Simuliidae
Mansonelliasis
Mansonella
Onchocerciasis
Larva
Polytene Chromosomes
Diptera
Brazil
Population biology of human onchocerciasis. (1/120)
Human onchocerciasis (river blindness) is the filarial infection caused by Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted among people through the bites of the Simulium vector. Some 86 million people around the world are at risk of acquiring the nematode, with 18 million people infected and 600,000 visually impaired, half of them partially or totally blind. 99% of cases occur in tropical Africa; scattered foci exist in Latin America. Until recently control programmes, in operation since 1975, have consisted of antivectorial measures. With the introduction of ivermectin in 1988, safe and effective chemotherapy is now available. With the original Onchocerciasis Control Programme of West Africa coming to an end, both the new African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control and the Onchocerciasis Elimination Programme for the Americas, rely heavily on ivermectin self-sustained mass delivery. In consequence, the need for understanding the processes regulating parasite abundance in human and simuliid populations is of utmost importance. We present a simple mathematical framework built around recent analyses of exposure- and density-dependent processes operating, respectively, within the human and vector hosts. An expression for the basic reproductive ratio, R0, is derived and related to the minimum vector density required for parasite persistence in localities of West Africa in general and northern Cameroon in particular. Model outputs suggest that constraints acting against parasite establishment in both humans and vectors are necessary to reproduce field observations, but those in humans may not fully protect against reinfection. Analyses of host age-profiles of infection prevalence, intensity, and aggregation for increasing levels of endemicity and intensity of transmission in the Vina valley of northern Cameroon are in agreement with these results and discussed in light of novel work on onchocerciasis immunology. (+info)The Simulium damnosum complex in western Uganda and its role as a vector of Onchocerca volvulus. (2/120)
The status of onchocerciasis vectors in the former Ruwenzori focus in western Uganda was re-examined some 15 years after control measures against Simulium damnosum s.l. were suspended. The four cytoforms S. kilibanum, 'Sebwe', 'Nkusi' and S. pandanophilum were found. While the nonanthropophilic 'Sebwe' was still widely distributed in rivers north, east and south of the Ruwenzori, the only anthropophilic species and vector, S. kilibanum, had disappeared from most of its former habitats and was now restricted to two limited foci, where high biting densities were encountered. It was still a vector south of the Ruwenzori (Kasese focus), where 15.4% of the parous flies were infected with larval stages of Onchocerca volvulus and 34 infective larvae were found in the heads of 1000 parous flies. In the second focus along the Mahoma and Nsonge rivers, a chromosomally highly polymorphic population of S. kilibanum had replaced the former vector S. neavei, but does not act as a vector. Only 2.3% of the parous females were infected and just 1 infective larva was found in the heads of 1000 parous flies. (+info)Transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus from infected to noninfected black flies co-feeding on nonviremic deer mice. (3/120)
Vesicular stomatitis is an economically important arboviral disease of livestock. Viremia is absent in infected mammalian hosts, and the mechanism by which insects become infected with the causative agents, vesicular stomatitis viruses, remains unknown. Because infected and noninfected insects potentially feed on the same host in nature, infected and noninfected black flies were allowed to feed on the same host. Viremia was not detected in the host after infection by a black fly bite, but because noninfected black flies acquired the virus while co-feeding on the same host with infected black flies, it is concluded that a viremic host is not necessary for an insect to be infected with the virus. Thus co-feeding is a mechanism of infection for an insect-transmitted virus. (+info)New species records for the blackfly (Diptera-simuliidae) fauna of Argentina with description of adults, pupa and larva of Simulium oyapockense s. l. And S. seriatum. (4/120)
Two blackfly species Simulium (Cerqueirellum) oyapockense Floch & Abonnenc and S. (Hemicnetha) seriatum Knab are recorded from Argentina, representing the most southern register for both species. S. oyapockense is a species epidemiologically very important, as a vector of onchocerciasis in the Amazonian focus. Both species are described and illustrated and their distribution are reported, in similarity to others like S. roraimense Nunes de Mello and S. ganalesense Vargas et al. in reference to S. oyapockense and S. mexicanum Bellardi similar to S. seriatum are discussed. (+info)Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) tergospinosum new species (Diptera: Simuliidae) in siolii group from the southern part of the State of Amazonas, Brazil. (5/120)
The larva, pupa, male and female of Simulium tergospinosum n. sp. are described and illustrated. The adults of this new species share many characters with species in the subgenus Psaroniocompsa, where it is placed. The larva of this species bears dorsal and lateral triangular tubercles on the abdomen and multiply branched scale-like setae on the body, suggesting that it belongs to the S. siolii species group. S. tergospinosum n.sp. was collected along the Juma River, Apui county, in the southern part of the State of Amazonas, Brazil. The Juma, a black-water river, is a tributary of the Aripuana River in the Madeira River hydrographic basin, on the southern part of Amazonas. Females were collected biting humans along the water courses during the sampling period (in the dry season). (+info)Onchocerca ochengi transmission dynamics and the correlation of O. ochengi microfilaria density in cattle with the transmission potential. (6/120)
The intensity of natural transmission of Onchocerca ochengi and Onchocerco volvulus by anthropo-boophilic Simulium damnosum s.l. was studied longitudinally in two cattle watering sites of a cattle ranch within a predominantly cattle populated area of the Guinea savanna of Cameroon and related to cattle O. ochengi skin microfilaria abundance. During the 12 months study period, a total of 4696 flies was individually dissected to examine the monthly transmission potential (MTP) of O. ochengi and O. volvulus. The estimated Simulium damnosum s.l. annual biting rates (ABR) on human baits were 47529 flies at the bank of the Vina "du sud" river. The ABR at the lake, which was situated at about 2 km upland from the perennial river, was 8579. The monthly parous rate was highly correlated with monthly biting rate. The annual transmission potentials (ATP) of O. ochengi were calculated to be 7732 and 1669 at the riverbank and the lake, respectively. Transmission occurred mainly in the dry season, peaking in the months of January to mid-March when dermal microfilaria density in the animals was also the highest. The O. ochengi microfilaria uptake by the fly vectors was host microfilaria density-dependent. The MTP of O. ochengi was positively correlated with dermal microfilaria density. The mean number of microfilariae per fly taken up during a blood meal was high during the dry season as was the mean number of infective larvae per fly but declined significantly with the onset of the early rains. A similar seasonality of transmission was also observed for O. volvulus that was concurrently transmitted by the same vector flies, but its ATP was comparatively much lower: 1332 infective larvae per man per year at the riverbank and 107 around the lake. The population dynamics of cattle microfilariae therefore plays an important role in the regulation of O. ochengi transmission. (+info)Chromosomal comparisons among and within populations of Simulium (Chirostilbia) pertinax (Diptera, Simuliidae). (7/120)
Chromosomal studies were carried on six larval populations of Simulium (Chirostilbia) pertinax from different locations in Brazil. Larvae were collected in the states of Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. Polytene chromosome map comparisons within and among populations showed no differences in banding pattern, except for some limited polymorphism (secondary NOR and four band polymorphisms). There were no chromosomal variations associated with the resistance or susceptibility of the larvae to temephos. The chromosomal homosequentiality found among the six populations suggests that S. pertinax may be a monomorphic species. (+info)Simuliid blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and ceratopogonid midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in northern Argentina. (8/120)
Mansonella ozzardi, a relatively nonpathogenic filarial parasite of man in Latin America, is transmitted by either ceratopogonid midges or simuliid blackflies. In the only known focus of the disease in north-western Argentina the vectors have never been incriminated. This study investigated the potential vectors of M. ozzardi in this area. The only anthropophilic species of these Diptera families biting man at the time of the investigation were Simulium exiguum, S. dinellii, Culicoides lahillei and C. paraensis. Using experimentally infected flies S. exiguum and both species of Culicoides allowed full development of microfilariae to the infective stage, with C. lahillei being a more competent host than S. exiguum. Based on these data, biting rates and natural infectivity rates it is probable that at the begininning of the wet season C. lahillei is the main vector of M. ozzardi and both C. paraensis and S. exiguum secondary vectors. Additionally, it was found that a single dose of ivermectin was ineffectual in eradicating M. ozzardi from infected individuals in this area. (+info)Simuliidae is a family of small, robust two-winged flies known as black flies or buffalo gnats. The term "Simuliidae" itself is the taxonomic name for this group of insects. They are called black flies because many species are dark in color, and they are often referred to as gnats or buffalo gnats due to their small size and annoying biting behavior.
Black flies are well-known for their medical significance, as they can transmit several diseases to humans and animals, including onchocerciasis (river blindness), leucocytozoonosis, and various forms of bacterial infections. The female black flies feed on blood from hosts, while males primarily feed on nectar.
These insects are typically found near bodies of water, where their larvae develop in flowing or standing waters with high oxygen levels. They have aquatic habits and undergo a complete metamorphosis during their life cycle, transforming from an egg to larva, then pupa, and finally into an adult fly.
In summary, Simuliidae is the medical term for black flies or buffalo gnats, which are small, robust two-winged flies with a medical significance due to their ability to transmit diseases to humans and animals.
Mansonelliasis is a parasitic infection caused by the nematode (roundworm) species Mansonella perstans, M. ozzardi, or M. streptocerca. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blackflies or midges. The infection can cause a range of symptoms including fever, headache, pruritus (severe itching), and rash. In some cases, there may be no symptoms at all. Chronic infections can lead to more serious complications such as endocarditis, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). However, mansonelliasis is often overlooked or misdiagnosed due to its nonspecific symptoms and the limited availability of diagnostic tests.
Mansonella is a genus of filarial nematodes (roundworms) that are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected blackflies or mosquitoes. There are several species within this genus, including M. perstans, M. ozzardi, and M. streptocerca, which can cause different clinical manifestations in humans.
Mansonella perstans is the most widespread species, found mainly in Africa and some parts of Central and South America. The adult worms reside in the abdominal cavity and the thoracic cavity, where they release microfilariae into the bloodstream. This species does not usually cause severe symptoms, but chronic infection can lead to general malaise, fatigue, and peripheral eosinophilia (high levels of eosinophils in the blood).
Mansonella ozzardi is found primarily in Central and South America, and its vectors are mosquitoes. The adult worms reside in the body cavities, subcutaneous tissues, and the peritoneal cavity. Infection with M. ozzardi can cause dermatological manifestations such as pruritus (itching), papular rash, and calcified nodules under the skin.
Mansonella streptocerca is transmitted through bites of infected midges in West and Central Africa. The adult worms live in the subcutaneous tissues, particularly around the head and neck regions, leading to pruritus, papular rash, and lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes).
Diagnosis of Mansonella infections is typically made through the detection of microfilariae in blood samples, often obtained during nighttime due to the nocturnal periodicity of some species. Treatment usually involves the administration of antiparasitic drugs such as ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine.
Onchocerciasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus. The infection is primarily transmitted through the bites of infected blackflies (Simulium spp.) that breed in fast-flowing rivers and streams. The larvae of the worms mature into adults in nodules under the skin, where females release microfilariae that migrate throughout the body, including the eyes.
Symptoms include severe itching, dermatitis, depigmentation, thickening and scarring of the skin, visual impairment, and blindness. The disease is also known as river blindness due to its association with riverside communities where blackflies breed. Onchocerciasis can lead to significant social and economic consequences for affected individuals and communities. Preventive chemotherapy using mass drug administration of ivermectin is the primary strategy for controlling onchocerciasis in endemic areas.
A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.
The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.
In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.
It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.
Polytene chromosomes are highly specialized and significantly enlarged chromosomes that are formed by the endoreduplication process, where multiple rounds of DNA replication occur without cell division. This results in the formation of several identical sister chromatids that remain tightly associated with each other, forming a single, visually thick and banded structure. These chromosomes are typically found in the cells of certain insects, such as dipteran flies, and are particularly prominent during the larval stages of development. Polytene chromosomes play crucial roles in various biological processes, including growth, development, and gene regulation. The distinctive banding pattern observed in polytene chromosomes is often used in genetic studies to map the locations of specific genes within the genome.
I must clarify that the term 'pupa' is not typically used in medical contexts. Instead, it is a term from the field of biology, particularly entomology, which is the study of insects.
In insect development, a pupa refers to a stage in the life cycle of certain insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. During this phase, the larval body undergoes significant transformation and reorganization within a protective casing called a chrysalis (in butterflies and moths) or a cocoon (in other insects). The old larval tissues are broken down and replaced with new adult structures. Once this process is complete, the pupal case opens, and the adult insect emerges.
Since 'pupa' is not a medical term, I couldn't provide a medical definition for it. However, I hope this explanation helps clarify its meaning in the context of biology.
Diptera is an order of insects that includes flies, mosquitoes, and gnats. The name "Diptera" comes from the Greek words "di," meaning two, and "pteron," meaning wing. This refers to the fact that all members of this order have a single pair of functional wings for flying, while the other pair is reduced to small knob-like structures called halteres, which help with balance and maneuverability during flight.
Some common examples of Diptera include houseflies, fruit flies, horseflies, tsetse flies, and midges. Many species in this order are important pollinators, while others can be significant pests or disease vectors. The study of Diptera is called dipterology.
I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.
Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.
List of Prosimulium species
Austrosimulium
Black fly
Simulium
Austrosimulium (subgenus)
Austrosimulium australense
Austrosimulium ungulatum
List of Diptera families
Mabel Josephine Mackerras
Aquatic macroinvertebrates
Prosimulium
Roger Ward Crosskey
Mercedes Delfinado
Mosquito
Stegopterna
Prosimulium mixtum
Françoise Beaucournu-Saguez
Simuliinae
Onchocerca volvulus
Günther Enderlein
Gigantodax
Letitia Obeng
Greniera (disambiguation)
Chironomidae
Chironomoidea
Nahuel Huapi National Park
Araucnephia
Parasitic flies of domestic animals
Simulium variegatum
Simulium latipes
Diptera.info - Discussion Forum: Unknown, Possible Simuliidae?
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Vol. 4700 No. 4: 26 Nov. 2019 | Zootaxa
Diptera
Diptera17
- Figure 4 in The Simulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Europe:" by Peter H. Adler, Björn Malmqvist et al. (clemson.edu)
- Etude cytotaxonomique de deux vecteurs de l' onchocercose humaine en Côte d' Ivoire : Simulium Sanctipauli et Simulium soubrense (Diptera, Simuliidae / mémoire présenté par Dossa Coffi Sylvain. (who.int)
- A new taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (diptera : simuliidae) / Roger W. Crosskey and Theresa M. Howard. (who.int)
- Les Simuliidae (Diptera, Nematocera) de la Neste d'Aure (Hautes-Pyrénées). (limnology-journal.org)
- Simuliidae (Diptera, Nematocera) from the Neste d'Aure (Central Pyrenees). (limnology-journal.org)
- Les Simuliidae (Diptera : Nematocera) de la Neste d'Aure (Pyrénées Centrales). (limnology-journal.org)
- Les Simulies d'Algérie (Diptera : Simuliidae). (limnology-journal.org)
- Contribution à l'étude faunistique et écologique des simulies (Diptera : Simuliidae) du Maroc IV. (limnology-journal.org)
- Contribution to the faunistic and ecological study of the blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Morocco. (limnology-journal.org)
- Gerald F. Shields "Reproductive Status of Several Members of the Simulium arcticum Complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Three Populations in Central Washington State," The American Midland Naturalist 188(1), 119-125, (10 August 2022). (bioone.org)
- Espécies neotropicais da família Simuliidae Schiner: (Diptera Nematocera): II. (unifesp.br)
- DNA barcoding distinguishes pest species of the black fly genus Cnephia (Diptera: Simuliidae). (nih.gov)
- Utility of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene for resolving relationships among black flies (Diptera: simuliidae). (nih.gov)
- Molecular phylogeny and typing of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) that serve as vectors of human or bovine onchocerciasis. (nih.gov)
- Entomologists call them true flies (order Diptera) in the family Simuliidae. (riveredgenaturecenter.org)
- Adolpho Lutz's collection of black flies (Diptera - Simuliidae), its history and importance]. (bvsalud.org)
- Coleção de simuliídeos (Diptera - Simuliidae) de Adolpho Lutz, sua história e importância. (bvsalud.org)
Simulium3
- Several species of the genus Simulium (family Simuliidae) that act as intermediate hosts (vectors) for the parasitic disease ONCHOCERCIASIS. (wakehealth.edu)
- Evaluation entomologique de la lutte contre Simulium damnosum s.l. en Côte d' Ivoire : relation avec les phénomènes de résistance aux insecticides et de ré-invasion des zones protégées du programme de lutte contre l' onchocercose dans le bassin de la Volta (O.C.P. / par Doumdé N'guendeng. (who.int)
- Estudio sobre la morfolog'ia de Simulium metallicum, vector de la oncocercosis humana en Venezuela / J. Ram'irez-Pérez. (who.int)
Species2
- A study of drift and benthos in the lower and middle reaches of the river Neste d'Aure produced 26 species of Simuliidae. (limnology-journal.org)
- to date, 84 species of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), 13 species of sand flies (Psychodidae), and 53 species of black flies (Simuliidae) have been reported in Spain. (iajmh.com)
Insect family2
- The gnats are members of the blood-sucking insect family Simuliidae. (msucares.com)
- Dustan Clark, extension veterinarian and associate director of the Poultry Center for the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, said tiny, blood-sucking black fly within the Simuliidae insect family include variants such as the turkey gnat and the buffalo gnat. (stuttgartdailyleader.com)
Simuliinae1
- A review of the Mesoamerican and South American black flies of the tribe Prosimuliini (Simuliinae, Simuliidae). (amnh.org)
Black1
- Prompt and precise identification of black flies (Simuliidae) is crucial, given their biting behaviour and significant impact on human and animal health. (biomedcentral.com)
Chloropidae1
- Nest cells are stocked with a mixture of small flies, usually Chloropidae, though Trypetidae and Simuliidae are also captured. (bwars.com)
Psychodidae1
- Four families show a hematophagous behaviour, one being solenophagous (Culicidae), feeding directly on blood vessels, and three being telmophagous (Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae, and Simuliidae), feeding on blood which pools at the site where their mouthparts have formed a laceration. (iajmh.com)
Search1
- Results of search for 'su:{Simuliidae. (who.int)
Family simuliidae1
- According to the presentation, the disease is transmitted by the bite of black flies of the family Simuliidae. (nih.gov)
Chironomidae3
- We report cases of Simuliidae and Chironomidae living on Lachlania nymphs (Ephemeroptera). (scielo.br)
- Este é o primeiro registro de associações entre imaturos de Simuliidae e Chironomidae vivendo sobre ninfas do gênero Lachlania (Ephemeroptera) na América do Sul. (scielo.br)
- Associations of aquatic insects, especially Simuliidae and Chironomidae, with nymphs of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) have been documented by several authors (e.g. (scielo.br)
Types1
- 2004). Regarding Simuliidae, two types of association are reported: obligate phoresy and opportunistic (or casual) attachment. (scielo.br)
Report1
- Report on the 33rd Meeting of the British Simuliidae Group at Birmingham. (diptera.info)