Spiro Compounds
Isatin
Phosgene
Acetals
Molecular Structure
Cyclization
Spironolactone
Stereoisomerism
Alcohols
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Selective antiaggressive effects of alnespirone in resident-intruder test are mediated via 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors: A comparative pharmacological study with 8-hydroxy-2-dipropylaminotetralin, ipsapirone, buspirone, eltoprazine, and WAY-100635. (1/808)
The present study characterized the effects of the novel, selective, and potent 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (serotonin) (5-HT1A) receptor agonist, alnespirone [S-20499, (S)-N-4-[5-methoxychroman-3-yl)propylamino)butyl- 8-azaspiro-(4,5)-diacetamide, hydrochloride] on offensive and defensive resident-intruder aggression in wild-type rats and compared its actions with those of the prototypical full 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2- dipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT), the partial 5-HT1A agonists ipsapirone and buspirone, and the mixed 5-HT1A/1B agonist eltoprazine. All five agonists exerted effective dose-dependent decreases of offensive aggressive behavior in resident rats; 8-OH-DPAT was the most potent (ID50 = 0.074 mg/kg), followed by eltoprazine (0.24), buspirone (0.72), ipsapirone (1.08), and alnespirone (1.24). However, in terms of selectivity of the antiaggressive effects as determined by the absence of decrements in social interest and general motor activity, alnespirone appeared to be superior. In the defensive aggression test, neither alnespirone nor any of the other four agonists changed defensive behaviors in the intruder rats. The involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in the antiaggressive actions of these drugs was confirmed by showing that the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2- pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide trihydrochloride), which was inactive alone, fully prevented the antiaggressive effects of alnespirone, 8-OH-DPAT, and buspirone and partly reversed those of ipsapirone and eltoprazine. The data clearly indicate that alnespirone effectively suppresses offensive aggression with an advantageous profile of action compared with other full or partial 5-HT1A agonists. These selective antiaggressive actions of alnespirone are mediated by stimulating 5-HT1A receptors, presumably the somatodendritic autoreceptors at the raphe nuclei. Furthermore, the data provide evidence for a major involvement of these 5-HT1A receptors in the modulation of aggressive behavior by 8-OH-DPAT, ipsapirone, buspirone, and eltoprazine. (+info)[3H]-Mesulergine labels 5-HT7 sites in rat brain and guinea-pig ileum but not rat jejunum. (2/808)
1. The primary aim of this investigation was to determine whether binding sites corresponding to the 5-HT7 receptor could be detected in smooth muscle of the rat jejunum. Binding studies in rat brain (whole brain minus cerebellum) and guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle were also undertaken in order to compare the binding characteristics of these tissues. Studies were performed using [3H]-mesulergine, as it has a high affinity for 5-HT7 receptors. 2. In the rat brain and guinea-pig ileum, pKD values for [3H]-mesulergine of 8.0 +/- 0.04 and 7.9 +/- 0.11 (n = 3) and Bmax values of 9.9 +/- 0.3 and 21.5 +/- 4.9 fmol mg(-1) protein were obtained respectively, but no binding was detected in the rat jejunum. [3H]-mesulergine binding in the rat brain and guinea-pig ileum was displaced with the agonists 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) > 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) > or = 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeOT) > sumatriptan and the antagonists risperidone > or = LSD > or = metergoline > ritanserin > > pindolol. 3. Despite the lack of [3H]-mesulergine binding in the rat jejunum, functional studies undertaken revealed a biphasic contractile response to 5-HT which was partly blocked by ondansetron (1 microM). The residual response was present in over 50% of tissues studied and was found to be inhibited by risperidone > LSD > metergoline > mesulergine = ritanserin > pindolol, but was unaffected by RS 102221 (3 microM), cinanserin (30 nM), yohimbine (0.1 microM) and GR 113808 (1 microM). In addition, the agonist order of potency was 5-CT > 5-HT > 5-MeOT > sumatriptan. 4. In conclusion, binding studies performed with [3H]-mesulergine were able to detect 5-HT7 sites in rat brain and guinea-pig ileum, but not in rat jejunum, where a functional 5-HT7-like receptor was present. (+info)Increased transcriptional activity of prostate-specific antigen in the presence of TNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor. (3/808)
Prostate-specific antigen, PSA, is regarded as a reliable surrogate marker for androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC). Concern has been raised that investigational agents may affect PSA secretion without altering tumour growth or volume. In a phase I trial, several patients with AIPC had elevated serum PSA levels while receiving TNP-470 that reversed upon discontinuation. TNP-470 inhibits capillary growth in several angiogenesis models. These observations prompted us to determine if TNP-470, or its metabolite, AGM-1883, altered PSA secretion. Intracellular protein and transcriptional levels of PSA and androgen receptor were also determined. The highest TNP-470 concentration produced a 40.6% decrease in cell number; AGM-1883 had minimal effects on cell viability. PSA secretion per cell was induced 1.1- to 1.5-fold following TNP-470 exposure. The same trend was observed for AGM-1883. PSA and AR were transcriptionally up-regulated within 30 min after exposure to TNP-470. PSA transcription was increased 1.4-fold, while androgen receptor (AR) transcription was induced 1.2-fold. The increased PSA transcriptional activity accounts for the increased PSA secretion. Increased AR transcription was also reflected at the protein level. In conclusion, TNP-470 and AGM-1883 both up-regulated PSA making clinical utilization of this surrogate marker problematic. (+info)Pharmacological diversity between native human 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors sited on different neurons and involved in different functions. (4/808)
The releases of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT) and of endogenous glutamic acid and their modulation through presynaptic h5-HT1B autoreceptors and h5-HT1D heteroreceptors have been investigated in synaptosomal preparations from fresh neocortical samples obtained from patients undergoing neurosurgery. The inhibition by 5-HT of the K+ (15 mM)-evoked overflow of [3H]5-HT was antagonized by the 5-HT1B/5-HT1D receptor ligand GR 127935, which was ineffective on its own; this drug was previously found to behave as a full agonist at the h5-HT1D heteroreceptor regulating glutamate release. The recently proposed selective h5-HT1B receptor ligand SB-224289 also prevented the effect of 5-HT at the autoreceptor, being inactive on its own; in contrast, SB-224289, at 1 microM, was unable to interact with the h5-HT1D heteroreceptor. The inhibitory effect of 5-HT on the K+-evoked overflow of glutamate was antagonized by the h5-HT1D receptor ligand BRL-15572; added in the absence of 5-HT the compound was without effect. BRL-15572 (1 microM) was unable to modify the effect of 5-HT at the autoreceptor regulating [3H]5-HT release. The selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (+)-WAY 100135, previously found to be an agonist at the h5-HT1D heteroreceptor regulating glutamate release, could not interact with the h5-HT1B autoreceptor when added at 1 microM. It is concluded that native h5-HT1B and h5-HT1D receptors exhibit a hitherto unexpected pharmacological diversity. (+info)Neurologically active plant compounds and peptide hormones: a chirality connection. (5/808)
The most dramatic, but seldom mentioned, difference between alkaloid and peptide opioids is the change of chirality of the alpha carbon of the tyramine moiety. We propose that the presence of Gly2 or D-Ala2 in the two most common message domains compensates this change by allowing the attainment of unusual conformations. A thorough conformational search of Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-NH-CH3 and of its isomer Tyr-L-Ala-Phe-NH-CH3 backs this view and establishes a solid link between alkaloid and peptide opioids. This finding supports the notion that morphine, like other neurologically active plant compounds, may bind to endogenous receptors in plants to regulate cell-to-cell signaling systems. (+info)The effect of miotics on the intraocular pressure of conscious owl monkeys. (6/808)
The intraocular pressure of conscious, unsedated owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) was measured with an applanation tonometer. Untreated eyes of the conscious animals were found to have higher values than those reported for owl monkeys anesthetized with pentobarbitone. Locally applied pilocarpine, carbachol, and oxotremorine gave concentration-related reduction in pressure, oxotremorine being the most potent and having longer duration of effect than the other compounds. Slight reductions were also observed with aceclidine and R. S. 86. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of miotics in man. (+info)Aspirochlorine: a highly selective and potent inhibitor of fungal protein synthesis. (7/808)
Aspirochlorine, a compound belonging to the gliotoxin family of compounds, exhibits antifungal and antibacterial activity but its mechanism of action remains unknown. In this study we show that aspirochlorine inhibits the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans by acting on fungal protein synthesis. The compound selectively inhibits cell-free protein synthesis when using a C. albicans system, but does not inhibit this synthesis in vitro when tested with bacterial and mammalian systems. Moreover, in intact C. albicans cells, aspirochlorine inhibits protein synthesis but does not inhibit chitin, DNA or glucan synthesis though at high concentrations some inhibition of RNA synthesis is observed. By contrast, in intact Bacillus subtilis cells, aspirochlorine did not inhibit protein, DNA, or cell wall synthesis though it significantly inhibited RNA synthesis. Furthermore, using heterologous systems (mammalian ribosomes and C. albicans cytosolic factors) the data suggest that the inhibitory action of aspirochlorine is not exerted through a direct interaction with C. albicans EF-1 or EF-2. (+info)V1a- and V2-type vasopressin receptors mediate vasopressin-induced Ca2+ responses in isolated rat supraoptic neurones. (8/808)
1. The pharmacological profile of receptors activated by vasopressin (AVP) in freshly dissociated supraoptic magnocellular neurones was investigated using specific V1a- and V2-type AVP receptor agonists and antagonists. 2. In 97 % of AVP-responding neurones (1-3000 nM) V1a or V2 receptor type agonists (F-180 and dDAVP, respectively) elicited dose-dependent [Ca2+]i transients that were suppressed by removal of external Ca2+. 3. The [Ca2+]i response induced by 1 microM F-180 or dDAVP was selectively blocked by 10 nM of V1a and V2 antagonists (SR 49059 and SR 121463A, respectively). The response to V1a agonist was maintained in the presence of the V2 antagonist, and the V2 agonist-induced response persisted in the presence of the V1a antagonist. 4. The [Ca2+]i response induced by 1 microM AVP was partially (61 %) blocked by 10 nM SR 121463A. This blockade was increased by a further 31 % with the addition of 10 nM SR 49059. Similarly, the AVP-induced response was partially (47 %) decreased by SR 49059, and a further inhibition of 33 % was achieved in the presence of SR 121463A. 5. We demonstrate that AVP acts on the magnocellular neurones via two distinct types of AVP receptors that exhibit the pharmacological profiles of V1a and V2 types. However, since V2 receptor mRNA is not expressed in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), and since V1b receptor transcripts are observed in the SON, we propose that the V2 receptor agonist and antagonist act on a 'V2-like' receptor or a new type of AVP receptor that remains to be elucidated. The possibility that V2 ligands act on the V1b receptor cannot be excluded. (+info)"Spiro compounds" are not specifically classified as medical terms, but they are a concept in organic chemistry. However, I can provide a general definition:
Spiro compounds are a type of organic compound that contains two or more rings, which share a single common atom, known as the "spiro center." The name "spiro" comes from the Greek word for "spiral" or "coiled," reflecting the three-dimensional structure of these molecules.
The unique feature of spiro compounds is that they have at least one spiro atom, typically carbon, which is bonded to four other atoms, two of which belong to each ring. This arrangement creates a specific geometry where the rings are positioned at right angles to each other, giving spiro compounds distinctive structural and chemical properties.
While not directly related to medical terminology, understanding spiro compounds can be essential in medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical research since these molecules often exhibit unique biological activities due to their intricate structures.
Isatin is not a medical term, but rather an organic compound that has been used in various biochemical and medicinal research contexts. Here's the chemical definition:
Isatin, also known as indole-2,3-dione, is an organic compound with the formula C8H5NO2. It is a derivative of indole and consists of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring, with two ketone functional groups (=O) at positions 2 and 3. Isatin is a white crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents. It occurs naturally in some plants and animals and can be synthesized in the laboratory.
In medical and biochemical research, isatin has been studied for its potential role as an inhibitor of various enzymes and biological targets, including monoamine oxidases, tyrosinase, and carbonic anhydrase. Some isatin derivatives have shown promising results in preclinical studies for the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases. However, more research is needed to determine their safety and efficacy in humans before they can be approved for medical use.
Phosgene is not a medical condition, but it is an important chemical compound with significant medical implications. Medically, phosgene is most relevant as a potent chemical warfare agent and a severe pulmonary irritant. Here's the medical definition of phosgene:
Phosgene (COCl2): A highly toxic and reactive gas at room temperature with a characteristic odor reminiscent of freshly cut hay or grass. It is denser than air, allowing it to accumulate in low-lying areas. Exposure to phosgene primarily affects the respiratory system, causing symptoms ranging from mild irritation to severe pulmonary edema and potentially fatal respiratory failure.
Inhaling high concentrations of phosgene can lead to immediate choking sensations, coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Delayed symptoms may include fever, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin due to insufficient oxygen), and pulmonary edema (fluid accumulation in the lungs). The onset of these severe symptoms can be rapid or take up to 48 hours after exposure.
Medical management of phosgene exposure primarily focuses on supportive care, including administering supplemental oxygen, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. In severe cases, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to maintain adequate gas exchange in the lungs.
An acetal is a chemical compound that contains two ether functional groups (-O-) bonded to two carbon atoms, which in turn are bonded to two other carbon atoms forming a six-membered ring. Acetals are formed by the reaction of an aldehyde with two equivalents of an alcohol under acid catalysis, followed by removal of water. They are stable compounds that do not easily hydrolyze back to their starting materials, making them useful in various chemical and industrial applications. In the context of organic chemistry, acetals are a subclass of hemiacetals, which contain only one ether functional group bonded to a carbon atom that is also bonded to another oxygen-containing group.
Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.
Cyclization is a chemical process that involves forming a cyclic structure or ring-shaped molecule from a linear or open-chain compound. In the context of medicinal chemistry and drug design, cyclization reactions are often used to synthesize complex molecules, including drugs, by creating rings or fused ring systems within the molecule's structure.
Cyclization can occur through various mechanisms, such as intramolecular nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic addition, or radical reactions. The resulting cyclized compounds may exhibit different chemical and biological properties compared to their linear precursors, making them valuable targets for drug discovery and development.
In some cases, the cyclization process can lead to the formation of stereocenters within the molecule, which can impact its three-dimensional shape and how it interacts with biological targets. Therefore, controlling the stereochemistry during cyclization reactions is crucial in medicinal chemistry to optimize the desired biological activity.
Overall, cyclization plays a significant role in the design and synthesis of many pharmaceutical compounds, enabling the creation of complex structures that can interact specifically with biological targets for therapeutic purposes.
Spironolactone is a prescription medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as potassium-sparing diuretics. It works by blocking the action of aldosterone, a hormone that helps regulate sodium and potassium balance in your body. This results in increased urine production (diuresis) and decreased salt and fluid retention.
Spironolactone is primarily used to treat edema (fluid buildup) associated with heart failure, liver cirrhosis, or kidney disease. It's also prescribed for the treatment of high blood pressure and primary hyperaldosteronism, a condition where the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone.
Furthermore, spironolactone is used off-label to treat conditions such as acne, hirsutism (excessive hair growth in women), and hormone-sensitive breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
It's important to note that spironolactone can cause increased potassium levels in the blood (hyperkalemia) and should be used with caution in patients with kidney impairment or those taking other medications that affect potassium balance. Regular monitoring of electrolyte levels, including potassium and sodium, is essential during spironolactone therapy.
"Indans" is not a recognized medical term or abbreviation in the field of medicine or pharmacology. It's possible that you may be referring to "indanes," which are chemical compounds that contain a indane ring structure, consisting of two benzene rings fused in an angular arrangement. Some indane derivatives have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. However, it's important to note that the medical use and efficacy of these compounds can vary widely and should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.
Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism (structural arrangement of atoms) in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. This occurs when the molecule contains asymmetric carbon atoms or other rigid structures that prevent free rotation, leading to distinct spatial arrangements of groups of atoms around a central point. Stereoisomers can have different chemical and physical properties, such as optical activity, boiling points, and reactivities, due to differences in their shape and the way they interact with other molecules.
There are two main types of stereoisomerism: enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) and diastereomers (non-mirror-image isomers). Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, but cannot be superimposed on one another. Diastereomers, on the other hand, are non-mirror-image stereoisomers that have different physical and chemical properties.
Stereoisomerism is an important concept in chemistry and biology, as it can affect the biological activity of molecules, such as drugs and natural products. For example, some enantiomers of a drug may be active, while others are inactive or even toxic. Therefore, understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for designing and synthesizing effective and safe drugs.
In chemistry, an alcohol is a broad term that refers to any organic compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to a carbon atom. This means that alcohols are essentially hydrocarbons with a hydroxyl group. The simplest alcohol is methanol (CH3OH), and ethanol (C2H5OH), also known as ethyl alcohol, is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
In the context of medical definitions, alcohol primarily refers to ethanol, which has significant effects on the human body when consumed. Ethanol can act as a central nervous system depressant, leading to various physiological and psychological changes depending on the dose and frequency of consumption. Excessive or prolonged use of ethanol can result in various health issues, including addiction, liver disease, neurological damage, and increased risk of injuries due to impaired judgment and motor skills.
It is important to note that there are other types of alcohols (e.g., methanol, isopropyl alcohol) with different chemical structures and properties, but they are not typically consumed by humans and can be toxic or even lethal in high concentrations.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.
During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.
There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) are a class of medications that block the action of aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone helps regulate sodium and potassium balance and blood pressure by binding to mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidneys, heart, blood vessels, and brain.
When aldosterone binds to these receptors, it promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion, which can lead to an increase in blood volume and blood pressure. MRAs work by blocking the binding of aldosterone to its receptors, thereby preventing these effects.
MRAs are primarily used to treat heart failure, hypertension, and kidney disease. By reducing sodium retention and increasing potassium excretion, MRAs can help lower blood pressure, reduce fluid buildup in the body, and improve heart function. Examples of MRAs include spironolactone and eplerenone.
Spiro compound - Wikipedia
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Heterocyclic Compounds2
- Isatin is synthetically a versatile substrate that can be used for the synthesis of large variety of heterocyclic compounds. (ijpsonline.com)
- Large numbers of heterocyclic compounds are being used as therapeutic agents. (ijpsonline.com)
Synthesis2
- citation needed] In both cases, the presence of the spiro center, often with four distinct groups attached, and with its unique aspects of chirality, adds unique challenges to the chemical synthesis of each compound type. (wikipedia.org)
- Isatin (1-H-indole-2,3- dione) and its derivatives possess diverse biological and pharmacological activities and are widely used as a starting material for the synthesis of a broad range of heterocyclic compound substrates for drug synthesis [ 1 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Bicyclic Compound1
- Hot sale various high quality spiro and bicyclic compound from china leading manufacturer. (chemenu.com)
Reactive3
- When a halogen atom (one that belongs to the halogen class that includes the more familiar chlorine, iodine, etc., atoms) is added to a spiro compound, the malleability or highly reactive nature of the former provides the necessary anchor for other units, thereby allowing the chemist to build more elaborate chemical motifs for more complicated chemical structures. (edu.hk)
- Many cannabinoids and a spiro-compound were reactive, but did not react with other phenolics. (thecannabisadvisory.com)
- Organomagnesium compounds are less reactive than organo-lithiums and tolerate a wider range of functional groups. (marysfamilymedicine.org)
Conjugation2
- Spiro compounds have rigid structures, stable structures, and have special properties that general organic compounds do not possess, such as anomeric effect, spiro conjugation and spiro hyperconjugation. (chemenu.com)
- The aogacillins possessed a novel carbon skeleton, including a β-keto-γ-methyliden-δ-lactone ring connected to a 2-ethyl-6-methylcyclohexane ring by spiro conjugation. (nih.gov)
Aromatic2
- The tricyclic aromatic heterocyclic amide motif that is found in this class of compounds is present in many natural products and has biological activity. (chemistryviews.org)
- The researchers add that in their reaction, they have successfully used nitrogen compounds substituted with electron-deficient aromatic rings and heterocycles as the substrates for the conversion. (chemistryviews.org)
Derivatives4
- Spiro-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives as paclitaxel mimetics. (lu.se)
- Here, we report a synthetic strategy towards spiro-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane derivatives, which includes double Michael addition and ring-closing metathesis as key synthetic steps. (lu.se)
- Compounds possessing mirror symmetry are always optically inactive, such as, for example, cis - and trans -1,4-disubstituted cyclohexane derivatives, or symmetrically cis -1,2-disubstituted cyclohexanes (see also the 3D structures at 'Cycloalkanes' ). (tu-darmstadt.de)
- By observing the importance of the above said problem, the isatin-based Schiff base and spiro isatin derivatives of spirothiozolidin- 4-ones and 5'-methyl-spiro-4-thiazolidiones from 5-substituted isatin and 2-benzoyl-4-chloroaniline were synthesized following the steps given in Figures 1 and 2 . (ijpsonline.com)
Isolation2
- But in reality such isolation or separation is extremely difficult if not impossible due to the great similarity in chemical structure of the compounds involved. (edu.hk)
- MATERIALS AND METHODS: A bio-guided isolation of the compounds of P. pinaster was carried out by selecting the most active extracts with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the HBEC3-KT, MRC-5, and THP-1 cell lines. (bvsalud.org)
Planar1
- for instance, a spiro compound with a pair of three-membered cyclopropene rings connected in spiro fashion (image below) has been given the popular misnomer of being a bow tie structure, when it is not flat or planar like a bow tie. (wikipedia.org)
Substances1
- A chemical compound is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Isatin1
- Isatin is an endogenous compound isolated in 1988 and reported to possess a wide range of structural and biological activities involving the central nervous system. (ajrconline.org)
Atoms6
- SP-0 : 653, 839 The one common atom connecting the participating rings distinguishes spiro compounds from other bicyclics: from isolated ring compounds like biphenyl that have no connecting atoms, from fused ring compounds like decalin having two rings linked by two adjacent atoms, and from bridged ring compounds like norbornane with two rings linked by two non-adjacent atoms. (wikipedia.org)
- Spiro compounds are considered heterocyclic if the spiro atom or any atom in either ring are not carbon atoms. (wikipedia.org)
- Alkanes are chemical compounds that consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms and are bonded exclusively by single bonds without any cycles. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- A chemical formula or molecular formula is a way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- In Figure 1 above, the two compounds are mirror images of each other, with the same atoms and the same angles and distances between atoms. (edu.hk)
- Being able to make spiro rings, add halogen atoms and determine chirality, their method enhances the ability to modify the halo-spiro compounds and greatly enriches the chemical toolkit of the pharmaceutical industry for new drug design options. (edu.hk)
Schiff1
- The versatility and flexibility of Schiff base compounds having, acyl, aroyl and heteroacroyl ligands have additional donor sites >C=O, >C=N-, >C=S etc. have made the Schiff bases to act as good complexing agents that form a variety of complexes with various transition and inner transition metals which also emphasized the attention of many researchers. (ajrconline.org)
Molecule1
- They did not play dice but rather tried to build compounds with specific chirality, that is, they aimed at synthesizing only one type, right or left, of the molecule but not the other type or the whole. (edu.hk)
Chemistry2
- In organic chemistry, spiro compounds are compounds that have at least two molecular rings with only one common atom. (wikipedia.org)
- In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Bioactive1
- Background: Spiro[pyrrolidine-3,3'-oxindole] compounds are reported to be highly bioactive natural and synthetic products. (istinye.edu.tr)
Motif1
- citation needed] As well, the spiro motif is present in various practical compound types (such as dyes), as well as in a wide variety of oligo- and polymeric materials designs, for the unique shapes and properties the spiro center imparts, e.g., in the design of electronically active materials in particular. (wikipedia.org)
Nitrogen1
- 1138ff Likewise, a tetravalent neutral silicon or positively charged quaternary nitrogen atom (ammonium cation) can be the spiro center in these compounds, and many of these have been prepared and described. (wikipedia.org)
Bulky1
- The title compound, C22H15Cl4N4O2P3, is a spiro phosphazene derivative with two bulky naphthalene rings. (ankara.edu.tr)
Possess1
- Compound A02 found to possess potent antioxidant activity compared to the standards ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. (ijpsonline.com)
Molecular rings1
- Spiro compounds are structures of two molecular rings joined by a common atom. (edu.hk)
Synthetic1
- Morerecently, substantial developments have been taking place in transmetalations toorganocopper reagents starting from organometallic species that tolerate the pres-ence of functional groups [2], while synthetic methods permitting the preparationof functionalized organolithiums and organomagnesium compounds have alsobeen developed. (marysfamilymedicine.org)
Potent1
- The potency of these pharmaceutically useful drugs in treatment of microbial infections and other activities inspired the scientist for the development of some more potent and significant compounds and metal complexes over the years. (ajrconline.org)
Thereof2
- Provided is a composition comprising a polyglycolized glyceride and a compound having the following structure (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. (justia.com)
- Also provided are crystalline forms of the compound of structure (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. (justia.com)
Biological activity1
- AIM OF THE STUDY: This study determined the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial activities of the P. pinaster resin, identifying the compounds with higher biological activity. (bvsalud.org)
Abstract1
- abstract = "(-)-Idescarparide, a new spiro compound possessing a tetrahydrobenzodioxole structure from the fruit of Idesia polycarpa Maxim. (elsevierpure.com)
Formula3
- Cyclobutane is an organic compound with the formula 4. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- Insert Chemical Formula] These compounds are useful as intermediates for MMP and TACE inhibitors. (sumobrain.com)
- Disclosed are compounds of Formula (I), methods of using the compounds for inhibiting ALK2 activity and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds. (justia.com)
Protein1
- Binds to protein and other compounds containing SH group. (medscape.com)
Drug3
- the heterocyclic spiro structure is also regarded as the biological isostere of some groups, which can change the drug to a certain extent. (chemenu.com)
- Therefore, spiro compounds occupy a very important position in drug development. (chemenu.com)
- Fenspiride, an oxazolidinone spiro compound, is a drug used in the therapy of certain respiratory diseases. (targetmol.com)
Types2
- SP-0 in carbocyclic spiro compounds like spiro[5.5]undecane (see image at right), the spiro-atom is a quaternary carbon, and as the -ane ending implies, these are the types of molecules to which the name spirane was first applied (though it is now used general of all spiro compounds). (wikipedia.org)
- For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds such as carbides, carbonates, simple oxides of carbon, and cyanides, as well as the. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Rings3
- The simplest spiro compounds are bicyclic (having just two rings), or have a bicyclic portion as part of the larger ring system, in either case with the two rings connected through the defining single common atom. (wikipedia.org)
- The best-fit planes to each six-atom ring above is near to perpendicular, and the best-fit planes to rings of spiro compounds are likewise generally non-coplanar. (wikipedia.org)
- 1139f [citation needed] moreover, there are also many cases where one or more heteroatoms appear in one or more of the rings that are joined at a carbon spiro atom (e.g., where 1 oxygen spironolactones and 2 oxygen/2 sulfur ketals/thioketals are very common). (wikipedia.org)
Properties1
- In a recent study under review at the Scientific Reports journal and currently posted to the Research Square* preprint server, researchers synthesized and evaluated the antitumoral (against several cancer cell lines) and antiviral [against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)] properties of 3-spiro-indolin-2-ones. (news-medical.net)
Activity5
- The compounds are useful in treating, preventing or ameliorating diseases or disorders associated with ALK2 activity such as cancer. (justia.com)
- These compounds were screened for their antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. (ijpsonline.com)
- All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay method. (ijpsonline.com)
- Regarding their anti-inflammatory activity, all compounds inhibited NF-κB. (bvsalud.org)
- Concerning the analgesic activity, all the compounds inhibited NK-1, yet compound 9 was the most active (IC50 = 0.28-0.33 µM). (bvsalud.org)
Addition2
- In addition, two other spiro-bicyclic compounds, lacking the paclitaxel side chain, showed toxicity. (lu.se)
- In addition, compounds which posses a center of inversion (equal to a center of symmetry , symmetry element i ) are also always achiral (see the above example of α-truxillic acid which is of C i symmetry, but does not have a mirror plane of symmetry). (tu-darmstadt.de)
Make1
- In one case, for example, it was only possible to make N -alkoxy and N -phthaloyl compounds [1]. (chemistryviews.org)
Group4
- Compound groups are useful because in some cases, lists will instead identify a group of structurally similar compounds (such as lead compounds) as all having the same hazard. (pharosproject.net)
- The table below indicates how each compound group is populated, and what is the status of its population. (pharosproject.net)
- This compound group has not yet been assigned a structural definition. (pharosproject.net)
- This compound group is defined by the SMILES string 'C(=O)(C(C(C(C(C(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)O'. For more information on SMILES, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system . (pharosproject.net)
Quality1
- Poor scientific quality of proposals, compounded by external pressures to provide rapid approval, added to reviewers' frustrations. (who.int)
Presence1
- Spirothiozolidin-4-ones and 5'-methyl-spiro-4-thiazolidiones were synthesized Schiff's bases of isatins by treating with thioglycolic acid and thiolactic acid, respectively in the presence of 1,4-dioxane and anhydrous zinc chloride. (ijpsonline.com)
Method1
- This method can be extended to the preparation of alkenylcopper compounds. (marysfamilymedicine.org)
Design2
- A platform that connects scientific rationale, compound design and computational resources. (chemaxon.com)
- It will continue to focus on close collaboration, following the examples of Instant JChem (developed with Novartis), Compound Registration (with GSK), and Marvin Live , developed with Vertex and leading to Design Hub (with Boehringer Ingelheim). (chemaxon.com)
Treatment1
- Scheme2.2), and subsequent treatment with the THF-soluble copper salt CuCN 2LiCl [7]then affords the functionalized arylcopper compound 5. (marysfamilymedicine.org)
Products2
- The products of reactions of those kinds of compound could then be further functionalized. (chemistryviews.org)
- The purity of the compounds was monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the structures of the products were confirmed by elemental and spectral analysis. (ijpsonline.com)
Process2
- The process is commonly employed to reduce or saturate organic compounds. (absoluteastronomy.com)
- The Pharos staff is in the process of establishing and populating compound groups, and associating warnings from the hazard lists with them. (pharosproject.net)
Class1
- An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Type1
- One common type of spiro compound encountered in educational settings is a heterocyclic one- the acetal formed by reaction of a diol with a cyclic ketone. (wikipedia.org)
