Stenella
Dolphins
Mediterranean Sea
Cetacea
Morbillivirus Infections
Changes in epizoic crustacean infestations during cetacean die-offs: the mass mortality of Mediterranean striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba revisited. (1/13)
In the summer and autumn of 1990, a cetacean morbillivirus caused a massive epizootic mortality of striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba in the western Mediterranean. Previous circumstantial evidence suggested that the disease could also have increased host susceptibility to infestations with epizoic crustaceans. In this study we provide strong evidence supporting this hypothesis. We examined striped dolphins stranded along the Mediterranean central coast of Spain from 1981 to 2004 (n = 136), and recorded data on prevalence, intensity of infestation, size and reproductive status of 2 sessile crustacean species specific to cetaceans, the phoront cirriped Xenobalanus globicipitis and the mesoparasitic copepod Pennella balaenopterae. Compared with the pre-epizootic (n = 12) and post-epizootic (n = 62) dolphin samples, the following changes were noted in the dolphins stranded during the epizootic (n = 62): (1) the prevalence of both X. globicipitis and P. balaenopterae increased; (2) the intensity of X. globicipitis and P. balaenopterae infestations did not increase; indeed, it was even slightly lower than in the other periods, as was their degree of aggregation; (3) individuals of both species were smaller, and a higher proportion were non-gravid; (4) the 2 species tended to co-occur in the same dolphins, but their numbers did not co-vary. These patterns strongly suggest that, during the epizootic, there was a short-term increase in the probability of infestation of these 2 species because of the sudden rise in the population of susceptible hosts; the growth of the new recruits was limited by the early death of dolphins. The high susceptibility was likely related to the immunosuppressive effects of viral infection and the abnormally heavy loads of polychlorinated biphenyls found in sick dolphins; the level of inbreeding was also higher in dolphins from the 'epizootic' sample. Epizoic crustaceans could be suitable indicators of health in cetacean populations. (+info)Dynamics of the aerial maneuvers of spinner dolphins. (2/13)
The spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) performs spectacular leaps from the water while rotating around its longitudinal axis up to seven times. Although twisting of the body while airborne has been proposed as the mechanism to effect the spin, the morphology of the dolphin precludes this mechanism for the spinning maneuver. A mathematical model was developed that demonstrates that angular momentum to induce the spin was generated underwater, prior to the leap. Subsurface corkscrewing motion represents a balance between drive torques generated by the flukes and by hydrodynamic forces at the pectoral fins, and resistive torques, induced by the drag forces acting on the rotating control surfaces. As the dolphin leaps clear of the water, this balance is no longer maintained as the density of the air is essentially negligible, and a net drive torque remains, which permits the dolphin's rotation speed to increase by as much as a factor of three for a typical specimen. The model indicates that the high rotation rates and orientation of the dolphin's body during re-entry into the water could produce enough force to hydrodynamically dislodge unwanted remoras. (+info)Selection of reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR studies in striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) skin biopsies. (3/13)
BACKGROUND: Odontocete cetaceans occupy the top position of the marine food-web and are particularly sensitive to the bioaccumulation of lipophilic contaminants. The effects of environmental pollution on these species are highly debated and various ecotoxicological studies have addressed the impact of xenobiotic compounds on marine mammals, raising conservational concerns. Despite its sensitivity, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) has never been used to quantify gene induction caused by exposure of cetaceans to contaminants. A limitation for the application of qRT-PCR is the need for appropriate reference genes which allow the correct quantification of gene expression. A systematic evaluation of potential reference genes in cetacean skin biopsies is presented, in order to validate future qRT-PCR studies aiming at using the expression of selected genes as non-lethal biomarkers. RESULTS: Ten commonly used housekeeping genes (HKGs) were partially sequenced in the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) and, for each gene, PCR primer pairs were specifically designed and tested in qRT-PCR assays. The expression of these potential control genes was examined in 30 striped dolphin skin biopsy samples, obtained from specimens sampled in the north-western Mediterranean Sea. The stability of selected control genes was determined using three different specific VBA applets (geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper) which produce highly comparable results. Glyceraldehyde-3P-dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase (YWHAZ) always rank as the two most stably expressed HKGs according to the analysis with geNorm and Normfinder, and are defined as optimal control genes by BestKepeer. Ribosomal protein L4 (RPL4) and S18 (RPS18) also exhibit a remarkable stability of their expression levels. On the other hand, transferrin receptor (TFRC), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), hypoxanthine ribosyltransferase (HPRT1) and beta-2-microglobin (B2M) show variable expression among the studied samples and appear as less suitable reference genes for data normalization. CONCLUSION: In this work, we have provided essential background information for the selection of control genes in qRT-PCR studies of cetacean skin biopsies, as a molecular technique to investigate ecotoxicological hazard in marine mammals. Of 10 HKGs tested, those encoding for YWHAZ and GAPDH appear as the most reliable control genes for the normalization of qRT-PCR data in the analysis of striped dolphin skin biopsies. Potentially useful reference genes are also those encoding for ribosomal proteins L4 and S18. (+info)A morphological and 13C NMR study of the extramandibular fat bodies of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). (4/13)
The molecular and histological structure of the fat bodies covering externally the posterolateral region of the jaw of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) was investigated by means of morphological and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The analyses of samples belonging to adult and juvenile individuals were performed with the aim of seeking the presence of age-related differences. In our study, the level of isovalerate (iso5:0) in the extramandibular fat of the juvenile individuals is comparable with those of the adult counterparts; conversely, longer isobranched fatty acids were detected in lower quantities in the juveniles together with a higher degree of unsaturation. The morphologic analyses revealed that, in both adults and juveniles, this fatty tissue is similar to univacuolar adipose tissue. However, in the juveniles, a muscular component was present, whereas only in adult subjects, enlarged and irregularly shaped cavities may be seen within the adipose tissue. These cavities, structurally organized as veins, may regulate blood flow in response to changing water temperature and stabilize thermal gradient within the jaw lipids. These data suggest that the molecular components and the histological organization can indicate a maturation of the organ with age that probably may reflect different sound reception properties. (+info)Dolphin morbillivirus epizootic resurgence, Mediterranean Sea. (5/13)
(+info)Laminar and cytoarchitectonic features of the cerebral cortex in the Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). (6/13)
(+info)Neurobrucellosis in stranded dolphins, Costa Rica. (7/13)
(+info)Bones as biofuel: a review of whale bone composition with implications for deep-sea biology and palaeoanthropology. (8/13)
(+info)"Stenella" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a genus of dolphins, which includes several species such as the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), the Clymene dolphin (Stenella clymene), and the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata). These dolphins are known for their acrobatic behaviors, such as leaping and bow riding. If you have any other questions or need information on a medical topic, I'd be happy to help!
"Dolphins" is a common name that refers to several species of marine mammals belonging to the family Delphinidae, within the larger group Cetacea. Dolphins are known for their intelligence, social behavior, and acrobatic displays. They are generally characterized by a streamlined body, a prominent dorsal fin, and a distinctive "smiling" expression created by the curvature of their mouths.
Although "dolphins" is sometimes used to refer to all members of the Delphinidae family, it is important to note that there are several other families within the Cetacea order, including porpoises and whales. Therefore, not all small cetaceans are dolphins.
Some examples of dolphin species include:
1. Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) - This is the most well-known and studied dolphin species, often featured in aquariums and marine parks. They have a robust body and a prominent, curved dorsal fin.
2. Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) - These dolphins are characterized by their hourglass-shaped color pattern and distinct, falcate dorsal fins. There are two subspecies: the short-beaked common dolphin and the long-beaked common dolphin.
3. Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris) - Known for their acrobatic behavior, spinner dolphins have a slender body and a long, thin beak. They are named for their spinning jumps out of the water.
4. Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus) - These dolphins have a unique appearance, with a robust body, a prominent dorsal fin, and a distinctive, scarred skin pattern caused by social interactions and encounters with squid, their primary food source.
5. Orca (Orcinus orca) - Also known as the killer whale, orcas are the largest dolphin species and are highly intelligent and social predators. They have a distinctive black-and-white color pattern and a prominent dorsal fin.
In medical terminology, "dolphins" do not have a specific relevance, but they can be used in various contexts such as therapy, research, or education. For instance, dolphin-assisted therapy is an alternative treatment that involves interactions between patients and dolphins to improve psychological and physical well-being. Additionally, marine biologists and researchers study dolphin behavior, communication, and cognition to understand their complex social structures and intelligence better.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Mediterranean Sea" is a geographical term referring to the body of water located between Europe and Africa, and it is not a medical term. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar in the west and to the Red Sea through the Suez Canal in the east. The Mediterranean Sea is known for its unique climate and biodiversity. If you have any questions related to medical or health topics, I would be happy to try to help with those!
Cetacea is a taxonomic order that includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises. This group of marine mammals is characterized by their fully aquatic lifestyle, torpedo-shaped bodies, modified limbs that serve as flippers, and the absence of external hindlimbs. Cetaceans have streamlined bodies that minimize drag while swimming, and their tail flukes enable powerful propulsion through vertical movement in the water column.
Their respiratory system features a pair of blowholes on the top of their heads, which they use to breathe air at the surface. Cetaceans exhibit complex social behaviors, advanced communication skills, and sophisticated echolocation abilities for navigation and hunting. They primarily feed on fish and invertebrates, with some larger species preying on marine mammals.
Cetaceans have a global distribution, occupying various habitats such as open oceans, coastal areas, and rivers. Unfortunately, many cetacean populations face threats from human activities like pollution, habitat degradation, climate change, and direct hunting or bycatch in fishing gear. Conservation efforts are crucial to protect these remarkable creatures and their vital roles in marine ecosystems.
Morbillivirus infections refer to a group of viral illnesses caused by members of the Morbillivirus genus, which is part of the Paramyxoviridae family. The most well-known morbillivirus infection is measles, a highly contagious disease that primarily affects humans. Other examples of morbillivirus infections include:
1. Canine distemper: A viral illness that affects dogs and other animals such as raccoons, ferrets, and skunks. It can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms.
2. Phocine distemper: A viral disease primarily affecting seals, particularly the harbor seal population in Europe. It can lead to severe respiratory and neurological issues.
3. Rinderpest: A highly contagious and fatal disease that affects cattle, buffalo, and other even-toed ungulates (hoofed mammals). This disease has been eradicated globally through vaccination programs.
4. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR): Also known as sheep and goat plague, this morbillivirus infection affects small ruminants such as sheep and goats. It can cause severe respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive symptoms.
5. Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) infections: These affect various species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises, causing respiratory, neurological, and immunological issues.
Morbillivirus infections are typically spread through direct contact with infected individuals or their bodily fluids. Vaccination programs have been successful in controlling and eradicating some of these diseases, such as rinderpest and measles.
The metencephalon is a term used in the field of neuroanatomy, which refers to the portion of the brain that develops from the anterior rhombencephalic vesicle during embryonic development. It gives rise to two major structures in the adult brain: the pons and the cerebellum.
The pons is a region located in the brainstem that plays important roles in relaying sensory information, regulating respiration, and controlling facial movements. The cerebellum, on the other hand, is a structure located at the back of the brain that is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and contributing to cognitive functions such as attention and language processing.
Overall, the metencephalon is an essential part of the brain that plays critical roles in sensory perception, motor control, and various other physiological processes.
Stenella - Wikipedia
Stenella attenuata | CMS
Stenella longirostris | IOSEA Marine Turtles
Stenella clymene - Wikispecies
Atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis, Bahamas, #00655
Atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis, Sao Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal
Witnessing The Rise Or Fall Of A Species: Introgressive Hybridization Of Dolphins In The Greek Seas (Stenella coeruleoalba And...
ADW: Stenella longirostris: INFORMATION
Short description of cell lines. Species: dolphin, Stenella plagiodon
Stenella - Impact Signs
Spatio-temporal patterns of genetic diversity in the Mediterranean striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) - The Lincoln...
Stenella araguata CBS 105 800px - One Health Mycology
Stenella frontalis Cuvier Atlantic spotted dolphin - JJK Natura - Wildlife photography
Summary of worldwide locality records of the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba
Convergent evolution in toothed whale cochleae - Landmarks for Stenella longirostris - Data Portal
Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris) Leaping High Into Air | Tony Wu Underwater Photography
Striped Dolphin, Euphrosyne Dolphin - Stenella coeruleoalba - Centre for Marine Science and Technology (CMST)
Winco AFPI-10H 10' Induction Ready Aluminum Fry Pan with Stainless Ste - Nella Online
PDF) An ornithological expedition to the Lakshadweep archipelago: Assessment of threats to pelagic and other birds and...
Table 2 - Photobacterium damselae subspecies damselae Pneumonia in Dead, Stranded Bottlenose Dolphin, Eastern Mediterranean Sea...
Physics and astronomy research projects | Current Students
59,600+ Dolphin Stock Photos, Pictures & Royalty-Free Images - iStock
Seascape Genetics of the Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (Stenella frontalis) Based on Mitochondrial DNA. | J Hered;112(7): 646-662,...
Eodelphis kabatensis, a new name for the oldest true dolphin Stenella kabatensis Horikawa, 1977 (Cetacea, Odontoceti,...
OverflightStock™ | An Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) rejoins its pod over a shallow sand bank. Sandy Ridge,...
The EPA National Library Catalog | EPA National Library Network | US EPA
Frontiers | Cashing in on Spinners: Revenue Estimates of Wild Dolphin-Swim Tourism in the Hawaiian Islands
CDC at Work: Mycotic Diseases Branch | Fungal Diseases | CDC
Coeruleoalba1
- This became even more interesting when, during the previous year's observations on dolphins in the GOC, there were reports on individuals with unusual pigmentation patterns that were intermediate between two inhabitant species of dolphins: namely, the striped dolphin ( Stenella coeruleoalba ) and the short-beaked common dolphin ( Delphinus delphis ). (databasefootball.com)
Frontalis5
- Seascape Genetics of the Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (Stenella frontalis) Based on Mitochondrial DNA. (bvsalud.org)
- The Atlantic spotted dolphin ( Stenella frontalis ) is endemic to tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean . (bvsalud.org)
- An Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) rejoins its pod over a shallow sand bank. (overflightstock.com)
- RM FA4RDR - Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (Stenella frontalis), mother & calf porpoising, Azores, Atlantic Ocean. (alamy.com)
- In the Bahamas, the Wild Dolphin Project led by Dr. Denise Herzing, studies both the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis), who coexist on the sandbank. (wilddolphinproject.org)
Dolphins5
- Stenella is a genus of marine mammals in Delphinidae, the family informally known as the oceanic dolphins. (wikipedia.org)
- Stenella dolphins tend to be more active during nighttime and spend their daytime resting. (wikipedia.org)
- Spinner dolphins, Stenella longirostris , are found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the ocean, and may appear near the shores of continents, islands, and reefs. (animaldiversity.org)
- Stocks of dolphins (Stenella spp. (epa.gov)
- Wild dolphin-swim tourism has grown in specific locations where Hawaiian spinner dolphins ( Stenella longirostris ) have known resting habitat. (frontiersin.org)
Spinner4
- RM AW6DYX - Spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris, leap into the Pacific air at the same time, Hawaii. (alamy.com)
- RM GWF7ND - A Hawaiian spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) flies by inside of Kailua Bay on the Kona Coast of the Big Island, Hawaii. (alamy.com)
- A long-snouted spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris . (bohol.ph)
- Gray's spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris longirostris) is a species of spinner dolphin associated with Hawai'i Island. (duke.edu)
Araguata1
- Tinea nigra may also be due to Stenella araguata, first described and named Cladosporium castellanii in 1973. (medscape.com)
Wikispecies1
- Wikispecies has information related to Stenella. (wikipedia.org)
Longirostris2
- Photo Gallery with info about: Diving with Dolphin, Spinner Dolphin, Stenella longirostris. (robertosozzani.it)
- Behavior of the Hawaiian spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris . (bvsalud.org)
20231
- 2023. Stenella. (mammalsofindia.org)
Species1
- This study provides the first detailed comparison of adrenal glands between two cetacean species, the bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) and the Pan-tropical spotted dolphin ( Stenella attenuata ). (vin.com)
Porpoises1
- 1973. Observations of Sharks Attacking Porpoises ( Stenella spp. (elasmo-research.org)
Antiques1
- Explore the world of Stenella Antiques, a treasure trove of European elegance and history. (route66west.com)