Styrene
Styrenes
Plastics
Epoxy Compounds
Glyoxylates
Air Pollutants, Occupational
Polystyrenes
Occupational Medicine
Ethylene Glycols
Chemical Industry
Phenylacetates
Occupational Exposure
Ships
Pseudomonas putida
Biodegradation, Environmental
An investigation of factors contributing to styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide exposures in the reinforced-plastics industry. (1/204)
During the manufacturing of reinforced plastics, large amounts of styrene and trace quantities of styrene-7,8-oxide (SO) are released. Since previous work suggests that inhalation of even small amounts of SO might be an important health risk, we investigated several possible factors contributing to styrene and SO exposure during the manufacture of reinforced plastics. Factors related to job type, worker and the type and quantity of styrene-containing resins were investigated using mixed-effects multiple linear regression models. Overall, SO exposure levels were positively correlated with styrene exposure levels. However, this correlation was statistically significant only among hand laminators who had the highest exposures to both styrene and SO. An important factor for predicting both styrene and SO concentrations was the type of resin used, while the quantity of resin consumed was predictive of styrene but not of SO exposure. Since So exposure appears to be associated with factors other than coexposure to styrene, more effort should be placed on investigating emissions of SO per se. The type of mixed-models regression analysis employed in this study can be used for clarifying the underlying patterns for exposures to styrene and SO as well as for evaluating preventive measures. (+info)Objectives, designs and populations of the European Asclepios study on occupational hazards to male reproductive capability. (2/204)
The main objective of the Asclepios program was to examine occupational risk factors for the male reproductive system. The program focused on occupational exposure to fungicides (farmers, greenhouse workers, and vineyard workers), styrene (laminators in the reinforced plastics industry) and inorganic lead (battery workers, foundry workers, and lead smelters). Questionnaire studies of time to pregnancy were combined with longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of semen quality. The 8 data-collecting centers addressed 6553 male workers and contributed time-to-pregnancy values on the 3077 most recent pregnancies. Data collection was by interview or self-collection. The average response rate across all exposures and centers was 69.8%. The Asclepios project is the first international multicenter research project on environmental risks to male reproductive function. A protocol for epidemiologic research on occupational risk factors to the male reproductive system was developed, and links between epidemiologic and experimental units were established. The majority, but not all, of the studies was completed within the given time frame. (+info)Characterization of hepatocellular resistance and susceptibility to styrene toxicity in B6C3F1 mice. (3/204)
Short-term inhalation exposure of B6C3F1 mice to styrene causes necrosis of centrilobular (CL) hepatocytes. However, in spite of continued exposure, the necrotic parenchyma is rapidly regenerated, indicating resistance by regenerated cells to styrene toxicity. These studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that resistance to repeated styrene exposure is due to sustained cell proliferation, with production of hepatocytes that have reduced metabolic capacity. Male mice were exposed to air or 500 ppm styrene (6 h/day); hepatotoxicity was evaluated by microscopic examination, serum liver enzyme levels, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeling index (LI). Metabolism was assessed by measurement of blood styrene and styrene oxide. Both single and repeated exposures to styrene resulted in mortality by Day 2; in mice that survived, there was CL necrosis with elevated BrdU LI at Day 6, and complete restoration of the necrotic parenchyma by Day 15. The BrdU LI in mice given a single exposure had returned to control levels by Day 15. Re-exposure of these mice on Day 15 resulted in additional mortality and hepatocellular necrosis, indicating that regenerated CL cells were again susceptible to the cytolethal effect of styrene following a 14-day recovery. However, in mice repeatedly exposed to styrene for 14 days, the BrdU LI remained significantly increased on Day 15, with preferential labeling of CL hepatocytes with enlarged nuclei (karyomegaly). If repeated exposures were followed by a 10-day recovery period, CL karyomegaly persisted, but the BrdU LI returned to control level and CL hepatocytes became susceptible again to styrene toxicity as demonstrated by additional mortality and acute necrosis after a challenge exposure. These findings indicated a requirement for continued styrene exposure and DNA synthesis in order to maintain this resistant phenotype. Analyses of proliferating-cell nuclear-antigen (PCNA) labeling were conducted to further characterize the cell cycle kinetics of these hepatocytes. The proportion of cells in S-phase was increased by repeated exposure. However, PCNA analysis also revealed an even larger increase in the G1 cell compartment with repeated exposures, without a concurrent increase in G2 phase or in mitotic cell numbers. These data indicate that resistance to styrene-induced necrosis under conditions of repeated exposure is not due to sustained cell turnover and production of new, metabolically inactive cells, but rather is due to some other, as yet unknown, protective phenotype of the regenerated cells. (+info)Mortality from nonmalignant diseases of the respiratory, genitourinary and nervous systems among workers exposed to styrene in the reinforced plastics and composites industry in the United States. (4/204)
OBJECTIVES: Mortality from diseases of the nervous system and nonmalignant diseases of the respiratory and genitourinary systems was examined for workers exposed to styrene. METHODS: Altogether 15,826 styrene-exposed workers in 30 plants in the reinforced plastics and composites industry were included. Vital status was ascertained through 31 December 1989. Individual exposure estimates were developed based on job functions, existing industrial hygiene data, process changes, engineering controls, work practices, and the use of personal protective equipment. Analyses were based on cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and the Cox proportional hazards model. Mortality data were analyzed by latency, duration of exposure, average exposure, cumulative exposure, and process category. RESULTS: For diseases of the nervous system, the SMR was 0.56 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.31-0.95]. Mortality from nonmalignant genitourinary diseases was not increased (SMR 0.87, 95% CI 0.46-1.50). Latency, duration of exposure, average exposure, cumulative exposure, and process category showed no association between styrene exposure and these 2 types of disease. A small increase in mortality from nonmalignant respiratory diseases was found (SMR 1.21, 95% CI 0.98-1.47), mainly due to "other nonmalignant respiratory diseases" (SMR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04-1.84). The highest increase occurred for short exposure duration (SMR 1.79 for <1 year's exposure) or low exposure (SMR 2.15 for <10 ppm-years); there were no increased risks in the high exposure categories. The Cox proportional hazard model revealed no association between styrene exposure and the diseases. CONCLUSIONS: No relationship was found between mortality from any of the diseases examined and any of the styrene exposure indices. The findings were compared with those reported in a European study of styrene-exposed workers. (+info)Distribution and skewness of occupational exposure sets of measurements in the Norwegian industry. (5/204)
Aggregated occupational sets of exposure measurements from the Norwegian industry registered in the exposure database EXPO at The National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo were examined with respect to distributions and skewness. Data for lead in blood show a truncated almost normal distribution because of regulations for workers with high lead in blood concentrations. The styrene, dichloromethane and acetone measurements show quasi log-normal distributions possibly because of over-representation of worst-case measurements. The other personal and stationary measurements are relatively good fitted to a log-normal model. The stationary measurements indicate generally lower mean levels than the corresponding personal measurements. The statistical parameter skewness is valuable in connection with an exposure database as a distribution test for raw data and log-transformed data. (+info)Metabolism of styrene by mouse and rat isolated lung cells. (6/204)
Styrene is pneumotoxic in mice. It is metabolized by pulmonary microsomes of both mouse and rat to styrene oxide (SO), presumed to be the toxic metabolite of styrene, and known to be genotoxic. To determine which pulmonary cell types are responsible for styrene metabolism, and which cytochromes P450 are associated with the bioactivation of styrene, we isolated enriched fractions of mouse and rat Clara and type II cells in order to determine the rate of styrene metabolism, with and without chemical inhibitors. Mouse Clara cells readily metabolized styrene to SO. Diethyldithiocarbamate, a CYP2E1 inhibitor, caused less inhibition of SO formation in Clara cells isolated from mice than previously found with pulmonary microsomes. As in microsomes, 5-phenyl-1-pentyne, a CYP2F2 inhibitor, inhibited the formation of both enantiomers. alpha-Naphthoflavone, a CYP1A inhibitor, did not inhibit SO formation in Clara cells. alpha-Methylbenzylaminobenzotriazole, a CYP2B inhibitor, exhibited minimal inhibition of SO production at 10 microM and less at 1 microM. The microsomal and isolated cell studies indicate that CYP2E1 and CYP2F2 are the primary cytochromes P450 involved in pulmonary styrene metabolism. Styrene metabolizing activity was much greater in Clara cells than in type II pneumocytes, which demonstrated essentially no activity. Styrene-metabolizing activity was several-fold higher in the mouse than in rat Clara cells. The more pneumotoxic and genotoxic form, R-SO, was preferentially formed in mice, and S-SO was preferentially formed in rats. These findings indicate the importance of Clara cells in styrene metabolism and suggest that differences in metabolism may be responsible for the greater susceptibility of the mouse to styrene-induced toxicity. (+info)Site-directed mutagenesis of two zinc-binding centers of the NADH-dependent phenylacetaldehyde reductase from styrene-assimilating Corynebacterium sp. strain ST-10. (7/204)
Phenylacetaldehyde reductase (PAR) with a unique and wide substrate range from styrene-assimilating Corynebacterium sp. strain ST-10, which is a useful biocatalyst producing chiral alcohols, has been found to belong to a family of zinc-containing, long-chain alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) on the basis of the primary structure similarity. The enzyme contains 2 moles of zinc per mole of subunit. The amino acid residues assumed to be three catalytic and four structural zinc-binding ligands were characterized by site-directed mutagenesis, compared with other zinc-containing, long-chain ADHs. Sixteen PAR mutants gave measurable but rather low activities toward phenylacetaldehyde, n-hexyl aldehyde, and 2-heptanone, although they maintained the activities of 8 to 16% of that of wild-type PAR for an acetophenone substrate except that the D153N mutant showed quite low activity. The results suggested that the seven residues present in PAR were probably zinc-binding ligands, and mutation in these residues caused a change in activities for some substrates. (+info)Physiological analysis of the expression of the styrene degradation gene cluster in Pseudomonas fluorescens ST. (8/204)
The effects of different carbon sources on expression of the styrene catabolism genes in Pseudomonas fluorescens ST were analyzed by using a promoter probe vector, pPR9TT, which contains transcription terminators upstream and downstream of the beta-galactosidase reporter system. Expression of the promoter of the stySR operon, which codes for the styrene two-component regulatory system, was found to be constitutive and not subject to catabolite repression. This was confirmed by the results of an analysis of the stySR transcript in P. fluorescens ST cells grown on different carbon sources. The promoter of the operon of the upper pathway, designated PstyA, was induced by styrene and repressed to different extents by organic acids or carbohydrates. In particular, cells grown on succinate or lactate in the presence of styrene started to exhibit beta-galactosidase activity during the mid-exponential growth phase, before the preferred carbon sources were depleted, indicating that there is a threshold succinate and lactate concentration which allows induction of styrene catabolic genes. In contrast, cells grown on glucose, acetate, or glutamate and styrene exhibited a diauxic growth curve, and beta-galactosidase activity was detected only after the end of the exponential growth phase. In each experiment the reliability of the reporter system constructed was verified by comparing the beta-galactosidase activity and the activity of the styrene monooxygenase encoded by the first gene of the styrene catabolic operon. (+info)Styrene is an organic compound that is primarily used in the production of polystyrene plastics and resins. In a medical context, styrene is not a term that is typically used to describe a specific disease or condition. However, exposure to high levels of styrene has been linked to potential health effects, including neurological damage, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and possible increased risk of cancer.
Styrene is classified as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) based on evidence from animal studies. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health risks associated with exposure to styrene in humans.
If you have further questions about styrene or its potential health effects, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional or toxicologist who can provide more detailed and personalized advice based on your specific situation and concerns.
Styrene is not typically referred to as "Styrenes" in a medical context. Instead, it is simply called Styrene. Here is a medical definition for it:
Styrene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C8H8. It is a colorless oily liquid that evaporates easily and has a sweet smell and taste. Styrene is used in the manufacture of polystyrene plastics and resins, as well as in rubber and latex manufacturing.
In terms of its health effects, styrene is classified as a possible carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Exposure to high levels of styrene can cause neurological symptoms such as headache, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Long-term exposure has been linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma. However, the evidence for these associations is not conclusive, and more research is needed to fully understand the health effects of styrene exposure.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mandelic Acids" is not a recognized medical term or concept in dermatology or medicine. Mandelic acid, however, is a type of chemical compound used in skincare products for various purposes such as exfoliation and reducing hyperpigmentation. It is an aromatic hydroxyacetic acid derived from mandelic almonds. If you have any questions about skincare ingredients or treatments, I'd be happy to help clarify those for you!
"Plastics" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a broader context, plastics can refer to a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that are used in various medical applications due to their durability, flexibility, and ability to be molded into different shapes. Some examples include:
1. Medical devices such as catheters, implants, and surgical instruments.
2. Packaging for medical supplies and pharmaceuticals.
3. Protective barriers like gloves and gowns used in medical settings.
4. Intraocular lenses and other ophthalmic applications.
It's important to note that the term "plastics" is not a medical term per se, but rather a general category of materials with diverse uses across different industries, including healthcare.
Epoxy compounds, also known as epoxy resins, are a type of thermosetting polymer characterized by the presence of epoxide groups in their molecular structure. An epoxide group is a chemical functional group consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom, which is itself bonded to another carbon atom.
Epoxy compounds are typically produced by reacting a mixture of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol-A or other similar chemicals under specific conditions. The resulting product is a two-part system consisting of a resin and a hardener, which must be mixed together before use.
Once the two parts are combined, a chemical reaction takes place that causes the mixture to cure or harden into a solid material. This curing process can be accelerated by heat, and once fully cured, epoxy compounds form a strong, durable, and chemically resistant material that is widely used in various industrial and commercial applications.
In the medical field, epoxy compounds are sometimes used as dental restorative materials or as adhesives for bonding medical devices or prosthetics. However, it's important to note that some people may have allergic reactions to certain components of epoxy compounds, so their use must be carefully evaluated and monitored in a medical context.
Glyoxylates are organic compounds that are intermediates in various metabolic pathways, including the glyoxylate cycle. The glyoxylate cycle is a modified version of the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) and is found in plants, bacteria, and some fungi.
Glyoxylates are formed from the breakdown of certain amino acids or from the oxidation of one-carbon units. They can be converted into glycine, an important amino acid involved in various metabolic processes. In the glyoxylate cycle, glyoxylates are combined with acetyl-CoA to form malate and succinate, which can then be used to synthesize glucose or other organic compounds.
Abnormal accumulation of glyoxylates in the body can lead to the formation of calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause kidney stones and other health problems. Certain genetic disorders, such as primary hyperoxaluria, can result in overproduction of glyoxylates and increased risk of kidney stone formation.
Occupational air pollutants refer to harmful substances present in the air in workplaces or occupational settings. These pollutants can include dusts, gases, fumes, vapors, or mists that are produced by industrial processes, chemical reactions, or other sources. Examples of occupational air pollutants include:
1. Respirable crystalline silica: A common mineral found in sand, stone, and concrete that can cause lung disease and cancer when inhaled in high concentrations.
2. Asbestos: A naturally occurring mineral fiber that was widely used in construction materials and industrial applications until the 1970s. Exposure to asbestos fibers can cause lung diseases such as asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
3. Welding fumes: Fumes generated during welding processes can contain harmful metals such as manganese, chromium, and nickel that can cause neurological damage and respiratory problems.
4. Isocyanates: Chemicals used in the production of foam insulation, spray-on coatings, and other industrial applications that can cause asthma and other respiratory symptoms.
5. Coal dust: Fine particles generated during coal mining, transportation, and handling that can cause lung disease and other health problems.
6. Diesel exhaust: Emissions from diesel engines that contain harmful particulates and gases that can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems.
Occupational air pollutants are regulated by various government agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, to protect workers from exposure and minimize health risks.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polystyrenes" is not a medical term. Polystyrene is a type of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbon polymer that is used in a variety of commercial and industrial products, such as packaging materials, insulation, and disposable cutlery. It's important to note that some polystyrene products may contain potentially harmful chemicals, such as styrene, which can leach out into food or drink, posing potential health risks. However, the medical community primarily deals with the health effects of exposure to these chemicals rather than defining the material itself.
Occupational medicine is a branch of clinical medicine that deals with the prevention and management of diseases and injuries that may arise in the workplace or as a result of work-related activities. It involves evaluating the health risks associated with various jobs, recommending measures to reduce these risks, providing medical care for workers who become ill or injured on the job, and promoting overall health and wellness in the workplace. Occupational medicine physicians may also be involved in developing policies and procedures related to workplace safety, disability management, and return-to-work programs. The ultimate goal of occupational medicine is to help ensure that workers are able to perform their jobs safely and effectively while maintaining their overall health and well-being.
Ethylene glycols are a class of synthetic chemical compounds that are commonly used as automotive antifreeze, de-icing agents, and as raw materials in the manufacture of polyester fibers and resins. The two most common types of ethylene glycol are ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (also known as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or EGME) and diethylene glycol (DEG).
Ethylene glycols are colorless, odorless liquids with a sweet taste. They are highly toxic to humans and animals if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Exposure can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, confusion, seizures, coma, and even death.
In medical terms, ethylene glycols are often referred to as "toxic alcohols" or "antifreeze poisoning" when they cause toxicity in humans. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as fluid replacement and kidney dialysis, as well as the use of specific antidotes, such as fomepizole or ethanol, to prevent further absorption and metabolism of the toxic alcohol.
The chemical industry is a broad term that refers to the companies and organizations involved in the production or transformation of raw materials or intermediates into various chemical products. These products can be used for a wide range of applications, including manufacturing, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and consumer goods. The chemical industry includes businesses that produce basic chemicals, such as petrochemicals, agrochemicals, polymers, and industrial gases, as well as those that manufacture specialty chemicals, such as dyestuffs, flavors, fragrances, and advanced materials. Additionally, the chemical industry encompasses companies that provide services related to the research, development, testing, and distribution of chemical products.
Phenylacetates are a group of organic compounds that contain a phenyl group (a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group) and an acetic acid group. In the context of medicine, sodium phenylacetate is used in the treatment of certain metabolic disorders, such as urea cycle disorders, to help remove excess ammonia from the body. It does this by conjugating with glycine to form phenylacetylglutamine, which can then be excreted in the urine.
It is important to note that the use of phenylacetates should be under the supervision of a medical professional, as improper use or dosage can lead to serious side effects.
Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.
Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "ships" is not a medical term. It is a common noun referring to large vehicles used for transportation on water. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!
"Pseudomonas putida" is a species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that is commonly found in soil and water environments. It is a non-pathogenic, opportunistic microorganism that is known for its versatile metabolism and ability to degrade various organic compounds. This bacterium has been widely studied for its potential applications in bioremediation and industrial biotechnology due to its ability to break down pollutants such as toluene, xylene, and other aromatic hydrocarbons. It is also known for its resistance to heavy metals and antibiotics, making it a valuable tool in the study of bacterial survival mechanisms and potential applications in bioremediation and waste treatment.
Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.
Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.
Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.
Oxygenases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of molecular oxygen (O2) into their substrates. They play crucial roles in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of many natural products, as well as the detoxification and degradation of xenobiotics (foreign substances).
There are two main types of oxygenases: monooxygenases and dioxygenases. Monooxygenases introduce one atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate while reducing the other to water. An example of this type of enzyme is cytochrome P450, which is involved in drug metabolism and steroid hormone synthesis. Dioxygenases, on the other hand, incorporate both atoms of molecular oxygen into their substrates, often leading to the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds or the cleavage of existing ones.
It's important to note that while oxygenases are essential for many life-sustaining processes, they can also contribute to the production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) during normal cellular metabolism. An imbalance in ROS levels can lead to oxidative stress and damage to cells and tissues, which has been linked to various diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disease.
Styrene - Wikipedia
Styrene | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
Styrene Factsheet | National Biomonitoring Program | CDC
EWG Tap Water Database | Tularosa Water System | Styrene
Jacksons* - Torture: 7", Styrene, Pit For Sale | Discogs
Styrene
Styrene | Compliance and Methodology
Styrene Sheet
- Inventables, Inc.
Plastruct Styrene Structrual Open Web Trusses | BLICK Art Materials
Structure for Styrene, α-tert-butyl-p-(trifluoromethyl)
Blick Non-Glare Styrene Sheet - 8' x 10' | BLICK Art Materials
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Market Share Report, 2030
Leclerc Styrene Bobbins at WEBS | Yarn.com
Poly Styrene - Morrissey-solo Wiki
poly styrene - Okayplayer
Commercial Type » Catalog » Styrene A Family
Styrene | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
![Evergreen Scale Models Black Styrene Sheets, .08x6x12 [EVG9517] - HobbyTown](data:image/png;base64,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)
Evergreen Scale Models Black Styrene Sheets, .08x6x12' [EVG9517] - HobbyTown
High Impact Styrene Sheet | U.S. Plastic Corp.
5 1/2' White Styrene Clock Dial | Klockit
9" Diameter Clear Styrene Round Revolving Display Base
S)-Styrene oxide, 94%, Thermo Scientific™
| Fisher Scientific
US agency calls out Formaldehyde & Styrene for cancer | Healthy Building Network
AS Acrylonitrile Styrene Promotional PVC - AnyPromo
Intratec Releases Styrene Price Forecasts |
Newswire
Stereoselective Synthesis of Styrene Oxides via a Mitsunobu Cyclodehydration
Poly Styrene: I Am a Cliché Blu-ray Review | High Def Digest
Research Suggests Link Between Work-Related Styrene Exposure and Lung Disease » CBIA
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Market Share Report, 2030
Acrylonitrile-butadie7
- The most important products are solid polystyrene (PS), expandable polystyrene (EPS), styrene butadiene latex (SBL), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/terpolymer (ABS), unsaturated polyester resins (UPR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). (cpchem.com)
- The global acrylonitrile butadiene styrene market size was valued at USD 20.54 billion in 2021 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.6% from 2022 to 2030. (grandviewresearch.com)
- The demand for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is likely to increase in the automotive industry owing to its lightweight properties. (grandviewresearch.com)
- Moreover, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene is used for vacuum construction and pipes and fittings due to its excellent mechanical strength and lightweight. (grandviewresearch.com)
- These advantageous properties are anticipated to augment demand for opaque acrylonitrile butadiene styrene in the construction industry. (grandviewresearch.com)
- The rising demand for household appliances, such as microwave ovens , dryers, and washing machines, along with increasing consumer spending on appliances, is expected to boost the demand for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene in the appliances industry. (grandviewresearch.com)
- Tailoring Nylon 6/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Nanocomposites for Application against Electromagnetic Interference: Evaluation of the Mechanical, Thermal and Electrical Behavior, and the Electromagnetic Shielding Efficiency. (harvard.edu)
Levels of styrene7
- Ingesting low levels of styrene that occurs naturally in a variety of foods such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, beverages, and meats. (cdc.gov)
- If you breathe high levels of styrene (more than 1000 times higher than levels normally found in the environment), you may experience nervous system effects such as changes in color vision, tiredness, feeling drunk, slowed reaction time, concentration problems, or balance problems. (cdc.gov)
- The human health effects from exposure to low environmental levels of styrene are unknown. (cdc.gov)
- CDC researchers found measurable levels of styrene in less than half of the participants. (cdc.gov)
- Finding measurable amounts of styrene in the blood does not imply that the levels of styrene cause an adverse health effect. (cdc.gov)
- Biomonitoring studies on levels of styrene provide physicians and public health officials with reference values so that they can determine whether people have been exposed to higher levels of styrene than are found in the general population. (cdc.gov)
- sensitive to respiratory tract and hepatic toxicity from are not related to blood levels of styrene or styrene styrene. (cdc.gov)
Monomer5
- Styrene is also co-produced commercially in a process known as POSM (Lyondell Chemical Company) or SM/PO (Shell) for styrene monomer / propylene oxide. (wikipedia.org)
- Styrene monomer is a basic building block of the plastics industry. (cpchem.com)
- The process converts used polystyrene products back into their original liquid form - styrene monomer. (cpchem.com)
- For those looking to keep abreast of the global Styrene market, our independent, unbiased pricing information, news and analysis of the Styrene monomer markets is an invaluable resource. (icis.com)
- Whether you buy or sell Styrene monomer or related products, you need to know about the prices and the factors driving the prices in the global Styrene market as they happen. (icis.com)
Butadiene rubber5
- An MRL of 5 ppm has been derived reaction time, impaired performance butadiene rubber, or formulated with and styrene products. (cdc.gov)
- Styrene is also used in high performance coatings and may remain as a residual contaminant in the contents of a wide range of Pharos-listed floorings, carpet backings and adhesives that are made of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). (healthybuilding.net)
- GlobalData's report, 'Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Industry Outlook in Argentina to 2019 - Market Size, Company Share, Price Trends, Capacity Forecasts of All Active and Planned Plants', provides in-depth coverage of Argentina's Styrene-Butadiene Rubber industry and presents major market trends. (clickpress.com)
- The report covers Argentina's Styrene-Butadiene Rubber plants and presents installed capacity by process. (clickpress.com)
- It also gives historical and forecast market size, demand and production forecasts, end-use demand details, price trends, trade balance data, and company shares of the country's leading Styrene-Butadiene Rubber producers to provide comprehensive coverage of all parameters of the Styrene-Butadiene Rubber industry. (clickpress.com)
Exposure24
- Exposure to styrene is most likely to occur from breathing indoor air that is contaminated with styrene vapors from building materials, tobacco smoke, and use of copying machines. (cdc.gov)
- There are no studies evaluating the effects of styrene exposure on children or immature animals. (cdc.gov)
- How can families reduce the risk of exposure to styrene? (cdc.gov)
- In the Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (Fourth Report) , CDC scientists measured styrene in the blood of 1,245 participants aged 20-59 years who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2003-2004. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure may occur by inhalation, Styrene is well absorbed by the Urinary levels of mandelic acid and/or for ingestion, or dermal absorption. (cdc.gov)
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Workers at photocopy centers or exposure to styrene were 0.22 ppb. (cdc.gov)
- Styrene is a colorless liquid that exposure for general population is by the dose (how much), the The most sensitive target of toxicity is evaporates easily. (cdc.gov)
- Predominant route of exposure for Styrene is a high production chemical in workers include decreased color workers. (cdc.gov)
- However, humans are likely automobile parts, shoes, drinking cups Styrene photodegrades in the exposure (1 year). (cdc.gov)
- This limit may not fully protect against the risk of cancer due to styrene exposure. (ewg.org)
- Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene - an update. (harvard.edu)
- Occupational styrene exposure and acquired dyschromatopsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (harvard.edu)
- Reports have linked work-related styrene exposure to asthma and an irreversible lung disease known as obliterative bronchiolitis. (cbia.com)
- NIOSH recommends a styrene exposure limit of 50 ppm, or parts per million, over an eight-hour workday to prevent adverse health effects. (cbia.com)
- To understand whether work-related exposure to styrene increases the risk of asthma and obliterative bronchiolitis, NIOSH investigators analyzed 55 published studies and two additional unpublished case reports, according to their paper published in the American Journal of Industrial Medicine . (cbia.com)
- They found 10 cases of obliterative bronchiolitis and eight cases of asthma, with each having had substantial styrene exposure. (cbia.com)
- Overall, they found 10 cases of obliterative bronchiolitis and eight cases of asthma, with each case having had substantial exposure to styrene. (cbia.com)
- Among the cross-sectional studies, 87% had evidence that styrene exposure was associated with lung disease, and half of the death-rate studies had evidence that styrene exposure was associated with death from lung disease. (cbia.com)
- These findings suggest a relationship between styrene exposure at work and developing asthma and obliterative bronchiolitis. (cbia.com)
- Although they do not prove cause and effect, the findings underscore the need for further research into the risk of styrene exposure at work. (cbia.com)
- toxicity following styrene exposure. (cdc.gov)
- The purpose of this study was to assess the concentrations of air contaminants in the work environment, as well as to detect the potential for acute or chronic health problems resulting from suspected exposure to respirable dust (containing resin), hydrogen chloride, benzene, toluene, styrene, xylene and oil mist. (cdc.gov)
- Based on personal air sampling, noise monitoring, and employee interviews, NIOSH investigators conclude that a health hazard exists from exposure to total particulate, styrene, and noise. (cdc.gov)
- IARC scientists coordinated several studies on the adverse health effect of exposure to styrene, man-made vitreous fibres, organic mercury compounds and substances affecting workers in the paper, wood, leather and asphalt industry and in biological research laboratories. (who.int)
White Styrene Plastic2
- The Precision Injection Molded in White Styrene Plastic has high-impac. (dickblick.com)
- This Package Contains Ten .030" White Styrene Plastic Round Rods from Evergreen Scale Models. (hobbylinc.com)
Studies of styrene1
- A systematic review of epidemiologic studies of styrene and cancer. (harvard.edu)
Vinylbenzene1
- In 1845, French chemist Emil Kopp suggested that the two compounds were identical, and in 1866, Erlenmeyer suggested that both "cinnamol" and styrene might be vinylbenzene. (wikipedia.org)
Covers styrene2
- Houston, TX, June 9, 2017 (Newswire.com) - Intratec Solutions LLC, leading provider of chemicals and utilities pricing data and production cost reports, is pleased to announce that its online database Chemicals Pricing Data now covers styrene price forecasts. (newswire.com)
- The database covers styrene price histories in the USA, South America, Europe and Asia, from 2007 to the present, as well as price forecasts. (newswire.com)
Poly10
- Marianne Joan Elliott-Said (3 July 1957 - 25 April 2011), known by the stage name Poly Styrene, was an English musician, singer-songwriter, and frontwoman for the punk rock band X-Ray Spex. (morrissey-solo.com)
- Directed by the singer's daughter Celeste Bell, the rockumentary Poly Styrene: I Am a Cliché is a poignant, loving biographical tribute to the founder and frontwoman of X-Ray Spex while simultaneously chronicling Poly's career as a subculture icon. (highdefdigest.com)
- After listening to their album Germfree Adolescents , which I instantly loved, I developed a fascination for the group's frontwoman Poly Styrene. (highdefdigest.com)
- In Poly Styrene: I Am a Cliché , the documentary directed by Poly's daughter Celeste Bell with Paul Sng seeks to dispel some of the mystery without actually attempting to solve the paradox. (highdefdigest.com)
- The mechanical properties of polystyrene/polyamide-6 (50/50 wt/wt) blends were improved by additions of small amounts of poly(styrene-g-ethylene oxide) (SEO) during compounding by extrusion. (lu.se)
- Fast reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of proteins by flow-through poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) microspheres. (bvsalud.org)
- Owing to the hydrophobic nature , poly( styrene -co-divinylbenzene) microspheres were suitable as the reversed-phase stationary phase for separation of proteins . (bvsalud.org)
- For the high permeability of the poly( styrene -co-divinylbenzene) microspheres packed column, fast separation of the studied six proteins in â ¼2 min was achieved. (bvsalud.org)
- The flow-through poly( styrene -co-divinylbenzene) microspheres were promising for fast separation of large molecules. (bvsalud.org)
- Experiments: In this work, we specifically synthesize poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains, grafted onto poly(styrene) (PS) particles in aqueous solution, and adjust the conditions so that strongly anisotropic and isolated polymer-like clusters are formed. (lu.se)
Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene2
- Around 80% of styrene is produced by the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. (wikipedia.org)
- The conventional method of producing styrene involves the alkylation of benzene with ethylene to produce ethylbenzene, followed by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. (cpchem.com)
Toluene1
- Styrene can be produced from toluene and methanol, which are cheaper raw materials than those in the conventional process. (wikipedia.org)
Precision extruded1
- These precision extruded styrene plastic rods are user friendly and economical. (hobbylinc.com)
Polystyrene6
- vague] Styrene is the precursor to polystyrene and several copolymers, and is typically made from benzene for this purpose. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1865, the German chemist Emil Erlenmeyer found that styrene could form a dimer, and in 1866 the French chemist Marcelin Berthelot stated that "metastyrol" was a polymer of styrene (i.e. polystyrene). (wikipedia.org)
- This is energy intensive and is further complicated by the tendency of styrene to undergo thermally induced polymerisation into polystyrene, requiring the continuous addition of polymerization inhibitor to the system. (wikipedia.org)
- Most of these products contain styrene linked together in a long chain (polystyrene) as well as unlinked styrene. (cdc.gov)
- Styrene is a chemical used to make latex, synthetic rubber, and polystyrene resins. (cdc.gov)
- Styrene is a volatile cancer-causing chemical used for manufacturing Styrofoam (polystyrene) and other plastics. (ewg.org)
Resins1
- Breathing contaminated workplace air or skin contact with liquid styrene and resins. (cdc.gov)
Colorless liquid1
- Styrene is a colorless liquid that evaporates easily and has a sweet smell. (cdc.gov)
Copolymers2
- Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) hearing impairment, symptoms of copolymers such as styrene- ingestion of food. (cdc.gov)
- Styrene undergoes polymerization by all the common methods used in plastics technology to produce a wide variety of polymers and copolymers. (cpchem.com)
Concentrations4
- Hearing loss has been observed in animals exposed to very high concentrations of styrene. (cdc.gov)
- Changes in the lining of the nose and damage to the liver has also been observed in animals exposed to high concentrations of styrene, but animals may be more sensitive than humans to these effects. (cdc.gov)
- Respirable particulate, alpha-methyl styrene, and methyl methacrylate air sample concentrations were all below relevant evaluation criteria. (cdc.gov)
- Styrene concentrations for two employees casting cultured marble exceeded the ACGIH 8-hr TWA of 20 parts per million (ppm). (cdc.gov)
Plastics3
- Styrene is widely used to make plastics and rubber. (cdc.gov)
- Styrene is rarely detected in drinking in the reinforced plastics industry. (cdc.gov)
- Cancer mortality of workers exposed to styrene in the U.S. Reinforced plastics and composite industry. (harvard.edu)
Injection Molded1
- An ADA-compliant sign made of durable, vandal-proof, high-impact, injection-molded styrene. (exitsignwarehouse.com)
Methyl2
- Styrene-acrylonitrile trimer (SAN Trimer), a mixture of six isomers (four isomers of 4-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-alpha-methyl-1-naphthaleneacetonitrile [THAN] and two isomers of 4-cyano-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthaleneproprionitrile [THNP]), is a by-product of a specific production process of styrene-acrylonitrile polymer. (rti.org)
- During the follow-up site visit, PBZ air samples were collected for total and respirable particulate, styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, and methyl methacrylate. (cdc.gov)
Exposures2
- With long-term and large exposures, workers using styrene have had injury to their nervous systems. (cdc.gov)
- Behavioral technology for reducing occupational exposures to styrene. (bvsalud.org)
ToxFAQs1
- Title : Styrene - ToxFAQs™ : CAS#: 100-42-5 Corporate Authors(s) : United States. (cdc.gov)
Chemicals2
- One of these chemicals is styrene, a compound used extensively in plastic and rubber for cars, food packaging, boats, and many other products. (cbia.com)
- WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including Styrene, CAS 100-42-5, which are known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. (interstateplastics.com)
Metabolites1
- Once absorbed, styrene is widely metabolites are not specific to styrene. (cdc.gov)
Oxide2
- They had also determined that Simon's "styrol oxide" - which they renamed "metastyrol" - had the same empirical formula as styrene. (wikipedia.org)
- Small amounts of styrene are naturally oxide. (cdc.gov)
Amounts4
- small amounts of styrene can be transferred to food from styrene-based packaging material. (cdc.gov)
- Small amounts may be eaten when styrene migrates into foods from packaging made of polystryrene. (cdc.gov)
- Workers exposed to large amounts of styrene can develop irritation of the eyes and breathing passages. (cdc.gov)
- By measuring styrene in blood, scientists can estimate the amounts of styrene that have entered people's bodies. (cdc.gov)
Naturally2
- Styrene occurs naturally in small quantities in some plants and foods (cinnamon, coffee beans, balsam trees and peanuts) and is also found in coal tar. (wikipedia.org)
- Styrene is also produced naturally in some plants. (cdc.gov)
Environmental4
- Styrene has been found in at least 251 of 1,699 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (cdc.gov)
- The EWG Health Guideline of 0.5 ppb for styrene was defined by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment as a public health goal, the level of a drinking water contaminant that does not pose a significant health risk. (ewg.org)
- Styrene is a building block of EPS and XPS foam insulations which were already under attack for a range of other human and environmental health reasons. (healthybuilding.net)
- WHO Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria on Styrene. (who.int)
20181
- Approximately 25 million tonnes of styrene were produced in 2010, increasing to around 35 million tonnes by 2018. (wikipedia.org)
Styrol1
- He called the liquid "styrol" (now called styrene). (wikipedia.org)
Nasal2
- Nasal olfactory epithelial damage and Styrene enters the air, water, and soil include packaging materials, liver necrosis have been observed in as a result of its manufacture and use. (cdc.gov)
- Numerous studies have demonstrated marked differ- fects on terminal bronchioles are seen, but effects in ences in toxicity between rats and mice to styrene ex- the nasal olfactory epithelium do occur, although to posure, especially by inhalation. (cdc.gov)
Resin10
- Styrene is named after storax balsam (often commercially sold as styrax), the resin of Liquidambar trees of the Altingiaceae plant family. (wikipedia.org)
- However, the styrene that was obtained from cinnamic acid seemed different from the styrene that was obtained by distilling storax resin: the latter was optically active. (wikipedia.org)
- Eventually, in 1876, the Dutch chemist van 't Hoff resolved the ambiguity: the optical activity of the styrene that was obtained by distilling storax resin was due to a contaminant. (wikipedia.org)
- Add Styrene Wax to non-waxed polyester resin and gel coat to prevent the prolonged tackiness associated with thin sections of polyesters in your composite. (fibreglast.com)
- Adding styrene wax to non-waxed polyester resin and gel coat can help prevent prolonged tackiness and improve the surface cure of the composite. (fibreglast.com)
- Fibre Glast's styrene wax: Our styrene wax is specifically designed for non-waxed polyester resin and gel coat applications. (fibreglast.com)
- Mix the styrene wax: Follow the instructions to determine the appropriate amount of styrene wax to add to the resin and gel coat. (fibreglast.com)
- Thoroughly mix the components: Add the styrene wax to the non-waxed polyester resin or gel coat and mix thoroughly to ensure proper dispersion. (fibreglast.com)
- Application: Apply the resin or gel coat with the added styrene wax as usual, following the standard techniques and processes for your specific application. (fibreglast.com)
- Adding styrene wax to non-waxed polyester resin and gel coat can help create a smoother and more cured surface, reducing the need for post-cure treatments or sanding to achieve the desired finish. (fibreglast.com)
Cancer5
- How likely is styrene to cause cancer? (cdc.gov)
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that styrene is a possible human carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
- In addition to increasing the risk of cancer, styrene can also damage the liver and the nervous system. (ewg.org)
- Termed "reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen" in the report, this is the strongest authoritative assessment of the cancer potential of styrene to be published to date. (healthybuilding.net)
- Styrene already raised concerns for asthma, neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption and other health issues, but in Pharos scoring this cancer listing moves styrene from an orange (high concern) to a red (very high concern) flag and may affect toxicity scoring on a range of styrene containing products . (healthybuilding.net)
Ethylene1
- Ethane, along with ethylbenzene, is fed to a dehydrogenation reactor with a catalyst capable of simultaneously producing styrene and ethylene. (wikipedia.org)
High3
- The Mitsunobu cyclodehydration of chiral phenethane-1,2-diols, readily accessed from styrene derivatives, provides the corresponding styrene oxides with high levels of stereoretention for electron-poor substrates. (organic-chemistry.org)
- Clear styrene dram plastic vials with snap top caps include high clarity for showcasing your products within. (sks-bottle.com)
- Frank Glorius and colleagues, University of Münster, Germany, have developed a strategy for the oxidative coupling of light-generated alkyl radicals with styrenes that has a high functional group tolerance. (chemistryviews.org)
Nervous1
- Breathing styrene is most likely to affect the nervous system. (cdc.gov)
Readily1
- Styrene is readily polymerized and copolymerized by both batch and continuous mass polymerization, emulsion, suspension and solution processes. (cpchem.com)
Organic1
- Styrene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH=CH2. (wikipedia.org)
Respiratory1
- Nonmalignant respiratory disease mortality in styrene-exposed workers. (harvard.edu)
IARC1
- Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene / views and expert opinions of an IARC working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Lyon, 12-19 February 2002. (who.int)
Contaminant1
- The federal Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) allows up to 100 parts per billion of styrene in water, which is 200 times more than the California recommended level. (ewg.org)
Toxicity1
- The legal limit for styrene, established in 1991, was based on a toxicity study in laboratory animals conducted in the 1970s. (ewg.org)
Plastic1
- In the variety of sizes, clear styrene dram plastic vials with white snap top caps could package bath salts, dry herb samples, and more. (sks-bottle.com)
Products3
- Styrene can be found in air, water, and soil after release from the manufacture, use, and disposal of styrene-based products. (cdc.gov)
- Styrene is also present in combustion distributed throughout the body, with Qualitative biomarkers included products such as cigarette smoke and the highest levels detected in fat. (cdc.gov)
- Many products made from styrene are recyclable. (cpchem.com)
Durable1
- Solid white styrene round rods are sturdy and durable for any model. (hobbylinc.com)
Rats1
- in styrene metabolism between rats and mice. (cdc.gov)
Involves1
- Another route to styrene involves the reaction of benzene and ethane. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolic1
- There are several metabolic pathways styrene levels. (cdc.gov)
Reasonably anticipated1
- The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Toxicology Program (NTP) listed styrene as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" in the Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition, released on June 10, 2011. (cdc.gov)
Polyester1
- Styrene-based polyesters enjoy long service life in both indoor and outdoor applications, e.g., polyester boats typically last longer than boats made from conventional materials. (cpchem.com)
Chemical2
- Styrene is one of the most important monomers produced by the chemical industry today. (cpchem.com)
- Styrene is fairly easy to cut, is fairly rigid, and chemical welds easier than the PVC. (kingsnake.com)
