Olfaction Disorders
Taste Disorders
Odors
Olfactory Perception
Olfactory Pathways
Taste
Receptors, Odorant
Dysgeusia
Olfactory Mucosa
Olfactory Receptor Neurons
Amorphophallus
Zinc Sulfate
Olfactory Bulb
Taste Perception
Waste Products
Volatile Organic Compounds
Kallmann Syndrome
Electronics
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity
Nasal Obstruction
Phenylethyl Alcohol
Sensation
Volatilization
Benzaldehydes
Stimulation, Chemical
Nose
Pheromones
Androstenes
Olfactory Nerve
Trigeminal Nerve
Perception
Animal Communication
Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System
Parkinson Disease
Chemoreceptor Cells
Neural encoding in orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala during olfactory discrimination learning. (1/2509)
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is part of a network of structures involved in adaptive behavior and decision making. Interconnections between OFC and basolateral amygdala (ABL) may be critical for encoding the motivational significance of stimuli used to guide behavior. Indeed, much research indicates that neurons in OFC and ABL fire selectively to cues based on their associative significance. In the current study recordings were made in each region within a behavioral paradigm that allowed comparison of the development of associative encoding over the course of learning. In each recording session, rats were presented with novel odors that were informative about the outcome of making a response and had to learn to withhold a response after sampling an odor that signaled a negative outcome. In some cases, reversal training was performed in the same session as the initial learning. Ninety-six of the 328 neurons recorded in OFC and 60 of the 229 neurons recorded in ABL exhibited selective activity during evaluation of the odor cues after learning had occurred. A substantial proportion of those neurons in ABL developed selective activity very early in training, and many reversed selectivity rapidly after reversal. In contrast, those neurons in OFC rarely exhibited selective activity during odor evaluation before the rats reached the criterion for learning, and far fewer reversed selectivity after reversal. The findings support a model in which ABL encodes the motivational significance of cues and OFC uses this information in the selection and execution of an appropriate behavioral strategy. (+info)Quantitative structure-activity relationships for nasal pungency thresholds of volatile organic compounds. (2/2509)
A model was developed for describing the triggering of nasal pungency in humans, based on the partition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) between the air phase and the biophase. Two partition parameters are used in the model: the water-air partition coefficient and the octanol-water partition coefficient. The model was validated using data from the literature, principally on alcohols, acetates and ketones. The model suggests that all test compounds, regardless of their chemical functional groups, bind to a common receptor site within the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer membrane of the trigeminal nerve endings. There is probably only a slight, non-specific interaction between the VOC molecule and the receptor molecule, whereas this type of non-specific interaction for the detection of odor is much stronger. In practical terms, the suggestion that all VOCs share a common irritation receptor site implies that nasal-pungency thresholds of individual VOCs may be additive. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for nasal-pungency thresholds were also developed from the model, which can be used to predict nasal-pungency thresholds of common VOCs. Although the present model does not offer additional precision over that of M.H. Abraham et al., 1996, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 31, 71-76, it requires fewer descriptors and offers a physiological basis to the QSAR. Another advantage of the present model is that it also provides a basis for comparison between the olfactory process and nasal pungency. (+info)A technique for assessing the effects of olfaction on feed preference in lactating Holstein cows. (3/2509)
Our objective was to develop a method for assessing the effects of olfaction on feed preference. Two multiparous lactating Holstein cows were offered a totally mixed ration consisting of corn silage, alfalfa haylage, and a ground corn and soybean meal-based concentrate mixture (25:25:50 on a DM basis) for their ad libitum consumption in four consecutive 2.5-h periods daily for 5 d. An apparatus was developed that allowed odorants to be distributed at a set rate over two feeding containers with limited possibility of odor carryover. Four odorants and a control (no odorant) were compared against each other. All possible comparisons were conducted on the left and right feeding sides to avoid potential lateral-preference effects. Rank values of 0 or .5 were assigned to each odorant based on the percentage of total feed consumed in a period. A test of overall equality based on the sums of squares of ranks was used to determine whether odors affected preference. The limited results indicated that inhalation of odorants did not affect preference. Rank values were doubled for several odorants when compared with others, which suggested that the sample size limited experimental sensitivity. To attain reasonable power, we estimated that at least six cows were needed per study. Large effects of odorants on feed preference would have been required to reach statistical significance in this trial; however, the method provides a practical technique for testing the effects of olfaction on feed preference in cattle when the suggested number of cows is used. (+info)Blind smell: brain activation induced by an undetected air-borne chemical. (4/2509)
EEG and behavioural evidence suggests that air-borne chemicals can affect the nervous system without being consciously detected. EEG and behaviour, however, do not specify which brain structures are involved in chemical sensing that occurs below a threshold of conscious detection. Here we used functional MRI to localize brain activation induced by high and low concentrations of the air-borne compound oestra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3yl acetate. Following presentations of both concentrations, eight of eight subjects reported verbally that they could not detect any odour (P = 0.004). Forced choice detection performed during the presentations revealed above-chance detection of the high concentration, but no better than chance detection of the low concentration compound. Both concentrations induced significant brain activation, primarily in the anterior medial thalamus and inferior frontal gyrus. Activation in the inferior frontal gyrus during the high concentration condition was significantly greater in the right than in the left hemisphere (P = 0.03). A trend towards greater thalamic activation was observed for the high concentration than the low concentration compound (P = 0.08). These findings localize human brain activation that was induced by an undetectable air-borne chemical (the low concentration compound). (+info)The effect of age on odor-stimulated functional MR imaging. (5/2509)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The effects of age, sex, and handedness on olfaction have not been adequately addressed with odor-stimulated functional MR imaging studies. We sought to determine the effect of age on functional MR imaging experiments performed with odor stimulation. METHODS: Five right-handed subjects with a mean age of 73 years and five right-handed subjects with a mean age of 24 years underwent gradient-echo echo-planar functional MR imaging using binasal olfactory stimulation. Imaging parameters included 3000/30 (TR/TE) and a 5-mm section thickness in a 6-minute sequence with 30 seconds of pulsed odorants alternating with 30 seconds of room air. The data were normalized to a standard atlas, and individual and group statistical parametric maps (SPMs) were generated for each task. The SPMs were thresholded for a P < .01, and the volumes of activation and distribution of cluster maxima were compared for the two groups. RESULTS: Analysis of the group SPMs revealed activated voxels in the frontal lobes, perisylvian regions, and cingulate gyri, with greater volume in the younger group than in the older group. The right inferior frontal, right perisylvian, and right and left cingulum had the largest number of voxels activated. The most common sites of activation on individual maps in both groups were the right inferior frontal regions and the right and left superior frontal and perisylvian zones. CONCLUSION: Given similar olfactory task paradigms, younger subjects showed a greater number of activated voxels than did older subjects. One must be cognizant of this effect when designing studies of odor-stimulated functional MR imaging. (+info)The effect of odour priming on long latency visual evoked potentials of matching and mismatching objects. (6/2509)
This study reports a cross-modal, olfactory/visual event related potential (ERP) using odours as olfactory primes. The results show a difference in the ERP waveform for the N400 waveform when a visual image does not match the priming odour. An N400 peak was produced for both the matched and mismatched conditions but the peaks were significantly more negative for the mismatched condition. By the use of non-food odours this study extends an earlier finding by Grigor, who, using the same ERP paradigm, obtained similar results for food odours and photographs of food. (+info)Visual event related potentials modulated by contextually relevant and irrelevant olfactory primes. (7/2509)
Visual evoked potentials were recorded from 16 scalp locations on 10 young subjects during presentation of a series of high-quality photographs on a computer screen. The photographs consisted of equal numbers of pictures of fruit (citrus and non-citrus fruits), flowers (roses and other flowers) and objects (e.g. buildings, vehicles, animals etc.). Every picture was different in order to avoid repetition effects. The pictures were presented under four odour conditions: no odour, rose odour, jasmine odour and citrus odour. In order to keep the subjects alert they were asked to make categorizing decisions for the visual stimuli (e.g. flower or fruit). No decision was required concerning the relationship between the visual stimulus and the odour. As expected, the N400 peak was more negative when the picture stimulus did not match the odour. It is hypothesized that the N400 peak can be used as a measure of relatedness of a sensory stimulus to a previous or on-going prime, irrespective of the mode of the stimuli. (+info)Sensory perception is related to the rate of change of volatile concentration in-nose during eating of model gels. (8/2509)
The relationship between perceived aroma and the volatile concentration measured in-nose was investigated during eating of a model food. Sensory ranking and time-intensity analysis (TI) were used to measure perceived aroma, while in-nose volatile concentration was monitored by atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry, which produced time release data. A gelatine-sucrose gel with a range of gelatine concentrations (2-8% w/w) and flavoured with furfuryl acetate was used as the model food. Sensory scaling showed decreased flavour intensities and TI showed a decrease in the flavour perceived over time, as the gelatine concentration increased. Studies in model systems and in people demonstrated that the different rates of release observed for different gelatine concentrations were not due to binding of volatile to protein in the gel, nor to mucous membranes, but were due to different rates of gel breakdown in-mouth. There were no significant differences in the maximum in-nose volatile concentrations for the different gelatine concentrations, so the amount of volatile present did not correlate well with the sensory analysis. However, the rates of volatile release were different for the different gels and showed a good correlation with sensory data. (+info)In medical terms, the sense of smell is referred to as olfaction. It is the ability to detect and identify different types of chemicals in the air through the use of the olfactory system. The olfactory system includes the nose, nasal passages, and the olfactory bulbs located in the brain.
When a person inhales air containing volatile substances, these substances bind to specialized receptor cells in the nasal passage called olfactory receptors. These receptors then transmit signals to the olfactory bulbs, which process the information and send it to the brain's limbic system, including the hippocampus and amygdala, as well as to the cortex. The brain interprets these signals and identifies the various scents or smells.
Impairment of the sense of smell can occur due to various reasons such as upper respiratory infections, sinusitis, nasal polyps, head trauma, or neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Loss of smell can significantly impact a person's quality of life, including their ability to taste food, detect dangers such as smoke or gas leaks, and experience emotions associated with certain smells.
Olfaction disorders, also known as smell disorders, refer to conditions that affect the ability to detect or interpret odors. These disorders can be categorized into two main types:
1. Anosmia: This is a complete loss of the sense of smell. It can be caused by various factors such as nasal polyps, sinus infections, head injuries, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
2. Hyposmia: This is a reduced ability to detect odors. Like anosmia, it can also be caused by similar factors including aging and exposure to certain chemicals.
Other olfaction disorders include parosmia, which is a distortion of smell where individuals may perceive a smell as being different from its original scent, and phantosmia, which is the perception of a smell that isn't actually present.
Taste disorders, also known as dysgeusia, refer to conditions that affect a person's ability to taste or distinguish between different tastes. These tastes include sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory). Taste disorders can result from damage to the taste buds, nerves that transmit taste signals to the brain, or areas of the brain responsible for processing taste information.
Taste disorders can manifest in several ways, including:
1. Hypogeusia: Reduced ability to taste
2. Ageusia: Complete loss of taste
3. Dysgeusia: Distorted or altered taste perception
4. Phantogeusia: Tasting something that is not present
5. Parageusia: Unpleasant or metallic tastes in the mouth
Taste disorders can be caused by various factors, including damage to the tongue or other areas of the mouth, certain medications, infections, exposure to chemicals or radiation, and neurological conditions such as Bell's palsy or multiple sclerosis. In some cases, taste disorders may be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes or kidney disease.
Treatment for taste disorders depends on the underlying cause. If a medication is causing the disorder, adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication may help. In other cases, treating the underlying medical condition may resolve the taste disorder. If the cause cannot be identified or treated, various therapies and strategies can be used to manage the symptoms of taste disorders.
In the context of medicine, "odors" refer to smells or scents that are produced by certain medical conditions, substances, or bodily functions. These odors can sometimes provide clues about underlying health issues. For example, sweet-smelling urine could indicate diabetes, while foul-smelling breath might suggest a dental problem or gastrointestinal issue. However, it's important to note that while odors can sometimes be indicative of certain medical conditions, they are not always reliable diagnostic tools and should be considered in conjunction with other symptoms and medical tests.
Olfactory perception refers to the ability to perceive and recognize odors or smells, which is mediated by olfactory receptor neurons located in the nasal cavity. These neurons detect and transmit information about chemical compounds present in the inhaled air to the brain, specifically to the primary olfactory cortex, where the perception of smell is processed and integrated with other sensory inputs. Olfactory perception plays a crucial role in various aspects of human behavior, including food selection, safety, and emotional responses.
The olfactory pathways refer to the neural connections and structures involved in the sense of smell. The process begins with odor molecules that are inhaled through the nostrils, where they bind to specialized receptor cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium.
These receptor cells then transmit signals via the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) to the olfactory bulb, a structure at the base of the brain. Within the olfactory bulb, the signals are processed and relayed through several additional structures, including the olfactory tract, lateral olfactory striae, and the primary olfactory cortex (located within the piriform cortex).
From there, information about odors is further integrated with other sensory systems and cognitive functions in higher-order brain regions, such as the limbic system, thalamus, and hippocampus. This complex network of olfactory pathways allows us to perceive and recognize various scents and plays a role in emotional responses, memory formation, and feeding behaviors.
In a medical context, taste is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth reacts with taste buds, which are specialized sensory cells found primarily on the tongue. The tongue's surface contains papillae, which house the taste buds. These taste buds can identify five basic tastes: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (savory). Different areas of the tongue are more sensitive to certain tastes, but all taste buds can detect each of the five tastes, although not necessarily equally.
Taste is a crucial part of our sensory experience, helping us identify and differentiate between various types of food and drinks, and playing an essential role in appetite regulation and enjoyment of meals. Abnormalities in taste sensation can be associated with several medical conditions or side effects of certain medications.
Odorant receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that are primarily found in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons in the nose. These receptors are responsible for detecting and transmitting information about odorants, or volatile molecules that we perceive as smells.
Each odorant receptor can bind to a specific set of odorant molecules, and when an odorant binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to the generation of an electrical signal in the olfactory sensory neuron. This signal is then transmitted to the brain, where it is processed and interpreted as a particular smell.
There are thought to be around 400 different types of odorant receptors in humans, each with its own unique binding profile. The combinatorial coding of these receptors allows for the detection and discrimination of a vast array of different smells, from sweet to sour, floral to fruity, and everything in between.
Overall, the ability to detect and respond to odorants is critical for many important functions, including the identification of food, mates, and potential dangers in the environment.
Dysgeusia is a medical term that refers to a distortion in the ability to taste. It can cause food and drinks to have a metallic, rancid, or bitter taste. Dysgeusia is different from ageusia, which is the complete loss of taste, and hypogeusia, which is a reduced ability to taste.
Dysgeusia can be caused by various factors, including damage to the nerves responsible for taste, exposure to certain chemicals or medications, and medical conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Treatment for dysgeusia depends on the underlying cause. If a medication is causing the symptom, changing the medication or adjusting the dosage may help. In other cases, addressing the underlying medical condition may improve taste perception.
Sensory thresholds are the minimum levels of stimulation that are required to produce a sensation in an individual, as determined through psychophysical testing. These tests measure the point at which a person can just barely detect the presence of a stimulus, such as a sound, light, touch, or smell.
There are two types of sensory thresholds: absolute and difference. Absolute threshold is the minimum level of intensity required to detect a stimulus 50% of the time. Difference threshold, also known as just noticeable difference (JND), is the smallest change in intensity that can be detected between two stimuli.
Sensory thresholds can vary between individuals and are influenced by factors such as age, attention, motivation, and expectations. They are often used in clinical settings to assess sensory function and diagnose conditions such as hearing or vision loss.
The olfactory mucosa is a specialized mucous membrane that is located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, near the septum and the superior turbinate. It contains the olfactory receptor neurons, which are responsible for the sense of smell. These neurons have hair-like projections called cilia that are covered in a mucus layer, which helps to trap and identify odor molecules present in the air we breathe. The olfactory mucosa also contains supporting cells, blood vessels, and nerve fibers that help to maintain the health and function of the olfactory receptor neurons. Damage to the olfactory mucosa can result in a loss of smell or anosmia.
Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are specialized sensory nerve cells located in the olfactory epithelium, a patch of tissue inside the nasal cavity. These neurons are responsible for detecting and transmitting information about odors to the brain. Each ORN expresses only one type of olfactory receptor protein, which is specific to certain types of odor molecules. When an odor molecule binds to its corresponding receptor, it triggers a signal transduction pathway that generates an electrical impulse in the neuron. This impulse is then transmitted to the brain via the olfactory nerve, where it is processed and interpreted as a specific smell. ORNs are continuously replaced throughout an individual's lifetime due to their exposure to environmental toxins and other damaging agents.
"Amorphophallus" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae, also known as the aroid family. These plants are native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. They are characterized by their large, distinctive inflorescences, which are often accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor that attracts pollinators such as flies and beetles.
The name "Amorphophallus" comes from the Greek words "amorphos," meaning formless, and "phallos," meaning penis, and refers to the shape of the inflorescence in some species. The most well-known species is Amorphophallus titanum, also known as the corpse flower, which produces one of the largest and smelliest inflorescences in the plant kingdom.
In addition to their unusual inflorescences, many species of Amorphophallus are also grown for their large, starchy tubers, which are used as a food source in some cultures.
Nose diseases, also known as rhinologic disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the nose and its surrounding structures. These may include:
1. Nasal Allergies (Allergic Rhinitis): An inflammation of the inner lining of the nose caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or mold.
2. Sinusitis: Inflammation or infection of the sinuses, which are air-filled cavities in the skull that surround the nasal cavity.
3. Nasal Polyps: Soft, fleshy growths that develop on the lining of the nasal passages or sinuses.
4. Deviated Septum: A condition where the thin wall (septum) between the two nostrils is displaced to one side, causing difficulty breathing through the nose.
5. Rhinitis Medicamentosa: Nasal congestion caused by overuse of decongestant nasal sprays.
6. Nosebleeds (Epistaxis): Bleeding from the nostrils, which can be caused by a variety of factors including dryness, trauma, or underlying medical conditions.
7. Nasal Fractures: Breaks in the bone structure of the nose, often caused by trauma.
8. Tumors: Abnormal growths that can occur in the nasal passages or sinuses. These can be benign or malignant.
9. Choanal Atresia: A congenital condition where the back of the nasal passage is blocked, often by a thin membrane or bony partition.
10. Nasal Valve Collapse: A condition where the side walls of the nose collapse inward during breathing, causing difficulty breathing through the nose.
These are just a few examples of the many diseases that can affect the nose.
Zinc sulfate is not a medical condition, but a chemical compound. It is often used in medical and health contexts as a dietary supplement or for the treatment of certain medical conditions.
Medical Definition:
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) is an inorganic salt of zinc with sulfuric acid, available in several hydrated forms. It is a white or colorless crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. In medical applications, it is used as a dietary supplement to prevent and treat zinc deficiency, and for the treatment of certain conditions such as Wilson's disease, which involves copper overload, and acrodermatitis enteropathica, a rare inherited disorder of zinc metabolism. Zinc sulfate may also be used topically in ointments or eye drops to aid wound healing and treat various eye conditions.
The olfactory bulb is the primary center for the sense of smell in the brain. It's a structure located in the frontal part of the brain, specifically in the anterior cranial fossa, and is connected to the nasal cavity through tiny holes called the cribriform plates. The olfactory bulb receives signals from olfactory receptors in the nose that detect different smells, processes this information, and then sends it to other areas of the brain for further interpretation and perception of smell.
Taste perception refers to the ability to recognize and interpret different tastes, such as sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami, which are detected by specialized sensory cells called taste buds located on the tongue and other areas in the mouth. These taste signals are then transmitted to the brain, where they are processed and identified as specific tastes. Taste perception is an important sense that helps us to appreciate and enjoy food, and it also plays a role in our ability to detect potentially harmful substances in our diet.
Waste products, in the context of physiology and medicine, refer to substances that are produced as a result of various metabolic processes within the body's cells but have no further use for the body's normal functioning. These waste materials must be eliminated from the body to maintain homeostasis and prevent toxic accumulation.
Common examples of waste products include:
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2): A byproduct of cellular respiration, which is exhaled through the lungs.
2. Urea: formed in the liver from the breakdown of excess amino acids and proteins, then excreted by the kidneys in urine.
3. Creatinine: a waste product generated from muscle metabolism, eliminated through the kidneys in urine.
4. Water (H2O): A byproduct of various metabolic reactions, excreted as urine or sweat, and lost through respiration and evaporation.
5. Bilirubin: a waste product formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells, eliminated through the bile and feces.
6. Lactic acid: produced during anaerobic metabolism, especially with intense exercise or hypoxia; it can be converted back to pyruvate for energy production or removed by the liver and excreted in urine.
7. Hippuric acid: formed from the conjugation of glycine and benzoic acid, primarily eliminated through urine.
8. Indican: a waste product resulting from the metabolism of tryptophan, excreted in urine after being converted to indigo by intestinal bacteria.
9. Estrogens and androgens: hormonal waste products produced by the gonads and adrenal glands, metabolized and eliminated through urine and feces.
Maintaining the efficient elimination of these waste products is essential for overall health and well-being. Failure to do so can result in various medical conditions, such as kidney or liver failure, that can be life-threatening if left untreated.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a low boiling point and easily evaporate at room temperature. They can be liquids or solids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde, which are found in many household products, including paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; cleaning supplies; pesticides; building materials and furnishings; office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper; and glues and adhesives.
VOCs can cause both short- and long-term health effects. Short-term exposure to high levels of VOCs can cause headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, and memory problems. Long-term exposure can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Some VOCs are also suspected or known carcinogens.
It is important to properly use, store, and dispose of products that contain VOCs to minimize exposure. Increasing ventilation by opening windows and doors or using fans can also help reduce exposure to VOCs.
Kallmann Syndrome is a genetic condition that is characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (reduced or absent function of the gonads (ovaries or testes) due to deficient secretion of pituitary gonadotropins) and anosmia or hyposmia (reduced or absent sense of smell). It is caused by abnormal migration of neurons that produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during fetal development, which results in decreased production of sex hormones and delayed or absent puberty.
Kallmann Syndrome can also be associated with other symptoms such as color vision deficiency, hearing loss, renal agenesis, and neurological defects. It is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant or X-linked recessive pattern, and diagnosis usually involves a combination of clinical evaluation, hormonal testing, and genetic analysis. Treatment may include hormone replacement therapy to induce puberty and maintain sexual function, as well as management of associated symptoms.
I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Electronics" is not a medical term, but rather a branch of physics and engineering that deals with the design, construction, and operation of electronic devices and systems. It involves the study and application of electrical properties of materials, components, and systems, and how they can be used to process, transmit, and store information and energy.
However, electronics have numerous applications in the medical field, such as in diagnostic equipment, monitoring devices, surgical tools, and prosthetics. In these contexts, "electronics" refers to the specific electronic components or systems that are used for medical purposes.
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), also known as Idiosyncratic Intolerance, is a chronic condition characterized by symptoms that the affected person attributes to low-level exposure to chemicals in the environment. These reactions are not part of a recognized allergic response and are often delayed in onset.
The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) defines MCS as: "A heightened sensitivity to chemicals that most people tolerate well... Symptoms can include headache, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, confusion, joint pain, and digestive disturbances."
However, it's important to note that the medical community has not reached a consensus on the definition, cause, or diagnosis of MCS. Some healthcare providers question its validity as a distinct medical entity due to lack of consistent scientific evidence supporting the relationship between exposure levels and symptoms.
Nasal obstruction is a medical condition that refers to any blockage or restriction in the normal flow of air through the nasal passages. This can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, swelling, or physical abnormalities in the nasal cavity. Common causes of nasal obstruction include allergies, sinusitis, deviated septum, enlarged turbinates, and nasal polyps. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing through the nose, nasal congestion, and nasal discharge. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
Phenylethyl Alcohol is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical compound with the formula C8H10O. It is a colorless oily liquid that is used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products due to its rose-like odor.
In a medical context, Phenylethyl Alcohol may be mentioned in relation to its potential antimicrobial properties or as a component of certain pharmaceutical preparations. However, it is not a medication or treatment on its own. It is important to note that while Phenylethyl Alcohol has been studied for its potential health benefits, more research is needed before any definitive conclusions can be drawn.
"Pentanols" is not a recognized medical term. However, in chemistry, pentanols refer to a group of alcohols containing five carbon atoms. The general formula for pentanols is C5H12O, and they have various subcategories such as primary, secondary, and tertiary pentanols, depending on the type of hydroxyl (-OH) group attachment to the carbon chain.
In a medical context, alcohols like methanol and ethanol can be toxic and cause various health issues. However, there is no specific medical relevance associated with "pentanols" as a group. If you have any further questions or need information about a specific chemical compound, please let me know!
In medical terms, sensation refers to the ability to perceive and interpret various stimuli from our environment through specialized receptor cells located throughout the body. These receptors convert physical stimuli such as light, sound, temperature, pressure, and chemicals into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via nerves. The brain then interprets these signals, allowing us to experience sensations like sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
There are two main types of sensations: exteroceptive and interoceptive. Exteroceptive sensations involve stimuli from outside the body, such as light, sound, and touch. Interoceptive sensations, on the other hand, refer to the perception of internal bodily sensations, such as hunger, thirst, heartbeat, or emotions.
Disorders in sensation can result from damage to the nervous system, including peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or brain. Examples include numbness, tingling, pain, or loss of sensation in specific body parts, which can significantly impact a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.
Volatilization, in the context of pharmacology and medicine, refers to the process by which a substance (usually a medication or drug) transforms into a vapor state at room temperature or upon heating. This change in physical state allows the substance to evaporate and be transferred into the air, potentially leading to inhalation exposure.
In some medical applications, volatilization is used intentionally, such as with essential oils for aromatherapy or topical treatments that utilize a vapor action. However, it can also pose concerns when volatile substances are unintentionally released into the air, potentially leading to indoor air quality issues or exposure risks.
It's important to note that in clinical settings, volatilization is not typically used as a route of administration for medications, as other methods such as oral, intravenous, or inhalation via nebulizers are more common and controlled.
Benzaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CHO. It is the simplest aromatic aldehyde, and it consists of a benzene ring attached to a formyl group. Benzaldehyde is a colorless liquid with a characteristic almond-like odor.
Benzaldehyde occurs naturally in various plants, including bitter almonds, cherries, peaches, and apricots. It is used in many industrial applications, such as in the production of perfumes, flavorings, and dyes. In addition, benzaldehyde has been used in medical research for its potential therapeutic effects, such as its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
However, it is important to note that benzaldehyde can be toxic in high concentrations and may cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Therefore, it should be handled with care and used in accordance with appropriate safety guidelines.
A chemical stimulation in a medical context refers to the process of activating or enhancing physiological or psychological responses in the body using chemical substances. These chemicals can interact with receptors on cells to trigger specific reactions, such as neurotransmitters and hormones that transmit signals within the nervous system and endocrine system.
Examples of chemical stimulation include the use of medications, drugs, or supplements that affect mood, alertness, pain perception, or other bodily functions. For instance, caffeine can chemically stimulate the central nervous system to increase alertness and decrease feelings of fatigue. Similarly, certain painkillers can chemically stimulate opioid receptors in the brain to reduce the perception of pain.
It's important to note that while chemical stimulation can have therapeutic benefits, it can also have adverse effects if used improperly or in excessive amounts. Therefore, it's essential to follow proper dosing instructions and consult with a healthcare provider before using any chemical substances for stimulation purposes.
A nose, in a medical context, refers to the external part of the human body that is located on the face and serves as the primary organ for the sense of smell. It is composed of bone and cartilage, with a thin layer of skin covering it. The nose also contains nasal passages that are lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs known as cilia. These structures help to filter, warm, and moisturize the air we breathe in before it reaches our lungs. Additionally, the nose plays an essential role in the process of verbal communication by shaping the sounds we make when we speak.
Pheromones are chemical signals that one organism releases into the environment that can affect the behavior or physiology of other organisms of the same species. They are primarily used for communication in animals, including insects and mammals. In humans, the existence and role of pheromones are still a subject of ongoing research and debate.
In a medical context, pheromones may be discussed in relation to certain medical conditions or treatments that involve olfactory (smell) stimuli, such as some forms of aromatherapy. However, it's important to note that the use of pheromones as a medical treatment is not widely accepted and more research is needed to establish their effectiveness and safety.
Androstenes are a group of steroidal compounds that are produced and released by the human body. They are classified as steroids because they contain a characteristic carbon skeleton, called the sterane ring, which consists of four fused rings arranged in a specific structure. Androstenes are derived from cholesterol and are synthesized in the gonads (testes and ovaries), adrenal glands, and other tissues.
The term "androstene" refers specifically to compounds that contain a double bond between the 5th and 6th carbon atoms in the sterane ring. This double bond gives these compounds their characteristic chemical properties and distinguishes them from other steroidal compounds.
Androstenes are important in human physiology because they serve as precursors to the synthesis of sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen. They also have been found to play a role in the regulation of various bodily functions, including sexual behavior, mood, and cognition.
Some examples of androstenes include androstenedione, which is a precursor to both testosterone and estrogen; androstenediol, which can be converted into either testosterone or estrogen; and androsterone, which is a weak androgen that is produced in the body as a metabolite of testosterone.
It's worth noting that androstenes are sometimes referred to as "pheromones" because they have been found to play a role in chemical communication between individuals of the same species. However, this use of the term "pheromone" is controversial and not universally accepted, as it has been difficult to demonstrate conclusively that humans communicate using chemical signals in the same way that many other animals do.
The olfactory nerve, also known as the first cranial nerve (I), is a specialized sensory nerve that is responsible for the sense of smell. It consists of thin, delicate fibers called olfactory neurons that are located in the upper part of the nasal cavity. These neurons have hair-like structures called cilia that detect and transmit information about odors to the brain.
The olfactory nerve has two main parts: the peripheral process and the central process. The peripheral process extends from the olfactory neuron to the nasal cavity, where it picks up odor molecules. These molecules bind to receptors on the cilia, which triggers an electrical signal that travels along the nerve fiber to the brain.
The central process of the olfactory nerve extends from the olfactory bulb, a structure at the base of the brain, to several areas in the brain involved in smell and memory, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus. Damage to the olfactory nerve can result in a loss of smell (anosmia) or distorted smells (parosmia).
The trigeminal nerve, also known as the fifth cranial nerve or CNV, is a paired nerve that carries both sensory and motor information. It has three major branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3). The ophthalmic branch provides sensation to the forehead, eyes, and upper portion of the nose; the maxillary branch supplies sensation to the lower eyelid, cheek, nasal cavity, and upper lip; and the mandibular branch is responsible for sensation in the lower lip, chin, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as motor function to the muscles involved in chewing. The trigeminal nerve plays a crucial role in sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and pressure in the face and mouth, and it also contributes to biting, chewing, and swallowing functions.
In the context of medicine and psychology, perception refers to the neurophysiological processes, cognitive abilities, and psychological experiences that enable an individual to interpret and make sense of sensory information from their environment. It involves the integration of various stimuli such as sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell to form a coherent understanding of one's surroundings, objects, events, or ideas.
Perception is a complex and active process that includes attention, pattern recognition, interpretation, and organization of sensory information. It can be influenced by various factors, including prior experiences, expectations, cultural background, emotional states, and cognitive biases. Alterations in perception may occur due to neurological disorders, psychiatric conditions, sensory deprivation or overload, drugs, or other external factors.
In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often assess patients' perceptions of their symptoms, illnesses, or treatments to develop individualized care plans and improve communication and adherence to treatment recommendations.
Animal communication is the transmission of information from one animal to another. This can occur through a variety of means, including visual, auditory, tactile, and chemical signals. For example, animals may use body postures, facial expressions, vocalizations, touch, or the release of chemicals (such as pheromones) to convey messages to conspecifics.
Animal communication can serve a variety of functions, including coordinating group activities, warning others of danger, signaling reproductive status, and establishing social hierarchies. In some cases, animal communication may also involve the use of sophisticated cognitive abilities, such as the ability to understand and interpret complex signals or to learn and remember the meanings of different signals.
It is important to note that while animals are capable of communicating with one another, this does not necessarily mean that they have language in the same sense that humans do. Language typically involves a system of arbitrary symbols that are used to convey meaning, and it is not clear to what extent animals are able to use such symbolic systems. However, many animals are certainly able to communicate effectively using their own species-specific signals and behaviors.
A medical definition of 'food' would be:
"Substances consumed by living organisms, usually in the form of meals, which contain necessary nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. These substances are broken down during digestion to provide energy, build and repair tissues, and regulate bodily functions."
It's important to note that while this is a medical definition, it also aligns with common understanding of what food is.
Sinusitis, also known as rhinosinusitis, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located within the skull near the nose. The inflammation can be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, as well as allergies, structural issues, or autoimmune disorders.
In sinusitis, the mucous membranes lining the sinuses become swollen and may produce excess mucus, leading to symptoms such as nasal congestion, thick green or yellow nasal discharge, facial pain or pressure, reduced sense of smell, cough, fatigue, and fever.
Sinusitis can be classified into acute (lasting less than 4 weeks), subacute (lasting 4-12 weeks), chronic (lasting more than 12 weeks), or recurrent (multiple episodes within a year). Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms, and may include antibiotics, nasal corticosteroids, decongestants, saline irrigation, and in some cases, surgery.
Lupus vasculitis in the central nervous system (CNS) is a specific type of inflammation that occurs in the blood vessels of the brain and/or spinal cord due to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease. In this condition, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue, including blood vessel walls, leading to their inflammation and damage.
CNS vasculitis can cause various neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures, cognitive impairment, mood changes, stroke-like episodes, and even loss of consciousness. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or angiography), and laboratory tests to detect the presence of autoantibodies associated with SLE. Treatment usually includes immunosuppressive therapy to control the inflammation and prevent further damage to the blood vessels in the CNS.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. It is characterized by the death of dopamine-producing cells in the brain, specifically in an area called the substantia nigra. The loss of these cells leads to a decrease in dopamine levels, which results in the motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease. These symptoms can include tremors at rest, stiffness or rigidity of the limbs and trunk, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability (impaired balance and coordination). In addition to these motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms such as cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances are also common in people with Parkinson's disease. The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease, but medications and therapies can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life.
Chemoreceptor cells are specialized sensory neurons that detect and respond to chemical changes in the internal or external environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within the body by converting chemical signals into electrical impulses, which are then transmitted to the central nervous system for further processing and response.
There are two main types of chemoreceptor cells:
1. Oxygen Chemoreceptors: These cells are located in the carotid bodies near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and in the aortic bodies close to the aortic arch. They monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in the blood and respond to decreases in oxygen concentration or increases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions (indicating acidity) by increasing their firing rate. This signals the brain to increase respiratory rate and depth, thereby restoring normal oxygen levels.
2. Taste Cells: These chemoreceptor cells are found within the taste buds of the tongue and other areas of the oral cavity. They detect specific tastes (salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami) by interacting with molecules from food. When a tastant binds to receptors on the surface of a taste cell, it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to the generation of an action potential. This information is then relayed to the brain, where it is interpreted as taste sensation.
In summary, chemoreceptor cells are essential for maintaining physiological balance by detecting and responding to chemical stimuli in the body. They play a critical role in regulating vital functions such as respiration and digestion.
'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.
Smell
Death smell
Retronasal smell
That Smell
Design smell
Code smell
Smell rights
Her Smell
Smell training
The Smell
New car smell
Smell the Roses
Smell of Female
Smell-O-Vision
Smell the Magic
Sense of smell
Old person smell
Smell of Incense
I Smell Panties
The Smell of Success
Dog sense of smell
The Smell of Rain
The Smell of Us
The Smell of Quinces
New Car Smell (Homeland)
Sweet Smell of Success
Mine Smell Like Honey
Live at the Smell
The Smell of Apples
Smelt
Death smell - Wikipedia
Disabled genes dull sense of smell
Why does my pee smell? - Answers
Armenian Protests Smell Like Teen Spirit
Taste and Smell | NIDCD
What does space smell like? | Popular Science
How to Make Potpourri Smell Longer | ehow
How to Make Old Books Smell Good | ehow
Cat Litter Smell Bad? Eliminate Litter Box Odor
Bad smell in nose: Causes, treatments, and prevention
Do Birds Have a Sense of Smell? | Audubon
A map for the sense of smell | ScienceDaily
Sense of smell is strictly personal, study suggests
brake smell - DoItYourself.com Community Forums
Chinese smell 'racism'; United stock hammered
Put a smell on it - Core77
Twitter's Tweet Smell Of Success | Nielsen
Do your dog's paws smell of POPCORN? | Daily Mail Online
Unwell-Smell | Science News
What part of the brain relates to smell? - Answers
Why Does Asparagus Make Your Pee Smell?
Why Don't You Smell When You're Sleeping?
Experimental technology can 'smell' disease
What Causes "Old Book Smell"?
An Older Person's Sense of Smell Can Predict Health Issues
Science confirms you should stop and smell the roses | ScienceDaily
FYI: Why Does Scotch Smell Like Band-Aids? | Popular Science
Losing sense of smell affects relationships, physical health - UPI.com
What Exactly Is 'New Car Smell'? | Mental Floss
Givaudan invests in "smell" technology - SWI swissinfo.ch
202311
- 2023 One pass with a cotton pad eliminates all evidence of past color, without making your nails feel brittle (thanks to castor and grapefruit peel oils) or your bathroom smell like a distillery. (merriam-webster.com)
- 2023 Now, many people can stop and smell the Vogue World roses. (merriam-webster.com)
- 2023 Officers stopped the vehicle, smelled the odor of marijuana and detained the driver, a Warrensville Heights man, 19. (merriam-webster.com)
- 2023 The Chesapeake cowboys rode into St. Michaels, Md., on a steamy Sunday in August, and the air smelled like crab seasoning and diesel exhaust, with a dash of light beer and lime. (merriam-webster.com)
- 2023 Little Amal will smell the oversized flower puppets, created by Center Stage, and watch butterfly puppets made by local students flutter. (merriam-webster.com)
- 2023 Another issue pointed out by users is that the next meal made in the air fryer tastes and smells like dish soap. (merriam-webster.com)
- 2023 Understanding how mosquitoes smell humans could save thousands of human lives Looking more specifically at the US, Culex mosquitoes - namely, the common house mosquito - are a big target for control efforts. (merriam-webster.com)
- 2023 And, best of all, our sensitive noses detected zero smell . (merriam-webster.com)
- 2023 Now the pop star will find out whether his sense of smell gains the same sort of following. (merriam-webster.com)
- 2023 Sewage seeped out, and the smell was a real appetite killer. (merriam-webster.com)
- 2023 The trainer then plays hide and seek with the dog, who is learning to track based solely on a sense of smell , according to Medhurst. (merriam-webster.com)
Odors6
- It's estimated that the number of odors that people can detect is somewhere between 10,000 and 100 billion, or even more," says Dr. Gary Beauchamp, a taste and smell researcher at Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. (nih.gov)
- Because smell information is sent to different parts of the brain, odors can influence many aspects of our lives, such as memory, mood, and emotion. (nih.gov)
- About 80% of what is considered flavor in food actually stems from the odors that affect smell. (sciencedaily.com)
- The connection with emotions, memories, and the potential to use the sense of smell, the odors, under the threshold of our awareness - it is incredible what we can do with technology," Maggioni said. (voanews.com)
- This article looks at whether cancer smells and possible body odors that may signal cancers that dogs can detect. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Smell and taste disorders can be total (all odors or tastes), partial (affecting several odors or tastes), or specific (only one or a select few odors or tastes). (medscape.com)
Scratch-and-s1
- A visitor smelling a scratch-and-sniff painting at the spring 2015 MediaLab Expo. (metmuseum.org)
Stuffy nose1
- If the loss of sense of smell is caused by a stuffy nose (nasal congestion), decongestants or antihistamines may be prescribed. (medlineplus.gov)
Lose their sense of sm4
- Many people who lose their sense of smell also complain that they lose their sense of taste. (medlineplus.gov)
- People with smell disorders may lose their sense of smell, or things may smell different. (nih.gov)
- Doctors are reporting that people infected with the pandemic virus may lose their sense of smell and perhaps taste. (abcactionnews.com)
- More a confirmation: two international studies agree that the majority of patients with respiratory infections lose their sense of smell due to COVID-19. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Tastes3
- Just as babies prefer certain patterns and sounds, they are typically very particular about tastes and smells. (healthychildren.org)
- This can decrease the foods' tastes and smells, making them easier to tolerate. (cancer.org)
- Along with how it tastes, how food smells is also part of what makes up its flavor. (nih.gov)
Mosquitoes2
- For example, you can now make a mosquito repellent that works on mosquitoes but is pleasant smelling to humans. (sciencedaily.com)
- The first is the conventional chemical ecology approach or finding smells that attract mosquitoes. (scienceblog.com)
Code smells3
- Code] smells don't always indicate a problem. (computerweekly.com)
- Code smells are never an indication of failure. (computerweekly.com)
- In a similar vein, below is my own list of code smells that I think will help us identify bad design and CSS. (css-tricks.com)
Nasal3
- Temporary loss of the sense of smell is common with colds and nasal allergies , such as hay fever ( allergic rhinitis ). (medlineplus.gov)
- Nasal and paranasal sinus cancer and its treatment may affect a person's sense of smell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Dysosmia (disagreeable or distorted sense of smell) may occur in patients with infection of the nasal sinuses, partial damage to the olfactory bulbs, or mental depression. (msdmanuals.com)
Damage the nerves related to smell1
- A head injury or virus, for example, can sometimes damage the nerves related to smell. (nih.gov)
Patients with covid-192
- Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with covid-19: meta-analysis with parametric cure modelling of recovery curves. (nih.gov)
- Self-reported alteration of sense of smell or taste in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis on 3563 patients. (nih.gov)
Manure2
- It's similar, Lundstrom says, to the smell of fresh manure: Smelled in a stable, it's perceived as natural. (arkansasonline.com)
- We put in additives to cut down on the smell, and we inject the manure in the ground. (nbcnews.com)
Olfactory sensory neurons2
- Furthermore, olfactory sensory neurons, the specialized cells responsible for our sense of smell, are rarely infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. (nih.gov)
- These findings help explain why COVID-19 sufferers may report a decreased sense of smell, even though olfactory sensory neurons are not largely targeted by the virus. (nih.gov)
Perception7
- Smell is also important for your perception of taste. (nih.gov)
- But our brains incorporate information from both taste and smell receptors to create the perception of many different flavors. (nih.gov)
- Impaired smell is the partial or total loss or abnormal perception of the sense of smell. (medlineplus.gov)
- If I'm subjected to a pleasant smell, my perception of pleasant emotions is enhanced," said Ferreira's thesis advisor, Mirella Gualtieri , a professor of experimental psychology at IP-USP, with a PhD in neuroscience and behavior. (eurekalert.org)
- There are also age-related changes in smell and flavor perception that may affect food palatability and nutrient intake. (cdc.gov)
- CSQ030 was intended to capture a history of an altered, typically unpleasant perception of smell in the presence of an ordinary odor (parosmia). (cdc.gov)
- Gustation (taste), olfaction (smell), and chemesthesis (refers to chemical irritation from the burning of chili peppers, the cooling of menthol, and the tingling of soda) are involved in the perception of flavor for food and beverages. (nih.gov)
Researchers9
- Then the researchers recruited 19 brave women to smell the men's pads while undergoing brain scans. (livescience.com)
- A pair of researchers has used machine learning to understand what a chemical smells like -- a research breakthrough with potential applications in the food flavor and fragrance industries. (sciencedaily.com)
- Though study participants didn't notice a particular smell, researchers say there must be a chemical in the tears causing the effects. (npr.org)
- A team of researchers had already found a correlation between not having a sense of smell and having feelings of insecurity. (popsci.com)
- A more recent study from the same researchers compared 32 people who couldn't smell-22 women and 10 men-with a control group, asking both groups about the number of sexual partners they'd had. (popsci.com)
- Given dogs' remarkable sense of smell, their close domestication history with humans, and their use to support human psychological conditions such as anxiety, panic attacks and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), researchers wondered whether dogs could be sensing chemical signals to respond to their owners' psychological states. (newswise.com)
- Researchers at the Monell Chemical Senses Research Center in Philadelphia examined sweat-stained pads from the armpits of a cross-section of ages and, it appears, were able to tell by smelling them which had belonged to the old. (lrb.co.uk)
- Mice that were unable to smell from birth gained the ability to smell when researchers used gene therapy to regrow structures called cilia on cells that detect odor. (nih.gov)
- A team of researchers led by 4D Nucleome grantee Dr. Stavros Lomvardas discovered that nuclear architecture was a missing link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and loss of smell. (nih.gov)
Describe4
- An infection with the Clostridioides difficile ( C. diff ) bacteria may cause sweet-smelling stools, which some people describe as having a " horse barn odor . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Other people describe it as a slightly sweet smell. (healthline.com)
- We don't necessarily classify a visual scene as something we do or don't like seeing, but it's often the case that the only thing a person can describe the smell is whether it's pleasant or unpleasant," said Gualtieri, who is conducting applied research in sensory psychology. (eurekalert.org)
- These questionnaire items may be helpful to describe self-reported variation in taste and smell ability, and to estimate the prevalence of self-reported medical provider diagnosed smell and taste disorders among U.S. adults. (cdc.gov)
Humans2
- We now can use artificial intelligence to predict how any chemical is going to smell to humans," said Anandasankar Ray, a professor of molecular, cell and systems biology, and the senior author of the study that appears in iScience . (sciencedaily.com)
- In many mammals, including humans, the urge to eat is driven by smell. (nih.gov)
Receptors4
- There are more smells in the environment than there are odor receptors. (nih.gov)
- But a given molecule can stimulate a combination of these receptors, creating a unique representation in the brain of a particular smell. (nih.gov)
- The loss of smell can occur with conditions that prevent air from reaching smell receptors located high in the nose, or loss of or injury to the smell receptors. (medlineplus.gov)
- This PA is designed to foster innovative collaborative research to characterize the structural properties of taste and smell receptors. (nih.gov)
Offensive4
- Universally, studies show that in blind "smell tests," the odor of middle-aged men is judged to be the worst - more offensive than samples from younger and older people. (arkansasonline.com)
- A Japanese company, Mirai Clinical, sells a $16 persimmon soap bar that promises to eliminate the "offensive" smell. (arkansasonline.com)
- The smell is highly offensive to those monitoring the traps and to people living near them. (scienceblog.com)
- Their extensive field research in Recife, Brazil, a region known for its high populations of Culex quiquefasciatus, showed that a combination of trimethylamine and nonanal "is equivalent to the currently used infusion-based lure," Leal said, "and superior in that the offensive smell of infusions was eliminated. (scienceblog.com)
Chemical4
- More perplexing still, as mentioned above, not everyone can smell the excreted chemical - even if it is present. (improbable.com)
- The power of machine learning is that it is able to evaluate a large number of chemical features and learn what makes a chemical smell like, say, a lemon or a rose or something else. (sciencedaily.com)
- The machine learning algorithm can eventually predict how a new chemical will smell even though we may initially not know if it smells like a lemon or a rose. (sciencedaily.com)
- This soil smell is actually the result of certain bacteria producing a volatile chemical called geosmin. (asm.org)
Scientists4
- Now scientists have created virtual worlds that even smell like the real thing. (voanews.com)
- Scientists say the sense of smell, until now largely unexploited, is about to stimulated by the march of technology. (voanews.com)
- Two smell scientists tackle the biology, genetics, and psychology behind our noses in S&C's Science of the 5 Senses series. (nyas.org)
- To understand the differences in individuals' taste and smell and their impact on food or alcohol intake, scientists at the Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism (SenSMet) at the National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse developed research studies. (nih.gov)
Nose2
- The goal is to eventually synthesize the death smell of Putrescine and cadaverine, as not all facilities have access to human cadavers, for the training of cadaver dogs, and possibly even creation of an electric nose to sniff out human remains. (wikipedia.org)
- They will breathe deeply to catch a whiff of milk, vanilla, banana, or sugar, but will turn up their nose at the smell of alcohol or vinegar. (healthychildren.org)
Dysfunction2
- A national health and nutrition survey recently revealed that 12% of adults have a smell dysfunction. (nih.gov)
- Because approximately 80% of taste disorders are truly smell disorders, much of this article focuses on the sense of smell and its dysfunction, with additional discussion of taste and related disorders. (medscape.com)
Older Adults1
- Learn more about the sense of smell in older adults . (nih.gov)
Stimuli2
- Study showed the significant interaction between olfactory and visual stimuli, so that smells influence the identification of facial expressions and facial expressions influence the emotional response to smells. (eurekalert.org)
- The presence of a smell, whether or not I'm aware of it, will affect my visual processing and how I interpret visual stimuli as emotions. (eurekalert.org)
Stronger5
- odor may imply a stronger or more readily distinguished scent or it may be equivalent to smell . (merriam-webster.com)
- Just beware the building is not full yet the smell is going to get stronger. (change.org)
- If a baby starts having formula feeds, the stools may start to smell stronger than they did with chest or breastfeeding alone. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Once a baby is fed formula, the stools may begin to smell stronger. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- We are team green so I also wonder if a gender or hormone difference could be causing the stronger smell. (babycenter.com)
Occur3
- Sweet-smelling stools may indicate an infection with the Clostridioides difficile bacteria, which can occur after recent antibiotic use. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In babies, sweet-smelling stools may occur with chest or breastfeeding. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A decreased sense of smell or a strange sense of smell or taste can occur with different conditions, including upper respiratory infections. (medicinenet.com)
Scent5
- smell , scent , odor , aroma mean the quality that makes a thing perceptible to the olfactory sense. (merriam-webster.com)
- scent applies to the characteristic smell given off by a substance, an animal, or a plant. (merriam-webster.com)
- When displaced closer to the mountains, they would detect a strong Alpine scent and remember that, at home, that smell is associated with southerly winds: the person would know that, roughly, they needed to travel north to find home. (sciencedaily.com)
- She adds that scent is vital in human interactions - for example, when men smell tears, levels of testosterone are reduced and they show more empathy. (voanews.com)
- Suhita Saha, clinical psychologist, MindfulTMS Neurocare, says that the smell of an individual's partner's sweat or scent can prove to be therapeutic even in their physical absence. (deccanherald.com)
20203
- Similarly, research from 2020 showed that trained dogs detected lung cancer through smelling urine samples. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Also, the CSQ questionnaire was designed to provide data to support the Healthy People 2020 objectives for taste and smell disorders (Healthy People, 2020). (cdc.gov)
- To robustly test for a potential association, we analyzed Google Trends searches for "loss of smell" and "loss of taste" across 5 different English-speaking countries and 3 different years (2020, 2021, and 2022) and examined the correlation to reported COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)
Hyposmia1
- Hyposmia (partial loss of smell) and hypogeusia (diminished sense of taste) can follow acute influenza, usually temporarily. (msdmanuals.com)
Substances5
- Whether coffee brewing, pine trees in a forest, or smoke from a fire, the things we smell are actually tiny molecules released by substances all around us. (nih.gov)
- When you exhale, these substances give your breath a distinct smell. (healthline.com)
- When this happens, you might smell traces of these substances when you exhale. (healthline.com)
- I mean, a lot of these substances have very strong smells. (thenakedscientists.com)
- where you will be asked to complete a series of self-report questionnaires, provide samples and complete tests that involve smelling and tasting different substances. (nih.gov)
Unpleasant smell2
- Apparently it isn't an unpleasant smell - like 'cucumbers and aged beer' or comparable to 'old book smell' - but it's there. (lrb.co.uk)
- Using this premise, the group designed an experiment to find out how being in an environment with a pleasant or unpleasant smell can affect the way a person appraises the emotions of others. (eurekalert.org)
Infection6
- If you have a loss of smell due to a recent upper respiratory infection, be patient. (medlineplus.gov)
- In particular, stools may smell sweet due to a bacterial infection with C. diff . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The World Health Organization is looking into it, but some experts are already saying that changes in taste and smell might be a useful tool to screen people for infection. (abcactionnews.com)
- Virus infection is already a known cause of smell loss, and in some cases it can be permanent. (abcactionnews.com)
- While some of these genes returned to their usual levels of activity by the tenth day of infection, genes responsible for encoding key proteins in the process of smelling were still downregulated. (nih.gov)
- It also explains why a loss of smell can continue after viral infection has passed. (nih.gov)
Senses6
- Our senses of taste and smell give us great pleasure. (nih.gov)
- Since taste, smell, and touch work together to enable a person to experience and enjoy food, there is a risk that a change in senses may contribute to reduced appetite and weight loss. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- While the loss of smell in itself removes the ability to sense the aroma of food, the simultaneous loss of other senses makes it difficult to register what you're eating," Fjaeldstad says. (cosmosmagazine.com)
- The senses of taste and smell mediate all the body's food intake. (cdc.gov)
- Our five senses-sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell work closely to enable the mind to understand its surroundings better. (nih.gov)
- Historically, disorders of taste and smell have been difficult to diagnose and treat, often because of a lack of knowledge and understanding of these senses and their disease states. (medscape.com)
Search1
- We report a robust multiyear lead-lag association between internet search activity for loss of smell or taste and COVID-19-associated hospitalization and deaths. (cdc.gov)
Chemesthesis1
- Recently, I have been chairing the Global Consortium for Chemosensory Research (GCCR) to understand how smell, taste and chemesthesis are affected by COVID-19 and other respiratory disorders, I have co-developed smell tests to facilitate awareness of chemosensory loss and distortion, and I am working to bring new solutions to favor chemosensory recovery. (nih.gov)
Anosmia1
- A loss of these cilia results in a loss of the ability to smell, which is called anosmia. (nih.gov)
Abnormalities1
- The variable CSQ070 captures this dimension for abnormalities of smell. (cdc.gov)
Flavor2
- People who've lost their sense of smell sometimes try to boost flavor by adding more salt or sugar to their foods. (nih.gov)
- According to Ray, digitizing predictions of how chemicals smell creates a new way of scientifically prioritizing what chemicals can be used in the food, flavor, and fragrance industries. (sciencedaily.com)
Inability1
- Why didn't men and women react to their own inability to smell the same way? (popsci.com)
Loss of Taste3
- We investigated a possible lead-lag relationship between Google searches for "loss of smell" and "loss of taste" and COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths. (cdc.gov)
- Given this potential link, we examined whether Internet searches for "loss of smell" and "loss of taste" correlate with waves of COVID-19 deaths with a lead-lag relationship, and if so, whether that correlation is maintained across different waves of COVID-19 variants. (cdc.gov)
- The most common symptoms in the COVID-19 group were loss of taste or smell, fatigue, and breathing problems. (nih.gov)
Detect2
- People are not able to smell cancer, but dogs may be able to detect cancer from samples. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Read more about whether dogs can detect the smell of cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Attract1
- Bacteria in soil produce smells to attract arthropods that eat them but also spread their spores! (asm.org)
Disorders of smell3
- The disorders of smell are classified as "-osmias" and those of taste as "-geusias. (medscape.com)
- Disorders of smell and taste are rarely incapacitating or life threatening, so they often do not receive close medical attention, although their effect on quality of life can be severe. (msdmanuals.com)
- Whether brain stem disease (involvement of the nucleus solitarius) can cause disorders of smell and taste is uncertain because other neurologic manifestations usually take precedence. (msdmanuals.com)
Perfume1
- You'll be able to smell the perfume, feel the soothing breath on your lips and even experience the tingle of a kiss on your cheek. (tomshardware.com)
Ability15
- Your ability to smell also plays a key role in your health. (nih.gov)
- If your ability to smell declines, it can affect your diet and nutrition, physical well-being, and everyday safety. (nih.gov)
- But in fact, they may have lost their ability to smell. (nih.gov)
- And your ability to smell may naturally fade as you get older. (nih.gov)
- people with a particular allele within an olfactory gene cluster is related to the ability to smell the odor. (improbable.com)
- The sense of smell also enhances your ability to taste. (medlineplus.gov)
- Most people lose some ability to taste and smell as they get older. (nih.gov)
- Smells influence our ability to see and interpret the emotions of other people, even when we are unaware of the odor in question. (eurekalert.org)
- The Taste & Smell Questionnaire Section (variable name prefix CSQ) collected interview data on taste and smell ability and related health conditions. (cdc.gov)
- In the healthy normal population, genetic and functional variation in taste and smell ability may help explain part of individual differences in food preferences and consumption. (cdc.gov)
- With age, some persons may consume more in response to a reduced ability to smell, while others may consume less. (cdc.gov)
- The NHANES 2011-12 household interview taste and smell questionnaire collected data on self-reported taste and smell ability, selected symptoms of and medical treatment for taste and smell disorders, and data on conditions that may represent risk factors for taste and smell disorders. (cdc.gov)
- In the field most participants who answered "yes" to this question did not believe that they had any problem with their ability to smell. (cdc.gov)
- Decreased taste and smell ability may be transient (for example, from a recent temporary illness) or chronic. (cdc.gov)
- The ability to smell will come back when you're better. (nih.gov)
Sniff2
- They then took a few drops of a woman's tears and had men sniff them to see if the tears had any recognizable smell. (npr.org)
- Smell triggers strong memories, so partners like to keep or sniff clothing which still has their smell to get over loneliness. (deccanherald.com)
Suggests1
- Research suggests that men who can't smell have fewer sex partners than men with fully functioning nostrils. (popsci.com)
20221
- Skill Checkup: A 70-Year-Old Man With Loss of Smell, Dry Cough, and Headache - Medscape - Nov 07, 2022. (medscape.com)
People smell4
- It confirms what we all know but hesitate to say: old people smell. (lrb.co.uk)
- Do old people smell? (arkansasonline.com)
- Late that night I guiltily Googled, "Do old people smell? (arkansasonline.com)
- Lundstrom's study affirmed the existence of "old people smell" but stated that on average participants found it "neutral" and "not unpleasant. (arkansasonline.com)
Actually smell2
- Are there any car fresheners/sprays that actually smell like new car smell? (metafilter.com)
- Old people actually smell less than younger ones," Preti said. (arkansasonline.com)
Particular smell1
- That was a major difference in the methodology we used, compared with the typical approach based on labels that assume a particular smell is always good or bad. (eurekalert.org)
Sense of taste2
- Most changes to the sense of taste and smell resolve over time and are rarely permanent. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Your sense of smell is closely related to your sense of taste. (nih.gov)
Symptom3
- The loss of the sense of smell has been a hallmark symptom of COVID-19. (nature.com)
- The main symptom of fetor hepaticus is breath that smells like a combination of rotten eggs and garlic . (healthline.com)
- An alteration in taste or smell may be a secondary process in various disease states, or it may be the primary symptom. (medscape.com)