovery and Chromosome Anchoring Provide the First Physically-Anchored Hexaploid Oat Map and Reveal Synteny with Model ... SNP Discovery and Chromosome Anchoring Provide the First Physically-Anchored Hexaploid Oat Map and Reveal Synteny with Model ... SNP Discovery and Chromosome Anchoring Provide the First Physically-Anchored Hexaploid Oat Map and Reveal Synteny with Model ... SNP Discovery and Chromosome Anchoring Provide the First Physically-Anchored Hexaploid Oat Map and Reveal Synteny with Model ...
... synteny patterns arising within and between lineages, and (4) expected gene orientation of duplicate gene sets. The existence ... This suggests biases in synteny that are incompatible with the WGD scenario. The locations of the representative synteny blocks ... Comparative analysis of chromosome maps and synteny with Saccharomyces cerevisiae . FEBS Lett 2000, 487: 101-112. 10.1016/S0014 ... Gene-interleaving patterns of synteny established between S. cerevisiae and A. gossypii [11] and between S. cerevisiae and K. ...
A High-Density Genetic Map Enables Genome Synteny and QTL Mapping of Vegetative Growth and Leaf Traits in Gardenia.XLS ... genetic mapgenotyping-by-sequencinggrowth-and leaf-related traitsQTLsyntenygardenia ... Table8_A High-Density Genetic Map Enables Genome Synteny and QTL Mapping of Vegetative Growth and Leaf Traits in Gardenia. .XLS ... Table8_A High-Density Genetic Map Enables Genome Synteny and QTL Mapping of Vegetative Growth and Leaf Traits in Gardenia.XLS. ...
  • The Encyclopædia Britannica gives the following description of synteny, using the modern definition: Genomic sequencing and mapping have enabled comparison of the general structures of genomes of many different species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Synteny is widely used in studying complex genomes, as comparative genomics allows the presence and possibly function of genes in a simpler, model organism to infer those in a more complex one. (wikipedia.org)
  • This was achieved by high-throughput transcript mapping, chromosome survey sequencing, and integration of conserved synteny information of three sequenced model grass genomes ( Brachypodium distachyon , rice ( Oryza sativa ), and sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ). (rye-gene-map.de)
  • The recent availability of an expanding collection of genome sequences driven by technological advances has facilitated comparative genomics and in particular the identification of synteny among multiple genomes. (duke.edu)
  • However, the development of effective and easy-to-use methods for identifying such conserved gene clusters among multiple genomes-synteny blocks-as well as databases, which host synteny blocks from various groups of species (especially eukaryotes) and also allow users to run synteny-identification programs, lags behind.OrthoClusterDB is a new online platform for the identification and visualization of synteny blocks. (duke.edu)
  • Run OrthoCluster offers full control over the functionalities of OrthoCluster, such as specifying synteny block size, considering order and strandedness of genes within synteny blocks, including or excluding nested synteny blocks, handling one-to-many orthologous relationships, and comparing multiple genomes. (duke.edu)
  • In contrast, the View Synteny page gives access to perfect and imperfect synteny blocks precomputed for a large number of genomes, without the need for users to retrieve and format input data. (duke.edu)
  • OrthoClusterDB is freely accessible.We have developed an online system for the identification and visualization of synteny blocks among multiple genomes. (duke.edu)
  • The level of conservation of gene order (synteny) and linkage between two genomes will depend on the relative contributions of inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Contig IDs are labelled A) Genome synteny between E . lata isolate MA101 and isolate 511-17 and B) E . lata isolate MA101 and isolate TAS7. (figshare.com)
  • C) Genome synteny between isolates TAS7, B003, MA101 and 511-17. (figshare.com)
  • This enabled a genome-wide high-density comparative analysis of rye/barley/model grass genome synteny. (rye-gene-map.de)
  • Deeply conserved chordate noncoding sequences preserve genome synteny but do not drive gene duplicate retention. (mpg.de)
  • Shared synteny (also known as conserved synteny) describes preserved co-localization of genes on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stronger-than-expected shared synteny can reflect selection for functional relationships between syntenic genes, such as combinations of alleles that are advantageous when inherited together, or shared regulatory mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, exceptional conservation of synteny can reflect important functional relationships between genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Synteny in classical terms refers to the genes present on the same chromosome, like beads on the same string. (jove.com)
  • In evolutionary perspective, synteny refers to the phenomenon of co-localization of genes on a chromosome of two or more different species. (jove.com)
  • Therefore, the genes A and A1, B and B1 and C and C1 represent a synteny between the two species, X and Y. (jove.com)
  • Even after millions of years of divergence, several genes present on the long arm of human chromosome 10 and the tree shrew's chromosome 16 show conserved synteny in some regions. (jove.com)
  • John H. Renwick first coined the term "synteny" in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. (jove.com)
  • Primer sets for 21 genes yielded eight horse-specific markers, which were mapped with the UC Davis horse-mouse somatic cell hybrid panel into two synteny groups: UCD14 and UCD21. (etsu.edu)
  • In both studies, regions of 'double synteny' (DS) were identified in which single genes or groups of genes expressed homology relationships with alternating chromosomal regions of S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)
  • This was further supported by long-read sequencing of one representative XDR isolate, which revealed the presence of an integron carrying multiple resistance genes, including bla VIM-2 , with differences in gene composition and synteny to other P. aeruginosa class 1 integrons described before. (who.int)
  • In genetics, the term synteny refers to two related concepts: In classical genetics, synteny describes the physical co-localization of genetic loci on the same chromosome within an individual or species. (wikipedia.org)
  • This situation is called synteny, translated roughly as possessing common chromosome sequences. (wikipedia.org)
  • Students of (classical) genetics employ the term synteny to describe the situation in which two genetic loci have been assigned to the same chromosome but still may be separated by a large enough distance in map units that genetic linkage has not been demonstrated. (wikipedia.org)
  • During evolution, rearrangements to the genome such as chromosome translocations may separate two loci, resulting in the loss of synteny between them. (wikipedia.org)
  • For both Run OrthoCluster and View Synteny, identified synteny blocks can be browsed at the whole genome, chromosome, and individual gene level. (duke.edu)
  • If these are unplaced scaffolds that have no chromosome or genotyping information then you're not going to gauge synteny. (seqanswers.com)
  • To understand the underlying mechanisms, we investigated chromosome synteny among cucumber, C. hystrix and melon using integrated and complementary approaches. (sequentiabiotech.com)
  • Comparative anchor tagged sequences (CATS) from human Chromosome 5 (HSA5) were used as PCR primers to produce molecular markers for synteny mapping in the horse. (etsu.edu)
  • These data, in conjunction with earlier human chromosome painting studies of the horse karyotype and synteny mapping of horse microsatellite markers physically mapped by FISH, confirm the assignment of UCD21 to ECA21 and suggest that UCD14 is located on ECA14. (etsu.edu)
  • In this context, synteny was also essential in identifying a highly important region in wheat, the Ph1 locus involved in genome stability and fertility, which was located using information from syntenic regions in rice and Brachypodium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Comparison of the three aspergilli species revealed the presence of syntenic blocks and A. oryzae -specific blocks (lacking synteny with A. nidulans and A. fumigatus ) in a mosaic manner throughout the genome of A. oryzae . (nature.com)
  • The analysis of synteny in the gene order sense has several applications in genomics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Comparative genomics using paired BAC-ends revealed several regions of conserved synteny across all the fish species analyzed in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The JAX Synteny Browser for mouse-human comparative genomics. (jax.org)
  • We focus on (1) pairwise comparison of gene arrangement sequences in A. gossypii and S. cerevisiae , (2) reconstruction of gene arrangements ancestral to A. gossypii , S. cerevisiae , and K. waltii , (3) synteny patterns arising within and between lineages, and (4) expected gene orientation of duplicate gene sets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Shared synteny is one of the most reliable criteria for establishing the orthology of genomic regions in different species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on synteny analysis and high resolution DNA data from all known modern primates, scientists have proposed a karyotype for the common ancestor of all of these species. (jove.com)
  • Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species. (jove.com)
  • I want to analyze synteny of a targeted gene between two species. (seqanswers.com)
  • Synteny-Based Genome Assembly for 16 Species of Heliconius Butterflies, and an Assessment of Structural Variation across the Genus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Equine Synteny Mapping of Comparative Anchor Tagged Sequences (CATS) F" by Alexandre R. Caetano, Leslie A. Lyons et al. (etsu.edu)
  • Yet, several regions of chromosomes in both mice and humans have maintained common gene order or synteny. (jove.com)
  • Whereas shared ancestry and functional constraints will increase conservation of linkage and synteny between taxa, rearrangement events will tend to randomize gene order over time. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversely, translocations can also join two previously separate pieces of chromosomes together, resulting in a gain of synteny between loci. (wikipedia.org)
  • Characterization of the Anaplasma marginale msp2 locus and its synteny with the omp1/p30 loci of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. canis. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Furthermore, the information provided by synteny analysis and codon usage preference (relative synonymous codon usage, correspondence analysis, ENC-plot and Neutrality plot) also supports the phylogenetic relationship. (figshare.com)
  • Based on phylogenetic and synteny analyses, this study reveals that nanos1 gene has undergone multiple duplications and gene copies losses in Vertebrates. (nature.com)
  • In light of the more recent shift in the meaning of synteny, this conservation of gene content and linkage without preservation of order has also been termed mesosynteny. (wikipedia.org)
  • Un-ambiguous orthologs were identified and synteny blocks anchored to these regions. (ubc.ca)
  • In current biology, synteny more commonly refers to colinearity, i.e. conservation of blocks of order within two sets of chromosomes that are being compared with each other. (wikipedia.org)
  • Study of synteny can show how the genome is cut and pasted in the course of evolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • Synteny objects produced by the R package DECIPHER provides quantitative information about that shared order. (bioconductor.org)
  • Synteny blocks are coloured based on the reference sequence and query assembly is represented in grey. (figshare.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: OrthoClusterDB: an online platform for synteny blocks. (duke.edu)
  • Query contigs have been ordered based on synteny length to reference. (figshare.com)
  • SynExtend provides tools for extracting information from Synteny objects. (bioconductor.org)
  • Ancestral transposition activities in important plant families, including crucifers, legumes and grasses, were unveiled by synteny network analyses. (usda.gov)
  • In current biology, synteny more commonly refers to colinearity, i.e. conservation of blocks of order within two sets of chromosomes that are being compared with each other. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shared synteny (also known as conserved synteny) describes preserved co-localization of genes on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conversely, translocations can also join two previously separate pieces of chromosomes together, resulting in a gain of synteny between loci. (wikipedia.org)
  • For looking a patterns of micro-synteny, you only need to compare small regions, and it isn't necessary to have whole chromosomes. (seqanswers.com)
  • The identification of RLK and RLP genes among the synteny blocks in legumes revealed multiple highly conserved syntenic blocks on multiple chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These 19 scaffolds exhibit a high degree of synteny compared with the 19 chromosomes of a related species Lytechinus variegatus. (nih.gov)
  • Our results also show that it is possible to generate a high-quality, functionally complete rice genome assembly from moderate SMRT read coverage by exploiting synteny in a closely related Oryza species. (pacb.com)
  • Synteny-Based Genome Assembly for 16 Species of Heliconius Butterflies, and an Assessment of Structural Variation across the Genus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Phylogenomic synteny network analyses revealed the deeply conserved genomic syntenies within each of the six ARF groups and the interlocking syntenic relationships connecting distinct groups. (usda.gov)
  • The JAX Synteny Browser for mouse-human comparative genomics. (nih.gov)
  • GenFamClust: an accurate, synteny-aware and reliable homology inference algorithm. (symapdb.org)
  • The resulting synteny map confirmed the 14 inversions and 10 translocations previously documented, but also highlighted 3 new translocations and 4 major new inversions. (nih.gov)
  • In light of the more recent shift in the meaning of synteny, this conservation of gene content and linkage without preservation of order has also been termed mesosynteny. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomal deletions associated with human diseases, such as cancer, are common, but synteny issues complicate modeling of these deletions in mice. (aamds.org)
  • We have developed Web-Assisted Symbolic Plasmid Synteny (WASPS), a web service granting protein and DNA sequence similarity searches against a database comprising all completely sequenced natural plasmids from bacterial, archaeal and eukaryal origin. (nih.gov)