Sodium-Glucose Transport Proteins
Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1
Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2
Glucose Transporter Type 1
Monosaccharide Transport Proteins
Glucosides
Glucose
Phlorhizin
Glucose Transporter Type 4
Glycosuria
Methylglucosides
Glucose Transporter Type 2
Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative
Sodium
Jejunum
Biological Transport
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Encyclopedias as Topic
Ketone Bodies
Deductibles and Coinsurance
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Insulin
Renal Na(+)-glucose cotransporters. (1/90)
In humans, the kidneys filter approximately 180 g of D-glucose from plasma each day, and this is normally reabsorbed in the proximal tubules. Although the mechanism of reabsorption is well understood, Na(+)-glucose cotransport across the brush-border membrane and facilitated diffusion across the basolateral membrane, questions remain about the identity of the genes responsible for cotransport across the brush border. Genetic studies suggest that two different genes regulate Na(+)-glucose cotransport, and there is evidence from animal studies to suggest that the major bulk of sugar is reabsorbed in the convoluted proximal tubule by a low-affinity, high-capacity transporter and that the remainder is absorbed in the straight proximal tubule by a high-affinity, low-capacity transporter. There are at least three different candidates for these human renal Na(+)-glucose cotransporters. This review will focus on the structure-function relationships of these three transporters, SGLT1, SGLT2, and SGLT3. (+info)Na+-to-sugar stoichiometry of SGLT3. (2/90)
Sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) mediate active transport of sugar across cell membranes coupled to Na+, by using the electrochemical gradient as a driving force. In the kidney, there is evidence for two kinds of cotransporters, a high-affinity, low-capacity system, and a low-affinity, high-capacity system, with differences in substrate specificity and kinetics. Three renal SGLT clones have been identified: SGLT1 corresponding to the high-affinity system, and SGLT2 and SGLT3 with properties reminiscent of the low-affinity system. We have determined the stoichiometry of pig SGLT3 (pSGLT3) by using a direct method, comparing the substrate-induced inward charge to 22Na or [14C]alpha-methyl-D-glucopyranoside uptake in the same oocyte. pSGLT3 stoichiometry is 2 Na+:1 sugar, the same as that for SGLT1, but different from SGLT2 (1:1). The Na+ Hill coefficient for SGLT3 is approximately 1.5, suggesting low cooperativity between Na+ binding sites. Thus SGLT3 has functional characteristics intermediate between SGLT1 and SGLT2, so, whereas SGLT3 stoichiometry is the same as that for SGLT1 (2:1), sugar affinity and specificity are similar to SGLT2. (+info)HNF1alpha controls renal glucose reabsorption in mouse and man. (3/90)
Recently it has been shown that dominant mutations in the human hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha (HNF1alpha) gene, encoding for a homeoprotein that is expressed in liver, kidney, pancreas and intestine, result in maturity onset diabetes of the young type 3 (MODY3). HNF1alpha-null mice are diabetic, but at the same time suffer from a renal Fanconi syndrome characterized by urinary glucose loss. Here we show that MODY3 patients are also characterized by a reduced tubular reabsorption of glucose. The renal murine defect is due to reduced expression of the low affinity/high capacity glucose cotransporter (SGLT2). Our results show that HNF1alpha directly controls SGLT2 gene expression. Together these data indicate that HNF1alpha plays a key role in glucose homeostasis in mammals. (+info)Upregulation of H(+)-peptide cotransporter PEPT2 in rat remnant kidney. (4/90)
The progression of renal damage resulting from reduced nephron mass has been extensively studied in the 5/6 nephrectomized rat. However, reabsorption of small peptides and D-glucose across the renal proximal tubule in this model remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the alterations of H(+)-peptide cotransporters (PEPT1 and PEPT2) and Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporters (SGLT1 and SGLT2) in chronic renal failure. Two weeks after surgery, H(+)-dependent [(14)C]glycylsarcosine uptake by the renal brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from 5/6 nephrectomized rats was significantly increased compared with that from sham-operated controls. Kinetic analysis revealed that the maximum velocity value for [(14)C]glycylsarcosine uptake by the high-affinity-type of peptide transporter was increased threefold by 5/6 nephrectomy, without significant changes in the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant value. Competitive PCR analyses indicated that the expression of PEPT2 mRNA was markedly increased in the remnant kidney, but PEPT1, SGLT1, and SGLT2 mRNA levels showed no significant changes. These findings indicated that the high-affinity-type H(+)-peptide cotransport activity is upregulated by 5/6 nephrectomy, accompanied by the increased expression of PEPT2. The upregulation of PEPT2 expression would result in an increase in reabsorption of small peptides and peptide-like drugs across the brush-border membranes in chronic renal failure. (+info)Cloning and characterization of a novel Na+-dependent glucose transporter (NaGLT1) in rat kidney. (5/90)
To identify novel transporters in the kidney, we have constructed an mRNA data base composed of 1000 overall clones by random sequencing of a male rat kidney cDNA library. After a BLAST search, approximately 40% of the clones were unknown and/or unannotated and were screened by measuring the uptake of various compounds using Xenopus oocytes. One clone stimulated the uptake of alpha-methyl-d-glucopyranoside and therefore was termed rat Na(+)-dependent glucose transporter 1 (rNaGLT1). The rNaGLT1 cDNA (2173 bp) has an open reading frame encoding a 484-amino acid protein, showing <22% homology to known SGLT and GLUT glucose transporters. alpha-Methyl-d-glucopyranoside uptake by rNaGLT1 cRNA-injected oocytes showed saturability, with an apparent K(m) of 3.7 mm and a coupling ratio of 1:1 with Na(+). rNaGLT1 mRNA was expressed predominantly in the kidney upon Northern blot analysis and reverse transcription-PCR. Reverse transcription-PCR in microdissected nephron segments revealed that rNaGLT1 mRNA was primarily localized in the proximal tubules. A clear signal corresponding to rNaGLT1 protein was recognized in the brush-border (but not basolateral) membrane fraction by immunoblot analysis. The rNaGLT1 mRNA level in the kidney was significantly higher than rat SGLT1 and SGLT2 mRNA levels. These findings suggest that rNaGLT1 is a novel Na(+)-dependent glucose transporter with low substrate affinity that mediates tubular reabsorption of glucose. (+info)Angiotensin II-dependent increased expression of Na+-glucose cotransporter in hypertension. (6/90)
Glucose uptake is increased in hypertension. Thus we investigated Na+-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) activity and expression in proximal tubules from renovascular hypertensive rats. Sham-operated rats, aortic coarctation rats, and aortic coarctation rats treated with either ramipril (2.5 mg.kg-1.day-1 for 21 days) or losartan (10 mg.kg-1.day-1 for 21 days) were used. Na+-dependent glucose uptake was measured in brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV). Vmax in BBMV from hypertensive rats was greater compared with those from normotensive rats (3 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.1 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1) without a change in Km. Renal immunostaining was greater, and Western blot analysis and RT-PCR showed a higher expression of SGLT2 in hypertensive rats than in normotensive rats (1,029 +/- 71 vs. 5,003 +/- 292, 199 +/- 15 vs. 95 +/- 10, and 1.4 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.1 arbitrary units, respectively). In rats treated with either ramipril or losartan, Vmax decreased to 2.1 +/- 0.3 and 1.8 +/- 0.4 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1, respectively, as well as did the intensity of immunostaining and levels of protein and mRNA. We suggest that in renovascular hypertension, angiotensin II induced SGLT2 via the AT1 receptor, which was evidenced at both the functional and expression levels, probably contributing to increased absorption of Na+ and thereby to the development or maintenance of hypertension. (+info)Molecular analysis of the SGLT2 gene in patients with renal glucosuria. (7/90)
The role of SGLT2 (the gene for a renal sodium-dependent glucose transporter) in renal glucosuria was evaluated. Therefore, its genomic sequence and its intron-exon organization were determined, and 23 families with index cases were analyzed for mutations. In 21 families, 21 different SGLT2 mutations were detected. Most of them were private; only a splice mutation was found in 5 families of different ethnic backgrounds, and a 12-bp deletion was found in two German families. Fourteen individuals (including the original patient with 'renal glucosuria type 0') were homozygous or compound heterozygous for an SGLT2 mutation resulting in glucosuria in the range of 14.6 to 202 g/1.73 m(2)/d (81 - 1120 mmol/1.73 m(2)/d). Some, but not all, of their heterozygous family members had an increased glucose excretion of up to 4.4 g/1.73 m(2)/d (24 mmol/1.73 m(2)/d). Likewise, in index cases with glucosuria below 10 g/1.73 m(2)/d (55 mmol/1.73 m(2)/d) an SGLT2 mutation, if present, was always detected in the heterozygous state. We conclude that SGLT2 plays an important role in renal tubular glucose reabsorption. Inheritance of renal glucosuria shows characteristics of a codominant trait with variable penetrance. (+info)Renal transplantation modulates expression and function of receptors and transporters of rat proximal tubules. (8/90)
Kidney transplantation often leads to disturbances of solute and volume maintenance in humans. To investigate underlying mechanisms, expression and function of renal transporters and receptors of the proximal tubule (PT) were analyzed in an acute rejection model of rat kidney transplantation. Semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, histology, immunohistochemistry, and microfluorometry were performed on whole kidneys and isolated PT. With acute rejection, Na+/H+-exchanger type-3 (NHE-3) was markedly downregulated. Na+-HCO(3)(-)-cotransporter (NBC-1) and Na+-glucose transporter type-2 (SGLT2) were upregulated after transplantation. Expressions of Na+/H+-exchanger type-1 (NHE-1), Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), angiotensin II (AngII) receptor (AT-1), or natriuretic peptide receptor (GC-A) were unaltered. Microfluorometric analyses of intracellular pH, Na+, and Ca2+ demonstrated a decrease in NHE-3 function and AngII-mediated stimulation of NHE-3. AngII-mediated inhibition of NHE-1 and function of all other transporters tested remained unaltered. Function of AT-1 and GC-A were unaffected. Reduced expression of NHE-3 was also confirmed by semiquantitative immunohistochemistry. These findings suggest that expression and function of transmembrane proteins involved in Na+-transport after transplantation and rejection is specifically modulated. The local renin-angiotensin-system is apparently not altered. Downregulation of NHE-3 may be a protective mechanism occurring in the graft. (+info)Sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLTs) are a group of membrane transporters that facilitate the active transport of glucose across cell membranes in various tissues, including the kidneys and intestines. They function by coupling the movement of glucose molecules with sodium ions, using the energy generated by the sodium gradient across the membrane.
The two main types of SGLTs are:
1. SGLT1: This transporter is primarily found in the intestines and plays a crucial role in glucose absorption from food. It has a high affinity for glucose and transports it along with sodium ions, which helps create an electrochemical gradient that drives the transport process.
2. SGLT2: This transporter is mainly located in the early proximal tubules of the kidneys and is responsible for reabsorbing about 90% of the filtered glucose back into the bloodstream. It has a lower affinity for glucose compared to SGLT1 but operates at a higher transport rate, allowing it to efficiently reabsorb large amounts of glucose.
Inhibitors of SGLT2, known as SGLT2 inhibitors or gliflozins, have been developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. By blocking SGLT2-mediated glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, these medications promote urinary glucose excretion and help lower blood glucose levels. Examples of SGLT2 inhibitors include canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin.
Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1 (SGLT1) is a protein found in the membrane of intestinal and kidney cells. It is responsible for the active transport of glucose and sodium ions from the lumen into the epithelial cells. In the intestine, SGLT1 plays a crucial role in glucose absorption after meals, while in the kidneys, it helps reabsorb glucose back into the bloodstream to prevent wasting through urine. The transport process is driven by the sodium gradient created by Na+/K+ ATPase, which actively pumps sodium ions out of the cell. SGLT1 inhibitors are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes to reduce glucose reabsorption and enhance urinary glucose excretion, leading to better glycemic control.
Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 (SGLT2) is a medically recognized term referring to a specific protein that plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys. It is a type of membrane transport protein located in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron, where it actively transports glucose and sodium ions from the urine back into the bloodstream.
In healthy individuals, SGLT2 is responsible for reabsorbing about 90% of the filtered glucose, maintaining normal blood glucose levels. However, in certain medical conditions like diabetes, the amount of glucose in the blood can be significantly higher than normal. As a result, SGLT2 inhibitors have been developed as a class of medications to block this transporter's function, thereby increasing glucose excretion through urine and lowering blood glucose levels.
SGLT2 inhibitors are often prescribed in combination with other diabetes medications to help manage type 2 diabetes more effectively. Common SGLT2 inhibitors include canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin.
Glucose Transporter Type 1 (GLUT1) is a specific type of protein called a glucose transporter, which is responsible for facilitating the transport of glucose across the blood-brain barrier and into the brain cells. It is encoded by the SLC2A1 gene and is primarily found in the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, as well as in other tissues such as the erythrocytes (red blood cells), placenta, and kidney.
GLUT1 plays a critical role in maintaining normal glucose levels in the brain, as it is the main mechanism for glucose uptake into the brain. Disorders of GLUT1 can lead to impaired glucose transport, which can result in neurological symptoms such as seizures, developmental delay, and movement disorders. These disorders are known as GLUT1 deficiency syndromes.
Monosaccharide transport proteins are a type of membrane transport protein that facilitate the passive or active transport of monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, across cell membranes. These proteins play a crucial role in the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of carbohydrates in the body.
There are two main types of monosaccharide transport proteins: facilitated diffusion transporters and active transporters. Facilitated diffusion transporters, also known as glucose transporters (GLUTs), passively transport monosaccharides down their concentration gradient without the need for energy. In contrast, active transporters, such as the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT), use energy in the form of ATP to actively transport monosaccharides against their concentration gradient.
Monosaccharide transport proteins are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the intestines, kidneys, liver, and brain. They play a critical role in maintaining glucose homeostasis by regulating the uptake and release of glucose into and out of cells. Dysfunction of these transporters has been implicated in several diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and neurological disorders.
Glucosides are chemical compounds that consist of a glycosidic bond between a sugar molecule (typically glucose) and another non-sugar molecule, which can be an alcohol, phenol, or steroid. They occur naturally in various plants and some microorganisms.
Glucosides are not medical terms per se, but they do have significance in pharmacology and toxicology because some of them may release the sugar portion upon hydrolysis, yielding aglycone, which can have physiological effects when ingested or absorbed into the body. Some glucosides are used as medications or dietary supplements due to their therapeutic properties, while others can be toxic if consumed in large quantities.
Glucose is a simple monosaccharide (or single sugar) that serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms. It's a fundamental molecule in biology, often referred to as "dextrose" or "grape sugar." Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and is vital to the functioning of cells, especially those in the brain and nervous system.
In the body, glucose is derived from the digestion of carbohydrates in food, and it's transported around the body via the bloodstream to cells where it can be used for energy. Cells convert glucose into a usable form through a process called cellular respiration, which involves a series of metabolic reactions that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the main currency of energy in cells.
Glucose is also stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen, a polysaccharide (multiple sugar) that can be broken down back into glucose when needed for energy between meals or during physical activity. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is crucial for overall health, and imbalances can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus.
Phlorhizin is not a medical condition or term, but rather a chemical compound. It is a glucoside that can be found in the bark of apple trees and other related plants. Phlorhizin has been studied in the field of medicine for its potential effects on various health conditions. Specifically, it has been shown to inhibit the enzyme called glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), which is involved in the absorption of glucose in the body. As a result, phlorhizin has been investigated as a potential treatment for diabetes, as it may help regulate blood sugar levels. However, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and safety profile before it can be used as a medical treatment.
Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4) is a type of glucose transporter protein that plays a crucial role in regulating insulin-mediated glucose uptake into cells, particularly in muscle and fat tissues. GLUT4 is primarily located in intracellular vesicles within these cell types and moves to the plasma membrane upon stimulation by insulin or muscle contraction, facilitating the influx of glucose into the cell. Dysfunction in GLUT4 regulation has been implicated in various metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
Glucose Transporter Type 3 (GLUT3) is defined in medical terms as a specific type of glucose transporter protein, also known as solute carrier family 2, member 1 (SLC2A1). It is primarily found in the membranes of neurons and plays a crucial role in facilitating the transport of glucose from the extracellular space into the intracellular compartment of these cells. GLUT3 is notable for its high affinity for glucose, allowing it to effectively transport this essential energy source even under conditions of low glucose concentration. Its presence in neurons is particularly important, as these cells have a high demand for glucose to support their metabolic needs and maintain proper function.
Glycosuria is a medical term that refers to the presence of glucose in the urine. Under normal circumstances, the kidneys are able to reabsorb all of the filtered glucose back into the bloodstream. However, when the blood glucose levels become excessively high, such as in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the kidneys may not be able to reabsorb all of the glucose, and some of it will spill over into the urine.
Glycosuria can also occur in other conditions that affect glucose metabolism or renal function, such as impaired kidney function, certain medications, pregnancy, and rare genetic disorders. It is important to note that glycosuria alone does not necessarily indicate diabetes, but it may be a sign of an underlying medical condition that requires further evaluation by a healthcare professional.
Methylglucosides are not a medical term, but rather a chemical term referring to a type of compound known as glycosides, where a methanol molecule is linked to a glucose molecule. They do not have a specific medical relevance, but they can be used in various industrial and laboratory applications, including as sweetening agents or intermediates in chemical reactions.
However, if you meant "Methylglucamine," it is a related term that has medical significance. Methylglucamine is an organic compound used as an excipient (an inactive substance that serves as a vehicle or medium for a drug) in some pharmaceutical formulations. It is often used as a solubilizing agent to improve the solubility and absorption of certain drugs, particularly those that are poorly soluble in water. Methylglucamine is generally considered safe and non-toxic, although it can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea or nausea in some individuals if taken in large amounts.
Glucose Transporter Type 2 (GLUT2) is a protein responsible for the facilitated diffusion of glucose across the cell membrane. It is a member of the solute carrier family 2 (SLC2), also known as the facilitative glucose transporter family. GLUT2 is primarily expressed in the liver, kidney, and intestines, where it plays a crucial role in regulating glucose homeostasis.
In the pancreas, GLUT2 is found in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, where it facilitates the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells. Once inside the cell, glucose is metabolized, leading to an increase in ATP levels and the closure of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. This results in the depolarization of the cell membrane and the subsequent opening of voltage-gated calcium channels, allowing for the release of insulin from secretory vesicles into the bloodstream.
In the intestines, GLUT2 is expressed in the enterocytes of the small intestine, where it facilitates the absorption of glucose and other monosaccharides from the lumen into the bloodstream. In the kidneys, GLUT2 is found in the proximal tubules, where it plays a role in reabsorbing glucose from the filtrate back into the bloodstream.
Mutations in the gene that encodes GLUT2 (SLC2A2) can lead to several genetic disorders, including Fanconi-Bickel syndrome, which is characterized by impaired glucose and galactose absorption in the intestines, hepatic glycogen accumulation, and renal tubular dysfunction.
Glucose Transporter Proteins, Facilitative (GLUTs) are a group of membrane proteins that facilitate the passive transport of glucose and other simple sugars across the cell membrane. They are also known as solute carrier family 2 (SLC2A) members. These proteins play a crucial role in maintaining glucose homeostasis within the body by regulating the uptake of glucose into cells. Unlike active transport, facilitative diffusion does not require energy and occurs down its concentration gradient. Different GLUT isoforms have varying tissue distributions and substrate specificities, allowing them to respond to different physiological needs. For example, GLUT1 is widely expressed and is responsible for basal glucose uptake in most tissues, while GLUT4 is primarily found in insulin-sensitive tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue, where it mediates the increased glucose uptake in response to insulin signaling.
Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that is necessary for human health. In a medical context, sodium is often discussed in terms of its concentration in the blood, as measured by serum sodium levels. The normal range for serum sodium is typically between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).
Sodium plays a number of important roles in the body, including:
* Regulating fluid balance: Sodium helps to regulate the amount of water in and around your cells, which is important for maintaining normal blood pressure and preventing dehydration.
* Facilitating nerve impulse transmission: Sodium is involved in the generation and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system, which is necessary for proper muscle function and coordination.
* Assisting with muscle contraction: Sodium helps to regulate muscle contractions by interacting with other minerals such as calcium and potassium.
Low sodium levels (hyponatremia) can cause symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma, while high sodium levels (hypernatremia) can lead to symptoms such as weakness, muscle cramps, and seizures. Both conditions require medical treatment to correct.
Hypoglycemic agents are a class of medications that are used to lower blood glucose levels in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. These medications work by increasing insulin sensitivity, stimulating insulin release from the pancreas, or inhibiting glucose production in the liver. Examples of hypoglycemic agents include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists. It's important to note that the term "hypoglycemic" refers to a condition of abnormally low blood glucose levels, but in this context, the term is used to describe agents that are used to treat high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) associated with diabetes.
The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and the ileum. It is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption that occurs in the small intestine, particularly carbohydrates, proteins, and some fats. The jejunum is characterized by its smooth muscle structure, which allows it to contract and mix food with digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients through its extensive network of finger-like projections called villi.
The jejunum is also lined with microvilli, which further increase the surface area available for absorption. Additionally, the jejunum contains numerous lymphatic vessels called lacteals, which help to absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins into the bloodstream. Overall, the jejunum plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food.
Deoxyglucose is a glucose molecule that has had one oxygen atom removed, resulting in the absence of a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the 2' position of the carbon chain. It is used in research and medical settings as a metabolic tracer to study glucose uptake and metabolism in cells and organisms.
Deoxyglucose can be taken up by cells through glucose transporters, but it cannot be further metabolized by glycolysis or other glucose-utilizing pathways. This leads to the accumulation of deoxyglucose within the cell, which can interfere with normal cellular processes and cause toxicity in high concentrations.
In medical research, deoxyglucose is sometimes labeled with radioactive isotopes such as carbon-14 or fluorine-18 to create radiolabeled deoxyglucose (FDG), which can be used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans to visualize and measure glucose uptake in tissues. This technique is commonly used in cancer imaging, as tumors often have increased glucose metabolism compared to normal tissue.
Biological transport refers to the movement of molecules, ions, or solutes across biological membranes or through cells in living organisms. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulating cellular functions, and enabling communication between cells. There are two main types of biological transport: passive transport and active transport.
Passive transport does not require the input of energy and includes:
1. Diffusion: The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
3. Facilitated diffusion: The assisted passage of polar or charged substances through protein channels or carriers in the cell membrane, which increases the rate of diffusion without consuming energy.
Active transport requires the input of energy (in the form of ATP) and includes:
1. Primary active transport: The direct use of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient, often driven by specific transport proteins called pumps.
2. Secondary active transport: The coupling of the movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient with the uphill transport of another substance, mediated by a shared transport protein. This process is also known as co-transport or counter-transport.
Cytochalasin B is a fungal metabolite that inhibits actin polymerization in cells, which can disrupt the cytoskeleton and affect various cellular processes such as cell division and motility. It is often used in research to study actin dynamics and cell shape.
Blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is the concentration of glucose in the blood. Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body's cells. It is carried to each cell through the bloodstream and is absorbed into the cells with the help of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas.
The normal range for blood glucose levels in humans is typically between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) when fasting, and less than 180 mg/dL after meals. Levels that are consistently higher than this may indicate diabetes or other metabolic disorders.
Blood glucose levels can be measured through a variety of methods, including fingerstick blood tests, continuous glucose monitoring systems, and laboratory tests. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is important for people with diabetes to help manage their condition and prevent complications.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious metabolic complication characterized by the triad of hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and increased ketone bodies. It primarily occurs in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 1, but it can also be seen in some people with diabetes mellitus type 2, particularly during severe illness or surgery.
The condition arises when there is a significant lack of insulin in the body, which impairs the ability of cells to take up glucose for energy production. As a result, the body starts breaking down fatty acids to produce energy, leading to an increase in ketone bodies (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) in the bloodstream. This process is called ketosis.
In DKA, the excessive production of ketone bodies results in metabolic acidosis, which is characterized by a lower than normal pH level in the blood (< 7.35) and an elevated serum bicarbonate level (< 18 mEq/L). The hyperglycemia in DKA is due to both increased glucose production and decreased glucose utilization by cells, which can lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, fruity breath odor, and altered mental status. If left untreated, DKA can progress to coma and even lead to death. Treatment typically involves administering insulin, fluid replacement, and electrolyte management in a hospital setting.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Ketone bodies, also known as ketones or ketoacids, are organic compounds that are produced by the liver during the metabolism of fats when carbohydrate intake is low. They include acetoacetate (AcAc), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and acetone. These molecules serve as an alternative energy source for the body, particularly for the brain and heart, when glucose levels are insufficient to meet energy demands.
In a healthy individual, ketone bodies are present in low concentrations; however, during periods of fasting, starvation, or intense physical exertion, ketone production increases significantly. In some pathological conditions like uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the body may produce excessive amounts of ketones, leading to a dangerous metabolic state called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Elevated levels of ketone bodies can be detected in blood or urine and are often used as an indicator of metabolic status. Monitoring ketone levels is essential for managing certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, where maintaining optimal ketone concentrations is crucial to prevent complications.
A deductible is a specific amount of money that a patient must pay out of pocket before their health insurance starts covering the costs of medical services. For example, if a patient has a $1000 deductible, they must pay the first $1000 of their medical bills themselves before the insurance begins to cover the remaining costs. Deductibles are annual, meaning they reset every year.
Coinsurance is the percentage of costs for a covered medical service that a patient is responsible for paying after they have met their deductible. For example, if a patient has a 20% coinsurance rate, they will be responsible for paying 20% of the cost of each medical service, while their insurance covers the remaining 80%. Coinsurance rates vary depending on the health insurance plan and the specific medical service being provided.
Urination, also known as micturition, is the physiological process of excreting urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra. It is a complex process that involves several systems in the body, including the urinary system, nervous system, and muscular system.
In medical terms, urination is defined as the voluntary or involuntary discharge of urine from the urethra, which is the final pathway for the elimination of waste products from the body. The process is regulated by a complex interplay between the detrusor muscle of the bladder, the internal and external sphincters of the urethra, and the nervous system.
During urination, the detrusor muscle contracts, causing the bladder to empty, while the sphincters relax to allow the urine to flow through the urethra and out of the body. The nervous system plays a crucial role in coordinating these actions, with sensory receptors in the bladder sending signals to the brain when it is time to urinate.
Urination is essential for maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body, as well as eliminating waste products such as urea, creatinine, and other metabolic byproducts. Abnormalities in urination can indicate underlying medical conditions, such as urinary tract infections, bladder dysfunction, or neurological disorders.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin. This results in an inability to regulate blood glucose levels, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or early adulthood, although it can develop at any age. It is usually managed with regular insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, along with monitoring of blood glucose levels and adjustments to diet and physical activity. Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, nerve damage, blindness, and cardiovascular disease.
Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, primarily in response to elevated levels of glucose in the circulating blood. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels and facilitating the uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue, for energy production and storage. Insulin also inhibits glucose production in the liver and promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen or triglycerides.
Deficiency in insulin secretion or action leads to impaired glucose regulation and can result in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications. Exogenous insulin is used as a replacement therapy in individuals with diabetes to help manage their blood glucose levels and prevent long-term complications.
SGLT236
- Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the newest class of oral antihyperglycemic agents that have been approved for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. (nih.gov)
- Apart from data on the glucose-lowering effect of SGLT2 inhibitors, other metabolic benefits have been demonstrated for this class of medications. (nih.gov)
- The basic mechanism of action, indications, glucose-lowering benefits, other metabolic benefits, and adverse side-effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are presented in this review. (nih.gov)
- SGLT2 inhibitors are medications that have a unique mechanism of action and that lower glucose independent of insulin. (nih.gov)
- Especially in patients with type 2 diabetes not willing or not ready to start insulin, SGLT2 inhibitors may be another option in those patients requiring additional glucose lowering and in those with acceptable risk factor profiles. (nih.gov)
- Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been approved as a new class of anti-diabetic drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (nih.gov)
- The SGLT2 inhibitors reduce glucose reabsorption through renal systems, thus improving glycemic control in all stages of diabetes mellitus, independent of insulin. (nih.gov)
- A novel approach for treating T2DM is to inhibit renal glucose reabsorption through inhibition of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2), which is responsible for the majority of glucose reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. (nih.gov)
- By reducing the renal capacity to reabsorb filtered glucose, SGLT2 inhibitors increase excretion of excess glucose in urine, thereby decreasing plasma glucose concentration. (nih.gov)
- Jabbour SA, Whaley JM, Tirmenstein M, Poucher SM, Reilly TP, Boulton DW, Saye J, List JF, Parikh S. Targeting renal glucose reabsorption for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus using the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. (jefferson.edu)
- SGLT2 inhibitors work in a unique to eliminate excess glucose from the body through urination by impacting some normal kidney functions. (mcgartland.com)
- SGLT2 inhibitors are a type of oral medication used to treat type 2 diabetes in adults. (diabetes.org.uk)
- SGLT2 inhibitors are tablets that can help to lower your blood glucose (sugar) levels . (diabetes.org.uk)
- The Sodium Glucose Transporter 2 (SGLT2)-inhibitor, empagliflozin, reduces death from cardiovascular causes. (walshmedicalmedia.com)
- Fortunately, recently completed cardiovascular and kidney outcomes trials have identified agents from the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) classes as having important benefits on cardiovascular, kidney and HF outcomes in patients with T2D. (touchendocrinology.com)
- Jardiance is a sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2). (diabeteshealth.com)
- Empagliflozin is in a class of medications called sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. (medlineplus.gov)
- Of these, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists represent novel pharmacological agents that are included in the pharmacotherapy of patients with preserved or reduced systolic left ventricular function in heart failure, arterial hypertension, as well as in patients who are at increased risk of cardiovascular events. (escardio.org)
- Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are agents that reduce the level of blood glucose in these patients. (escardio.org)
- In the clinical trials conducted thus far, the use of SGLT2 inhibitors was shown to improve the quality of life of patients with type 2 DM, have benefit in treatment of HF, either with reduced or preserved ejection fraction of the left ventricle. (escardio.org)
- In pregnant patients and in patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors DKA may occur at lower or even normal blood glucose levels. (merckmanuals.com)
- A third debate will tackle the question of whether all people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease should be on [sodium-glucose co-transporter 2] (SGLT2) inhibitors "by default. (medscape.com)
- Dapagliflozin belongs to a group of drugs called sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. (rxwiki.com)
- Remogliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that works to reduce blood sugar levels by preventing the kidneys from reabsorbing glucose. (enterpriseappstoday.com)
- Risiko einer Fournier Gangrän (Nekrotisierende Fasziitis des Perineums) bei der Anwendung von SGLT2-Inhibitoren ("Sodium-Glucose-Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors") Rote-Hand-Brief vom 21. (leitlinien.de)
- Background: Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of oral diabetes medications. (nih.gov)
- Based on the size of the crowd at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California, there's plenty of interest in the new class of drugs, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2), which have gained notice for their role in eliminating glucose from the body while helping patients lose weight. (ajmc.com)
- The symposium, "The Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes," gave attendees at the 74thScientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association an overview of how these new drugs harness the renal system to improve health measures. (ajmc.com)
- Understanding the potential of SGLT2 inhibitors in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) starts with understanding the role of kidney in glucose metabolism, Dr Chao said. (ajmc.com)
- Sodium-coupled glucose co-transporters, especially SGLT2, are active in the reabsorption process. (ajmc.com)
- Thus, new drugs in the SGLT2 inhibitor class work to limit this process, allowing glucose to pass out in urine. (ajmc.com)
- It's becoming clear, Dr Chao said, that SGLT2 inhibitors do not have an unlimited capacity to eliminate glucose. (ajmc.com)
- Dapagliflozin , a new mechanism renal sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, has been shown to reduce fasting plasma glucose and significantly reduce HbA1c levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, compared with patients treated with a metformin and placebo combination.10,11 Additionally, about 25% of patients treated with dapagliflozin (vs. 6% of the placebo-metformin-treated patients) had at least a 5% decrease in body weight. (the-hospitalist.org)
- The tool may help inform risk-based monitoring and introduction of sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which have been shown in multiple clinical trials to prevent heart failure in at-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Dr. Vaduganathan said. (the-hospitalist.org)
- 2012) SGLT2 inhibitors: a new emerging therapeutic class in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
- Koepsell H. (2017) The Na + -D-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 are targets for the treatment of diabetes and cancer. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
Cotransporter-2 inhibitors2
- In recent clinical trials, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) showed excellent renoprotection effects, but the underlying mechanism remains to be investigated. (researchsquare.com)
- Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) inhibit the coupled reabsorption of sodium and glucose from the proximal tubule, reducing glucose reentry from tubular fluid into the bloodstream. (researchsquare.com)
Insulin21
- The agent has been approved as an adjunct to mealtime insulin in patients with Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, but is also associated with a reduction in appetite and food intake through a delayed gastrointestinal motility. (medscape.com)
- Regular or "short-acting" insulin may reach the bloodstream 30 minutes after injection and peak 2-3 hours afterward. (healthline.com)
- Intermediate-acting insulin works about 2-4 hours after use, with an average peak time of 12 hours. (healthline.com)
- Long-lasting insulin helps lower your blood glucose levels for up to 24 hours or longer, and it reaches your bloodstream more gradually. (healthline.com)
- If you have type 2 diabetes , your body makes insulin but no longer uses it well . (healthline.com)
- An inability of the pancreas to produce insulin (type 1 or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) or an inability of insulin to exert its normal physiological actions (type 2 or non-insulin dependent diabetes). (hpathy.com)
- Empagliflozin is used along with diet and exercise, and sometimes with other medications, to lower blood sugar levels in adults and children 10 years of age and older with type 2 diabetes (condition in which blood sugar is too high because the body does not produce or use insulin normally). (medlineplus.gov)
- DM develops due to either a lack of insulin production (type 1 DM), as a result of destroyed beta cells of pancreas due to an autoimmune reaction, or resistance to insulin (type 2 DM), where insulin is being produced at least in the early stages of disease because beta cells are still present, but tissues do not respond to insulin [1]. (escardio.org)
- Therapeutic approaches originally envisaged for type 2 diabetes or obesity (such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, insulin sensitizers and bariatric surgery) have shown promising signs of benefit for patients with NAFLD/NASH. (nih.gov)
- It reduces glucose the body absorbs from food, reduces glucose made in the liver and increases the body's response to insulin. (drugwatch.com)
- 3. Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin: efficacy and safety over 2 years. (nih.gov)
- Insulin deficiency and an increase in counterregulatory hormones ( glucagon , catecholamines, cortisol ) causes the body to metabolize triglycerides and amino acids instead of glucose for energy. (merckmanuals.com)
- Options include multiple daily injections with 2 types of subcutaneous insulin or a rapid- or short-acting insulin delivered by an insulin pump that administers a basal rate of insulin and additional boluses with meals or for correcting a high blood sugar level. (msdmanuals.com)
- When insulin is needed for patients with type 2 diabetes, glycemic control can often be achieved with basal insulin combined with non- insulin antihyperglycemic drugs, although prandial insulin may be needed in some patients. (msdmanuals.com)
- The Minkowski Prize Lecture will address the regulation of energy and glucose metabolism by the dual incretin receptor agonists, while the EASD-Lilly Anniversary Prize Lecture will be about the role of ectopic lipid in insulin resistance and cardiometabolic disease. (medscape.com)
- Diabetes is a metabolic ailment characterised by high blood glucose levels brought on by abnormalities in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. (enterpriseappstoday.com)
- These medications, which control blood glucose levels and guard against consequences of diabetes include cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, blindness, and neuropathy, comprise a variety of oral pills, injectable medications, and insulin products. (enterpriseappstoday.com)
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high. (msdmanuals.com)
- Insulin , a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps glucose move from the blood into the cells. (msdmanuals.com)
- When there is not enough insulin , most cells cannot use the glucose that is in the blood. (msdmanuals.com)
- Thus, when people become ill, they often need more insulin to move extra glucose into their cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Reabsorption3
- It works by stopping the reabsorption of glucose by the kidney, increasing glucose excretion from the body, and lowering blood sugar levels. (rxwiki.com)
- when glucose exceeds the body's reabsorption capacity, it passes out through the urine. (ajmc.com)
- 2011) Renal glucose reabsorption inhibitors to treat diabetes. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
Inhibitor3
- A study, DARE-19, was carried out to unveil the effects of SGLT-2 inhibitor treatment on comorbid disease complications and concomitant COVID-19 outcomes and demonstrated no statistical significance. (edu.qa)
- 14. Effects of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes and Stages 3b-4 chronic kidney disease. (nih.gov)
- Lilly got on board with Trajenta at the beginning of this year as the treatment is one of five diabetes drugs covered by an alliance which saw the US major make an initial payment of 300 million euros and up to 625 million euros to get joint rights to linagliptin and BI10773, a sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, which is in Phase III. (pharmatimes.com)
Empagliflozin5
- Empagliflozin is also used to reduce the risk of stroke, heart attack, or death in people who have type 2 diabetes along with heart and blood vessel disease. (medlineplus.gov)
- 6. Pooled Safety and Tolerability Analysis of Empagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. (nih.gov)
- 7. Safety and Tolerability of Empagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Pooled Analysis of Phase I-III Clinical Trials. (nih.gov)
- Empagliflozin treats Type 2 Diabetes. (rxwiki.com)
- Empagliflozin is a prescription medication used to treat type 2 diabetes in adults. (rxwiki.com)
Urine4
- It's also important to be aware that your urine will test positive for glucose if you take this medication. (diabetes.org.uk)
- It lowers blood sugar by causing the kidneys to get rid of more glucose in the urine. (medlineplus.gov)
- These work by helping the kidneys get glucose out of the body in the urine. (rxwiki.com)
- These new SGLT-2 diabetes medications -- which are distinctive from other diabetes drugs insofar that they make the kidneys extract a significant amount of sugar from the blood to be excreted in urine -- are prescribed to treat Type-2 diabetes. (drug-injury.com)
Dapagliflozin10
- 1. Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A pooled analysis of safety data from phase IIb/III clinical trials. (nih.gov)
- 2. Long-Term Safety of Dapagliflozin in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pooled Analysis of Phase IIb/III Studies. (nih.gov)
- 4. Safety profile of dapagliflozin for type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of clinical studies for overall safety and rare events. (nih.gov)
- 5. Dapagliflozin as monotherapy in drug-naive Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, blinded, prospective phase III study. (nih.gov)
- 9. Hypersensitivity Events, Including Potentially Hypersensitivity-Related Skin Events, with Dapagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Pooled Analysis. (nih.gov)
- 11. Long-term maintenance of efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. (nih.gov)
- 13. Durability of glycaemic efficacy over 2 years with dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add-on therapies in patients whose type 2 diabetes mellitus is inadequately controlled with metformin. (nih.gov)
- 15. Safety of dapagliflozin in a broad population of patients with type 2 diabetes: Analyses from the DECLARE-TIMI 58 study. (nih.gov)
- 18. The effect of dapagliflozin on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes. (nih.gov)
- High glucose/high fat (HG/HF) was applied to HK-2 cells, and effects of dapagliflozin on ferroptosis in HK-2 cells as well as the underlying mechanism were investigated. (researchsquare.com)
T2DM4
- The STELLA-LONG TERM prospective post-marketing surveillance study assessed ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (nih.gov)
- Numerous studies demonstrate parallels between CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and COVID-19 pathology, which accentuate pre-existing complications in patients infected with COVID-19 and potentially exacerbate the infection course. (edu.qa)
- First- and second-line pharmacologic agents in the management of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (endotext.org)
- Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) develops in approximately 40% of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and has become the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) 1 , 2 , 3 . (researchsquare.com)
Inhibition1
- The clinical benefits of the dual Sodium-Glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 1 and 2-inhibition have recently been reported in two clinical trials. (mountsinai.org)
Excretion1
- Studies show that once a maximum level of glucose excretion is reached, higher doses of these new drugs do not eliminate more glucose. (ajmc.com)
Reducing the amount of glucose1
- reducing the amount of glucose in your blood. (diabetes.org.uk)
Diabetes Mellitus9
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus. (nih.gov)
- To reduce the risk of end-stage kidney disease, doubling of serum creatinine, cardiovascular death, and hospitalization for heart failure in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy with albuminuria ( 1 ). (nih.gov)
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and is less common in those with type 2 diabetes. (merckmanuals.com)
- DKA is less common in type 2 diabetes mellitus, but it may occur in situations of unusual physiologic stress. (merckmanuals.com)
- Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are often initially treated with diet and exercise. (msdmanuals.com)
- Pharmacologic therapy algorithm for type-2 diabetes mellitus. (endotext.org)
- The International Diabetes Federation reports the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide, particularly in Asia, and the morbid finding that 44.9 percent of Asian patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 will die before the age of 60. (inquirer.net)
- Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (leitlinien.de)
- There are two types of diabetes mellitus, type 1 and type 2. (msdmanuals.com)
Elevated glucose levels1
- Long-term elevated glucose levels are the cause of diabetes complications. (diabeteshealth.com)
Drugs9
- Antidiabetic drugs such as sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors have garnered substantial attention recently due to their efficacy in reducing the severity of cardiorenal disease. (edu.qa)
- Drug-induced diabetes may occur due to different drugs being taken longer term and contributing to the development of chronic hyperglycaemia [1,2]. (escardio.org)
- Metformin is a prescription drug used alone or with other drugs to treat Type 2 diabetes. (drugwatch.com)
- Other blood glucose lowering drugs, excl. (rxwiki.com)
- Participants Three active comparator, new user cohorts of patients starting the study drugs (GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, or SGLT-2 inhibitors) or sulfonylureas with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (bmj.com)
- Glucagon-like peptidase 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are commonly prescribed novel antihyperglycaemic drugs. (bmj.com)
- Recently, the medical field has been impressed by the protective effects of a new class of diabetes drugs-the sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors. (inquirer.net)
- Incretin based drugs and risk of cholangiocarcinoma among patients with type 2 diabetes: Population based cohort study. (leitlinien.de)
- Jardiance is part of the Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors class of diabetes drugs, which also includes Invokana and Farxiga. (drug-injury.com)
Body's1
- Glucose is one of the body's main fuels. (msdmanuals.com)
People living with type 21
- The number of people living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications worldwide is increasing at an alarming rate. (touchendocrinology.com)
Jardiance1
- However, despite this glory-moment for Eli Lilly and Boehringer, all is not well for Jardiance as well as the other SGLT-2 inhibitors such as Invokana and Farxiga. (drug-injury.com)
Cardiovascular3
- 2 CKD in diabetes is additionally associated with increased risk of heart failure (HF), infections and all-cause and cardiovascular-related death. (touchendocrinology.com)
- 2-6 The presence of either HF or CKD in diabetes is independently associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, with risks further amplified by their combined presence: a condition often referred to as cardiorenal disease. (touchendocrinology.com)
- In 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued guidance to industry for the evaluation of cardiovascular risk with new glucose-lowering therapies. (touchendocrinology.com)
Clinical6
- [ 126 , 127 ] That way, the event rate per patient year for severe hypoglycemia for the first 3-month period of the open-label clinical practice study could be reduced to 0.29 for patients with Type 1 diabetes and to 0.05 for patients with Type 2 diabetes. (medscape.com)
- Clinical Effects of Sodium-Glucose Transporter Type 2 Inhibitors in Patients With Partial Lipodystrophy. (nih.gov)
- Aside from those, much of the EASD meeting content will feature smaller studies on both type 2 and type 1 diabetes, along with award lectures, symposia, debates, and lots of discussion on hot topics in diabetes and clinical challenges including complications. (medscape.com)
- The purpose of this NOFO is to solicit applications for studies that will develop and test risk mitigation strategies that involve the clinical integration of CKM for the safe use of SGLT2i for people living with T1D so that they may benefit from the cardiac and renal protection and glucose-lowering effects of this drug class. (nih.gov)
- The NOFO will support short-term, clinical trials to gain and disseminate knowledge on safety and glucose control with CKM and SGLT2i use. (nih.gov)
- 2020) Sodium-coupled glucose transport, the SLC5 family, and therapeutically relevant inhibitors: from molecular discovery to clinical application. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
Mechanism1
- In recent years, studies have suggested that antidiabetic medications may grant renoprotection through a mechanism other than affecting glucose homeostasis [1,2]. (escardio.org)
Diabetic6
- I am a type 2 diabetic. (diabeteshealth.com)
- For now, with the SGLT-2 inhibitors, there is hope that prolonging the lives of our diabetic patients-making them live well beyond 60 years old with decent quality of life-is within our reach. (inquirer.net)
- Risk Factors for Incident Diabetic Polyneuropathy in a Cohort With Screen-Detected Type 2 Diabetes Followed for 13 Years: ADDITION-Denmark. (leitlinien.de)
- Diabetic ketoacidosis is diagnosed by blood tests that show high levels of glucose, ketones, and acid. (msdmanuals.com)
- Unlike in diabetic ketoacidosis, blood glucose levels are usually only mildly elevated. (msdmanuals.com)
- The last few years have seen an explosion of evidence for the efficacy of sodium-glucose transporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists to slow progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). (cdc.gov)
SGLT2i1
- Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) that were developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) have significant protective effects for cardiac and renal diseases for people with and without diabetes. (nih.gov)
INVOKANA2
- Invokana is a prescription drug doctors use to treat type 2 diabetes. (triallaw1.com)
- Invokana works by lowering glucose levels in the blood. (triallaw1.com)
Reduces1
- It reduces glucose production in the liver. (diabeteshealth.com)
Descriptor1
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)
Starting SGLT-2 inhibitors1
- The first cohort included 1252 patients starting GLP-1 receptor agonists and 14 259 starting sulfonylureas, the second cohort included 8731 patients starting DPP-4 inhibitors and 18 204 starting sulfonylureas, and the third cohort included 2956 patients starting SGLT-2 inhibitors and 10 841 starting sulfonylureas. (bmj.com)
Levels2
- Diabetes is a condition that leads to high levels of blood glucose (sugar) in the body. (healthline.com)
- However, this "job" of the kidney can result in hyperglycemia when too much glucose is reabsorbed, especially when glucose remains at chronically high levels. (ajmc.com)
Type 1 and type 2 diabet3
- Doctors prescribe different medications to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes and help control your blood sugar. (healthline.com)
- SGLT-2 inhibitors have been implicated in causing DKA in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (merckmanuals.com)
- HAMBURG, Germany - This year's meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) offers an in-depth look into "disease-modifying and disrupting therapies" in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (medscape.com)
Complications4
- In youth-onset type 2 DM, complications appear early and develop rapidly [1,2]. (escardio.org)
- 1 With the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in New Zealand predicted to increase by 70 - 90% in the next 20 years, the burden of diabetes complications on patients and the healthcare system will also increase. (bpac.org.nz)
- 2 Ensuring patients are regularly reviewed is essential to preventing or delaying the onset of diabetes complications and slowing their progression. (bpac.org.nz)
- All people with type 2 diabetes are at risk of long-term complications. (bpac.org.nz)
Metabolic2
Luminal2
- A sodium-glucose transporter that is expressed in the luminal membrane of the PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULES. (jefferson.edu)
- Transportador de sodio-glucosa que se expresa en la membrana luminal de los TÚBULOS RENALES PROXIMALES. (bvsalud.org)
Kidney1
- 2] The KDOQI and the international guideline group Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) subsequently updated these guidelines. (medscape.com)
Protein1
- Bazalakova MH, Blakely RD. (2006) The high-affinity choline transporter: a critical protein for sustaining cholinergic signaling as revealed in studies of genetically altered mice. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
Patients with type3
- it is also helpful for management of many patients with type 2 diabetes. (msdmanuals.com)
- Qternmet XR is used to control blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes. (rxwiki.com)
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease among patients with type 2 diabetes: Population based cohort study. (leitlinien.de)
20212
- 2021 Jul 2;22(13):7170. (nih.gov)
- 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021. (leitlinien.de)
Effects2
- Although the exact mechanisms of CV benefit remain uncertain, they appear to be unrelated to the direct glucose-lowering effects. (radcliffemedicaleducation.org)
- Cardiorenal Effects of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors. (acc.org)
Heart Failure1
- This review article, 'Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure: Recent Data and Implications for Practice' is accredited by the European Board for Accreditation in Cardiology (EBAC) for 1 hour of external CME credits. (radcliffemedicaleducation.org)
Liver1
- These work by decreasing the amount of glucose your body can absorb from food and decreasing the amount of glucose made by the liver. (rxwiki.com)
Prevalence of type1
- Despite the prevalence of type 2 DM, there are few effective long-term treatments for the patients. (escardio.org)
Abstract1
- In addition to SURMOUNT-4, there will be oral abstract sessions with follow-up data from the SURPASS series of studies of tirzepatide in type 2 diabetes, other abstract sessions, symposia about incretins and obesity, and an oral abstract session on beta cell function in both diabetes types. (medscape.com)
Homeostasis1
- Bizhanova A, Kopp P. (2009) Minireview: The sodium-iodide symporter NIS and pendrin in iodide homeostasis of the thyroid. (guidetoimmunopharmacology.org)
Treatment of type 2 diabet1
- It is prescribed for the adult treatment of type 2 diabetes. (enterpriseappstoday.com)
Medication3
- The peak time is 1 to 2 hours after use, and the medication lasts between 2 and 4 hours. (healthline.com)
- Qternmet XR is a prescription medication used to improve blood glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes . (rxwiki.com)
- The drug offers type 2 diabetics a more convenient treatment alternative because it is the only oral medication of its kind that may be used only once a week. (enterpriseappstoday.com)
Blood sugar1
- Metformin is the most common and first line of treatment for people with type 2 diabetes who are unable to manage their blood sugar with diet and exercise. (diabeteshealth.com)
Receptor agonists3
- Objective To determine whether the use of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, separately, is associated with a decreased risk of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes. (bmj.com)
- Main outcome measures Cox proportional hazards models with propensity score fine stratification weighting were fitted to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (defined as hospital admission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), separately for GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT-2 inhibitors. (bmj.com)
- Conclusions In this population based study, GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors were associated with a reduced risk of severe exacerbations compared with sulfonylureas in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes. (bmj.com)