F Factor
Sex
Conjugation, Genetic
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Acridines
Escherichia coli
Genetics, Microbial
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Lactose
Sex Factors
R Factors
Sex Characteristics
Recombination, Genetic
Genes
Lysogeny
Mutation
Crosses, Genetic
Lactococcus lactis
Drug Resistance, Microbial
DNA, Circular
Plasmids
Culture Media
Transduction, Genetic
Chromosome Mapping
DNA Restriction Enzymes
Operon
Chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes
Unsafe Sex
Sex Workers
Sex Differentiation
Safe Sex
Sex Attractants
Sex Determination Analysis
Sex Distribution
Disorders of Sex Development
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin
Sex Counseling
Gonadal Steroid Hormones
Sex Education
Regional survey of femoral neck fractures. (1/28941)
In the South-west Thames Region 2619 patients (2105 women and 514 men) were discharged with a diagnosis of femoral neck fracture in 1974. The equivalent of a 250-bedded hospital was occupied throughout the year. The incidence, average length of stay, and mortality rate rose with increasing age and there were differences in these indices in the five health areas. These results confirm the enormous burden placed on the hospital service by patients with fracture of the femoral neck but suggest that differences in practice in the five areas may contribute to the size of the problem. (+info)Determination of human body burden baseline date of platinum through autopsy tissue analysis. (2/28941)
Results of analysis for platinum in 97 autopsy sets are presented. Analysis was performed by a specially developed emission spectrochemical method. Almost half of the individuals studied were found to have detectable platinum in one or more tissue samples. Platinum was found to be deposited in 13 of 21 tissue types investigated. Surprisingly high values were observed in subcutaneous fat, previously not considered to be a target site for platinum deposition. These data will serve as a human tissue platinum burden baseline in EPA's Catalyst Research Program. (+info)A quantitative three-dimensional model of the Drosophila optic lobes. (3/28941)
A big step in the neurobiology of Drosophila would be to establish a standard for brain anatomy to which to relate morphological, developmental and genetic data. We propose that only an average brain and its variance would be a biologically meaningful reference and have developed an averaging procedure. Here, we present a brief outline of this method and apply it to the optic lobes of Drosophila melanogaster wild-type Canton S. Whole adult brains are stained with a fluorescent neuropil marker and scanned with the confocal microscope. The resulting three-dimensional data sets are automatically aligned into a common coordinate system and intensity averages calculated. We use effect-size maps for the fast detection of differences between averages. For morphometric analysis, neuropil structures are labelled and superimposed to give a three-dimensional probabilistic map. In the present study, the method was applied to 66 optic lobes. We found their size, shape and position to be highly conserved between animals. Similarity was even higher between left and right optic lobes of the same animal. Sex differences were more pronounced. Female optic lobes were 6% larger than those of males. This value corresponds well with the higher number of ommatidia in females. As females have their additional ommatidia dorsally and ventrally, the additional neuropil in the medulla, lobula and lobula plate, accordingly, was found preferentially at these locations. For males, additional neuropil was found only at the posterior margin of the lobula. This finding supports the notion of male-specific neural processing in the lobula as described for muscid and calliphorid flies. (+info)Expression of Bcl-2 protein is decreased in colorectal adenocarcinomas with microsatellite instability. (4/28941)
Bcl-2 is known to inhibit apoptosis and is thought to play a role in colorectal tumour development. Studies of the promoter region of bcl-2 have indicated the presence of a p53 responsive element which downregulates bcl-2 expression. Since p53 is commonly mutated in colorectal cancers, but rarely in those tumours showing microsatellite instability (MSI), the aim of this study was to examine the relationship of bcl-2 protein expression to MSI, as well as to other clinicopathological and molecular variables, in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Expression of bcl-2 was analysed by immunohistochemistry in 71 colorectal cancers which had been previously assigned to three classes depending upon their levels of MSI. MSI-high tumours demonstrated instability in three or more of six microsatellite markers tested, MSI-low tumours in one or two of six, and MSI-null in none of six. Bcl-2 expression in tumours was quantified independently by two pathologists and assigned to one of five categories, with respect to the number of cells which showed positive staining: 0, up to 5%; 1, 6-25%; 2, 26-50%; 3, 51-75%; and 4, > or =76%. Bcl-2 negative tumours were defined as those with a score of 0. Bcl-2 protein expression was tested for association with clinicopathological stage, differentiation level, tumour site, age, sex, survival, evidence of p53 inactivation and MSI level. A significant association was found between bcl-2 expression and patient survival (P = 0.012, Gehan Wilcoxon test). Further, a significant reciprocal relationship was found between bcl-2 expression and the presence of MSI (P = 0.012, Wilcoxon rank sum test). We conclude that bcl-2 expressing colorectal cancers are more likely to be MSI-null, and to be associated with improved patient survival. (+info)Dietary intake and practices in the Hong Kong Chinese population. (5/28941)
OBJECTIVES: To examine dietary intake and practices of the adult Hong Kong Chinese population to provide a basis for future public health recommendations with regard to prevention of certain chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and osteoporosis. PARTICIPANTS: Age and sex stratified random sample of the Hong Kong Chinese population aged 25 to 74 years (500 men, 510 women). METHOD: A food frequency method over a one week period was used for nutrient quantification, and a separate questionnaire was used for assessment of dietary habits. Information was obtained by interview. RESULTS: Men had higher intakes of energy and higher nutrient density of vitamin D, monounsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, but lower nutrient density of protein, many vitamins, calcium, iron, copper, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. There was an age related decrease in energy intake and other nutrients except for vitamin C, sodium, potassium, and percentage of total calorie from carbohydrate, which all increased with age. Approximately 50% of the population had a cholesterol intake of < or = 300 mg; 60% had a fat intake < or = 30% of total energy; and 85% had a percentage of energy from saturated fats < or = 10%; criteria considered desirable for cardiovascular health. Seventy eight per cent of the population had sodium intake values in the range shown to be associated with the age related rise in blood pressure with age. Mean calcium intake was lower than the FAO/WHO recommendations. The awareness of the value of wholemeal bread and polyunsaturated fat spreads was lower in this population compared with that in Australia. There was a marked difference in types of cooking oil compared with Singaporeans, the latter using more coconut/palm/mixed vegetable oils. CONCLUSION: Although the current intake pattern for cardiovascular health for fat, saturated fatty acid, and cholesterol fall within the recommended range for over 50% of the population, follow up surveys to monitor the pattern would be needed. Decreasing salt consumption, increasing calcium intake, and increasing the awareness of the health value of fibre may all be beneficial in the context of chronic disease prevention. (+info)The five amino acid-deleted isoform of hepatocyte growth factor promotes carcinogenesis in transgenic mice. (6/28941)
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a polypeptide with mitogenic, motogenic, and morphogenic effects on different cell types including hepatocytes. HGF is expressed as two biologically active isotypes resulting from alternative RNA splicing. The roles of each HGF isoform in development, liver regeneration and tumorigenesis have not yet been well characterized. We report the generation and analysis of transgenic mice overexpressing the five amino acid-deleted variant of HGF (dHGF) in the liver by virtue of an albumin expression vector. These ALB-dHGF transgenic mice develop normally, have an enhanced rate of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and exhibit a threefold higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) beyond 17 months of age. Moreover, overexpression of dHGF dramatically accelerates diethyl-nitrosamine induced HCC tumorigenesis. These tumors arise faster, are significantly larger, more numerous and more invasive than those appearing in non-transgenic littermates. Approximately 90% of female dHGF-transgenic mice had multiple macroscopic HCCs 40 weeks after injection of DEN; whereas the non-transgenic counterparts had only microscopic nodules. Liver tumors and cultured tumor cell lines from dHGF transgenics showed high levels of HGF and c-Met mRNA and protein. Together, these results reveal that in vivo dHGF plays an active role in liver regeneration and HCC tumorigenesis. (+info)Cardiovascular disease in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: similar rates but different risk factors in the US compared with Europe. (7/28941)
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has been linked to renal disease. However, little is known concerning international variation in the correlations with hyperglycaemia and standard CVD risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional comparison was made of prevalence rates and risk factor associations in two large studies of IDDM subjects: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study (EDC) and the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study from 31 centres in Europe. Subgroups of each were chosen to be comparable by age and duration of diabetes. The EDC population comprises 286 men (mean duration 20.1 years) and 281 women (mean duration 19.9 years); EURODIAB 608 men (mean duration 18.1 years) and 607 women (mean duration 18.9 years). The mean age of both populations was 28 years. Cardiovascular disease was defined by a past medical history of myocardial infarction, angina, and/or the Minnesota ECG codes (1.1-1.3, 4.1-4.3, 5.1-5.3, 7.1). RESULTS: Overall prevalence of CVD was similar in the two populations (i.e. men 8.6% versus 8.0%, women 7.4% versus 8.5%, EURODIAB versus EDC respectively), although EDC women had a higher prevalence of angina (3.9% versus 0.5%, P < 0.001). Multivariate modelling suggests that glycaemic control (HbA1c) is not related to CVD in men. Age and high density lipoprotein cholesterol predict CVD in EURODIAB, while triglycerides and hypertension predict CVD in EDC. For women in both populations, age and hypertension (or renal disease) are independent predictors. HbA1c is also an independent predictor-inversely in EURODIAB women (P < 0.008) and positively in EDC women (P = 0.03). Renal disease was more strongly linked to CVD in EDC than in EURODIAB. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a similar prevalence of CVD, risk factor associations appear to differ in the two study populations. Glycaemic control (HbA1c) does not show a consistent or strong relationship to CVD. (+info)Heart rate and subsequent blood pressure in young adults: the CARDIA study. (8/28941)
The objective of the present study was to examine the hypothesis that baseline heart rate (HR) predicts subsequent blood pressure (BP) independently of baseline BP. In the multicenter longitudinal Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study of black and white men and women initially aged 18 to 30 years, we studied 4762 participants who were not current users of antihypertensive drugs and had no history of heart problems at the baseline examination (1985-1986). In each race-sex subgroup, we estimated the effect of baseline HR on BP 2, 5, 7, and 10 years later by use of repeated measures regression analysis, adjusting for baseline BP, age, education, body fatness, physical fitness, fasting insulin, parental hypertension, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, oral contraceptive use, and change of body mass index from baseline. The association between baseline HR and subsequent systolic BP (SBP) was explained by multivariable adjustment. However, HR was an independent predictor of subsequent diastolic BP (DBP) regardless of initial BP and other confounders in white men, white women, and black men (0.7 mm Hg increase per 10 bpm). We incorporated the part of the association that was already present at baseline by not adjusting for baseline DBP: the mean increase in subsequent DBP was 1.3 mm Hg per 10 bpm in white men, white women, and black men. A high HR may be considered a risk factor for subsequent high DBP in young persons. (+info)I'm not aware of a widely recognized or established medical term called "F factor." It is possible that it could be a term specific to certain medical specialties, research, or publications. In order to provide an accurate and helpful response, I would need more context or information about where you encountered this term.
If you meant to ask about the F-plasmid, which is sometimes referred to as the "F factor" in bacteriology, it is a type of plasmid that can be found in certain strains of bacteria and carries genes related to conjugation (the process by which bacteria transfer genetic material between each other). The F-plasmid can exist as an independent circular DNA molecule or integrate into the chromosome of the host bacterium.
If this is not the term you were looking for, please provide more context so I can give a better answer.
In medical terms, "sex" refers to the biological characteristics that define males and females. These characteristics include chromosomes, hormone levels, reproductive/sexual anatomy, and secondary sexual traits. Generally, people are categorized as male or female based on their anatomical and genetic features, but there are also intersex individuals who may have physical or genetic features that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies. It is important to note that while sex is a biological concept, gender is a social construct that refers to the roles, behaviors, activities, and expectations that a society considers appropriate for men and women.
Genetic conjugation is a type of genetic transfer that occurs between bacterial cells. It involves the process of one bacterium (the donor) transferring a piece of its DNA to another bacterium (the recipient) through direct contact or via a bridge-like connection called a pilus. This transferred DNA may contain genes that provide the recipient cell with new traits, such as antibiotic resistance or virulence factors, which can make the bacteria more harmful or difficult to treat. Genetic conjugation is an important mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance and other traits among bacterial populations.
Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic information that occurs outside of the chromosomes, which are the structures in the cell nucleus that typically contain and transmit genetic material. This type of inheritance is relatively rare and can involve various types of genetic elements, such as plasmids or transposons.
In extrachromosomal inheritance, these genetic elements can replicate independently of the chromosomes and be passed on to offspring through mechanisms other than traditional Mendelian inheritance. This can lead to non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance, where traits do not follow the expected dominant or recessive patterns.
One example of extrachromosomal inheritance is the transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell rather than on the chromosomes. Mitochondria are organelles that produce energy for the cell, and they contain their own small circular genome that is inherited maternally. Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases.
Overall, extrachromosomal inheritance is an important area of study in genetics, as it can help researchers better understand the complex ways in which genetic information is transmitted and expressed in living organisms.
Acridines are a class of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds that contain a nucleus of three fused benzene rings and a nitrogen atom. They have a wide range of applications, including in the development of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer and antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic drugs. Some acridines also exhibit fluorescent properties and are used in research and diagnostic applications.
In medicine, some acridine derivatives have been found to intercalate with DNA, disrupting its structure and function, which can lead to the death of cancer cells. For example, the acridine derivative proflavin has been used as an antiseptic and in the treatment of certain types of cancer. However, many acridines also have toxic side effects, limiting their clinical use.
It is important to note that while acridines have potential therapeutic uses, they should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as they can cause harm if not used properly.
'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.
While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.
E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.
Microbial genetics is the study of heredity and variation in microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It involves the investigation of their genetic material (DNA and RNA), genes, gene expression, genetic regulation, mutations, genetic recombination, and genome organization. This field is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis, evolution, ecology, and biotechnological applications. Research in microbial genetics has led to significant advancements in areas such as antibiotic resistance, vaccine development, and gene therapy.
Coliphages are viruses that infect and replicate within certain species of bacteria that belong to the coliform group, particularly Escherichia coli (E. coli). These viruses are commonly found in water and soil environments and are frequently used as indicators of fecal contamination in water quality testing. Coliphages are not harmful to humans or animals, but their presence in water can suggest the potential presence of pathogenic bacteria or other microorganisms that may pose a health risk. There are two main types of coliphages: F-specific RNA coliphages and somatic (or non-F specific) DNA coliphages.
Bacterial chromosomes are typically circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that contain the genetic material of bacteria. Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA housed within a nucleus, bacterial chromosomes are located in the cytoplasm of the cell, often associated with the bacterial nucleoid.
Bacterial chromosomes can vary in size and structure among different species, but they typically contain all of the genetic information necessary for the survival and reproduction of the organism. They may also contain plasmids, which are smaller circular DNA molecules that can carry additional genes and can be transferred between bacteria through a process called conjugation.
One important feature of bacterial chromosomes is their ability to replicate rapidly, allowing bacteria to divide quickly and reproduce in large numbers. The replication of the bacterial chromosome begins at a specific origin point and proceeds in opposite directions until the entire chromosome has been copied. This process is tightly regulated and coordinated with cell division to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genetic material.
Overall, the study of bacterial chromosomes is an important area of research in microbiology, as understanding their structure and function can provide insights into bacterial genetics, evolution, and pathogenesis.
Lactose is a disaccharide, a type of sugar, that is naturally found in milk and dairy products. It is made up of two simple sugars, glucose and galactose, linked together. In order for the body to absorb and use lactose, it must be broken down into these simpler sugars by an enzyme called lactase, which is produced in the lining of the small intestine.
People who have a deficiency of lactase are unable to fully digest lactose, leading to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps, a condition known as lactose intolerance.
Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.
Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.
Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.
"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.
For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.
It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.
In the context of medical laboratory reporting, "R factors" refer to a set of values that describe the resistance of certain bacteria to different antibiotics. These factors are typically reported as R1, R2, R3, and so on, where each R factor corresponds to a specific antibiotic or class of antibiotics.
An R factor value of "1" indicates susceptibility to the corresponding antibiotic, while an R factor value of "R" (or "R-", depending on the laboratory's reporting practices) indicates resistance. An intermediate category may also be reported as "I" or "I-", indicating that the bacterium is intermediately sensitive to the antibiotic in question.
It's important to note that R factors are just one piece of information used to guide clinical decision-making around antibiotic therapy, and should be interpreted in conjunction with other factors such as the patient's clinical presentation, the severity of their infection, and any relevant guidelines or recommendations from infectious disease specialists.
"Sex characteristics" refer to the anatomical, chromosomal, and genetic features that define males and females. These include both primary sex characteristics (such as reproductive organs like ovaries or testes) and secondary sex characteristics (such as breasts or facial hair) that typically develop during puberty. Sex characteristics are primarily determined by the presence of either X or Y chromosomes, with XX individuals usually developing as females and XY individuals usually developing as males, although variations and exceptions to this rule do occur.
Genetic recombination is the process by which genetic material is exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA during meiosis, resulting in new combinations of genes on each chromosome. This exchange occurs during crossover, where segments of DNA are swapped between non-sister homologous chromatids, creating genetic diversity among the offspring. It is a crucial mechanism for generating genetic variability and facilitating evolutionary change within populations. Additionally, recombination also plays an essential role in DNA repair processes through mechanisms such as homologous recombinational repair (HRR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).
A gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that carries genetic information. Genes are the fundamental units of heredity and are responsible for the development and function of all living organisms. They code for proteins or RNA molecules, which carry out various functions within cells and are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.
Each gene has a specific location on a chromosome, and each person inherits two copies of every gene, one from each parent. Variations in the sequence of nucleotides in a gene can lead to differences in traits between individuals, including physical characteristics, susceptibility to disease, and responses to environmental factors.
Medical genetics is the study of genes and their role in health and disease. It involves understanding how genes contribute to the development and progression of various medical conditions, as well as identifying genetic risk factors and developing strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Lysogeny is a process in the life cycle of certain viruses, known as bacteriophages or phages, which can infect bacteria. In lysogeny, the viral DNA integrates into the chromosome of the host bacterium and replicates along with it, remaining dormant and not producing any new virus particles. This state is called lysogeny or the lysogenic cycle.
The integrated viral DNA is known as a prophage. The bacterial cell that contains a prophage is called a lysogen. The lysogen can continue to grow and divide normally, passing the prophage onto its daughter cells during reproduction. This dormant state can last for many generations of the host bacterium.
However, under certain conditions such as DNA damage or exposure to UV radiation, the prophage can be induced to excise itself from the bacterial chromosome and enter the lytic cycle. In the lytic cycle, the viral DNA replicates rapidly, producing many new virus particles, which eventually leads to the lysis (breaking open) of the host cell and the release of the newly formed virions.
Lysogeny is an important mechanism for the spread and survival of bacteriophages in bacterial populations. It also plays a role in horizontal gene transfer between bacteria, as genes carried by prophages can be transferred to other bacteria during transduction.
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.
"Genetic crosses" refer to the breeding of individuals with different genetic characteristics to produce offspring with specific combinations of traits. This process is commonly used in genetics research to study the inheritance patterns and function of specific genes.
There are several types of genetic crosses, including:
1. Monohybrid cross: A cross between two individuals that differ in the expression of a single gene or trait.
2. Dihybrid cross: A cross between two individuals that differ in the expression of two genes or traits.
3. Backcross: A cross between an individual from a hybrid population and one of its parental lines.
4. Testcross: A cross between an individual with unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.
5. Reciprocal cross: A cross in which the male and female parents are reversed to determine if there is any effect of sex on the expression of the trait.
These genetic crosses help researchers to understand the mode of inheritance, linkage, recombination, and other genetic phenomena.
"Lactococcus lactis" is a species of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in nature, particularly in environments involving plants and dairy products. It is a catalase-negative, non-spore forming coccus that typically occurs in pairs or short chains.
"Lactococcus lactis" has significant industrial importance as it plays a crucial role in the production of fermented foods such as cheese and buttermilk. The bacterium converts lactose into lactic acid, which contributes to the sour taste and preservative qualities of these products.
In addition to its use in food production, "Lactococcus lactis" has been explored for its potential therapeutic applications. It can be used as a vector for delivering therapeutic proteins or vaccines to the gastrointestinal tract due to its ability to survive and colonize there.
It's worth noting that "Lactococcus lactis" is generally considered safe for human consumption, and it's one of the most commonly used probiotics in food and supplements.
Microbial drug resistance is a significant medical issue that refers to the ability of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand or survive exposure to drugs or medications designed to kill them or limit their growth. This phenomenon has become a major global health concern, particularly in the context of bacterial infections, where it is also known as antibiotic resistance.
Drug resistance arises due to genetic changes in microorganisms that enable them to modify or bypass the effects of antimicrobial agents. These genetic alterations can be caused by mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. The resistant microbes then replicate and multiply, forming populations that are increasingly difficult to eradicate with conventional treatments.
The consequences of drug-resistant infections include increased morbidity, mortality, healthcare costs, and the potential for widespread outbreaks. Factors contributing to the emergence and spread of microbial drug resistance include the overuse or misuse of antimicrobials, poor infection control practices, and inadequate surveillance systems.
To address this challenge, it is crucial to promote prudent antibiotic use, strengthen infection prevention and control measures, develop new antimicrobial agents, and invest in research to better understand the mechanisms underlying drug resistance.
Circular DNA is a type of DNA molecule that forms a closed loop, rather than the linear double helix structure commonly associated with DNA. This type of DNA is found in some viruses, plasmids (small extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria), and mitochondria and chloroplasts (organelles found in plant and animal cells).
Circular DNA is characterized by the absence of telomeres, which are the protective caps found on linear chromosomes. Instead, circular DNA has a specific sequence where the two ends join together, known as the origin of replication and the replication terminus. This structure allows for the DNA to be replicated efficiently and compactly within the cell.
Because of its circular nature, circular DNA is more resistant to degradation by enzymes that cut linear DNA, making it more stable in certain environments. Additionally, the ability to easily manipulate and clone circular DNA has made it a valuable tool in molecular biology and genetic engineering.
A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA of a bacterium or other organism. Plasmids are typically not essential for the survival of the organism, but they can confer beneficial traits such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to degrade certain types of pollutants.
Plasmids are capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA and can be transferred between bacteria through a process called conjugation. They often contain genes that provide resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, and other environmental stressors. Plasmids have also been engineered for use in molecular biology as cloning vectors, allowing scientists to replicate and manipulate specific DNA sequences.
Plasmids are important tools in genetic engineering and biotechnology because they can be easily manipulated and transferred between organisms. They have been used to produce vaccines, diagnostic tests, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for various applications, including agriculture, medicine, and industry.
Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.
Genetic transduction is a process in molecular biology that describes the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a viral vector called a bacteriophage (or phage). In this process, the phage infects one bacterium and incorporates a portion of the bacterial DNA into its own genetic material. When the phage then infects a second bacterium, it can transfer the incorporated bacterial DNA to the new host. This can result in the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of traits such as antibiotic resistance or virulence factors between bacteria.
There are two main types of transduction: generalized and specialized. In generalized transduction, any portion of the bacterial genome can be packaged into the phage particle, leading to a random assortment of genetic material being transferred. In specialized transduction, only specific genes near the site where the phage integrates into the bacterial chromosome are consistently transferred.
It's important to note that genetic transduction is not to be confused with transformation or conjugation, which are other mechanisms of HGT in bacteria.
Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.
DNA restriction enzymes, also known as restriction endonucleases, are a type of enzyme that cut double-stranded DNA at specific recognition sites. These enzymes are produced by bacteria and archaea as a defense mechanism against foreign DNA, such as that found in bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria).
Restriction enzymes recognize specific sequences of nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA) and cleave the phosphodiester bonds between them. The recognition sites for these enzymes are usually palindromic, meaning that the sequence reads the same in both directions when facing the opposite strands of DNA.
Restriction enzymes are widely used in molecular biology research for various applications such as genetic engineering, genome mapping, and DNA fingerprinting. They allow scientists to cut DNA at specific sites, creating precise fragments that can be manipulated and analyzed. The use of restriction enzymes has been instrumental in the development of recombinant DNA technology and the Human Genome Project.
An operon is a genetic unit in prokaryotic organisms (like bacteria) consisting of a cluster of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule, which then undergoes translation to produce multiple proteins. This genetic organization allows for the coordinated regulation of genes that are involved in the same metabolic pathway or functional process. The unit typically includes promoter and operator regions that control the transcription of the operon, as well as structural genes encoding the proteins. Operons were first discovered in bacteria, but similar genetic organizations have been found in some eukaryotic organisms, such as yeast.
Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.
Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:
1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.
Chromosomes are thread-like structures that exist in the nucleus of cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. They are composed of DNA and proteins, and are typically present in pairs in the nucleus, with one set inherited from each parent. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes come in different shapes and forms, including sex chromosomes (X and Y) that determine the biological sex of an individual. Changes or abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes can lead to genetic disorders and diseases.
Sex chromosomes, often denoted as X and Y, are one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes found in each cell of the body. Normally, females have two X chromosomes (46,XX), and males have one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY). The sex chromosomes play a significant role in determining the sex of an individual. They contain genes that contribute to physical differences between men and women. Any variations or abnormalities in the number or structure of these chromosomes can lead to various genetic disorders and conditions related to sexual development and reproduction.
"Sex determination processes" refer to the series of genetic and biological events that occur during embryonic and fetal development which lead to the development of male or female physical characteristics. In humans, this process is typically determined by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome in the fertilized egg. If the egg has a Y chromosome, it will develop into a male (genetically XY) and if it does not have a Y chromosome, it will develop into a female (genetically XX).
The sex determination process involves the activation and repression of specific genes on the sex chromosomes, which direct the development of the gonads (ovaries or testes) and the production of hormones that influence the development of secondary sexual characteristics. This includes the development of internal and external genitalia, as well as other sex-specific physical traits.
It is important to note that while sex is typically determined by genetics and biology, gender identity is a separate construct that can be self-identified and may not align with an individual's biological sex.
'Unsafe sex' is not a term that would be found in a formal medical dictionary or textbook, but it is commonly used to refer to sexual activities that carry a significant risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and/or unwanted pregnancy. These risks can be reduced through the use of various protective measures.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines 'unprotected sex' as sexual contact without the use of appropriate precautions, such as condoms, to prevent transmission of STIs. However, it is important to note that even the use of protection may not eliminate all risks associated with sexual activity. For example, some infections, like herpes or genital warts, can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, and condoms do not provide complete protection against these viruses.
In summary, 'unsafe sex' generally refers to sexual activities that carry a high risk of STIs and/or unwanted pregnancy due to the lack of appropriate protective measures.
A bacterial gene is a segment of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that contains the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of a functional bacterial protein or RNA molecule. These genes are responsible for encoding various characteristics and functions of bacteria such as metabolism, reproduction, and resistance to antibiotics. They can be transmitted between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Bacterial genes are often organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.
It's important to note that the term "bacterial gene" is used to describe genetic elements found in bacteria, but not all genetic elements in bacteria are considered genes. For example, some DNA sequences may not encode functional products and are therefore not considered genes. Additionally, some bacterial genes may be plasmid-borne or phage-borne, rather than being located on the bacterial chromosome.
Sex workers are individuals who receive payment for performing sexual services or engaging in sexual activities with others. This can include various forms of sex work such as prostitution, pornography, stripping, and escort services. It is important to note that the ethical and legal considerations surrounding sex work are complex and vary greatly across different cultures, societies, and jurisdictions.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes that sex workers are a marginalized population who often face stigma, discrimination, and violence. In order to protect the health and human rights of sex workers, WHO recommends that sex work be recognized as a legitimate form of work and that sex workers have access to the same protections and rights as other workers. This includes access to healthcare services, education, and legal protection against abuse and discrimination.
"Sex differentiation" is a term used in the field of medicine, specifically in reproductive endocrinology and genetics. It refers to the biological development of sexual characteristics that distinguish males from females. This process is regulated by hormones and genetic factors.
There are two main stages of sex differentiation: genetic sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation. Genetic sex determination occurs at fertilization, where the combination of X and Y chromosomes determines the sex of the individual (typically, XX = female and XY = male). Gonadal sex differentiation then takes place during fetal development, where the genetic sex signals the development of either ovaries or testes.
Once the gonads are formed, they produce hormones that drive further sexual differentiation, leading to the development of internal reproductive structures (such as the uterus and fallopian tubes in females, and the vas deferens and seminal vesicles in males) and external genitalia.
It's important to note that while sex differentiation is typically categorized as male or female, there are individuals who may have variations in their sexual development, leading to intersex conditions. These variations can occur at any stage of the sex differentiation process and can result in a range of physical characteristics that do not fit neatly into male or female categories.
"Safe sex" is a term used to describe sexual activities that reduce the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancies. It typically involves the use of protective measures, such as condoms, dental dams, or other barriers, during sexual contact.
However, it's important to note that "safe" doesn't mean "risk-free." Even with protection, there is still a chance, though significantly reduced, of STI transmission or pregnancy. The term "safer sex" is sometimes used to more accurately reflect this concept.
Furthermore, regular testing for STIs and open communication with sexual partners about sexual health are also important components of safe sex practices.
I could not find a widely accepted medical definition for "sex attractants" as it is not a standard term used in medical literature. However, the concept of sex attractants is often discussed in the context of animal behavior and can refer to chemical substances that animals produce and release to attract mates. These substances are also known as pheromones.
In humans, there is ongoing scientific debate about whether or not pheromones play a significant role in sexual attraction and mate selection. Some studies suggest that humans may have a functional vomeronasal organ (VNO), which is involved in the detection of pheromones in other animals. However, many scientists remain skeptical about the role of human sex attractants or pheromones due to limited evidence and conflicting results from various studies.
Therefore, it's essential to note that while there may be some scientific interest in the concept of human sex attractants, it is not a well-established area of study within medical research.
Sex determination analysis is a medical or biological examination used to establish the genetic or phenotypic sex of an individual. This can be done through various methods, including:
1. Genetic testing: Examination of an individual's DNA to identify the presence of specific sex chromosomes (XX for females and XY for males). This is typically performed through a blood or tissue sample.
2. Chromosomal analysis: Microscopic examination of an individual's chromosomes to determine their number and structure. In humans, females typically have 46 chromosomes, including two X chromosomes (46,XX), while males typically have 46 chromosomes, including one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY).
3. Phenotypic analysis: Observation of an individual's physical characteristics, such as the presence or absence of certain sex organs or secondary sexual characteristics, to determine their phenotypic sex.
Sex determination analysis is used in various medical and research contexts, including prenatal testing, diagnosis of disorders of sex development (DSDs), forensic investigations, and population studies. It's important to note that while sex determination analysis can provide information about an individual's genetic or phenotypic sex, it does not necessarily reflect their gender identity, which is a personal sense of being male, female, or something else.
"Sex distribution" is a term used to describe the number of males and females in a study population or sample. It can be presented as a simple count, a percentage, or a ratio. This information is often used in research to identify any differences in health outcomes, disease prevalence, or response to treatment between males and females. Additionally, understanding sex distribution can help researchers ensure that their studies are representative of the general population and can inform the design of future studies.
Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) are a group of conditions that occur when there is a difference in the development and assignment of sex characteristics. These differences may be apparent at birth, at puberty, or later in life. DSD can affect chromosomes, gonads, genitals, or secondary sexual characteristics, and can result from genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development.
DSDs were previously referred to as "intersex" conditions, but the term "Disorders of Sex Development" is now preferred in medical settings because it is more descriptive and less stigmatizing. DSDs are not errors or abnormalities, but rather variations in human development that require sensitive and individualized care.
The diagnosis and management of DSD can be complex and may involve a team of healthcare providers, including endocrinologists, urologists, gynecologists, psychologists, and genetic counselors. Treatment options depend on the specific type of DSD and may include hormone therapy, surgery, or other interventions to support physical and emotional well-being.
"Sex preselection," also known as "gender selection" or "family balancing," is the process of influencing the sex of an offspring before birth. It can be achieved through various methods, including preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in conjunction with in vitro fertilization (IVF), sperm sorting techniques, and embryo manipulation.
PGD is a technique where one or more cells are taken from an embryo created through IVF and tested for genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities. During this process, the sex of the embryo can also be determined. Only embryos of the desired sex are then transferred to the uterus for implantation.
Sperm sorting techniques involve separating X-chromosome-bearing sperm (which produce female offspring) from Y-chromosome-bearing sperm (which produce male offspring). The sorted sperm can then be used for artificial insemination or IVF.
It's important to note that sex preselection is a controversial topic due to ethical considerations and legal restrictions in some countries.
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a protein produced mainly in the liver that plays a crucial role in regulating the active forms of the sex hormones, testosterone and estradiol, in the body. SHBG binds to these hormones in the bloodstream, creating a reservoir of bound hormones. Only the unbound (or "free") fraction of testosterone and estradiol is considered biologically active and can easily enter cells to exert its effects.
By binding to sex hormones, SHBG helps control their availability and transport in the body. Factors such as age, sex, infection with certain viruses (like hepatitis or HIV), liver disease, obesity, and various medications can influence SHBG levels and, consequently, impact the amount of free testosterone and estradiol in circulation.
SHBG is an essential factor in maintaining hormonal balance and has implications for several physiological processes, including sexual development, reproduction, bone health, muscle mass, and overall well-being. Abnormal SHBG levels can contribute to various medical conditions, such as hypogonadism (low testosterone levels), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and certain types of cancer.
Sex counseling, also known as sexual therapy or sex therapy, is a type of psychotherapy that aims to help individuals and couples address and resolve their sexual concerns and problems. It is an evidence-based approach that involves specialized techniques and interventions to address issues such as sexual dysfunction, low desire, pain during sex, sexual addiction, gender identity concerns, and sexual trauma.
Sex counseling is typically provided by licensed mental health professionals who have received specialized training in human sexuality and sexual therapy. The goal of sex counseling is to help individuals and couples improve their sexual relationships, enhance communication, increase sexual satisfaction, and promote overall sexual health and well-being. It is important to note that sex counseling does not involve any physical contact or sexual activity between the therapist and client.
Gonadal steroid hormones, also known as gonadal sex steroids, are hormones that are produced and released by the gonads (i.e., ovaries in women and testes in men). These hormones play a critical role in the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, reproductive function, and overall health.
The three main classes of gonadal steroid hormones are:
1. Androgens: These are male sex hormones that are primarily produced by the testes but also produced in smaller amounts by the ovaries and adrenal glands. The most well-known androgen is testosterone, which plays a key role in the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass.
2. Estrogens: These are female sex hormones that are primarily produced by the ovaries but also produced in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands. The most well-known estrogen is estradiol, which plays a key role in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development and the menstrual cycle.
3. Progestogens: These are hormones that are produced by the ovaries during the second half of the menstrual cycle and play a key role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy. The most well-known progestogen is progesterone, which also plays a role in maintaining pregnancy and regulating the menstrual cycle.
Gonadal steroid hormones can have significant effects on various physiological processes, including bone density, cognitive function, mood, and sexual behavior. Disorders of gonadal steroid hormone production or action can lead to a range of health problems, including infertility, osteoporosis, and sexual dysfunction.
Prostitution is not typically defined in medical terms, but it is a social and legal issue. However, in the context of public health, prostitution might be defined as the act or practice of engaging in sexual activity for payment, which can carry significant risks to physical and mental health, including exposure to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), violence, and psychological trauma.
Prostitution is often associated with marginalization, poverty, and social inequality, and it can be a complex issue that involves questions of personal autonomy, consent, and human rights. It's important to note that the legal and cultural approaches to prostitution vary widely around the world, ranging from criminalization to decriminalization and legalization.
Medical definitions are often provided by authoritative medical bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) or the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It's important to note that these organizations have evolved their understanding and classification of homosexuality over time.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), produced by the APA, sexual orientation is not considered a mental disorder. The manual does not provide a definition or classification for 'homosexuality, male' as a medical condition.
The current understanding in the medical community is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexual orientation. It is not considered a disorder or an illness. The World Health Organization (WHO) removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders in 1990.
Sex education is a systematic instruction or information regarding human sexuality, including human reproduction, sexual anatomy and physiology, sexually transmitted infections, sexual activity, sexual orientation, emotional relations, reproductive health, and safe sex, among other topics. It is usually taught in schools but can also be provided by healthcare professionals, parents, or community organizations. The aim of sex education is to equip individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to make informed decisions about their sexual health and relationships while promoting responsible and respectful attitudes towards sexuality.
Sexual behavior refers to any physical or emotional interaction that has the potential to lead to sexual arousal and/or satisfaction. This can include a wide range of activities, such as kissing, touching, fondling, oral sex, vaginal sex, anal sex, and masturbation. It can also involve the use of sexual aids, such as vibrators or pornography.
Sexual behavior is influenced by a variety of factors, including biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. It is an important aspect of human development and relationships, and it is essential to healthy sexual functioning and satisfaction. However, sexual behavior can also be associated with risks, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies, and it is important for individuals to engage in safe and responsible sexual practices.
It's important to note that sexual behavior can vary widely among individuals and cultures, and what may be considered normal or acceptable in one culture or context may not be in another. It's also important to recognize that all individuals have the right to make informed decisions about their own sexual behavior and to have their sexual rights and autonomy respected.
The Sex Factor
Well-being contributing factors
Tubal factor infertility
Factors associated with being a victim of sexual violence
Transcription factor
Bone growth factor
The XY Factor
Steroidogenic factor 1
List of Colorado counties by socioeconomic factors
Non-penetrative sex
Mood swing
Joel Greenberg (politician)
Sex differences in psychology
Sex differences in schizophrenia
Voice warning system
Risk factors for breast cancer
Drugs and prostitution
Same-sex union legislation
Shingles
Cassandra Szoeke
Media portrayal of LGBT people
LGBT rights by country or territory
Vaginismus
Same-sex marriage in Spain
Real-life experience (transgender)
LGBT rights in Africa
Hannah Wilson (Home and Away)
Masturbation
The Late Late Show (Irish talk show)
Transgender sex workers
The Sex Factor - Wikipedia
Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors: Epidemiology, Reproductive Factors, Endogenous Sex Hormones and Risk of Breast...
The 'sex difference factor'? | Discover Magazine
Table 1 - Risk Factors for Serogroup C Meningococcal Disease during Outbreak among Men who Have Sex with Men, New York City,...
Factors Associated With Circulating Sex Hormones in Men | Lund University Publications
Factors associated with event level anal sex and condom use during anal sex among adolescent women
Sex abuse as child identified as main factor in patient's condition - The Irish Times
7 Factors That Create Instant Attraction To Some People - But Not Others | Sex Therapist Leigh Norén | YourTango
Sex Differences in Cardiac Risk Factors in Young Adults: A Secondary Analysis and Surveillance Study | Article | NursingCenter
sex based OR sex factors OR sex distribution OR sex characteristics OR sex dimorphism OR gender difference* OR gender based)...
Which Factors Increase the Odds of Drinking Before Sex? - The Right Step
Factors Affecting Energy Metabolism: Genetics, Sex, and Aging | Dr. Sharma's Obesity Notes
The Sex Factor - The Quarterly ReviewThe Quarterly Review
Factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse among men who have sex with men in Douala, Cameroon | Sexually Transmitted...
Browse Red Factor Canary Birds by Sex
Age and Sex: The Demographic Factors Matter in Sight Care Treatment Decision in Nepal | Butwal Campus Journal
POS0077 SEX DIFFERENCES IN EFFECTIVENESS OF FIRST-LINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR INHIBITORS IN PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS; RESULTS FROM...
Impact of a Genetic Risk Factor for Substance Use Differs by Sex in Adolescents | Georgetown University Medical...
OP25 The sex-specific association between mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and trajectories of cardiometabolic risk factors during...
Saliva use as a lubricant for anal sex is a risk factor for rectal gonorrhoea among men who have sex with men, a new public...
The interaction between menstrual cycle, Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha receptors and sex hormones in healthy non-obese women -...
Contextualizing HIV risk among Latino men who have sex with men: The role of cultural, spatial, and syndemic factors. |...
Factors Associated With Sex Ratio at Birth | SciTechnol
Unprotected sex and adolescents: risk and protection factors
Know Your Risk for Stroke | cdc.gov
Sex Factor
What Are the Risk Factors for Nose Cancer or Sinus Cancer? | American Cancer Society
Psychology Journal Impact Factors | Springer | Springer - International Publisher
Factors That Lower Your Home's Value
Multiple Myeloma Risk Factors: Research, Statistics, and More
Hormone-binding5
- Sex hormone-binding globulin was directly associated with age and inversely associated with BMI. (lu.se)
- The relationship was investigated between baseline serum levels of total testosterone (T), free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), ESTRADIOL (E2), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and cognitive functioning in 25 healthy older men (mean age 69.1 years). (rug.nl)
- To address this, concentrations of testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, androstanediol glucuronide (a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone) and estradiol were measured in stored serum specimens from men selected for the 1/3 subsample where organochlorine pesticide levels were determined. (cdc.gov)
- Most of the circulating testosterone is bound to carrier proteins (SHBG = sex hormone-binding globulin). (cdc.gov)
- Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is the blood transport protein for testosterone and estradiol. (cdc.gov)
Hormones2
- The body releases endorphins and other hormones in sex. (abhishekbachchan.org)
- However, it remains unclear whether in the US population circulating concentrations of sex steroid hormones vary by race/ethnicity. (cdc.gov)
Condom8
- To examine the distribution of and factors associated with event-level heterosexual anal sex and of event-level condom use during anal sex among adolescent women. (nih.gov)
- generalized estimating equation logistic regression assessed the likelihood of anal sex or condom use during anal sex on a given day. (nih.gov)
- About 30% of anal sex events were condom protected. (nih.gov)
- Our findings suggest the importance of providers' screening adolescent women patients during office visits about anal sex and about condom use during anal sex, as well as asking questions about the context of these behaviors to appropriately tailor risk reduction counseling. (nih.gov)
- Among young people in particular, alcohol intoxication is associated with such practices as having sex with a stranger or new acquaintance, having sex that doesn't involve the use of a condom and having sex with more than one person in a short span of time. (rightstep.com)
- 4 , 5 However, a recent mathematical model has shown that gonorrhoea would not be eliminated by consistent condom use during penile-anal sex as transmission can occur between other anatomical sites. (bmj.com)
- 6 This is consistent with a recent empirical study showing gonorrhoea positivity in MSM is increasing after adjusting for condom use during anal sex. (bmj.com)
- Gonorrhoea transmission is still occurring in the setting of condom use for penile-anal sex. (bmj.com)
Oral sex2
- One of the many questions that surround the world of sex is whether oral sex can, in fact, increase your risk of cancer. (setcases.info)
- Now whilst oral sex can put you at risk of some sexually transmitted infections the actual act itself will not cause cancer. (setcases.info)
Transm Dis1
- Sex Transm Dis. (cdc.gov)
SHBG1
- Conclusion: Multiple factors are associated with variation in male testosterone, SHBG, and LH concentrations. (lu.se)
Penis3
- The veritable factors show several people can get subject to utilizing sex toys to top, yet there is no withdrawal results related with the utilization of sex doll with penis. (wallpaperstag.net)
- Does Xanogen Hgh Factor Work Penis the Marquis Catt asked again. (adlabs.com.br)
- Seeing that Randy Kazmierczak was about to be killed, and that the How Is Viagra Made to Force Factor Volcano Reviews thought that the most effective penis enlargement would sacrifice such a strange thing and take away all the Jian family. (adlabs.com.br)
Variation7
- There's a new paper in PLoS ONE, The Distance Between Mars and Venus: Measuring Global Sex Differences in Personality *, which suggests that by measuring variation of single observed personality traits researchers are missing larger underlying patterns of difference. (discovermagazine.com)
- Because heritable factors appear to be responsible for 45-75% of the inter‐individual variation in body mass index (BMI), the potential impact of genetic determinants of metabolic rate upon the predisposition to obesity must be considered. (drsharma.ca)
- This study reveals that non-genetic factors, and to a lesser extent, genetic factors appear to influence mutual eye gaze in adult chimpanzees, and is the first to report neuroanatomical correlates of mutual eye gaze variation in chimpanzees. (nature.com)
- First, though there is widespread comparative interest in gaze-related behavior, such as mutual eye gaze and gaze following in nonhuman primates, there are few studies that have examined the potential role of genetic factors underlying individual variation in relatively large cohorts of individuals. (nature.com)
- It has been proposed that racial/ethnic variation in prostate cancer incidence may be, in part, due to racial/ethnic variation in sex steroid hormone levels. (cdc.gov)
- A potential explanation for the observed variations in sex and age of disease onset is the natural genetic variation within the autosomal genomes . (bvsalud.org)
- Our results indicate that natural genetic variation affects the different heritability of periodontitis among sexes and suggest genes that contribute to inter- sex phenotypic variation in early-onset periodontitis . (bvsalud.org)
20161
- Rapid Increase in Reports of Syphilis Associated With Men Who Have Sex With Women and Women Who Have Sex With Men, Japan, 2012 to 2016. (who.int)
Adolescents2
- In this study, one searched to identify the perception of this risk between adolescents in relation to AIDS and the risk factors related to sexual practice without protection. (bvsalud.org)
- The objective of this study is to identify sex differences in obesity-mediated cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. (uky.edu)
Researchers10
- However, researchers know relatively little about the factors that make a person more likely to drink alcohol before having sex . (rightstep.com)
- In a study published in August 2014 in the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence , researchers from several U.S. institutions examined the potential impact of two specific factors: the absence or presence of a current relationship and the presence of diagnosable symptoms of alcohol use disorder. (rightstep.com)
- The researchers looked for individuals in this group who consumed alcohol before having sex in most or all circumstances. (rightstep.com)
- After completing their work, the researchers concluded that a diagnosis for alcohol use disorder and a person's current state of relationship involvement have a combined effect on the odds of consuming alcohol before having sex. (rightstep.com)
- Criminalisation of male-to-male sex in many countries, social denial and difficulty in reaching this population were the explanations given for the weak involvement of researchers in this area. (bmj.com)
- Researchers have found a few risk factors that make a person more likely to develop nasal cavity (nose) and paranasal sinus cancer. (cancer.org)
- Researchers consider a number of factors in deciding where to publish their research, such as journal reputation, readership and community, speed of publication, and citations. (springer.com)
- In a 2022 review of studies , researchers found that male sex and cancer spread to lymph nodes typically led to worse overall survival and a higher chance of treatment failure. (healthline.com)
- Thankfully, decades of hard work by countless researchers mean we've got a good idea of what the risk factors are. (movember.com)
- Genetic risk factors alone are not enough to cause Alzheimer's disease, so researchers are actively exploring other factors which may play a role in the development of this disease. (alzheimer.mb.ca)
Diagnosis1
- Your cancer stage at the time of your diagnosis is one of the most important factors that determine your chances of survival. (healthline.com)
Prevalence5
- To determine the state-based prevalence of colorectal cancer screening among U.S. adults, CDC analyzed 2010 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). (cdc.gov)
- the prevalence of CVD risk factors remains high. (cdc.gov)
- Despite decades-long reductions in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, CVD mortality rates have recently plateaued and even increased in some subgroups, and the prevalence of CVD risk factors remains high. (cdc.gov)
- Risk factor prevalence among U.S. adults was assessed using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, and National Health Interview Survey. (cdc.gov)
- We hypothesized that genotype -by- sex (G × S) interactions contribute to the increased prevalence and severity. (bvsalud.org)
Masturbation2
- Ideally directly now can clear up ceaseless the issues individuals have around sex toys and masturbation. (wallpaperstag.net)
- Sex Toys and Masturbation are Addictive Masturbation and the utilization of grown-up toys is not misuse. (wallpaperstag.net)
Women10
- The Sex Factor was an online reality TV series produced by xHamster where eight men and eight women compete to become a porn star. (wikipedia.org)
- In Episode 1 he claimed to have had sex with 3 women prior to filming. (wikipedia.org)
- Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the differences in CAD risk factors for young adult men and women and examine which factors are related to CAD early in life, ultimately to guide approaches for CAD prevention in primary care. (nursingcenter.com)
- Men reported more cardiovascular risk factors than women and developed risk factors at an earlier age. (nursingcenter.com)
- Differences between men and women in CAD risk factors included lifestyle and other chronic conditions. (nursingcenter.com)
- Greater prevention efforts should focus on these differences in young men and women to reduce risk factors and prevent the development of CAD. (nursingcenter.com)
- Guerra-Infante FM, Flores-Medina S, López-Hurtado M, Zamora-Ruíz A, Sosa González IE, Narcio Reyes ML, Villagrana-Zessati R. Tumor necrosis factor in peritoneal fluid from asymptomatic infertile women. (aaem.pl)
- I only wish that she would also recognize that it is inappropriate to try to demonize women who hold conservative views as betraying their sex. (iwf.org)
- Some risk factors may affect heart disease risk differently in women than in men. (medlineplus.gov)
- Women who want to be more active in their sex life may consider taking advantage of a variety of therapies. (abhishekbachchan.org)
Disparities2
Gender1
- Sex and gender exist on spectrums. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Roles4
- Haider S, Knofler M. Human tumour necrosis factor: physiological and pathological roles in placenta and endometrium. (aaem.pl)
- Distinct roles of the two tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors in modulating TNF and lymphotoxin alpha effects. (aaem.pl)
- Olsson I, Gatanaga T, Gullberg U, Lantz M, Granger GA. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) binding proteins (soluble TNF receptor forms) with possible roles in inflammation and malignancy. (aaem.pl)
- These observations have suggested physiologic and pathologic roles for factor XIII in angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and inflammation. (medscape.com)
Genetic risk3
- Currently, a careful clinical assessment of family history of obesity and related risk factors remains the best measure of genetic risk for obesity. (drsharma.ca)
- To date, only adults have been studied for substance use disorders with regards to a particular genetic risk factor. (georgetown.edu)
- This may be due to inherited conditions that increase the risk of HPV infections or other genetic risk factors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Differences9
- In conclusion, we believe we made it clear that the true extent of sex differences in human personality has been consistently underestimated. (discovermagazine.com)
- In this way, it will be possible to build a solid foundation for the scientific study of psychological sex differences and their biological and cultural origins. (discovermagazine.com)
- From what I can gather the authors discovered that the differences between sexes on personality were much clearer once you looked for the correlation across numerous single measured traits. (discovermagazine.com)
- But in regards to the evolution of sex differences there is something that I feel that I can say here. (discovermagazine.com)
- This implies that sex differences on the genetic level may emerge via modulation of gene expression across networks of genes tuned by some 'master controllers' associated with differential sex development. (discovermagazine.com)
- Given the sex differences in CAD observed in older adults, understanding sex differences in risk factors for this younger group of adults is important. (nursingcenter.com)
- Having insight of cardiac risk factors and sex differences in the young adult population is essential to creating personalized strategies for prevention in nursing care and in this age group. (nursingcenter.com)
- Sex differences play a role in cardiovascular diseases in adults but are not well defined in youth. (uky.edu)
- Conclusions: There are sex differences in the relationship between plasma cortisol and DBP in youth with obesity. (uky.edu)
Testosterone3
- Modifiers which dampen this effect need to emerge, so that sex-specific selection doesn't have the side effect of dragging the other sex along in terms of trait value (this is a concern when you have traits, such as high testosterone, which might increase fitness in males, but reduce it their daughters). (discovermagazine.com)
- Background: Various factors modulate circulating testosterone in men, affecting interpretation of testosterone measurements. (lu.se)
- Testosterone promotes the development of the secondary sex characteristics in men and serves to maintain the function of the prostate and seminal vesicles. (cdc.gov)
Conclusions1
- Conclusions Saliva use as a lubricant for anal sex is a common sexual practice in MSM, and it may play an important role in gonorrhoea transmission. (bmj.com)
Concentrations1
- Purpose: To clarify factors associated with variations in sex hormone concentrations. (lu.se)
Obesity1
- Obesity and high blood pressure, which are problems associated with diabetes, are also risk factors in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. (alzheimer.mb.ca)
Symptoms2
- She said that all I have been doing over the years is running away from the effects of the sex abuse by gambling and taking excess medication to block out the symptoms of the sex abuse," the patient said. (irishtimes.com)
- More specifically, they found that, among people with diagnosable alcohol use disorder symptoms, not being in a relationship substantially increases the odds that drinking will precede sex . (rightstep.com)
Cardiometabolic risk factors1
- Serum sterols were quantified via LC-MS/MS. Number of cardiometabolic risk factors were evaluated. (uky.edu)
Objective of this study1
- The objective of this study was to understand factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with male partners among a group of MSM living in the city of Douala, Cameroon. (bmj.com)
Anal intercourse1
- Background Apart from penile-anal intercourse, other anal sexual practices (rimming, fingering and saliva use as a lubricant for anal sex) are common among men who have sex with men (MSM). (bmj.com)
Interaction3
- There was a significant interaction between sex and cortisol (p=0.023) for DBP. (uky.edu)
- Sex is one human interaction that has always had lots of myths attached to it. (setcases.info)
- Wound healing is promoted by factor XIIIa via cross-linking of the provisional matrix, a process that influences the extracellular matrix-leukocyte interaction. (medscape.com)
Adults3
- Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is increasing in young adults, and greater understanding of their cardiac risk factors is essential to ensure effective prevention. (nursingcenter.com)
- In this secondary analysis, 125 017 community-dwelling young adults were evaluated for health behaviors considered as risk factors for CAD. (nursingcenter.com)
- This research examines the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief-RCOPE) in a sample of 302 Puerto Rican adults. (researchgate.net)
People7
- It's also because it's one of the most frequent reasons people seek out sex therapists. (yourtango.com)
- It's a firmly established fact that people who drink significant amounts of alcohol before having sex substantially increase their odds of participating in risky sexual practices and developing a sexually transmitted infection. (rightstep.com)
- Many people with risk factors never develop these cancers, while people with these cancers may have few or no known risk factors. (cancer.org)
- Additionally, other research indicates that genetic factors may predispose people to anorexia and other eating disorders . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Having a good sexual life can be a source of joy and pleasure, but for many people, depression can make it impossible to enjoy their sex. (abhishekbachchan.org)
- For most people with depression, the best way to handle their sex life is to keep it fun and light. (abhishekbachchan.org)
- People living in poverty and having food insecurity are disproportionally burdened by some of these risk factors for many reasons, including the low cost of energy-dense foods such as SSBs (10). (cdc.gov)
Males2
- The reason is simple: aside from the peculiarities on the sex chromosomes males and females are genetically the same. (discovermagazine.com)
- Males and females had different significant risk factors. (springer.com)
Sexual practices2
- The aim of this study is to evaluate whether these anal sexual practices are risk factors for rectal gonorrhoea in MSM. (bmj.com)
- 7 These studies suggest that sexual practices other than penile-anal sex, such as digital-anal ('fingering') and oral-anal ('rimming') sex, may play a key role in gonorrhoea transmission in MSM. (bmj.com)
Myths1
- Journey of self-discovery and growth as we break down barriers, debunk myths and promote a sex-positive environment. (redfmindia.in)
Risk factor6
- The 2017 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System database from the Center for Disease Control was utilized. (nursingcenter.com)
- A risk factor is anything that increases your chances of getting a disease like cancer. (cancer.org)
- Having a risk factor, or even several, does not mean that you will get the disease. (cancer.org)
- HPV is the most significant risk factor for cervical cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease. (medlineplus.gov)
- Another risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease is brain injuries. (alzheimer.mb.ca)
Assessment3
- Risk factors for hip fracture similar to international work on risk factors for hip fracture, can be identified using the New Zealand version of the interRAI home care assessment. (springer.com)
- Global estimates and projections of population by sex and age : the 1984 assessment. (who.int)
- Assessment of clot stability is the most common screening test for factor XIII deficiency, even though sensitivity and specificity are low. (medscape.com)
Male2
- Other factors associated with this higher risk included having had a stable male partnership at some point in one's life and not having been out of Douala for more than 4 weeks during the previous year. (bmj.com)
- This article will use the terms "male," "female," or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Characteristics1
- Risk factors are characteristics of the person, their lifestyle and environment that contribute to the likelihood of getting the disease. (alzheimer.mb.ca)
Cardiovascular3
- Millions of Americans have CVD risk factors that place them at increased risk for having a cardiovascular event, despite the existence of proven strategies for preventing or managing CVD risk factors. (cdc.gov)
- Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors. (cdc.gov)
- SSB intake is associated with weight gain, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome - all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular disease, 1 of the leading causes of preventable death in the United States (2-9). (cdc.gov)
Undergo1
- Most men who undergo treatment for prostate cancer (including surgery) experience a change to their sex life. (movember.com)
Correctly1
- Michele Pingree looked at Anthony Geddes and said, Christeen Fleishman, if you guessed correctly, you best natural sex pills for longer lasting a wider world through my How Much L Arginine To Take Daily Margherita Kazmierczak! (adlabs.com.br)
Keeping2
- Take a closer look at these factors that affect your car insurance premium to clear things up - some of them also come with bonus suggestions for keeping costs down. (statefarm.com)
- Keeping a sex diary can help you see how you are feeling and what changes need to be made. (abhishekbachchan.org)
Prevention1
- 5 Treatment as prevention may be of particular relevance for men who have sex with men (MSM), a group that accounts for more than half of these infections. (cmaj.ca)
20211
- This report establishes a baseline for the CVD risk factors targeted for reduction by the initiative during 2017-2021 and highlights recent changes over time. (cdc.gov)
Involve1
- ABSTRACT Factors affecting parents' decision to involve their children in clinical research have not been studied in all cultural backgrounds. (who.int)
Cancer20
- From 1983 to 1987, the age-adjusted incidence rate of breast cancer varied by factor of about 5 between countries (see image below). (medscape.com)
- Endometrial cancer invasion depends on cancer-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha and stromal derived hepatocyte growth factor. (aaem.pl)
- Onsrud M, Shabana A, Austgulen R, Nustad K. Comparison between soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors and CA125 in peritoneal fluids as a marker for epithelial ovarian cancer. (aaem.pl)
- Opala T, Rzymski P, Wilczak M, Woźniak J. Evaluation of soluble tumour necrosis factor alpha receptors p55 and p75 in ovarian cancer patients. (aaem.pl)
- What Are the Risk Factors for Nose Cancer or Sinus Cancer? (cancer.org)
- Here we provide evidence that intrinsic risk factors contribute only modestly (less than ~10-30% of lifetime risk) to cancer development. (nature.com)
- First, we demonstrate that the correlation between stem-cell division and cancer risk does not distinguish between the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. (nature.com)
- Collectively, we conclude that cancer risk is heavily influenced by extrinsic factors. (nature.com)
- Figure 1: Schematic showing how intrinsic processes and extrinsic factors relate to cancer risks through stem-cell division. (nature.com)
- Figure 2: Correlation analysis of stem-cell division and cancer risk does not distinguish contribution of extrinsic versus intrinsic factors to cancer risk. (nature.com)
- Song, M. & Giovannucci, E. L. Cancer risk: many factors contribute. (nature.com)
- Factors relating to sexual history may increase the risk of cervical cancer, as these may increase the risk of HPV exposure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Learn more about cervical cancer risk factors here. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Read on to learn more about the outlook for anal cancer and the factors that affect outlook. (healthline.com)
- Other factors that can influence the outlook of anal cancer include the following. (healthline.com)
- Modeling studies have suggested that increasing colorectal cancer screening would have the greatest impact in reducing colorectal cancer mortality, compared with reducing risk factors or increasing treatment use ( 5,6 ). (cdc.gov)
- What are the risk factors of prostate cancer? (movember.com)
- H pylori is one of the major risk factors for stomach cancer. (medicinenet.com)
- Pernicious anemia (a type of anemia due to the failure of the stomach to make intrinsic factor that is needed for vitamin B12 absorption), familial adenomatous polyposis, and Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer ) can increase the risk of stomach cancer. (medicinenet.com)
- Because stomach cancer is caused by a variety of factors, there is no single way to prevent developing the disease. (medicinenet.com)
Role3
- Several risk factors may play a role in the development of anorexia nervosa, including social pressures, other mental health conditions, and family history and genetics. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Further research is the key to helping us deepen our understanding of the role of risk factors in developing Alzheimer's disease. (alzheimer.mb.ca)
- Fibrin-fibronectin cross-linking is necessary to support the formation of the cytotrophoblastic shell at the site of placental implantation, which accounts for the role of factor XIII in the maintenance of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
Occur1
- But there is also an evolutionary genetic aspect to sexual dimorphism we must consider: in Genetics and Analysis of Quantitative Traits the authors note that evolution of sex specific traits is not going to occur fast. (discovermagazine.com)
Explanation1
- All that considered they saw and again certainly still do that utilizing any kind of contraception was an offense also considering the way that they trusted you were killing unimportant unessential individuals and consequently ought not to utilize sex for some other explanation other than start. (wallpaperstag.net)
Healthy4
- To put it plainly: a healthy sex life is good for you. (movember.com)
- Learn how you can overcome these obstacles and live a healthy sex life. (abhishekbachchan.org)
- The best way to keep your sex life healthy is to keep it as a recreational activity. (abhishekbachchan.org)
- Stress can be reduced through healthy consensual sex, which can help protect your mind from the stress. (abhishekbachchan.org)
Include2
- Factors that result in the age‐related decline in energy requirements include changes in neuroendocrine factors (e.g. sympathetic activity, thyroid function, etc.) as well as a reduction in skeletal muscle quantity and quality (resulting from reduced physical activity, reduced protein intake and other less‐well‐understood factors). (drsharma.ca)
- The two methods used to measure the enzymatic activity of factor XIII include measurement of synthetic amine incorporation into a fibrin clot, and measurement of ammonium ion release during the transglutaminase reaction. (medscape.com)
Anxiety1
- Conditions such as heart conditions and diabetes can prevent erections and hinder sexual satisfaction Similarly, mental issues such as anxiety, depression, and stress decrease a mans sex drive. (adlabs.com.br)
Time5
- But there are in fact many other factors involved at the same time, which may actually affect attraction more than just looks. (yourtango.com)
- Objectives Research on men who have sex with men (MSM) in sub-Saharan Africa was neglected for a long time. (bmj.com)
- That means making time to talk to your doctor, understanding risk factors, and, if recommended, going through with any testing. (movember.com)
- 11 The study involves 1110 serodiscordant couples (40% MSM) who engage in unprotected sex at least some of the time, with the HIV-positive partner receiving antiretroviral therapy and having a plasma viral load less than 200 copies/mL. (cmaj.ca)
- During this time, it's helpful to speak openly about how you feel about sex. (abhishekbachchan.org)
Expression1
- Chegini N. An inverse relation between the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF-alpha receptor in human endometrium. (aaem.pl)
Severe2
- The man got married in his 20s but experienced severe facial pain during sex. (irishtimes.com)
- Congenital factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency, originally recognized by Duckert in 1960, is a rare autosomal recessive disease usually associated with a severe bleeding diathesis. (medscape.com)
Play1
- 40% of ladies quit any youngsters of utilizing a sex play with their assistant during sex or foreplay. (wallpaperstag.net)
Studies1
- Many studies worldwide have identified various risk factors for hip fracture. (springer.com)
Affect2
- Additional factors that can affect metabolic rate will be discussed in subsequent posts. (drsharma.ca)
- Sex-specific genetic factors affect the risk of early-onset periodontitis in Europeans. (bvsalud.org)