Sex Determination Analysis
Sex Differentiation
Sex Determination by Skeleton
Disorders of Sex Development
Sex Chromosomes
Sex-Determining Region Y Protein
Genes, sry
SOX9 Transcription Factor
Sex Characteristics
Y Chromosome
Turtles
X Chromosome
Reptiles
Caenorhabditis
Sex Factors
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Dosage Compensation, Genetic
Testis
Forensic Anthropology
Wasps
Caenorhabditis elegans
Drosophila Proteins
Molecular Sequence Data
High Mobility Group Proteins
Wnt4 Protein
Drosophila melanogaster
Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins
Ovary
Sexual Development
Biological Evolution
Sertoli Cells
Hermaphroditic Organisms
Transcription Factors
Diploidy
Genes, Lethal
Tilapia
Sex
Fibroblast Growth Factor 9
Feminization
Crosses, Genetic
Phenotype
Drosophila
Oryzias
Temperature
Base Sequence
Carica
Mutation
History
Haploidy
Mythology
DAX-1 Orphan Nuclear Receptor
The Caenorhabditis elegans sex determination gene mog-1 encodes a member of the DEAH-Box protein family. (1/867)
In the Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite germ line, the sex-determining gene fem-3 is repressed posttranscriptionally to arrest spermatogenesis and permit oogenesis. This repression requires a cis-acting regulatory element in the fem-3 3' untranslated region; the FBF protein, which binds to this element; and at least six mog genes. In this paper, we report the molecular characterization of mog-1 as well as additional phenotypic characterization of this gene. The mog-1 gene encodes a member of the DEAH-box family. Three mog-1 alleles possess premature stop codons and are likely to be null alleles, and one is a missense mutation and is likely to retain residual activity. mog-1 mRNA is expressed in both germ line and somatic tissues and appears to be ubiquitous. The MOG-1 DEAH-box protein is most closely related to proteins essential for splicing in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but splicing appears to occur normally in a mog-1-null mutant. In addition to its involvement in the sperm-oocyte switch and control of fem-3, zygotic mog-1 is required for robust germ line proliferation and for normal growth during development. We suggest that mog-1 plays a broader role in RNA regulation than previously considered. (+info)Linear SRY transcript in equine testis. (2/867)
Employing a combination of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) techniques, the complete coding sequence of cDNA for the equine SRY gene was determined. We also attempted to make clear whether the equine SRY gene transcript is expressed in the adult testis, and whether the type of transcript is expressed as linear or circular RNA. As a result, in total a 1420 bp cDNA sequence was determined. Accomplishment of 3' RACE infers that equine SRY gene was expressed as a linear RNA transcript in testicular tissue just after puberty, in contrast to the situation in mice. (+info)Production of donor-derived offspring by transfer of primordial germ cells in Japanese quail. (3/867)
We transfused concentrated primordial germ cells (PGCs) of the black strain (D: homozygous for the autosomal incomplete dominant gene, D) of quail into the embryos of the wild-type plumage strain (WP: d+/d+) of quail. The recipient quail were raised until sexual maturity and a progeny test of the putative germline chimeras was performed to examine the donor gamete-derived offspring (D/d+). Thirty-one percent (36/115) of the transfused quail hatched and 21 (13 females and 8 males) of them reached maturity. Five females and 2 males were germline chimeras producing donor gamete-derived offspring. Transmission rates of the donor derived gametes in the chimeric females and males were 1.8-8.3% and 2.6-63.0%, respectively. Germline chimeric and the other putative chimeric males were also test-mated with females from the sex-linked imperfect albino strain (AL: d+/d+, al/W, where al indicates the sex-linked imperfect albino gene on the Z chromosome, and W indicates the W chromosome) for autosexing of W-bearing spermatozoa: No albino offspring were born. (+info)Temperature-dependent sex determination: upregulation of SOX9 expression after commitment to male development. (4/867)
In mammals, birds and reptiles the morphological development of the gonads appear to be conserved. This conservation is evident despite the different sex determining switches employed by these vertebrate groups. Mammals exhibit chromosomal sex determination (CSD) where the key sex determining switch is the Y-linked gene, SRY. Although SRY is the trigger for testis determination in mammals, it is not conserved in other vertebrate groups. However, a gene closely related to SRY, the highly conserved transcription factor, SOX9, plays an important role in the testis pathway of mammals and birds. In contrast to the CSD mechanism evident in mammals and birds, many reptiles exhibit temperature dependent sex determination (TSD) where the egg incubation temperature triggers sex determination. Here we examine the expression of SOX9 during gonadogenesis in the American alligator, (Alligator mississippiensis), a reptile that exhibits TSD. Alligator SOX9 is expressed in the embryonic testis but not in the ovary. However, the timing of SOX9 upregulation in the developing testis is not consistent with a role for this gene in the early stages of alligator sex determination. Since SOX9 upregulation in male embryos coincides with the structural organisation of the testis, SOX9 may operate farther downstream in the vertebrate sex differentiation pathway than previously postulated. (+info)Evidence for multiple promoter elements orchestrating male-specific regulation of the her-1 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans. (5/867)
The sex-determining gene her-1 is required for male development in Caenorhabditis elegans. In XO males, two her-1 mRNAs, her-1a and her-1b, are transcribed from two separate promoters: P1, located in the 5'-flanking region, and P2, located in the large second intron. In XX hermaphrodites, accumulation of both her-1 transcripts is repressed by the sdc genes, which in turn are negatively regulated by the xol-1 gene. When introduced into a xol-1(y9) background, transgenic arrays, including 3.4 kb of her-1 intron 2 sequence (P2), result in phenotypes that mimic those of sdc(lf) mutants, including suppression of XO lethality and masculinization of both XX and XO animals. The masculinization, but not the suppression of XO lethality, is dependent on endogenous her-1 activity. These effects could therefore result from sequestration (titration) of sdc gene products by sequences in the arrays, causing derepression of her-1 (masculinizing effect) and disruption of the dosage compensation machinery (allowing survival of XO animals). We used these effects as an assay in a deletion analysis of the two her-1 promoter regions to define potential cis-regulatory sites required for the putative titration. Several regions in P2 contributed to these effects. P1 was effective only in combination with certain P2 sequences and only if a particular P1 site previously implicated in her-1 repression was intact. These results suggest that normal repression of transcription from P1 in XX animals may involve cooperative interaction with sequences in the P2 region. In experiments to test for a possible role of the her-1b transcript in regulation of sdc genes, no significant effects could be demonstrated. (+info)Preimplantation genetic diagnosis using fluorescent polymerase chain reaction: results and future developments. (6/867)
PURPOSE: Fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a multipurpose technique that can be used for diagnosing sex, single-gene defects, and trisomies as well as determining DNA fingerprints from single cells. However, its effectiveness must be assessed before clinical preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) application. METHODS: Single and multiplex fluorescent PCR was applied to single cells and blastomeres. RESULTS: Fluorescent PCR can be used to diagnose sex from blastomeres and has been successfully applied in a clinical PGD sexing program resulting in a confirmed pregnancy. A further major advantage of fluorescent PCR is the ability to multiplex, providing multiple diagnoses and DNA fingerprints with a high reliability (approximately 75% for trisomy, 86% for DNA fingerprint) and good accuracy (70-80%). Allele dropout in multiplex PCR is approximately 20% per allele and does not appear to be associated with the fragment size. CONCLUSIONS: Fluorescent PCR is a powerful technique for PGD, and the effects of allele dropout must be considered, particularly in multiplex PCR. (+info)Sexual behaviour: Courting dissatisfaction. (7/867)
A nuclear receptor, the product of the dissatisfaction gene, has been found to regulate Drosophila sexual behaviour, probably via its action in a small subset of neurons. The results shed new light on the genetic determination of sexual behaviour. (+info)Retroactive DNA analysis for sex determination and dystrophin gene by polymerase chain reaction with archived cytogenetic slides. (8/867)
We describe a rapid and efficient diagnostic method for sex determination and the dystrophin gene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using archived cytogenetic slides. Archived cytogenetic slides stored for about 4 years at room temperature were used. To confirm whether DNA analysis is possible using the archived cytogenetic slides, we extracted the DNA from the slides and amplified the Y centromeric region (DYZ3), the X centromeric region (DXZ1) and the exon 46 of the dystrophin gene. Of the 50 cases, 24 were peripheral bloods, 13 were amniotic fluid cells, 5 were chorionic villus samplings and 8 were cord bloods. The PCR related sex determination in 22 females and 28 males, showed 100% concordance with the results of chromosome analysis, and all cases showed positive band for the exon 46 of the dystrophin gene. Of the 50 cases of the archived cytogenetic slides, we were fortunate enough to obtain the fresh blood sample from one fetus whose karyotype showed 45,X[34]/46,X,+mar[145] to compare the results of the gDNA with that from archived cytogenetic slide. To confirm whether the marker chromosome was derived from Y chromosome, we studied the six loci (PABY, SRY, RPS4Y (SY16, 17), ZFY, DYS14) on the short arm, one locus (DYZ3) on the centromere and one locus (DYZ1) on the long arm. Of the 8 loci studies, all PCR related Y chromosome showed positive band from both gDNA obtained from cord blood and archived cytogenetic slides. We could conclude from the above results that the marker chromosome was derived from the Y chromosome. We believe our experiment is rapid and efficient for studies of over 10 independent loci from a single slide which has been kept in storage for up to 4 years and that archival Giemsa-stained cytogenetic slide repositories represent valuable DNA resources for clinical and forensic studies. (+info)"Sex determination processes" refer to the series of genetic and biological events that occur during embryonic and fetal development which lead to the development of male or female physical characteristics. In humans, this process is typically determined by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome in the fertilized egg. If the egg has a Y chromosome, it will develop into a male (genetically XY) and if it does not have a Y chromosome, it will develop into a female (genetically XX).
The sex determination process involves the activation and repression of specific genes on the sex chromosomes, which direct the development of the gonads (ovaries or testes) and the production of hormones that influence the development of secondary sexual characteristics. This includes the development of internal and external genitalia, as well as other sex-specific physical traits.
It is important to note that while sex is typically determined by genetics and biology, gender identity is a separate construct that can be self-identified and may not align with an individual's biological sex.
Sex determination analysis is a medical or biological examination used to establish the genetic or phenotypic sex of an individual. This can be done through various methods, including:
1. Genetic testing: Examination of an individual's DNA to identify the presence of specific sex chromosomes (XX for females and XY for males). This is typically performed through a blood or tissue sample.
2. Chromosomal analysis: Microscopic examination of an individual's chromosomes to determine their number and structure. In humans, females typically have 46 chromosomes, including two X chromosomes (46,XX), while males typically have 46 chromosomes, including one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY).
3. Phenotypic analysis: Observation of an individual's physical characteristics, such as the presence or absence of certain sex organs or secondary sexual characteristics, to determine their phenotypic sex.
Sex determination analysis is used in various medical and research contexts, including prenatal testing, diagnosis of disorders of sex development (DSDs), forensic investigations, and population studies. It's important to note that while sex determination analysis can provide information about an individual's genetic or phenotypic sex, it does not necessarily reflect their gender identity, which is a personal sense of being male, female, or something else.
"Sex differentiation" is a term used in the field of medicine, specifically in reproductive endocrinology and genetics. It refers to the biological development of sexual characteristics that distinguish males from females. This process is regulated by hormones and genetic factors.
There are two main stages of sex differentiation: genetic sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation. Genetic sex determination occurs at fertilization, where the combination of X and Y chromosomes determines the sex of the individual (typically, XX = female and XY = male). Gonadal sex differentiation then takes place during fetal development, where the genetic sex signals the development of either ovaries or testes.
Once the gonads are formed, they produce hormones that drive further sexual differentiation, leading to the development of internal reproductive structures (such as the uterus and fallopian tubes in females, and the vas deferens and seminal vesicles in males) and external genitalia.
It's important to note that while sex differentiation is typically categorized as male or female, there are individuals who may have variations in their sexual development, leading to intersex conditions. These variations can occur at any stage of the sex differentiation process and can result in a range of physical characteristics that do not fit neatly into male or female categories.
"Sex determination by skeleton," also known as "osteological sex estimation," is the process of determining the biological sex of an individual based on the analysis of their skeletal remains. This can be particularly useful in forensic anthropology and archaeology, where the identification of an individual's sex can provide important information about their identity and help to establish the demographic profile of a population.
The determination of sex from the skeleton is typically based on several characteristics that differ between males and females due to sexual dimorphism, or differences in size and shape that result from genetic and hormonal factors. These characteristics can include:
1. Pelvic bones: The female pelvis is generally wider and more shallow than the male pelvis, with a broader and more rounded pubic arch and a larger sciatic notch.
2. Skull: The male skull tends to be larger and heavier, with a prominent brow ridge, larger mastoid processes, and a squared-off jawline.
3. Long bones: Male long bones are generally longer and heavier than female long bones, with larger diameters and more robust shafts.
4. Other features: Differences in the size and shape of other skeletal elements, such as the clavicle, ribs, and vertebrae, can also provide clues to an individual's sex.
It is important to note that while osteological sex estimation can provide a reliable indication of an individual's biological sex in most cases, it is not always 100% accurate. Factors such as age, ancestry, and health status can affect the expression of sexual dimorphism in the skeleton, making it difficult to determine sex with certainty in some cases.
Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) are a group of conditions that occur when there is a difference in the development and assignment of sex characteristics. These differences may be apparent at birth, at puberty, or later in life. DSD can affect chromosomes, gonads, genitals, or secondary sexual characteristics, and can result from genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development.
DSDs were previously referred to as "intersex" conditions, but the term "Disorders of Sex Development" is now preferred in medical settings because it is more descriptive and less stigmatizing. DSDs are not errors or abnormalities, but rather variations in human development that require sensitive and individualized care.
The diagnosis and management of DSD can be complex and may involve a team of healthcare providers, including endocrinologists, urologists, gynecologists, psychologists, and genetic counselors. Treatment options depend on the specific type of DSD and may include hormone therapy, surgery, or other interventions to support physical and emotional well-being.
Gonads are the reproductive organs that produce gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones. In males, the gonads are the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone. In females, the gonads are the ovaries, which produce eggs and estrogen and progesterone. The development, function, and regulation of the gonads are crucial for reproductive health and fertility.
Sex chromosomes, often denoted as X and Y, are one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes found in each cell of the body. Normally, females have two X chromosomes (46,XX), and males have one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY). The sex chromosomes play a significant role in determining the sex of an individual. They contain genes that contribute to physical differences between men and women. Any variations or abnormalities in the number or structure of these chromosomes can lead to various genetic disorders and conditions related to sexual development and reproduction.
The Sex-Determining Region Y (SRY) protein is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in male sex determination. It is encoded by the SRY gene, which is located on the Y chromosome in humans and many other mammal species. The primary function of the SRY protein is to initiate the development of the testes during embryonic development.
In the absence of a functional SRY protein, the gonads will develop into ovaries. With a functional SRY protein, the gonads will develop into testes, which then produce androgens, including testosterone, that are necessary for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. Mutations in the SRY gene can lead to sex reversal, where an individual with a Y chromosome develops as a female due to non-functional or absent SRY protein.
"SRY" (Sex Determining Region Y) is not a gene itself but a specific region on the Y chromosome that contains the genetic information necessary to initiate male sex determination. The SRY region encodes a protein called the testis-determining factor (TDF), which plays a crucial role in the development of the male phenotype by triggering the differentiation of the gonadal ridge into testes.
The SRY gene is typically found only on the Y chromosome and is considered one of the primary genetic factors that distinguish males from females in many mammalian species, including humans. Mutations or abnormalities in the SRY region can lead to sex chromosome-related disorders of sexual development (DSDs), such as Swyer syndrome or XY female disorder of sex development, where individuals with a 46,XY karyotype develop female phenotypes due to the absence or dysfunction of the SRY protein.
The sex ratio is not a medical term per se, but it is a term used in demography and population health. The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a given population. It is typically expressed as the number of males for every 100 females. A sex ratio of 100 would indicate an equal number of males and females.
In the context of human populations, the sex ratio at birth is usually around 103-107 males per 100 females, reflecting a slightly higher likelihood of male births. However, due to biological factors such as higher male mortality rates in infancy and childhood, as well as social and behavioral factors, the sex ratio tends to equalize over time and can even shift in favor of women in older age groups.
It's worth noting that significant deviations from the expected sex ratio at birth or in a population can indicate underlying health issues or societal problems. For example, skewed sex ratios may be associated with gender discrimination, selective abortion of female fetuses, or exposure to environmental toxins that affect male reproductive health.
SOX9 (SRY-related HMG-box gene 9) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SOX family of proteins, which are characterized by a high mobility group (HMG) box DNA-binding domain. SOX9 plays crucial roles in various developmental processes, including sex determination, chondrogenesis, and neurogenesis.
As a transcription factor, SOX9 binds to specific DNA sequences in the promoter or enhancer regions of its target genes and regulates their expression. In the context of sex determination, SOX9 is essential for the development of Sertoli cells in the male gonad, which are responsible for supporting sperm production. SOX9 also plays a role in maintaining the undifferentiated state of stem cells and promoting cell differentiation in various tissues.
Mutations in the SOX9 gene have been associated with several human genetic disorders, including campomelic dysplasia, a severe skeletal disorder characterized by bowed legs, and sex reversal in individuals with XY chromosomes.
"Sex characteristics" refer to the anatomical, chromosomal, and genetic features that define males and females. These include both primary sex characteristics (such as reproductive organs like ovaries or testes) and secondary sex characteristics (such as breasts or facial hair) that typically develop during puberty. Sex characteristics are primarily determined by the presence of either X or Y chromosomes, with XX individuals usually developing as females and XY individuals usually developing as males, although variations and exceptions to this rule do occur.
The Y chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in humans and many other animals, along with the X chromosome. The Y chromosome contains the genetic information that helps to determine an individual's sex as male. It is significantly smaller than the X chromosome and contains fewer genes.
The Y chromosome is present in males, who inherit it from their father. Females, on the other hand, have two X chromosomes, one inherited from each parent. The Y chromosome includes a gene called SRY (sex-determining region Y), which initiates the development of male sexual characteristics during embryonic development.
It is worth noting that the Y chromosome has a relatively high rate of genetic mutation and degeneration compared to other chromosomes, leading to concerns about its long-term viability in human evolution. However, current evidence suggests that the Y chromosome has been stable for at least the past 25 million years.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "turtles" is not a medical term. It refers to the group of reptiles that have a shell and include various species such as tortoises and terrapins. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try to help with those!
Germ cells are the reproductive cells, also known as sex cells, that combine to form offspring in sexual reproduction. In females, germ cells are called ova or egg cells, and in males, they are called spermatozoa or sperm cells. These cells are unique because they carry half the genetic material necessary for creating new life. They are produced through a process called meiosis, which reduces their chromosome number by half, ensuring that when two germ cells combine during fertilization, the normal diploid number of chromosomes is restored.
The X chromosome is one of the two types of sex-determining chromosomes in humans (the other being the Y chromosome). It's one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that make up a person's genetic material. Females typically have two copies of the X chromosome (XX), while males usually have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
The X chromosome contains hundreds of genes that are responsible for the production of various proteins, many of which are essential for normal bodily functions. Some of the critical roles of the X chromosome include:
1. Sex Determination: The presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines whether an individual is male or female. If there is no Y chromosome, the individual will typically develop as a female.
2. Genetic Disorders: Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, they are less likely to be affected by X-linked genetic disorders than males. Males, having only one X chromosome, will express any recessive X-linked traits they inherit.
3. Dosage Compensation: To compensate for the difference in gene dosage between males and females, a process called X-inactivation occurs during female embryonic development. One of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell, resulting in a single functional copy per cell.
The X chromosome plays a crucial role in human genetics and development, contributing to various traits and characteristics, including sex determination and dosage compensation.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Reptiles" is not a medical term. It is a term used in biology to describe a class of cold-blooded, scaly-skinned animals that include snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises. They are characterized by having lungs for breathing, laying eggs on land, and having a three-chambered heart. If you have any medical questions or terms, I'd be happy to help clarify those!
"Caenorhabditis" is a genus of nematode (roundworm) animals, which are commonly used as model organisms in scientific research. The most widely studied species within this genus is "Caenorhabditis elegans," which has been extensively researched due to its simple anatomy, short lifespan, and fully sequenced genome. These nematodes are found in various environments, including soil and decaying organic matter, and play a crucial role in the decomposition process. The term "Caenorhabditis" itself is derived from Greek roots, with "caeno" meaning "recent" or "new," and "rhabditis" referring to the shape of their tails.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hymenoptera" is not a medical term. It is a scientific classification in biology, specifically referring to an order of insects that includes sawflies, bees, ants, and wasps. These insects are characterized by having two pairs of membranous wings (except for some species that have only one pair or are wingless) and a slender waist. Some people may have allergic reactions to the venom of stinging Hymenoptera, such as bees and wasps, which can cause medical issues. However, "Hymenoptera" itself is not a medical term.
"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.
For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.
It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.
Developmental gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the activation or repression of specific genes during embryonic and fetal development. These regulatory mechanisms ensure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right cells, and at appropriate levels to guide proper growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of an organism.
Developmental gene expression regulation is a complex and dynamic process involving various molecular players, such as transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, non-coding RNAs, and signaling molecules. These regulators can interact with cis-regulatory elements, like enhancers and promoters, to fine-tune the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development.
Dysregulation of developmental gene expression can lead to various congenital disorders and developmental abnormalities. Therefore, understanding the principles and mechanisms governing developmental gene expression regulation is crucial for uncovering the etiology of developmental diseases and devising potential therapeutic strategies.
Genetic dosage compensation is a process that evens out the effects of genes on an organism's phenotype (observable traits), even when there are differences in the number of copies of those genes present. This is especially important in cases where sex chromosomes are involved, as males and females often have different numbers of sex chromosomes.
In many species, including humans, females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. To compensate for the difference in dosage, one of the female's X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during early embryonic development, resulting in each cell having only one active X chromosome, regardless of sex. This process ensures that both males and females have similar levels of gene expression from their X chromosomes and helps to prevent an imbalance in gene dosage between the sexes.
Defects in dosage compensation can lead to various genetic disorders, such as Turner syndrome (where a female has only one X chromosome) or Klinefelter syndrome (where a male has two or more X chromosomes). These conditions can result in developmental abnormalities and health issues due to the imbalance in gene dosage.
Alligators and crocodiles are large, semi-aquatic reptiles belonging to the order Crocodylia. They are characterized by a long, broad snout, powerful tail, and sharp teeth designed for grabbing and holding onto prey. Alligators and crocodiles are similar in appearance but can be distinguished by their snouts: alligators have a wider, U-shaped snout, while crocodiles have a more V-shaped snout.
Alligators (family Alligatoridae) are native to the United States and China, with two living species: the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis). They prefer freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, and marshes.
Crocodiles (family Crocodylidae) are found in tropical regions around the world, including Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. There are 14 species of crocodiles, including the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), the Saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), and the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus). Crocodiles can tolerate both freshwater and saltwater environments.
Both alligators and crocodiles are apex predators, feeding on a variety of animals such as fish, birds, and mammals. They are known for their powerful bite force and have been reported to take down large prey, including deer and cattle. Alligators and crocodiles play an important role in maintaining the balance of their ecosystems by controlling populations of other animals and helping to keep waterways clean.
While alligators and crocodiles are often feared due to their size and predatory nature, they are also threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and hunting. Several species are considered endangered or vulnerable, and conservation efforts are underway to protect them and their habitats.
The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive organ that is part of the endocrine system. It is located in the scrotum, outside of the abdominal cavity. The main function of the testis is to produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.
The testis is composed of many tiny tubules called seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. These tubules are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and supportive tissues. The sperm then travel through a series of ducts to the epididymis, where they mature and become capable of fertilization.
Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It also supports sperm production and sexual function.
Abnormalities in testicular function can lead to infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended for early detection and treatment of any potential issues.
Forensic anthropology is a subfield of anthropology that applies scientific techniques and methods to analyze human remains for the purpose of establishing identity, determining the cause and manner of death, and investigating incidents of crime, mass disasters, or human rights violations. Forensic anthropologists use their knowledge of osteology, skeletal biology, and archaeological techniques to examine bones, teeth, and other tissues to help law enforcement agencies and legal professionals in criminal and civil investigations. They may also provide expert testimony in court based on their findings.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "wasps" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Wasps are a type of insect in the order Hymenoptera, and some people can have allergic reactions to their stings. However, there is no medical condition or disease specifically associated with wasps. If you have any specific medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try to help if I can!
'Caenorhabditis elegans' is a species of free-living, transparent nematode (roundworm) that is widely used as a model organism in scientific research, particularly in the fields of biology and genetics. It has a simple anatomy, short lifespan, and fully sequenced genome, making it an ideal subject for studying various biological processes and diseases.
Some notable features of C. elegans include:
* Small size: Adult hermaphrodites are about 1 mm in length.
* Short lifespan: The average lifespan of C. elegans is around 2-3 weeks, although some strains can live up to 4 weeks under laboratory conditions.
* Development: C. elegans has a well-characterized developmental process, with adults developing from eggs in just 3 days at 20°C.
* Transparency: The transparent body of C. elegans allows researchers to observe its internal structures and processes easily.
* Genetics: C. elegans has a fully sequenced genome, which contains approximately 20,000 genes. Many of these genes have human homologs, making it an excellent model for studying human diseases.
* Neurobiology: C. elegans has a simple nervous system, with only 302 neurons in the hermaphrodite and 383 in the male. This simplicity makes it an ideal organism for studying neural development, function, and behavior.
Research using C. elegans has contributed significantly to our understanding of various biological processes, including cell division, apoptosis, aging, learning, and memory. Additionally, studies on C. elegans have led to the discovery of many genes associated with human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic conditions.
Helminth proteins refer to the proteins that are produced and expressed by helminths, which are parasitic worms that cause diseases in humans and animals. These proteins can be found on the surface or inside the helminths and play various roles in their biology, such as in development, reproduction, and immune evasion. Some helminth proteins have been identified as potential targets for vaccines or drug development, as blocking their function may help to control or eliminate helminth infections. Examples of helminth proteins that have been studied include the antigen Bm86 from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, and the tetraspanin protein Sm22.6 from the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni.
"Sex preselection," also known as "gender selection" or "family balancing," is the process of influencing the sex of an offspring before birth. It can be achieved through various methods, including preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in conjunction with in vitro fertilization (IVF), sperm sorting techniques, and embryo manipulation.
PGD is a technique where one or more cells are taken from an embryo created through IVF and tested for genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities. During this process, the sex of the embryo can also be determined. Only embryos of the desired sex are then transferred to the uterus for implantation.
Sperm sorting techniques involve separating X-chromosome-bearing sperm (which produce female offspring) from Y-chromosome-bearing sperm (which produce male offspring). The sorted sperm can then be used for artificial insemination or IVF.
It's important to note that sex preselection is a controversial topic due to ethical considerations and legal restrictions in some countries.
'Drosophila proteins' refer to the proteins that are expressed in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This organism is a widely used model system in genetics, developmental biology, and molecular biology research. The study of Drosophila proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of various biological processes, including gene regulation, cell signaling, development, and aging.
Some examples of well-studied Drosophila proteins include:
1. HSP70 (Heat Shock Protein 70): A chaperone protein involved in protein folding and protection from stress conditions.
2. TUBULIN: A structural protein that forms microtubules, important for cell division and intracellular transport.
3. ACTIN: A cytoskeletal protein involved in muscle contraction, cell motility, and maintenance of cell shape.
4. BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (LACZ): A reporter protein often used to monitor gene expression patterns in transgenic flies.
5. ENDOGLIN: A protein involved in the development of blood vessels during embryogenesis.
6. P53: A tumor suppressor protein that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer by regulating cell growth and division.
7. JUN-KINASE (JNK): A signaling protein involved in stress response, apoptosis, and developmental processes.
8. DECAPENTAPLEGIC (DPP): A member of the TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta) superfamily, playing essential roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.
These proteins are often studied using various techniques such as biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and structural biology to understand their functions, interactions, and regulation within the cell.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
High mobility group proteins (HMG proteins) are a family of nuclear proteins that are characterized by their ability to bind to DNA and influence its structure and function. They are named "high mobility" because of their rapid movement in gel electrophoresis. HMG proteins are involved in various nuclear processes, including chromatin remodeling, transcription regulation, and DNA repair.
There are three main classes of HMG proteins: HMGA, HMGB, and HMGN. Each class has distinct structural features and functions. For example, HMGA proteins have a unique "AT-hook" domain that allows them to bind to the minor groove of AT-rich DNA sequences, while HMGB proteins have two "HMG-box" domains that enable them to bend and unwind DNA.
HMG proteins play important roles in many physiological and pathological processes, such as embryonic development, inflammation, and cancer. Dysregulation of HMG protein function has been implicated in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and regulation of HMG proteins is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
Wnt4 protein is a member of the Wnt family of signaling proteins, which are involved in various developmental processes, including cell fate determination, tissue homeostasis, and embryonic development. Specifically, Wnt4 plays crucial roles in female reproductive system development, such as promoting nephrogenesis (kidney development) and regulating Müllerian duct formation during sex differentiation. It exerts its functions by binding to Frizzled receptors and activating the canonical or non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways. Genetic mutations in WNT4 have been associated with certain genetic disorders, such as Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, which is characterized by congenital absence of the uterus and vagina.
Genes in insects refer to the hereditary units of DNA that are passed down from parents to offspring and contain the instructions for the development, function, and reproduction of an organism. These genetic materials are located within the chromosomes in the nucleus of insect cells. They play a crucial role in determining various traits such as physical characteristics, behavior, and susceptibility to diseases.
Insect genes, like those of other organisms, consist of exons (coding regions) that contain information for protein synthesis and introns (non-coding regions) that are removed during the process of gene expression. The expression of insect genes is regulated by various factors such as transcription factors, enhancers, and silencers, which bind to specific DNA sequences to activate or repress gene transcription.
Understanding the genetic makeup of insects has important implications for various fields, including agriculture, public health, and evolutionary biology. For example, genes associated with insect pests' resistance to pesticides can be identified and targeted to develop more effective control strategies. Similarly, genes involved in disease transmission by insect vectors such as mosquitoes can be studied to develop novel interventions for preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
'Drosophila melanogaster' is the scientific name for a species of fruit fly that is commonly used as a model organism in various fields of biological research, including genetics, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology. Its small size, short generation time, large number of offspring, and ease of cultivation make it an ideal subject for laboratory studies. The fruit fly's genome has been fully sequenced, and many of its genes have counterparts in the human genome, which facilitates the understanding of genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.
Here is a brief medical definition:
Drosophila melanogaster (droh-suh-fih-luh meh-lon-guh-ster): A species of fruit fly used extensively as a model organism in genetic, developmental, and evolutionary research. Its genome has been sequenced, revealing many genes with human counterparts, making it valuable for understanding genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.
'Caenorhabditis elegans' (C. elegans) is a type of free-living, transparent nematode (roundworm) that is often used as a model organism in scientific research. C. elegans proteins refer to the various types of protein molecules that are produced by the organism's genes and play crucial roles in maintaining its biological functions.
Proteins are complex molecules made up of long chains of amino acids, and they are involved in virtually every cellular process, including metabolism, DNA replication, signal transduction, and transportation of molecules within the cell. In C. elegans, proteins are encoded by genes, which are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that are then translated into protein sequences by ribosomes.
Studying C. elegans proteins is important for understanding the basic biology of this organism and can provide insights into more complex biological systems, including humans. Because C. elegans has a relatively simple nervous system and a short lifespan, it is often used to study neurobiology, aging, and development. Additionally, because many of the genes and proteins in C. elegans have counterparts in other organisms, including humans, studying them can provide insights into human disease processes and potential therapeutic targets.
An ovary is a part of the female reproductive system in which ova or eggs are produced through the process of oogenesis. They are a pair of solid, almond-shaped structures located one on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. Each ovary measures about 3 to 5 centimeters in length and weighs around 14 grams.
The ovaries have two main functions: endocrine (hormonal) function and reproductive function. They produce and release eggs (ovulation) responsible for potential fertilization and development of an embryo/fetus during pregnancy. Additionally, they are essential in the production of female sex hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstrual cycles, sexual development, and reproduction.
During each menstrual cycle, a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. If not fertilized, the egg, along with the uterine lining, will be shed, leading to menstruation.
Sexual development is a multidimensional process that includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and social aspects. It refers to the changes and growth that occur in an individual from infancy to adulthood related to sexuality, reproduction, and gender identity. This process involves the maturation of primary and secondary sex characteristics, the development of sexual attraction and desire, and the acquisition of knowledge about sexual health and relationships.
Physical aspects of sexual development include the maturation of reproductive organs, hormonal changes, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males. Cognitive aspects involve the development of sexual knowledge, attitudes, and values. Emotional aspects refer to the emergence of sexual feelings, desires, and fantasies, as well as the ability to form intimate relationships. Social aspects include the development of gender roles and identities, communication skills related to sexuality, and the ability to navigate social norms and expectations around sexual behavior.
Sexual development is a complex and ongoing process that is influenced by various factors such as genetics, hormones, environment, culture, and personal experiences. It is important to note that sexual development varies widely among individuals, and there is no one "normal" or "correct" way for it to unfold.
Biological evolution is the change in the genetic composition of populations of organisms over time, from one generation to the next. It is a process that results in descendants differing genetically from their ancestors. Biological evolution can be driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These processes can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) within populations, resulting in the development of new species and the extinction of others over long periods of time. Biological evolution provides a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and is supported by extensive evidence from many different fields of science, including genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and biogeography.
Sertoli cells, also known as sustentacular cells or nurse cells, are specialized cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis in mammals. They play a crucial role in supporting and nurturing the development of sperm cells (spermatogenesis). Sertoli cells create a microenvironment within the seminiferous tubules that facilitates the differentiation, maturation, and survival of germ cells.
These cells have several essential functions:
1. Blood-testis barrier formation: Sertoli cells form tight junctions with each other, creating a physical barrier called the blood-testis barrier, which separates the seminiferous tubules into basal and adluminal compartments. This barrier protects the developing sperm cells from the immune system and provides an isolated environment for their maturation.
2. Nutrition and support: Sertoli cells provide essential nutrients and growth factors to germ cells, ensuring their proper development and survival. They also engulf and digest residual bodies, which are byproducts of spermatid differentiation.
3. Phagocytosis: Sertoli cells have phagocytic properties, allowing them to remove debris and dead cells within the seminiferous tubules.
4. Hormone metabolism: Sertoli cells express receptors for various hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and estradiol. They play a role in regulating hormonal signaling within the testis by metabolizing these hormones or producing inhibins, which modulate FSH secretion from the pituitary gland.
5. Regulation of spermatogenesis: Sertoli cells produce and secrete various proteins and growth factors that influence germ cell development and proliferation. They also control the release of mature sperm cells into the epididymis through a process called spermiation.
A hermaphroditic organism is one that has both male and female reproductive structures in the same individual. This means that the organism has both ovaries and testes, or their equivalents, and can produce both sperm and eggs. Hermaphroditism is most commonly found in plants, but it also occurs in some animals, including certain species of snails, slugs, worms, and fish.
It's important to note that true hermaphroditism is different from intersex conditions, which refer to individuals who may have physical or genetic features that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies. Intersex people may have physical characteristics that are not typically associated with male or female anatomy, or they may have chromosomal variations that do not fit the typical pattern of XX (female) or XY (male).
In medical terminology, hermaphroditism is sometimes referred to as "true hermaphroditism" to distinguish it from intersex conditions. However, the term "hermaphrodite" has fallen out of favor in modern medical and social contexts because it is often considered stigmatizing and misleading. Instead, many professionals prefer to use terms like "intersex" or "disorders of sex development" (DSD) to describe individuals with atypical sexual anatomy or chromosomal patterns.
Transcription factors are proteins that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by controlling the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). They function by binding to specific DNA sequences, known as response elements, located in the promoter region or enhancer regions of target genes. This binding can either activate or repress the initiation of transcription, depending on the properties and interactions of the particular transcription factor. Transcription factors often act as part of a complex network of regulatory proteins that determine the precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development, differentiation, and homeostasis in an organism.
Diploidy is a term used in genetics to describe the state of having two sets of chromosomes in each cell. In diploid organisms, one set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent, resulting in a total of 2 sets of chromosomes.
In humans, for example, most cells are diploid and contain 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. This includes 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females or XY in males). Diploidy is a characteristic feature of many complex organisms, including animals, plants, and fungi.
Diploid cells can undergo a process called meiosis, which results in the formation of haploid cells that contain only one set of chromosomes. These haploid cells can then combine with other haploid cells during fertilization to form a new diploid organism.
Abnormalities in diploidy can lead to genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, which occurs when an individual has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the typical two. This extra copy of the chromosome can result in developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
A lethal gene is a type of gene that causes the death of an organism or prevents it from surviving to maturity. This can occur when the gene contains a mutation that disrupts the function of a protein essential for the organism's survival. In some cases, the presence of two copies of a lethal gene (one inherited from each parent) can result in a condition that is incompatible with life, and the organism will not survive beyond embryonic development or shortly after birth.
Lethal genes can also contribute to genetic disorders, where the disruption of protein function caused by the mutation leads to progressive degeneration and ultimately death. In some cases, lethal genes may only cause harm when expressed in certain tissues or at specific stages of development, leading to a range of phenotypes from embryonic lethality to adult-onset disorders.
It's important to note that the term "lethal" is relative and can depend on various factors such as genetic background, environmental conditions, and the presence of modifier genes. Additionally, some lethal genes may be targeted for gene editing or other therapeutic interventions to prevent their harmful effects.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tilapia" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to various species of freshwater fish that belong to the cichlid family. They are often farmed and consumed as a food source due to their mild flavor and high protein content. If you have any questions about a medical condition or term, I'd be happy to help with those!
In medical terms, "sex" refers to the biological characteristics that define males and females. These characteristics include chromosomes, hormone levels, reproductive/sexual anatomy, and secondary sexual traits. Generally, people are categorized as male or female based on their anatomical and genetic features, but there are also intersex individuals who may have physical or genetic features that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies. It is important to note that while sex is a biological concept, gender is a social construct that refers to the roles, behaviors, activities, and expectations that a society considers appropriate for men and women.
Testicular hormones, also known as androgens, are a type of sex hormone primarily produced in the testes of males. The most important and well-known androgen is testosterone, which plays a crucial role in the development of male reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics. Testosterone is responsible for the growth and maintenance of male sex organs, such as the testes and prostate, and it also promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics like facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass.
Testicular hormones are produced and regulated by a feedback system involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain. The hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone, while FSH works together with testosterone to promote sperm production.
In addition to their role in male sexual development and function, testicular hormones also have important effects on other bodily functions, such as bone density, muscle mass, red blood cell production, mood, and cognitive function.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 (FGF9) is a protein that belongs to the fibroblast growth factor family, which plays crucial roles in various biological processes such as cell survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Specifically, FGF9 is involved in the development of several organs, including the lungs, heart, and reproductive system. It signals through a specific tyrosine kinase receptor called FGFR3 and can also bind to heparin sulfate proteoglycans, which help to stabilize and present the growth factor to its receptor. Mutations in the FGF9 gene have been associated with skeletal malformations, such as achondrogenesis type II and hypochondroplasia.
Feminization is a process or condition in which typically male characteristics are diminished or absent, and female characteristics become more prominent. This term is often used in the context of transgender health to describe hormone therapy that helps individuals align their physical appearance with their gender identity. The goal of feminizing hormone therapy is to promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development, softer skin, reduced muscle mass and body hair, and fat redistribution to create a more typically female body shape. It's important to note that every individual's experience with feminization is unique, and the specific changes experienced may vary depending on factors such as age, genetics, and the duration of hormone therapy.
"Genetic crosses" refer to the breeding of individuals with different genetic characteristics to produce offspring with specific combinations of traits. This process is commonly used in genetics research to study the inheritance patterns and function of specific genes.
There are several types of genetic crosses, including:
1. Monohybrid cross: A cross between two individuals that differ in the expression of a single gene or trait.
2. Dihybrid cross: A cross between two individuals that differ in the expression of two genes or traits.
3. Backcross: A cross between an individual from a hybrid population and one of its parental lines.
4. Testcross: A cross between an individual with unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.
5. Reciprocal cross: A cross in which the male and female parents are reversed to determine if there is any effect of sex on the expression of the trait.
These genetic crosses help researchers to understand the mode of inheritance, linkage, recombination, and other genetic phenomena.
A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.
"Drosophila" is a genus of small flies, also known as fruit flies. The most common species used in scientific research is "Drosophila melanogaster," which has been a valuable model organism for many areas of biological and medical research, including genetics, developmental biology, neurobiology, and aging.
The use of Drosophila as a model organism has led to numerous important discoveries in genetics and molecular biology, such as the identification of genes that are associated with human diseases like cancer, Parkinson's disease, and obesity. The short reproductive cycle, large number of offspring, and ease of genetic manipulation make Drosophila a powerful tool for studying complex biological processes.
"Oryzias" is not a medical term, but a genus name in the family Adrianichthyidae, which includes various species of small fish commonly known as "ricefishes" or "medaka." These fish are often used in scientific research, particularly in the fields of genetics and developmental biology. They are not associated with human diseases or medical conditions.
Temperature, in a medical context, is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. It is usually measured using a thermometer and reported in degrees Celsius (°C), degrees Fahrenheit (°F), or kelvin (K). In the human body, normal core temperature ranges from about 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) when measured rectally, and can vary slightly depending on factors such as time of day, physical activity, and menstrual cycle. Elevated body temperature is a common sign of infection or inflammation, while abnormally low body temperature can indicate hypothermia or other medical conditions.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
"Carica" is a genus name that refers to a group of plants commonly known as papayas. The most widely cultivated and well-known species in this genus is Carica papaya, which is native to Central America and southern Mexico. This plant produces large, edible fruits that are rich in nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin A, and potassium.
The fruit of the Carica papaya tree is often used for its medicinal properties, including its anti-inflammatory and digestive benefits. The leaves, stems, and roots of the plant also have various traditional uses in different cultures, such as treating wounds, reducing fever, and alleviating symptoms of digestive disorders.
It's worth noting that while Carica papaya has been studied for its potential health benefits, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and safety profile. As with any treatment or supplement, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider before using Carica papaya for medicinal purposes.
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.
In the context of medical terminology, "history" refers to the detailed narrative of the patient's symptoms, illnesses, treatments, and other related information gathered during a medical consultation or examination. This is usually obtained by asking the patient a series of questions about their past medical conditions, current health status, family medical history, lifestyle habits, and any medications they are taking. The information collected in the medical history helps healthcare professionals to diagnose, treat, and manage the patient's health concerns more effectively. It is also an essential part of continuity of care, as it provides valuable insights into the patient's health over time.
Haploidy is a term used in genetics to describe the condition of having half the normal number of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. In humans, for example, a haploid cell contains 23 chromosomes, whereas a diploid cell has 46 chromosomes.
Haploid cells are typically produced through a process called meiosis, which is a type of cell division that occurs in the reproductive organs of sexually reproducing organisms. During meiosis, a diploid cell undergoes two rounds of division to produce four haploid cells, each containing only one set of chromosomes.
In humans, haploid cells are found in the sperm and egg cells, which fuse together during fertilization to create a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes. Haploidy is important for maintaining the correct number of chromosomes in future generations and preventing genetic abnormalities that can result from having too many or too few chromosomes.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "mythology" is not a term that has a medical definition. Mythology refers to the body of myths associated with a culture, religion, or historical stage of development. It's often used in the context of studying ancient civilizations and their belief systems, folklore, and literature. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Insect Proteins" is not a recognized medical term. However, I can provide some information about insect protein from a nutritional and food science perspective.
Insect proteins refer to the proteins that are obtained from insects. Insects are a rich source of protein, and their protein content varies by species. For example, mealworms and crickets have been found to contain approximately 47-63% and 60-72% protein by dry weight, respectively.
In recent years, insect proteins have gained attention as a potential sustainable source of nutrition due to their high protein content, low environmental impact, and the ability to convert feed into protein more efficiently compared to traditional livestock. Insect proteins can be used in various applications such as food and feed additives, nutritional supplements, and even cosmetics.
However, it's important to note that the use of insect proteins in human food is not widely accepted in many Western countries due to cultural and regulatory barriers. Nonetheless, research and development efforts continue to explore the potential benefits and applications of insect proteins in the global food system.
DAX-1 (Dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1) is a nuclear receptor protein that functions as a transcriptional regulator. It is also known as NR0B1 (Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 0, Group B, Member 1).
DAX-1 plays crucial roles in various developmental processes, including sexual differentiation and adrenal gland development. Mutations in the DAX-1 gene have been associated with X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC), a condition characterized by defective adrenal gland development and primary adrenal insufficiency.
The term "Orphan Nuclear Receptor" refers to a class of nuclear receptors for which no natural ligand has been identified yet. DAX-1 is one such orphan nuclear receptor, as its specific endogenous ligand remains unknown. However, recent studies suggest that steroids and other small molecules might interact with DAX-1 and modulate its activity.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994
Rhacodactylus leachianus
RNA-based evolution
Eastern box turtle
Alternative splicing
SOX gene family
Fish anatomy
Cloning
Sex-determining region Y protein
Jacky dragon
Sex
Caenorhabditis elegans
Barr body
Frederick Yeh
Sea Turtles 911
Forensic dentistry
WNT4
Trionychidae
CAPN5
ZW sex-determination system
Alec Jeffreys
Genetics of infertility
XY sex-determination system
Temperature-dependent sex determination
Spermatheca
Sexual differentiation
Liane Russell
Hans Kniep
David Crews
Proneural genes
Sex Determination Processes - Medical Dictionary online-medical-dictionary.org
Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 - Wikipedia
Search | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
Publication : USDA ARS
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Overview, Indications and Conditions, Process
C. elegans II
C. elegans II
does the genes of parent to offspring corespond in their personality ? - 711b3577
New insights into cellular 'bridges' shed light on development, disease | ScienceDaily
Prohibited Employment Policies/Practices | U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Sirtuin 1 Induces Choroidal Neovascularization and Triggers Age-Related Macular Degeneration by Promoting LCN2 through SOX9...
People look-up - The University of Nottingham
Loss of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 4 (MAP3K4) Reveals a Requirement for MAPK Signalling in Mouse Sex...
Animals | Free Full-Text | Molecular Sexing and Species Detection of Antlered European Hunting Game for Forensic Purposes
Genetics and Genomics
"MicroRNA, Sex Determination and Floral Meristem Determinacy in Maize" by Jo Ann Banks
Sec. 244.05 MN Statutes
The Natural History of Model Organisms: The untapped potential of medaka and its wild relatives | eLife
New Study Sheds Light on Function of Sex Chromosomes in Turtles
MRC timeline 1970 to 1999 - UKRI
Nanjing Team Creates Genetically Modified Monkeys
NACDL - Sex Offenses
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The Mutations and Their Relationships with the Genome and Epigenome, RNAs Editing and Evolution in Eukaryotes | IntechOpen
The multiple meanings of sex | Federal Practitioner
CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2022 With Solutions|Term 2 Free PDF
Iman Yi Liao - The University of Nottingham
transmission of nerve impulse - Ontology Browser - Rat Genome Database
DNA holds clues to humpback whales' age - Australian Antarctic Program (News 2014)
Chromosomes19
- In the United States, most people are assigned both a biological sex and gender at birth based on their chromosomes and reproductive organs. (asu.edu)
- Humans typically develop as either male or female, primarily depending on the combination of sex chromosomes that they inherit from their parents. (asu.edu)
- Eukaryotic sex chromosomes are believed to have evolved from ancestral autosomes. (usda.gov)
- This finding provides direct evidence for the origin of sex chromosomes from autosomes. (usda.gov)
- They used molecular techniques to analyse the sex chromosomes of dragons, showing that the sex reversed females were genetically male. (edu.au)
- Newswise - AMES, Iowa - A new study led by an Iowa State University scientist sheds light on how organisms have evolved to address imbalances in sex chromosomes. (newswise.com)
- Many organisms determine their sex by a pair of specialized chromosomes that appear in virtually every cell of an organism's body. (newswise.com)
- A matched pair of chromosomes results in one sex, while a mismatched pair results in another sex. (newswise.com)
- For instance, in humans and many other species, sex chromosomes are referred to as X and Y. Typically, two X chromosomes result in a female while XY chromosomes result in males. (newswise.com)
- These chromosomes also contain the genetic codes for the production of essential proteins, and the disproportion in chromosomes in XY individuals caused by them carrying only a single X for every pair of non-sex chromosomes (called autosomes) can lead to an imbalance in the production of proteins. (newswise.com)
- Sex chromosome dosage compensation comes into play for individuals who have mismatched sex chromosomes. (newswise.com)
- In the case of the softshell turtles included in the study, the sex chromosomes are referred to as Z and W, and it's the females of the species who have mismatched, or ZW, chromosomes. (newswise.com)
- The importance of maintaining a proper balance is made evident by diseases caused by abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes, including Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome in humans, and Valenzuela said these processes have evolutionary and health implications in many other organisms as well. (newswise.com)
- The researchers then compared the activity of genes from sex chromosomes and from autosomes, broken down by male and female turtles. (newswise.com)
- Valenzuela has studied temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), or the way environmental temperatures influence whether a turtle embryo develops into a male or female in species that lack sex chromosomes, in previous research. (newswise.com)
- Chromosomal sex refers to the genetic makeup of a human, typically XX or XY chromosomes. (mdedge.com)
- These variations can impact fertility and expression of secondary sexual characteristics as the type of sex chromosomes present results in primary sex determination , or the development of gonads. (mdedge.com)
- We study evolutionary processes broadly, with a main focus on the evolutionary ecology of sex determination and sex chromosomes. (lu.se)
- Within the spectrum of DSD, there are varying degrees of discordant genitalia to sex chromosomes. (medscape.com)
Differentiation7
- The term "sex" has multiple meanings: It can allude to the act of reproduction itself, but in the context of sexual determination and sexual differentiation, it can refer to the biologic and structural composition of a developing human. (mdedge.com)
- Secondary sex determination, or sexual differentiation , is the development of external genitalia and internal genital tracts because of the hormones produced from the gonads. (mdedge.com)
- This book covers the following topics: Ontogeny, The cell and cell division, The germ cells and theib formation, Maturation, Fertilization, Cleavage, The germ cells and the processes of differentiation, heredity and sex determination, The blastxtla, gastrula and germ layers. (freebookcentre.net)
- Your specific role will be to analyse single cell RNAseq and ATACseq data to reconstruct the genetic program behind lineage specification and sex specific differentiation. (sfbi.fr)
- Use of this method to target doublesex (a gene involved in sex differentiation) or fork head (which encodes a salivary gland transcription factor) resulted in reduced target gene expression and/or protein immunofluorescence signal, as measured by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) or fluorescence confocal microscopy, respectively. (cdc.gov)
- The AMH gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in male sex differentiation. (medlineplus.gov)
- Rey R. Anti-Mullerian hormone in disorders of sex determination and differentiation. (medlineplus.gov)
Gonadal sex5
- On the C57BL/6J background, embryos homozygous for byg exhibit consistent XY gonadal sex reversal. (plos.org)
- We identified a mouse mutant that causes embryonic gonadal sex reversal: the development of ovaries in an XY embryo. (plos.org)
- Gonadal sex is the presence of either testes or ovaries. (mdedge.com)
- At birth, obstetrician/gynecologists most often look at the phenotypic sex and make assumptions about the genetic and gonadal sex based on the secondary sexual characteristics. (mdedge.com)
- A PhD position is available in the laboratory of Prof. Serge Nef at the University of Geneva Medical School to study, at the single cell level, the process of gonadal sex determination in mammals. (sfbi.fr)
Genetics1
- Using Genetics in the Selection Process. (cengage.com)
Offender16
- Except for a sex offender conditionally released under Minnesota Statutes 2004, section 609.108, subdivision 5 , the supervised release term shall be equal to the period of good time the inmate has earned, and shall not exceed the length of time remaining in the inmate's sentence. (mn.gov)
- NACDL opposes sex offender registration and community notification laws but also believes that if such laws are enacted they should classify offenders with full due process of law. (nacdl.org)
- Determination of offender risk must also allow for reasonable opportunities to seek relief from registration. (nacdl.org)
- Determination of offender risk must be based upon the individual characteristics of the offender and not solely on the offense for which the offender was convicted, and there must be reasonable opportunities to seek relief from registration. (nacdl.org)
- The reauthorization bill would give states the discretion to exclude juveniles from public sex offender registries and would reduce the time juvenile offenders must remain on the SORNA registry, from 25 years to 15 years, before being permitted to petition the court for removal. (nacdl.org)
- The bill also requires a study of the impact of juvenile sex offender registration. (nacdl.org)
- The District of Columbia Sex Offender Registration Act of 1999 ("SORA"), D.C.Code §§ 22-4001 through 22-4017 (2001), imposes registration requirements on sex offenders who live, work, or attend school in the District of Columbia and authorizes the Metropolitan Police Department to inform the community about them through various means of public notification, including posting their photographs, names, and other personal information on the Internet. (findlaw.com)
- In the past decade every state in the United States has enacted such a sex offender registration and notification law, though the terms of the statutes vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. (findlaw.com)
- During the pendency of appellants' appeals to this court, the United States Supreme Court granted two certiorari petitions to consider similar constitutional challenges to the sex offender registration and notification acts of Alaska and Connecticut. (findlaw.com)
- Colorado is among the toughest states in the country when it comes to requirements for sex offender registration. (hmichaelsteinberg.com)
- First WHO is Required to Register as a Sex Offender in Colorado? (hmichaelsteinberg.com)
- Second, Where Must the Sex Offender Register? (hmichaelsteinberg.com)
- The Colorado Sex Offender must make certain to register at the law enforcement agency in the jurisdiction where they reside. (hmichaelsteinberg.com)
- Third, When Must the Sex Offender Register? (hmichaelsteinberg.com)
- Sex offender must CANCEL registration at the law enforcement agency where currently registered and then must RE-REGISTER within five (5) business days with the law enforcement agency at the new residence. (hmichaelsteinberg.com)
- If a sex offender fails to comply with ANY registration requirements, he/she may be charged with the criminal offense of Failure to Register As A Sex Offender, which may be charged as a felony. (hmichaelsteinberg.com)
Genes11
- Sex chromosome evolution is thought to involve suppression of recombination around the sex determination genes. (usda.gov)
- The Y-linked sex determining gene SRY regulates this process by initiating a pathway of gene and protein expression, including the expression of critical autosomal genes such as SOX9 . (plos.org)
- Our data indicate, for the first time, a requirement for MAPK signaling in the developing XY gonad in order to facilitate normal expression of SRY and the downstream testis-determining genes and also suggest that reduced dosage of MAP3K4 may be the cause of a previously described autosomal sex-reversing mutation in the mouse. (plos.org)
- Recent work investigating genes that control this process reveals that a microRNA is involved in both the sex determination of the male inflorescence and its growth pattern. (purdue.edu)
- The team modified three genes in the monkeys: one that regulates metabolism, another that regulates immune cell development and a third that regulates stem cells and sex determination, says study coauthor Wezhi Ji, a researcher at the Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research. (chinadigitaltimes.net)
- Australian Antarctic Division molecular biologist Dr Simon Jarman, said the new test relied on changes in the 'DNA methylation' of genes involved in the ageing process. (antarctica.gov.au)
- This process alters the expression of genes. (antarctica.gov.au)
- In contrast, sex-bias in pupae and adults is driven by the differential expression of genes. (lu.se)
- We observe sex-biased isoform switching consistently across development, but mostly in genes that are already differentially expressed. (lu.se)
- Finally, we discover that sex-biased networks are enriched by genes specific to the Nasonia clade, and that those genes possess the topological properties of key regulators. (lu.se)
- Integral nuclear pore proteins bind to Pol III-transcribed genes and are required for Pol III transcript processing in C. elegans. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
Chromosome9
- Over time, these evolutionary processes would cause the Y chromosome to degenerate and diverge from its homolog over most or all of its length. (usda.gov)
- In mammals, whether an individual develops as a male or female depends on its sex chromosome constitution: those with a Y chromosome become males because of the development of the embryonic gonad into a testis. (plos.org)
- The study sheds light on how organisms have evolved to address such imbalances through a process called sex chromosome dosage compensation, or SCDC. (newswise.com)
- What is sex chromosome dosage compensation? (newswise.com)
- The study represents not only the first such study to analyze sex chromosome dosage compensation in turtles, but the findings also show that remarkably, temperature appears to affect the SCDC process in the turtles. (newswise.com)
- Embryos can have an extra sex chromosome, as seen in Klinefelter syndrome, which is characterized by XXY karyotype. (mdedge.com)
- Embryos can also be devoid of a sex chromosome, as observed in Turner's syndrome, which is characterized by an XO karyotype. (mdedge.com)
- On the other hand, male sex determination is triggered by sex-determining region Y (SRY), which is located on the Y chromosome and works as a master regulator, initiating SOX9 expression. (benthamscience.com)
- But the researchers say their findings shed light on the evolutionary role of sex chromosome dosage compensation in many species. (scitechdaily.com)
GONADS3
- The mechanisms by which the SEX of an individual's GONADS are fixed. (online-medical-dictionary.org)
- Analysis of XY byg/byg gonads at 11.5 d post coitum reveals a growth deficit and a failure to support mesonephric cell migration, both early cellular processes normally associated with testis development. (plos.org)
- Analysis of embryonic XY gonads suggests that sex reversal is caused by delayed and reduced expression of the sex-determining gene SRY . (plos.org)
Chromosomal4
- It regulates the use of pre-natal diagnostic techniques, like ultrasound and amniocentesis by allowing them their use only to detect : genetic abnormalities metabolic disorders chromosomal abnormalities certain congenital malformations haemoglobinopathies sex linked disorders. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to detecting certain genetic abnormalities, both noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can discern the chromosomal sex of a fetus prior to birth. (mdedge.com)
- It is an immutable fact that humans cannot change chromosomal sex. (mdedge.com)
- The goal of gender affirming hormone therapy and surgery isn't to change chromosomal sex, but to alter one's phenotypic sex so the physical body a patient sees, and others see, is reflective of how the patient feels. (mdedge.com)
Humans2
- In humans, sex determination is the process that determines the biological sex of an offspring and, as a result, the sexual characteristics that they will develop. (asu.edu)
- These data demonstrate that MAP3K4-dependent signalling events are required for normal expression of Sry during testis development, and create a novel entry point into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sex determination in mice and disorders of sexual development in humans. (plos.org)
Prenatal6
- The act banned prenatal sex determination. (wikipedia.org)
- The main purpose of enacting the act is to ban the use of sex selection techniques after conception and prevent the misuse of prenatal diagnostic technique for sex selective abortions. (wikipedia.org)
- Offences under this act include conducting or helping in the conduct of prenatal diagnostic technique in the unregistered units, sex selection on a man or woman, conducting PND test for any purpose other than the one mentioned in the act, sale, distribution, supply, renting etc. of any ultra sound machine or any other equipment capable of detecting sex of the foetus. (wikipedia.org)
- Knowing the sex of a developing fetus is a common question many expectant parents ask at their prenatal appointments. (mdedge.com)
- i t was observed that certain prenatal development processes are known by the pregnant women. (bvsalud.org)
- Historical records since the antiquity revel the search to uncover the inherent processes to the human prenatal development, investigation that keeps always advancing, evidenced in the scientific publications of modern embriology 4,5 . (bvsalud.org)
Embryos4
- The Chinese researchers injected single-cell macaque embryos with RNAs to guide the genome-editing process. (chinadigitaltimes.net)
- We compare the dynamics of differential expression, isoform switching and functional interactions in the sexual development of the model parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis, a system that permits genome wide analysis of sex bias from early embryos to adults. (lu.se)
- We find relatively little sex-bias in embryos and larvae at the gene level, but several sub-networks. (lu.se)
- We find relatively little sex-bias in embryos and larvae at the gene level, but several sub-networks show sex-biased functional interactions in early developmental stages. (lu.se)
Offenses5
- NACDL recognizes that sex offenses cause great pain and suffering to victims and their families. (nacdl.org)
- Because of the severe penalties and other life-altering consequences, sex offenses should be narrowly tailored and contain meaningful intent requirements. (nacdl.org)
- Appellants contend that SORA inflicts punishment and therefore violates the Ex Post Facto, Double Jeopardy, and Due Process Clauses of the Constitution in its application to persons who, like themselves, committed sex offenses before its enactment or were acquitted of sex offenses by reason of insanity. (findlaw.com)
- Hence the application of SORA to persons who committed sex offenses before it was enacted or who were acquitted of sex offenses by reason of insanity does not, for either of those reasons, offend the Ex Post Facto, Double Jeopardy or Due Process Clauses. (findlaw.com)
- In accordance with the Supreme Court's decision on the Connecticut act, we further hold that SORA does not deny procedural due process by requiring all persons who have committed sex offenses to register without affording them a hearing on their current dangerousness. (findlaw.com)
Offenders4
- Restrictions and collateral consequences on sex offenders are too often the result of knee-jerk politics rather than careful consideration of the efficacy, appropriate scope and potential negative consequences. (nacdl.org)
- In 2012, the House of Representatives passed legislation to reauthorize the Adam Walsh Act but at the same time ameliorate the draconian registration requirements for juvenile sex offenders. (nacdl.org)
- 1160, 155 L.Ed.2d 98 (2003), the Court held that Connecticut's act did not deny procedural due process by requiring sex offenders to register without affording them a hearing on dangerousness, inasmuch as the registration requirement was based on the fact of conviction without regard to dangerousness. (findlaw.com)
- Again Colorado Sex offenders must register under all names they have ever used. (hmichaelsteinberg.com)
Reversal2
Physiological processes2
- SOX9 belongs to the SOX gene family expressed in several organisms and involved in numerous physiological processes such as sex determination and development gonad [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
- 26. What physiological processes are in common for all neuron types? (fsu.edu)
Genetic Processes1
- By combining genetic and genomic analysis with whole organism and field studies we can discover the role genetic processes have in determining basic life histories and characteristics such as sex determination or disease resistance. (edu.au)
Ovaries2
- Similarly, ovaries produce oocytes and secrete estrogen as the primary female sex hormone. (mdedge.com)
- The determination of testosterone in women is helpful in the diagnosis of androgenic syndrome (AGS), polycystic ovaries (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) and when an ovarian tumor, adrenal tumor, adrenal hyperplasia or ovarian insufficiency is suspected. (cdc.gov)
Steroid2
- It has been proposed that racial/ethnic variation in prostate cancer incidence may be, in part, due to racial/ethnic variation in sex steroid hormone levels. (cdc.gov)
- However, it remains unclear whether in the US population circulating concentrations of sex steroid hormones vary by race/ethnicity. (cdc.gov)
Diagnosis1
- Every genetic counselling centre, genetic laboratory or genetic clinic engaged in counselling or conducting pre-natal diagnostics techniques, like in vitro fertilisation (IVF) with the potential of sex selection (Preimplantation genetic diagnosis) before and after conception comes under preview of the PCPNDT Act and are banned. (wikipedia.org)
Reproductive1
- At the core of this strategy is the generation of distinct sexes, with distinct reproductive organs, producing distinct gametes. (sfbi.fr)
Distinction3
- However, there is an important distinction between biological sex and gender. (asu.edu)
- This process determines phenotypic sex - the visible distinction between male and female. (mdedge.com)
- Individually, first molars demonstrated higher evidence of sex distinction than second molars. (bvsalud.org)
Mammals1
- Sex determination in mammals is controlled by the presence or absence of the Y-linked gene SRY . (plos.org)
Testosterone6
- The primary function of testes is to produce sperm for reproduction and to secrete testosterone, the primary male sex hormone. (mdedge.com)
- To address this, concentrations of testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, androstanediol glucuronide (a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone) and estradiol were measured in stored serum specimens from men examined in the morning sample of the first phase of NHANES III (1988-1994). (cdc.gov)
- Testosterone promotes the development of the secondary sex characteristics in men and serves to maintain the function of the prostate and seminal vesicles. (cdc.gov)
- Most of the circulating testosterone is bound to carrier proteins (SHBG = sex hormone-binding globulin). (cdc.gov)
- Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is the blood transport protein for testosterone and estradiol. (cdc.gov)
- SHBG is a useful supplementary parameter in the determination of androgen where a relatively high concentration of free androgen (e.g. testosterone) is suspected. (cdc.gov)
Development9
- In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y (SRY) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, SOX9 , a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. (plos.org)
- Sex determination in the flowers of maize involves the abortion of stamen or pistil development. (purdue.edu)
- The study found that both sexes of softshell turtles double the activity of the Zs in early embryonic development, which fixes the expression imbalance in ZW females (twice Z expression now matches autosomal expression). (newswise.com)
- We've long known that DNA methylation is involved in processes like sex determination and the development of many cancers, but it has only recently been shown to be involved in the ageing process," Dr Jarman said. (antarctica.gov.au)
- The latter causes urogenital development, a highly complex process, through a complex cascade of transcription factors and signaling events. (benthamscience.com)
- However, few studies have described how these processes change across development. (lu.se)
- gonades sex determination development scRNAseq scATACseq PACBio sequencing. (sfbi.fr)
- Courtesy of Cureus [De Jesus Escano MR, Mejia Sang ME, Reyes-Mugica M, Colaco M, Fox J. Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development: Approach and Management of an Index Case in the Dominican Republic. (medscape.com)
- Online at https://www.cureus.com/articles/70052-ovotesticular-disorder-of-sex-development-approach-and-management-of-an-index-case-in-the-dominican-republic]. (medscape.com)
Hormone1
- Mutations of the anti-mullerian hormone gene in patients with persistent mullerian duct syndrome: biosynthesis, secretion, and processing of the abnormal proteins and analysis using a three-dimensional model. (medlineplus.gov)
Implications1
- The study has important implications for climate induced changes to population sex ratios. (edu.au)
Organisms2
- But the research could help scientists understand the process in other organisms as well. (newswise.com)
- New questions are also being raised, such as to what extent epigenetic traits can be inherited and the role of gene expression for sex determination in different organisms. (imb.de)
Abnormal1
- Choroidal neovascularization (CNV), as the pathological process of the invasion of abnormal blood vessels into the subretinal space of the mammalian eye, is known as a feature of the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Embryonic1
- If Extramacrochaetae par-ticipates in cell specification by dimerizing with basic-region-helix-loop-helix proteins, the variety of defects and tissues affected by the insufficiency of extramacrochaetae suggests that helix-loop-helix proteins are involved in many embryonic developmental processes. (biologists.com)
Undergo3
- In fact, many cisgender individuals also revise their phenotypic sex when they undergo augmentation mammaplasty, penile enlargement, or vulvoplasty procedures for the exact same reason. (mdedge.com)
- Ans: a) Mustard will undergo self-pollination in the same process. (vedantu.com)
- Proposed MRLs undergo a rigorous review process: Health Effects/MRL Workgroup reviews within the Division of Toxicology, expert panel peer reviews, and agencywide MRL Workgroup reviews, with participation from other federal agencies and comments from the public. (cdc.gov)
Species4
- The study looks at a species of softshell turtle, but the results could help to illuminate an important evolutionary process in many species, said Nicole Valenzuela, professor of ecology, evolution and organismal biology and lead author of the study. (newswise.com)
- In the present study we have asked whether the Sxl gene is present in other species of the genus Drosophila and whether it is subject to a similar sex-specific on-off regulation. (princeton.edu)
- Hence, this posttranscriptional on-off regulatory mechanism probably existed before the separation of the drosophilan and sophophoran subgenera and it seems likely that Sxl functions as a sex determination switch gene in most species in the Drosophila genus. (princeton.edu)
- We are also interested in the speciation process and how to protect threatened species. (lu.se)
Regulation3
- Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 (PNDT), was amended in 2003 to The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition Of Sex Selection) Act (PCPNDT Act) to improve the regulation of the technology used in sex selection. (wikipedia.org)
- The role of gene regulation in the evolution of ageing processes is also a focus of the programme. (imb.de)
- University Regulation 01.04.010 further defines conduct constituting sexual harassment and sex and gender-based discrimination. (alaska.edu)
Drosophila1
- After acute injury in muscle of both mouse and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (used as alternative in vivo model) this study found that RACK1 accumulated in regenerating fibers while it declined with the progression of repair process. (sdbonline.org)
Male1
- In D. melanogaster the binary switch gene Sex-lethal (Sxl) plays a pivotal role in somatic sex determination - when the Sxl gene is on the female pathway is followed, while the male pathway is followed when the gene is off. (princeton.edu)
Disagreement2
- As of 2022, there is disagreement over the relation between sex and gender. (asu.edu)
- Judge Sanders further found that, because the PCUSA Constitution sets forth a specific process for dealing with a breakaway faction and the decision to form a new church was based on a disagreement with PCUSA's position on same sex marriage and LGBT ordination, the Presbytery's determination was "inextricably intertwined with religious doctrine. (nutter.com)
Variation1
- We focus on two main aspects: 1) how disease ecology, life history strategies, migration and ageing processes influence ecological and evolutionary dynamics of a wild population of great reed warblers (our database contains information for 40 breeding seasons), and 2) how physiological drivers (particularly immune function and telomere dynamics) influence variation in health and fitness. (lu.se)
Evolve2
Provisions1
- Main provisions in the act are The Act provides for the prohibition of sex selection, before or after conception. (wikipedia.org)
Characteristics1
- Sex Characteristics. (bvsalud.org)
Fetus2
- While the sex of a fetus has minimal clinical significance to obstetrician/gynecologists, technology has made ascertaining the answer to this question much more accessible. (mdedge.com)
- Several studies in the field of psychology verified the pregnant women conception about the process of fetus personification, some of them even refer to the maternal influence in the developing fetus, since this one demonstrates to prefer the mother's voice before other people's voices 2,3 . (bvsalud.org)
Molecular1
- Matching process of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 molecular test results submitted to CalREDIE, California, USA, September 1, 2020-April 30, 2021. (cdc.gov)
Candidates1
- These networks provide new candidates for hymenopteran sex determination, including histone modification. (lu.se)
Conduct4
- No laboratory or centre or clinic will conduct any test including ultrasonography for the purpose of determining the sex of the foetus. (wikipedia.org)
- A complainant is an individual who is reported to be the victim of conduct that could constitute sex or gender-based discrimination. (alaska.edu)
- Higher education student conduct processes are educational administrative decision-making processes, not criminal processes. (theasca.org)
- Student conduct processes, including those addressing policy issues of sexual harassment and discrimination, exist to determine if an institution's policy has been violated. (theasca.org)
Population1
- Sex determination is of paramount importance in cases when visual identification of the sex is impossible, thus eliminating about 50% of possibilities in the examined population 8 . (bvsalud.org)
Depends1
- Circling back to the debate about whether we can "assign sex at birth," it all depends on what definition of sex you are referencing. (mdedge.com)
Study2
- The study also could generate better understanding of how disease can arise if the SCDC process doesn't function correctly. (newswise.com)
- This study received a nonresearch determination from the California Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects. (cdc.gov)
Expression2
- Sxl proteins were found in all of the drosophilids examined, and they display a sex-specific pattern of expression. (princeton.edu)
- The table-3.7 is the resultant sex expression based on the combination of these alleles. (studymateriall.com)
Female2
- Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to stop female foeticides and arrest the declining sex ratio in India. (wikipedia.org)
- Social discrimination against women and a preference for sons have promoted female foeticide in various forms skewing the sex ratio of the country towards men. (wikipedia.org)
Violations1
- They lead institutional processes, not criminal processes, that examine allegations of individual and organizational violations of a college's and/or organization's academic and non-academic behavioral expectations of its students. (theasca.org)
Females1
- According to the decennial Indian census, the sex ratio in the 0-6 age group in India went from 104.0 males per 100 females in 1981, to 105.8 in 1991, to 107.8 in 2001, to 109.4 in 2011. (wikipedia.org)
Gender12
- [ 1 ] Initially, PGT revolved around determination of gender as an indirect means of avoiding an X-linked disorder. (medscape.com)
- Under the laws enforced by EEOC, it is illegal to discriminate against someone (applicant or employee) because of that person's race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation, and pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. (eeoc.gov)
- It is illegal for an employer to publish a job advertisement that shows a preference for or discourages someone from applying for a job because of his or her race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation, and pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. (eeoc.gov)
- It is also illegal for an employer to recruit new employees in a way that discriminates against them because of their race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation, and pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. (eeoc.gov)
- An employer may not base hiring decisions on stereotypes and assumptions about a person's race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation, and pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. (eeoc.gov)
- If an employer requires job applicants to take a test, the test must be necessary and related to the job and the employer may not exclude people of a particular race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation, and pregnancy), national origin, or individuals with disabilities. (eeoc.gov)
- It is illegal for an employer, employment agency or union to take into account a person's race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation, and pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information when making decisions about job referrals. (eeoc.gov)
- It is illegal for an employer to make decisions about job assignments and promotions based on an employee's race, color, religion, sex (including gender identity, sexual orientation, and pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. (eeoc.gov)
- As for the application of image processing and computer vision, I have worked with medical doctors and forensic experts at Hospital Kuala Lumpur on Post Mortem Computerised Tomography (PMCT) data, to analyse and identify the associated demographics such as gender, age, race, etc, using image processing and machine learning techniques apart from standard methodologies in Forensic Medicine and Sciences. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- When opponents of gender affirming care state that individuals cannot change sex, are they correct or false? (mdedge.com)
- The Board of Regents of the University of Alaska System affirms its commitment to educational programs and activities that are free of discrimination on the basis of sex and gender. (alaska.edu)
- Sex and gender discrimination under Title VII, Alaska Statute 18.80, or other applicable authority will be addressed under Board of Regents' Chapter 01.02 or 09.02 as appropriate. (alaska.edu)
Transcription Factors1
- Despite the requirement for a number of transcription factors and secreted signalling molecules in sex determination, intracellular signalling components functioning in this process have not been defined. (plos.org)