Single-Blind Method
Cross-Over Studies
Exercise Therapy
Clinical Protocols
Treatment Outcome
Pain Measurement
Clinical Trials as Topic
Physical Therapy Modalities
Random Allocation
Prospective Studies
Range of Motion, Articular
Research Design
Blindness
Quality of Life
Double-Blind Method
Follow-Up Studies
Blind Loop Syndrome
Single blind, randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no treatment in management of genuine stress incontinence in women. (1/3693)
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no treatment for genuine stress incontinence. DESIGN: Stratified, single blind, randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Multicentre. PARTICIPANTS: 107 women with clinically and urodynamically proved genuine stress incontinence. Mean (range) age was 49.5 (24-70) years, and mean (range) duration of symptoms 10.8 (1-45) years. INTERVENTIONS: Pelvic floor exercise (n=25) comprised 8-12 contractions 3 times a day and exercise in groups with skilled physical therapists once a week. The electrical stimulation group (n=25) used vaginal intermittent stimulation with the MS 106 Twin at 50 Hz 30 minutes a day. The vaginal cones group (n=27) used cones for 20 minutes a day. The untreated control group (n=30) was offered the use of a continence guard. Muscle strength was measured by vaginal squeeze pressure once a month. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pad test with standardised bladder volume, and self report of severity. RESULTS: Improvement in muscle strength was significantly greater (P=0.03) after pelvic floor exercises (11.0 cm H2O (95% confidence interval 7.7 to 14.3) before v 19.2 cm H2O (15.3 to 23.1) after) than either electrical stimulation (14.8 cm H2O (10. 9 to 18.7) v 18.6 cm H2O (13.3 to 23.9)) or vaginal cones (11.8 cm H2O (8.5 to 15.1) v 15.4 cm H2O (11.1 to 19.7)). Reduction in leakage on pad test was greater in the exercise group (-30.2 g; -43. 3 to 16.9) than in the electrical stimulation group (-7.4 g; -20.9 to 6.1) and the vaginal cones group (-14.7 g; -27.6 to -1.8). On completion of the trial one participant in the control group, 14 in the pelvic floor exercise group, three in the electrical stimulation group, and two in the vaginal cones group no longer considered themselves as having a problem. CONCLUSION: Training of the pelvic floor muscles is superior to electrical stimulation and vaginal cones in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. (+info)A single-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a simple acupuncture treatment in the cessation of smoking. (2/3693)
BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is a major cause of preventable disease and premature death. Physicians should play an active role in the control of smoking by encouraging cessation and helping the smoker to choose the most suitable aid to cessation. AIM: To evaluate a simple, ear acupuncture treatment for the cessation of smoking. METHOD: Randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 78 currently smoking volunteers from the general public. Volunteers attended an acupuncture clinic in a general practice setting and were given a single treatment of electroacupuncture using two needles at either an active or a placebo site plus self-retained ear seeds for two weeks. The major outcome measure was biochemically validated total cessation of smoking at six months. RESULTS: A total of 12.5% of the active treatment group compared with 0% of the placebo group ceased smoking at six months (P = 0.055, 95% confidence interval -0.033 to 0.323). CONCLUSION: This simple ear electroacupuncture treatment was significantly more effective in helping volunteers to quit smoking than placebo treatment. (+info)Role of dexamethasone dosage in combination with 5-HT3 antagonists for prophylaxis of acute chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. (3/3693)
Dexamethasone (20 mg) or its equivalent in combination with 5-HT3 antagonists appears to be the gold-standard dose for antiemetic prophylaxis. Additional to concerns about the use of corticosteroids with respect to enhanced tumour growth or impaired killing of the tumour cells, there is evidence that high-dosage dexamethasone impairs the control of delayed nausea and emesis, whereas lower doses appear more beneficial. To come closer to the most adequate dose, we started a prospective, single-blind, randomized trial investigating additional dosage of 8 or 20 mg dexamethasone to tropisetron (Navoban), a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in cis-platinum-containing chemotherapy. After an interim analysis of 121 courses of chemotherapy in 69 patients, we have been unable to detect major differences between both treatment alternatives. High-dose dexamethasone (20 mg) had no advantage over medium-dose dexamethasone with respect to objective and subjective parameters of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting. In relation to concerns about the use of corticosteroids in non-haematological cancer chemotherapy, we suggest that 8 mg or its equivalent should be used in combination with 5-HT3 antagonists until further research proves otherwise. (+info)Effect of magnetic field exposure on anchorage-independent growth of a promoter-sensitive mouse epidermal cell line (JB6). (4/3693)
The anchorage-independent growth of mouse epidermal cells (JB6) exposed to 60-Hz magnetic fields (MF) was investigated. Promotion-responsive JB6 cells were suspended in agar (10(4)cells/plate) and exposed continuously to 0.10 or 0.96 mT, 60-Hz magnetic fields for 10-14 days, with or without concurrent treatment with the tumor promoter tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA). Exposures to MF were conducted in a manner such that the experimenter was blind to the treatment group of the cells. At the end of the exposure period, the anchorage-independent growth of JB6 cells on soft agar was examined by counting the number of colonies larger than 60 microm (minimum of 60 cells). The use of a combined treatment of the cells with both MF and TPA was to provide an internal positive control to estimate the success of the assay and to allow evaluation of co-promotion. Statistical analysis was performed by a randomized block design analysis of variance to examine both the effect of TPA treatment (alone and in combination with MF exposure) and the effect of intra-assay variability. Transformation frequency of JB6 cells displayed a dose-dependent response to increasing concentrations of TPA. Coexposure of cells to both TPA and 0.10 or 0.96 mT, 60-Hz MF did not result in any differences in transformation frequency for any TPA concentrations tested (0-1 ng/ml). These data indicate that exposure to a 0.10 or 0.96 mT, 60-Hz MF does not act as a promoter or co-promoter in promotion-sensitive JB6 cell anchorage-independent growth. (+info)Airway inflammatory response to ozone in subjects with different asthma severity. (5/3693)
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ozone exposure induces a similar airway inflammatory response in subjects with different degrees of asthma severity. Two groups of asthmatic subjects were studied: seven with intermittent mild asthma not requiring regular treatment (group A); and seven with persistent mild asthma requiring regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists (group B). All subjects were exposed, in a randomized cross-over design, to air or O3 (0.26 parts per million (ppm) for 2 h with intermittent exercise); subjects in group B withdrew from regular treatment 72 h before each exposure. Before the exposure, and 1 and 2 h after the beginning of the exposure they performed a pulmonary function test, and a questionnaire was completed to obtain a total symptom score (TSS). Six hours after the end of the exposure, hypertonic saline (HS) sputum induction was conducted. Sputum cell percentages, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and interleukin (IL)-8 concentrations in the sputum supernatant were measured. TSS significantly increased and forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) significantly decreased after O3 exposure in comparison with air exposure in group A, whereas no changes were observed in group B except for a significant decrement of FEV1 2 h after the beginning of O3 exposure. Sputum neutrophil percentage was significantly higher after O3 exposure than after air exposure in both groups (Group A: 70.2% (28-87) versus 26.6% (8.6-73.2); Group B: 62.1% (25-82.4) versus 27.9% (14.4-54)). IL-8 was higher in sputum supernatant collected 6 h after O3 exposure than after air, only in group A. No change due to O3 has been found in sputum eosinophil percentage and ECP concentration in both groups. In conclusion, the degree of airway response to a short-term exposure to ozone is different in subjects with asthma of different severity. The available data do not allow elucidation of whether this difference depends on the severity of the disease or on the regular anti-inflammatory treatment. (+info)The contribution of the swallowed fraction of an inhaled dose of salmeterol to it systemic effects. (6/3693)
Salmeterol is approximately eight times as potent as salbutamol for systemic effects. This may be because the drug is eight times more potent on receptors or there may be differences in systemic bioavailability. The systemic effects of salbutamol are limited by its fairly high first-pass metabolism, but the oral bioavailability of salmeterol is unknown. The contribution of the swallowed fraction of an inhaled dose of salmeterol to its systemic effects were analysed in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Twelve healthy subjects were given inhaled salmeterol 400 microg, inhaled salmeterol 400 microg plus oral activated charcoal or inhaled placebo plus oral activated charcoal on three separate days. Cardiac frequency (fC), Q-T interval corrected for heart rate (QTc), plasma potassium and glucose concentrations were measured for 4 h following the inhaled drug. Salmeterol with and without oral charcoal produced significant changes for all measures compared to placebo. The magnitude of effect following salmeterol alone was significantly greater than that following salmeterol plus charcoal for fC and glucose (mean (95% confidence interval) differences 8 (2-13) beats x min(-1), 0.59 (0.04, 1.13) mmol x L(-1), respectively) and nonsignificantly greater for QTc interval and potassium concentration. The differences between salmeterol given with and without charcoal suggest that 28-36% of the systemic response to salmeterol administered from a metered-dose inhaler are due to drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, most of the systemic effects are due to the inhaled fraction of the drug. (+info)Effects of duodenal distension on antropyloroduodenal pressures and perception are modified by hyperglycemia. (7/3693)
Marked hyperglycemia (blood glucose approximately 15 mmol/l) affects gastrointestinal motor function and modulates the perception of gastrointestinal sensations. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of mild hyperglycemia on the perception of, and motor responses to, duodenal distension. Paired studies were done in nine healthy volunteers, during euglycemia ( approximately 4 mmol/l) and mild hyperglycemia ( approximately 10 mmol/l), in randomized order, using a crossover design. Antropyloroduodenal pressures were recorded with a manometric, sleeve-side hole assembly, and proximal duodenal distensions were performed with a flaccid bag. Intrabag volumes were increased at 4-ml increments from 12 to 48 ml, each distension lasting for 2.5 min and separated by 10 min. Perception of the distensions and sensations of fullness, nausea, and hunger were evaluated. Perceptions of distension (P < 0.001) and fullness (P < 0.05) were greater and hunger less (P < 0.001) during hyperglycemia compared with euglycemia. Proximal duodenal distension stimulated pyloric tone (P < 0.01), isolated pyloric pressure waves (P < 0.01), and duodenal pressure waves (P < 0.01). Compared with euglycemia, hyperglycemia was associated with increases in pyloric tone (P < 0.001), the frequency (P < 0.05) and amplitude (P < 0.01) of isolated pyloric pressure waves, and the frequency of duodenal pressure waves (P < 0.001) in response to duodenal distension. Duodenal compliance was less (P < 0.05) during hyperglycemia compared with euglycemia, but this did not account for the effects of hyperglycemia on perception. We conclude that both the perception of, and stimulation of pyloric and duodenal pressures by, duodenal distension are increased by mild hyperglycemia. These observations are consistent with the concept that the blood glucose concentration plays a role in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility and sensation. (+info)Physiological changes in blood glucose do not affect gastric compliance and perception in normal subjects. (8/3693)
Marked hyperglycemia (blood glucose approximately 14 mmol/l) slows gastric emptying and affects the perception of sensations arising from the gut. Elevation of blood glucose within the physiological range also slows gastric emptying. This study aimed to determine whether physiological changes in blood glucose affect proximal gastric compliance and/or the perception of gastric distension in the fasting state. Paired studies were conducted in 10 fasting healthy volunteers. On a single day, isovolumetric and isobaric distensions of the proximal stomach were performed using an electronic barostat while the blood glucose concentration was maintained at 4 and 9 mmol/l in random order. Sensations were quantified using visual analog scales. The blood glucose concentration had no effect on the pressure-volume relationship during either isovolumetric or isobaric distensions or the perception of gastric distension. At both blood glucose concentrations, the perceptions of fullness, nausea, bloating, and abdominal discomfort, but not hunger or desire to eat, were related to intrabag volume (P +info)A single-blind method in medical research is a study design where the participants are unaware of the group or intervention they have been assigned to, but the researchers conducting the study know which participant belongs to which group. This is done to prevent bias from the participants' expectations or knowledge of their assignment, while still allowing the researchers to control the study conditions and collect data.
In a single-blind trial, the participants do not know whether they are receiving the active treatment or a placebo (a sham treatment that looks like the real thing but has no therapeutic effect), whereas the researcher knows which participant is receiving which intervention. This design helps to ensure that the participants' responses and outcomes are not influenced by their knowledge of the treatment assignment, while still allowing the researchers to assess the effectiveness or safety of the intervention being studied.
Single-blind methods are commonly used in clinical trials and other medical research studies where it is important to minimize bias and control for confounding variables that could affect the study results.
An eye hemorrhage, also known as subconjunctival hemorrhage, is a condition where there is bleeding in the eye, specifically under the conjunctiva which is the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye (sclera). This membrane has tiny blood vessels that can rupture and cause blood to accumulate, leading to a visible red patch on the surface of the eye.
Eye hemorrhages are usually painless and harmless, and they often resolve on their own within 1-2 weeks without any treatment. However, if they occur frequently or are accompanied by other symptoms such as vision changes, pain, or sensitivity to light, it is important to seek medical attention as they could indicate a more serious underlying condition. Common causes of eye hemorrhages include trauma, high blood pressure, blood thinners, and aging.
A cross-over study is a type of experimental design in which participants receive two or more interventions in a specific order. After a washout period, each participant receives the opposite intervention(s). The primary advantage of this design is that it controls for individual variability by allowing each participant to act as their own control.
In medical research, cross-over studies are often used to compare the efficacy or safety of two treatments. For example, a researcher might conduct a cross-over study to compare the effectiveness of two different medications for treating high blood pressure. Half of the participants would be randomly assigned to receive one medication first and then switch to the other medication after a washout period. The other half of the participants would receive the opposite order of treatments.
Cross-over studies can provide valuable insights into the relative merits of different interventions, but they also have some limitations. For example, they may not be suitable for studying conditions that are chronic or irreversible, as it may not be possible to completely reverse the effects of the first intervention before administering the second one. Additionally, carryover effects from the first intervention can confound the results if they persist into the second treatment period.
Overall, cross-over studies are a useful tool in medical research when used appropriately and with careful consideration of their limitations.
Exercise therapy is a type of medical treatment that uses physical movement and exercise to improve a patient's physical functioning, mobility, and overall health. It is often used as a component of rehabilitation programs for individuals who have experienced injuries, illnesses, or surgeries that have impaired their ability to move and function normally.
Exercise therapy may involve a range of activities, including stretching, strengthening, balance training, aerobic exercise, and functional training. The specific exercises used will depend on the individual's needs, goals, and medical condition.
The benefits of exercise therapy include:
* Improved strength and flexibility
* Increased endurance and stamina
* Enhanced balance and coordination
* Reduced pain and inflammation
* Improved cardiovascular health
* Increased range of motion and joint mobility
* Better overall physical functioning and quality of life.
Exercise therapy is typically prescribed and supervised by a healthcare professional, such as a physical therapist or exercise physiologist, who has experience working with individuals with similar medical conditions. The healthcare professional will create an individualized exercise program based on the patient's needs and goals, and will provide guidance and support to ensure that the exercises are performed safely and effectively.
Clinical protocols, also known as clinical practice guidelines or care paths, are systematically developed statements that assist healthcare professionals and patients in making decisions about the appropriate healthcare for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available scientific evidence and consist of a set of recommendations that are designed to optimize patient outcomes, improve the quality of care, and reduce unnecessary variations in practice. Clinical protocols may cover a wide range of topics, including diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and disease prevention, and are developed by professional organizations, government agencies, and other groups with expertise in the relevant field.
Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.
Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.
Clinical trials are research studies that involve human participants and are designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments, drugs, devices, or behavioral interventions. The purpose of clinical trials is to determine whether a new intervention is safe, effective, and beneficial for patients, as well as to compare it with currently available treatments. Clinical trials follow a series of phases, each with specific goals and criteria, before a new intervention can be approved by regulatory authorities for widespread use.
Clinical trials are conducted according to a protocol, which is a detailed plan that outlines the study's objectives, design, methodology, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations. The protocol is developed and reviewed by a team of medical experts, statisticians, and ethicists, and it must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB) before the trial can begin.
Participation in clinical trials is voluntary, and participants must provide informed consent before enrolling in the study. Informed consent involves providing potential participants with detailed information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives, as well as their rights as research subjects. Participants can withdraw from the study at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which they are entitled.
Clinical trials are essential for advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care. They help researchers identify new treatments, diagnostic tools, and prevention strategies that can benefit patients and improve public health. However, clinical trials also pose potential risks to participants, including adverse effects from experimental interventions, time commitment, and inconvenience. Therefore, it is important for researchers to carefully design and conduct clinical trials to minimize risks and ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks.
Physical therapy modalities refer to the various forms of treatment that physical therapists use to help reduce pain, promote healing, and restore function to the body. These modalities can include:
1. Heat therapy: This includes the use of hot packs, paraffin baths, and infrared heat to increase blood flow, relax muscles, and relieve pain.
2. Cold therapy: Also known as cryotherapy, this involves the use of ice packs, cold compresses, or cooling gels to reduce inflammation, numb the area, and relieve pain.
3. Electrical stimulation: This uses electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles, which can help to reduce pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and function.
4. Ultrasound: This uses high-frequency sound waves to penetrate deep into tissues, increasing blood flow, reducing inflammation, and promoting healing.
5. Manual therapy: This includes techniques such as massage, joint mobilization, and stretching, which are used to improve range of motion, reduce pain, and promote relaxation.
6. Traction: This is a technique that uses gentle pulling on the spine or other joints to help relieve pressure and improve alignment.
7. Light therapy: Also known as phototherapy, this involves the use of low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to promote healing and reduce pain and inflammation.
8. Therapeutic exercise: This includes a range of exercises that are designed to improve strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination, and help patients recover from injury or illness.
Physical therapy modalities are often used in combination with other treatments, such as manual therapy and therapeutic exercise, to provide a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation and pain management.
"Random allocation," also known as "random assignment" or "randomization," is a process used in clinical trials and other research studies to distribute participants into different intervention groups (such as experimental group vs. control group) in a way that minimizes selection bias and ensures the groups are comparable at the start of the study.
In random allocation, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, and the assignment is typically made using a computer-generated randomization schedule or other objective methods. This process helps to ensure that any differences between the groups are due to the intervention being tested rather than pre-existing differences in the participants' characteristics.
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.
Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.
Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.
A research design in medical or healthcare research is a systematic plan that guides the execution and reporting of research to address a specific research question or objective. It outlines the overall strategy for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to draw valid conclusions. The design includes details about the type of study (e.g., experimental, observational), sampling methods, data collection techniques, data analysis approaches, and any potential sources of bias or confounding that need to be controlled for. A well-defined research design helps ensure that the results are reliable, generalizable, and relevant to the research question, ultimately contributing to evidence-based practice in medicine and healthcare.
Blindness is a condition of complete or near-complete vision loss. It can be caused by various factors such as eye diseases, injuries, or birth defects. Total blindness means that a person cannot see anything at all, while near-complete blindness refers to having only light perception or the ability to perceive the direction of light, but not able to discern shapes or forms. Legal blindness is a term used to define a certain level of visual impairment that qualifies an individual for government assistance and benefits; it usually means best corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye, or a visual field no greater than 20 degrees in diameter.
Patient compliance, also known as medication adherence or patient adherence, refers to the degree to which a patient's behavior matches the agreed-upon recommendations from their healthcare provider. This includes taking medications as prescribed (including the correct dosage, frequency, and duration), following dietary restrictions, making lifestyle changes, and attending follow-up appointments. Poor patient compliance can negatively impact treatment outcomes and lead to worsening of symptoms, increased healthcare costs, and development of drug-resistant strains in the case of antibiotics. It is a significant challenge in healthcare and efforts are being made to improve patient education, communication, and support to enhance compliance.
In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.
For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.
Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.
Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.
Oral administration is a route of giving medications or other substances by mouth. This can be in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, pastes, or other forms that can be swallowed. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream to reach its intended target site in the body. Oral administration is a common and convenient route of medication delivery, but it may not be appropriate for all substances or in certain situations, such as when rapid onset of action is required or when the patient has difficulty swallowing.
Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that usually includes an individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and their relationship to salient features of their environment. It reflects the impact of disease and treatment on a patient's overall well-being and ability to function in daily life.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns." It is a subjective concept, meaning it can vary greatly from person to person.
In healthcare, QOL is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and other research studies to assess the impact of interventions or treatments on overall patient well-being.
Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, often expressed as beats per minute (bpm). It can vary significantly depending on factors such as age, physical fitness, emotions, and overall health status. A resting heart rate between 60-100 bpm is generally considered normal for adults, but athletes and individuals with high levels of physical fitness may have a resting heart rate below 60 bpm due to their enhanced cardiovascular efficiency. Monitoring heart rate can provide valuable insights into an individual's health status, exercise intensity, and response to various treatments or interventions.
The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:
1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.
Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.
Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.
In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.
The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.
Blind Loop Syndrome is a medical condition that occurs when there is an abnormal pocket or pouch in the small intestine that allows digested food to bypass the normal digestive process. This can lead to bacterial overgrowth, malabsorption of nutrients, and various gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, cramps, diarrhea, and weight loss.
The blind loop can be caused by a number of factors, including congenital abnormalities, surgical complications, or structural changes due to diseases such as Crohn's disease or cancer. The diagnosis of Blind Loop Syndrome is often made through radiologic studies, such as a barium X-ray or CT scan, and can be confirmed with a breath test that measures the amount of hydrogen or methane gas produced by intestinal bacteria.
Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the overgrowth of bacteria, followed by surgery to correct the underlying anatomical abnormality. In some cases, medication may also be prescribed to manage symptoms and improve nutrient absorption.
Sensory aids are devices or equipment that are used to improve or compensate for impaired sensory functions such as hearing, vision, or touch. They are designed to help individuals with disabilities or impairments to better interact with their environment and perform daily activities. Here are some examples:
1. Hearing aids - electronic devices worn in or behind the ear that amplify sounds for people with hearing loss.
2. Cochlear implants - surgically implanted devices that provide sound sensations to individuals with severe to profound hearing loss.
3. Visual aids - devices used to improve vision, such as eyeglasses, contact lenses, magnifiers, or telescopic lenses.
4. Low vision devices - specialized equipment for people with significant visual impairment, including large print books, talking watches, and screen readers.
5. Tactile aids - devices that provide tactile feedback to individuals with visual or hearing impairments, such as Braille displays or vibrating pagers.
Overall, sensory aids play an essential role in enhancing the quality of life for people with sensory impairments by improving their ability to communicate, access information, and navigate their environment.
No data available that match "single blind method"
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Nonblinded patients2
- Blinding patients in clinical trials is a key methodological procedure, but the expected degree of bias due to nonblinded patients on estimated treatment effects is unknown. (nih.gov)
- Systematic review of randomized clinical trials with one sub-study (i.e. experimental vs control) involving blinded patients and another, otherwise identical, sub-study involving nonblinded patients. (nih.gov)
Multicentre3
- Risk of new disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis who continue or discontinue disease-modifying therapies (DISCOMS): a multicentre, randomised, single-blind, phase 4, non-inferiority trial. (ucdenver.edu)
- We will conduct a multicentre, intra-patient, single-blinded, randomised controlled longitudinal pilot study with parallel assignments to achieve this objective. (canfieldsci.com)
- Methods A pragmatic multicentre single-blind RCT allocated patients undergoing midline incision for colorectal cancer to either Hughes closure (double far-near-near-far sutures of 1 nylon suture at 2-cm intervals along the fascia combined with conventional mass closure) or the surgeon's standard closure. (plymouth.ac.uk)
Randomization1
- Methods The study is a single-blind, randomized controlled trial of 39 patients who started with registration a week before randomization into one of two groups (intervention or control). (medscape.com)
Prospective2
- Methods The improveD procEdural workfLow for cathETEr ablation of paroxysmal AF with high density mapping system and advanced technology (DELETE AF) study is a prospective, single-arm, international post-market cohort study designed to demonstrate a low rate of clinical atrial arrhythmias recurrence with an improved procedural workflow for catheter ablation of paroxysmal AF, using the most advanced point-by-point RF ablation technology in a multicenter setting. (unav.edu)
- We conducted a prospective, single-center, double-blind randomized controlled trial in elderly patients aged ≥ 65 years with ASA I-II. (dovepress.com)
Phase1
- METHODS: This phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, first-in-human study (NCT03809052) included a single ascending-dose phase (with a food-effect cohort) where participants across seven sequential cohorts were randomized 3:1 to receive oral GB1211 (5, 20, 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg) or placebo. (lu.se)
Sham-controlled2
- This randomized, double-blind, parallel, sham-controlled clinical trial, single-center, included 36 women with FM, aged from 30 to 65 years old, assigned 2:1 to receive a-tDCS ( n = 24) and s-tDCS ( n = 12). (frontiersin.org)
- Methods A randomized sham-controlled, single blind study was conducted in a clinical setting on adult participants with chronic tinnitus (n = 14). (mssm.edu)
Outcomes2
- Two of the 12 trials also used observer-reported outcomes, showing no indication of exaggerated effects due lack of patient blinding. (nih.gov)
- This study provides empirical evidence of pronounced bias due to lack of patient blinding in complementary/alternative randomized clinical trials with patient-reported outcomes. (nih.gov)
Study was conducted1
- Single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, stopwatch monitored two-period study was conducted, on 60 patients with lifelong PE. (erowid.org)
Double-Blind3
- Multiple dosing regimens were assessed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (S3B30040) to determine efficacy, tolerability, and evaluate constipation rate. (researchgate.net)
- After endoscopy, patients were divided into two groups, one receiving flumazenil and one placebo in a double-blind fashion. (ewha.ac.kr)
- Methods: Stool samples were collected from 78 Swedish children with celiac disease autoimmunity participating in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to either receive a mixture of supplementation with L. plantarum HEAL9 and L. paracasei 8700:2 (n = 38) or placebo (n = 40). (lu.se)
Infants1
- Methods and analysis VPT-II is a single-blind open-label randomised controlled trial of 2500 infants in three districts of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (bmj.com)
Observational study1
- Methods This retrospective observational study included 120 patients (18 years or older) with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation who underwent RFA for de novo pulmonary vein isolation guided either by an UHDMS (n=63) or NUHDMS (n=57) for their index procedure. (unav.edu)
Materials and Met3
- Materials and Methods. (erowid.org)
- MATERIALS AND METHODS: Natural and semi-natural mouthrinses included in this study were herbal mix mouthrinse, cranberry mouthrinse, chlorhexidine digluconate mouthrinse, cranberry extract mixed with chlorhexidine digluconate mouthrinse, chlorhexidine digluconate mouthrinse with alcohol (positive control), and distilled water (negative control). (cranberryinstitute.org)
- MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children 6 to 10 years old with bladder-bowel dysfunction were recruited during the course of 1 year. (mcmaster.ca)
Allocation1
- The subjects were blind to the group allocation. (daneurope.org)
Clinical trials1
- Bias due to lack of patient blinding in clinical trials. (nih.gov)
Diagnostic3
- Each symptom-based diagnostic assessment was made blinded to prior diagnoses. (bmj.com)
- Diagnostic System method requires cumbersome postamplification process- for Rapid and ing (7). (cdc.gov)
- RESUME Afin d'examiner l'expérience d'une clinique de pédopsychiatrie en ce qui concerne la comorbidité et les caractéristiques du traitement des enfants souffrant d'hyperactivité avec déficit de l'attention (HADA), une étude rétrospective a été réalisée auprès des patients de moins de 19 ans qui consultaient à la clinique et chez lesquels un diagnostic de HADA avait été posé. (who.int)
Methodological1
- This study sought to overcome methodological problems (e.g., sampling frame, lack of blinding) in the earlier pilot study. (cdc.gov)
Cross-sectional1
- The aim of this study was to assess level of awareness, acceptability, previous utilization and willingness to utilize epidural analgesia in labour following health education.Subjects/Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the antenatal clinic of UTH, Osogbo. (bvsalud.org)
Lack2
- Lack of patient blinding also increased attrition and use of co-interventions: ratio of control group attrition risk 1.79 (1.18 to 2.70), and ratio of control group co-intervention risk 1.55 (0.99 to 2.43). (nih.gov)
- Attackers came up with methods to go around the lack of error messages and still know if the input is being interpreted as an SQL statement. (acunetix.com)
Peer2
- Single blind method is used for peer review. (nepjol.info)
- All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. (wikicfp.com)
Ascending-dose1
- Eligible participants will be randomised in a 3:1 ratio to receive baclofen or placebo in an adaptive, single-blind, ascending dose design. (biomedcentral.com)
20221
- Health education on events of labour and methods of analgesia available was provided to all antenatal clinic attendees between September 2021and March 2022, following which a semi-structured purpose designed, and self- administered questionnaire was administered to 415 of these women who consented to participate in this study. (bvsalud.org)
Trial6
- METHODS A randomised, single blind, clinical trial was conducted in a primary care setting. (bmj.com)
- METHODS: A randomised placebo-controlled single-blind trial was conducted in 36 healthy volunteers randomly distributed to control (no treatment), conventional acupuncture and sham acupuncture groups. (daneurope.org)
- A single-blind randomised crossover trial was set up, including 153 patients with Parkinson's disease aged between 41 and 80 years and in Hoehn and Yahr stage II-IV. (bmj.com)
- HART (Hughes Abdominal Repair Trial) assessed the effect of an alternative suture method on the incidence of incisional hernia following colorectal cancer surgery. (plymouth.ac.uk)
- Method: a randomized, triple-blind clinical trial conducted with health workers diagnosed with chronic spinal pain. (bvsalud.org)
- A single-blinded randomized trial with a sample of 107 mo. (bvsalud.org)
Participants1
- METHODS: Twenty healthy participants performed TSB, both leg lift while side-lying (BLLS), torso lift on a 45 ∘ bench while side-lying (TLBS), and … pelvic lift on side-lying (PLS) in random order. (iospress.com)
MeSH1
- Single-Blind Method" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
Descriptive2
- Methods Retrospective observational descriptive study during one year. (scielo.br)
- Nous avons réalisé une étude transversale descriptive sur un groupe de malades vus en consultation à l'unité de Gastro-entérologie de l'hôpital du district de la commune IV de Bamako. (bvsalud.org)
Supplementation1
- Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Blind Study of Lutein Supplementation on Carotenoid Status and Cognition in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis. (ucdenver.edu)
Stimulation3
- Anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to be an effective non-invasive brain stimulation method for improving cognitive and motor functioning in patients with neurological deficits. (surrey.ac.uk)
- The Hoffmann reflex, an involuntary reaction to electrical stimulation of muscle afferent sensory fibreswas studied, as was the long latency reflex (LLR) using the Dueschl method in which electrical stimulation is superimposed on a slight voluntary contraction, Different fatiguing protocols were performed, and respiratory rate continuously recorded. (daneurope.org)
- The experiments consist of kinetic (time- kinetic data is typically not sufficient to constrain the course) measurements after TGF-b stimulation under differ- parameter values to a single optimal solution, and multiple ent conditions: untreated cells and three cases in which parameter sets can explain the available data. (lu.se)
Evaluation1
- HASQI and its 2014 revision are double-ended methods requiring both a clean reference and the degraded signal to allow evaluation. (wikipedia.org)
Subjects3
- A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned. (ucdenver.edu)
- The subjects were instructed to use only the assigned care method for 72 h with a 7-day washout period between experiments. (bvsalud.org)
- The ratings from the 42 worksite subjects were used to generate models to discriminate between cases and controls using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) methods. (cdc.gov)
Clinically1
- To be able to prevent injuries, there must be an easy, reliable, and clinically relevant method to describe and measure postures and behaviors during computer use that are considered to be risk factors for the development of MSD-UE. (cdc.gov)
Analysis4
- Among various dimensionality reduction methods [ 16 - 24 ], principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are the two most common methods [ 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The cost analysis was conducted from the perspective of a single center in Spain (Clinica Universidad de Navarra). (unav.edu)
- the utility of Mass Tag PCR was increasingly important to clinical management and determined in blinded analysis of previously diagnosed public health. (cdc.gov)
- It is used to simulate the Monte Carlo method, ST naturally provides ensembles of kinetics of large signaling networks, where one cannot only solutions rather than single ones, subject to analysis by rely on biological intuition. (lu.se)
Breath2
- Several 'disciplines' exist, of which the 'no-limits' category is the most spectacular: using a specially designed heavy 'sled,' divers descend to extreme depths on a cable, and then reascend using an inflatable balloon, on a single breath. (daneurope.org)
- examinations, such as rapid chest compression, single breath occlusion, plethysmography and helium dilution6. (bvsalud.org)
Ratio1
- For multi-block observations, we present the maximal ratio combining cross relation (MRCCR) method. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Detect2
- Acunetix can detect Blind SQL Injection vulnerabilities. (acunetix.com)
- Methods to directly detect nucleic acids of clinical specimens. (cdc.gov)
Demonstrate2
- The team will hold an event in China on Oct. 10, where they will demonstrate how to apply makeup using the blind method and talk about their experiences. (inquirer.net)
- Acunetix also includes a Blind SQL Injector tool , which allows the penetration tester to verify that the Blind SQL vulnerability exists and demonstrate the consequences of the vulnerability. (acunetix.com)
Subject1
- The K-PeCS items were rated from a video clip by an expert rater blinded to subject status. (cdc.gov)
Group1
- and a control group (that receives a single dose of PCV10 at 24 months). (bmj.com)
Sample1
- New or updated method in a collection of methods to sample and analyze workplace contaminants. (cdc.gov)
Aims2
- The organization also aims to popularize the method overseas. (inquirer.net)
- The latter is a supervised method, which aims to maximize the between-class scatter while minimizing the within-class scatter. (hindawi.com)
Design3
- Forty five males volunteered to participate in a randomised, controlled single blind design study. (bmj.com)
- DESIGN: We performed a controlled, single blind study of patients with IBS (Rome III criteria) randomised to a low (n=20) or high (n=20) FODMAP diet for 3 weeks. (medscape.com)
- Integration of model-based and data-driven methods for UI design in complex interactive systems. (wikicfp.com)
Status1
- Conclusions The treatment of scratching with the HR method in combination with a potent steroid was found to improve skin status significantly after 3 and 11 weeks. (medscape.com)
Optimal1
- The former is an unsupervised method, which pursues the direction of maximum variance for optimal reconstruction. (hindawi.com)
Comments1
- As a result of this joint review, the following comments and responses address both methods. (cdc.gov)
Teach2
- Oishi established a private organization called Caremake Association and a certification system for trainers who teach the makeup method. (inquirer.net)
- I teach on the PSY2013: Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 module. (surrey.ac.uk)
Primary2
- Posture and gait scores (PG scores) measured at 3, 6 and 12 weeks by blinded testers were the primary outcome measure. (bmj.com)
- The aim of the present investigation was to study the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HEAL9 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei 8700:2 on the single-cell parasitome, with a primary focus on Blastocystis. (lu.se)
Quality1
- It provides an ensemble of high quality solutions, which are analyzed with clustering methods and display a hierarchical structure highlighting distinct parameter subspaces with biological interpretations. (lu.se)
Women5
- Method We recruited 162 women aged between 30 and 74 years to be submitted to abdominal hysterectomy. (scielo.br)
- A makeup method dubbed "blind makeup" for visually impaired women is attracting attention as a way to care for their mental health, with women who receive the training finding it boosts their sense of confidence. (inquirer.net)
- Through the association, Oishi has instructed about 200 visually handicapped women in the method across the nation, including in Tokyo and Aichi Prefecture. (inquirer.net)
- Sakura Ophthalmologic Clinic in Shizuoka introduced the makeup method in 2016 for women who were not born blind. (inquirer.net)
- In February, nine blind women, including the Osaka woman, formed a volunteer team to popularize the makeup method overseas, because there are few such initiatives abroad. (inquirer.net)
Weeks1
- Methods This was a single-blind, single-arm study over 3-4 weeks from September 2005 to November 2006. (bmj.com)
Commonly1
- There is no NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) for beryllium oxide, so commonly available commercial materials were used to validate the method. (cdc.gov)
Parameter1
- If you use a single quote in a field or parameter that is passed directly to an SQL statement, the database server will report an error. (acunetix.com)
Conventional1
- To compare the effectiveness of a single-tuft toothbrush (STB) with conventional toothbrushes (CT) to control dental biofilm neoformation in the dentogingival area. (bvsalud.org)
Model4
- Frontiers operates a single-blind model during the review process. (frontiersin.org)
- In fact, model-based methods are crucial in modern HCIs. (wikicfp.com)
- A novel method in this context, simulated tempering, is used to fit the model parameters to the data. (lu.se)
- Two of the experiments are used to fit the model parameters sets, where these sets subsequently are clustered with and the other two are left as ``blind test'' experiments. (lu.se)