Seroepidemiologic Studies
Sparganosis
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Prevalence
Immunoglobulin G
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus Vaccines
Pregnancy
Roseolovirus
A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A. National Hepatitis A Investigation Team. (1/3477)
BACKGROUND: We investigated a large, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A that occurred in February and March 1997 in Michigan and then extended the investigation to determine whether it was related to sporadic cases reported in other states among persons who had consumed frozen strawberries, the food suspected of causing the outbreak. METHODS: The cases of hepatitis A were serologically confirmed. Epidemiologic studies were conducted in the two states with sufficient numbers of cases, Michigan and Maine. Hepatitis A virus RNA detected in clinical specimens was sequenced to determine the relatedness of the virus from outbreak-related cases and other cases. RESULTS: A total of 213 cases of hepatitis A were reported from 23 schools in Michigan and 29 cases from 13 schools in Maine, with the median rate of attack ranging from 0.2 to 14 percent. Hepatitis A was associated with the consumption of frozen strawberries in a case-control study (odds ratio for the disease, 8.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.1 to 33) and a cohort study (relative risk of infection, 7.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 53) in Michigan and in a case-control study in Maine (odds ratio for infection, 3.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 14). The genetic sequences of viruses from 126 patients in Michigan and Maine were identical to one another and to those from 5 patients in Wisconsin and 7 patients in Arizona, all of whom attended schools where frozen strawberries from the same processor had been served, and to those in 2 patients from Louisiana, both of whom had consumed commercially prepared products containing frozen strawberries from the same processor. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a large outbreak of hepatitis A in Michigan that was associated with the consumption of frozen strawberries. We found apparently sporadic cases in other states that could be linked to the same source by viral genetic analysis. (+info)Immunosurveillance and the evaluation of national immunization programmes: a population-based approach. (2/3477)
Mass vaccination can change the epidemiological dynamics of infectious diseases. It may result in a limited persistence of natural and vaccine-induced immunity and a higher mean age of infection, which may lead to a greater risk of complications. The epidemiological situation should be monitored and immunosurveillance based on the assessment of specific antibodies against vaccine-preventable diseases in human serum is one of the tools. In order to estimate the immunity of the Dutch population reliably, a large-scale, population-based, collection of serum samples was established (8359 sera in a nation-wide sampling and 1589 sera from municipalities with low vaccine coverage). In contrast to collecting residual sera from laboratories, this approach gains extensive information by means of a questionnaire regarding the determinants of the immune status and the risk factors for the transmission of infectious diseases in general. The population-based approach gives a better guarantee that the data are representative than collecting sera from laboratories does. (+info)Seroepidemiological evaluation of 1989-91 mass vaccination campaigns against measles, in Italy. (3/3477)
In 1989-91 anti-measles vaccination campaigns were conducted in several Italian regions to vaccinate all children aged between 13 months and 10-12 years without a history of measles or measles vaccination. This study was conducted to evaluate serological status after the mass vaccination campaigns. In 1994, capillary blood samples were collected from randomly selected children, aged 2-14 years, living in 13 local health units. Antibody titres were determined by ELISA. Blood spot samples were analysed for 4114 (75.6%) of 5440 selected children. Among the 835 that reported measles before 1990, 806 (96.5%) were immune and of the 2798 vaccinated, 2665 (95.2%) were immune. The Edmoston-Zagreb (E-Z) strain vaccine was associated with a lower level of immunity than the Schwarz (SW) strain. A history of measles identified almost all immune children. Vaccination with the SW strain conferred persistent immunity (at least 5 years) in 98% of vaccinees. The strategy was able to unite natural and induced immunity. (+info)Prospective study of Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG seropositivity and risks of future myocardial infarction. (4/3477)
BACKGROUND: Chlamydia pneumoniae has been hypothesized to play a role in atherothrombosis. However, prospective data relating exposure to Chlamydia pneumoniae and risks of future myocardial infarction (MI) are sparse. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a prospective cohort of nearly 15 000 healthy men, we measured IgG antibodies directed against Chlamydia pneumoniae in blood samples collected at baseline from 343 study participants who subsequently reported a first MI and from an equal number of age- and smoking-matched control subjects who did not report vascular disease during a 12-year follow-up period. The proportion of study subjects with IgG antibodies directed against Chlamydia increased with age and cigarette consumption. However, prevalence rates of Chlamydia IgG seropositivity were virtually identical at baseline among men who subsequently reported first MI compared with age- and smoking-matched control subjects. Specifically, the relative risks of future MI associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG titers >/=1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128, and 1:256 were 1.1, 1.0, 1.1, 1.0, and 0.8, respectively (all probability values not significant). There was no association in analyses adjusted for other risk factors, evaluating early as compared with late events, or among nonsmokers. Further, there was no association between seropositivity and concentration of C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation that predicts MI risk in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS: In a large-scale study of socioeconomically homogeneous men that controlled for age, smoking, and other cardiovascular risk factors, we found no evidence of association between Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG seropositivity and risks of future MI. (+info)High seroprevalence of antibodies to human herpesvirus-8 in Egyptian children: evidence of nonsexual transmission. (5/3477)
BACKGROUND: In western countries, human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) appears to be transmitted mainly by sexual contact. To evaluate the role of other transmission routes, especially in developing countries, we estimated the seroprevalence of HHV-8 in Egyptian children, who, if seropositive, would have acquired the virus through a nonsexual route. METHODS: Sera from 196 children (<1-12 years of age), 20 adolescents (13-20 years of age), and 30 young adults (21-25 years of age) attending a vaccination program in Alexandria, Egypt, were studied. Immunofluorescence assays were used to detect antibodies against HHV-8 lytic-phase antigens (anti-lytic) and latent-phase antigens (anti-latent). Antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus viral cap antigen, cytomegalovirus, and HHV-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Seroprevalence of these herpesviruses was calculated after stratifying the subjects by age. RESULTS: Anti-lytic and anti-latent HHV-8 antibodies were detected in 44.7% and 8.5% of the study participants, respectively. The prevalence of anti-lytic antibodies tended to increase with age, exceeding 50% in children older than 6 years; once children reached the age of 10 years, the prevalence tended to stabilize. The seroprevalence of other herpesviruses tended to be higher than that of HHV-8, ranging from approximately 83% to more than 97% in the 9- to 12-year age group. One- to 3-year-old children had higher titers of antilytic HHV-8 antibodies than children in the other age groups. Anti-latent antibodies were more frequently detected in individuals with high anti-lytic antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS: HHV-8 antibodies are highly prevalent in Egyptian children, suggesting that, in developing countries, HHV-8 infection may be acquired early in life through routes other than sexual transmission. The lower seroprevalence of HHV-8 relative to that of the other herpesviruses suggests that HHV-8 is less transmissible than other common herpesviruses. (+info)Risk of Helicobacter pylori infection among long-term residents in developing countries. (6/3477)
The seroprevalence and incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection were determined among 312 North American missionaries who were serving in developing countries between 1967 and 1984. The majority (81%) resided in sub-Saharan Africa. When initially evaluated, the missionaries had a mean age of 40 years, 65% were female, and all were of white race/ethnicity. An ELISA showed that the initial prevalence of IgG antibody to H. pylori was 17%. After a mean of 7.4 years of service (1917 person-years of exposure), 37 (14%) of 259 initially seronegative subjects seroconverted to anti-H. pylori, giving an annual incidence of 1.9%. These data indicate a relatively higher risk of H. pylori infection among missionaries compared with an annual incidence of seroconversion of 0.3-1.0% in industrialized nations. Long-term residents in developing countries should be evaluated for H. pylori infection when gastrointestinal symptoms develop. (+info)Age-specific decrease in seroprevalence of schistosomiasis in Puerto Rico. (7/3477)
In our previous work, we reported the first systematic, island-wide, serologic survey for schistosomiasis in Puerto Rico in 40 years. In that study, approximately 3,000 serum samples from the 76 municipalities comprising the island of Puerto Rico were tested for the detection of antibodies to S. mansoni microsomal antigens by the Falcon assay screening test-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (FAST-ELISA) and those positive were confirmed by an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB). The highest EITB positivity was found in 17 municipalities, which comprised 48% of all seropositive samples. An additional finding was that 10% of the 215 EITB-positive samples were from individuals 25 years or younger and were for the most part of residents from the high seroprevalence areas. Thus, for this study we focused on 766 individuals 25 years of age or younger (45.5% males and 54.4% females), two-thirds of which were from 10 municipalities with the highest EITB seropositivity, and one-third from the 10 municipalities with the lowest EITB seropositivity found in our previous study. Of all samples, the results showed an overall FAST-ELISA positivity of 11.6%, with males similar to females (12.6 versus 10.7%, respectively). Confirmation by EITB was only 1.8%, with a males three-fold higher than females (3% versus 0.7%). When seropositivity was measured by age in five-year increments, a clear age-specific decrease in seropositivity was observed. Thus, by FAST-ELISA, 16.7% of the 21-25-year-old age group was positive, decreasing to 14.6%, 9.9%, 7.9%, and 9.3% in the 16-20-, 11-15-, 6-10-, and 1-5-year-old age groups, respectively. Confirmatory EITB showed even more impressive results: 4.7%, 2.6%, 1.2%, 0.7%, and 0% in the same age brackets. With regard to the high prevalence municipalities, only four of 10 (11 of 228 = 4.8%) had confirmatory EITB-positive samples and most were from municipalities of the Rio Grande de Loiza River basin and tributaries. The male to female positivity ratio was 4:1. Of the low prevalence municipalities, only single positive cases (by EITB) were found in three disperse municipalities. These results support the concept that there has been little transmission of S. mansoni in Puerto Rico during the first half of the 1990s and confirms anecdotal comments of local physicians who have seen virtually no new infections during the past three years. This makes the documentation of eradication of schistosomiasis from Puerto Rico feasible, a goal that should be set as being before the 100th anniversary of its discovery on the island by Isaac Gonzalez-Martinez in 1904. (+info)Detection of antibody to avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in human serum by using a combination of serologic assays. (8/3477)
From May to December 1997, 18 cases of mild to severe respiratory illness caused by avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses were identified in Hong Kong. The emergence of an avian virus in the human population prompted an epidemiological investigation to determine the extent of human-to-human transmission of the virus and risk factors associated with infection. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, the standard method for serologic detection of influenza virus infection in humans, has been shown to be less sensitive for the detection of antibodies induced by avian influenza viruses. Therefore, we developed a more sensitive microneutralization assay to detect antibodies to avian influenza in humans. Direct comparison of an HI assay and the microneutralization assay demonstrated that the latter was substantially more sensitive in detecting human antibodies to H5N1 virus in infected individuals. An H5-specific indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was also established to test children's sera. The sensitivity and specificity of the microneutralization assay were compared with those of an H5-specific indirect ELISA. When combined with a confirmatory H5-specific Western blot test, the specificities of both assays were improved. Maximum sensitivity (80%) and specificity (96%) for the detection of anti-H5 antibody in adults aged 18 to 59 years were achieved by using the microneutralization assay combined with Western blotting. Maximum sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) in detecting anti-H5 antibody in sera obtained from children less than 15 years of age were achieved by using ELISA combined with Western blotting. This new test algorithm is being used for the seroepidemiologic investigations of the avian H5N1 influenza outbreak. (+info)Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.
Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.
These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.
Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.
There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.
Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.
Sparganosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage (spargana) of certain tapeworms in the genus Spirometra. It is typically acquired through the consumption of undercooked or contaminated food or water, or through direct contact with contaminated soil or water. The larvae can migrate to various tissues and organs in the body, including the subcutaneous tissue, eyes, brain, and muscles, causing inflammation and damage. Symptoms of sparganosis depend on the location and extent of the infection and may include swelling, pain, and fever. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the parasite and anti-parasitic medication.
An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.
In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.
ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.
'Chlamydophila pneumoniae' is a type of bacteria that can cause respiratory infections in humans. It is the causative agent of a form of pneumonia known as "atypical pneumonia," which is characterized by milder symptoms and a slower onset than other types of pneumonia.
The bacteria are transmitted through respiratory droplets, such as those produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. 'Chlamydophila pneumoniae' infections can occur throughout the year, but they are more common in the fall and winter months.
Symptoms of a 'Chlamydophila pneumoniae' infection may include cough, chest pain, fever, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. The infection can also cause other respiratory symptoms, such as sore throat, headache, and muscle aches. In some cases, the infection may spread to other parts of the body, causing complications such as ear infections or inflammation of the heart or brain.
Diagnosis of 'Chlamydophila pneumoniae' infection typically involves testing a sample of respiratory secretions, such as sputum or nasal swabs, for the presence of the bacteria. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, such as azithromycin or doxycycline, which are effective against 'Chlamydophila pneumoniae'.
It's important to note that while 'Chlamydophila pneumoniae' infections can cause serious respiratory illness, they are generally not as severe as other types of bacterial pneumonia. However, if left untreated, the infection can lead to complications and worsening symptoms.
Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
IgG has several important functions:
1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.
IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are caused by the human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5), a type of herpesvirus. The infection can affect people of all ages, but it is more common in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or who have undergone organ transplantation.
CMV can be spread through close contact with an infected person's saliva, urine, blood, tears, semen, or breast milk. It can also be spread through sexual contact or by sharing contaminated objects, such as toys, eating utensils, or drinking glasses. Once a person is infected with CMV, the virus remains in their body for life and can reactivate later, causing symptoms to recur.
Most people who are infected with CMV do not experience any symptoms, but some may develop a mononucleosis-like illness, characterized by fever, fatigue, swollen glands, and sore throat. In people with weakened immune systems, CMV infections can cause more severe symptoms, including pneumonia, gastrointestinal disease, retinitis, and encephalitis.
Congenital CMV infection occurs when a pregnant woman passes the virus to her fetus through the placenta. This can lead to serious complications, such as hearing loss, vision loss, developmental delays, and mental disability.
Diagnosis of CMV infections is typically made through blood tests or by detecting the virus in bodily fluids, such as urine or saliva. Treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the patient's overall health. Antiviral medications may be prescribed to help manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a type of herpesvirus that can cause infection in humans. It is characterized by the enlargement of infected cells (cytomegaly) and is typically transmitted through close contact with an infected person, such as through saliva, urine, breast milk, or sexual contact.
CMV infection can also be acquired through organ transplantation, blood transfusions, or during pregnancy from mother to fetus. While many people infected with CMV experience no symptoms, it can cause serious complications in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing cancer treatment or those who have HIV/AIDS.
In newborns, congenital CMV infection can lead to hearing loss, vision problems, and developmental delays. Pregnant women who become infected with CMV for the first time during pregnancy are at higher risk of transmitting the virus to their unborn child. There is no cure for CMV, but antiviral medications can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications in severe cases.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccines are medical products being developed to prevent or ameliorate infection and disease caused by the human cytomegalovirus. CMV is a type of herpesvirus that can cause serious health problems in people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing organ transplantation, people living with HIV/AIDS, and newborns infected with the virus before birth (congenital CMV infection).
There are currently no approved vaccines for CMV. However, several vaccine candidates are being investigated in clinical trials to evaluate their safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. These vaccine candidates use various approaches, such as:
1. Live-attenuated viruses: These vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus that can stimulate an immune response without causing disease. An example is the Towne vaccine, which has been studied in clinical trials for several decades.
2. Recombinant proteins: These vaccines use specific viral proteins to induce an immune response. For instance, a glycoprotein B (gB) subunit vaccine has shown promising results in phase II clinical trials.
3. Virus-like particles (VLPs): VLPs mimic the structure of the virus but do not contain any viral genetic material. They can be used to induce an immune response without causing infection.
4. DNA vaccines: These vaccines use plasmids containing CMV genes to stimulate an immune response. A DNA vaccine encoding the CMV phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) has been tested in clinical trials.
5. mRNA vaccines: Similar to DNA vaccines, mRNA vaccines use genetic material to induce an immune response. Moderna Therapeutics is developing an mRNA vaccine candidate for CMV.
The development of a safe and effective CMV vaccine remains a significant public health priority, as CMV infection can lead to severe complications in vulnerable populations.
A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
Roseolovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. The genus contains three species: Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A), Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), and Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7). These viruses are closely related and cause similar diseases, most notably exanthema subitum or roseola in infants and young children.
The primary infection with HHV-6A and HHV-6B typically occurs during the first two years of life and is usually asymptomatic or associated with mild symptoms such as fever and rash (roseola). After the primary infection, the virus becomes latent in the host's immune cells and may reactivate later in life, causing various clinical manifestations, including febrile illnesses, seizures, and central nervous system disorders.
HHV-7 is also a common infectious agent in humans, primarily causing exanthema subitum or roseola in children. It can also establish latency and reactivate, although its association with specific diseases is less clear than that of HHV-6A and HHV-6B.
Overall, Roseolovirus species are important human pathogens, particularly during early childhood, and may contribute to various clinical manifestations throughout life.
Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:
1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
Epidemiology of herpes simplex
Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology
Violence against women in Peru
Jacqueline Katz
List of MeSH codes (G03)
List of MeSH codes (N05)
List of MeSH codes (E05)
2010s Haiti cholera outbreak
Human coronavirus 229E
Table 1 - Seroepidemiologic Study of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 during Outbreak in Boarding School, England - Volume 17, Number 9...
Seroepidemiologic Investigation of a COVID-19 Outbreak Aboard a U.S. Navy Ship | Health.mil
Seroepidemiologic Investigation of a COVID-19 Outbreak Aboard a U.S. Navy Ship | Health.mil
Review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
The prevalence and etiology of elevated aminotransferase levels in the United States
PDF) The infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data
A population-based seroepidemiologic study of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and Lyme borreliosis on the west coast of Sweden<...
Trends in Chlamydia trachomatis IgG seroprevalence in the general population of the Netherlands over 20 years | Sexually...
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 - Wikipedia
Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fever Group...
Hannah CLAPHAM | Assistant Professor | PhD | National University of Singapore, Singapore | NUS | Research profile
Search Results | AJTMH
Post-outbreak serological screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers at a Swedish University Hospital | Lund...
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Animal Models of Dengue Virus Infection
Pediatric Toxocariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Residential exposure to greenspace and life satisfaction in times of COVID-19: a cross-sectional analysis of 9444 participants...
Counseling Persons Infected with Human T-Lymphotrophic
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology for Respondent-Driven Sampling Studies: 'STROBE-RDS'...
The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) Statement | EQUATOR Network
Forschung & Wissenschaft - Ostschweizer Kinderspital | Das kompletteste Angebot der Ostschweiz
11. Influenza - Immunisation Handbook 2020 | Ministry of Health NZ
Borrelia IgM ELISA Kit for CSF & serum | BI-21042 | Biomedica
Seroprevalence and factors associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection among subfertile couples attending local public...
Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies in Switzerland - American College of Cardiology
Knowledge Enterprise (KE) - Scholarly Works - Arizona State University
David B. Falk College of Sport & Human Dynamics - Research output - Experts@Syracuse
Risk factors1
- The Bus Santé is a study of a yearly sample of the Geneva canton population that includes 500 men and 500 women who fill standardized questionnaires covering risk factors for chronic diseases, sociodemographic, occupational, and educational histories. (acc.org)
Prevalence9
- The overall birth prevalence of congenital CMV infection was 0.64%, but varied considerably among different study populations. (nih.gov)
- Maternal seroprevalence accounted for 29% of the variance in birth prevalence between study populations. (nih.gov)
- Maternal seroprevalence and birth prevalence were both higher in study populations that were ascertained at birth rather than in the prenatal period. (nih.gov)
- 95% confidence interval, 7.0%-12.2%), and prevalence had been initiated to study the effect of dietary supple- was lowest in the most geographically isolated participants. (cdc.gov)
- collected in this study to estimate the prevalence of hepa- titis B virus (HBV), HCV, and HIV-1 among older adults in Linxian in 2000. (cdc.gov)
- Other smaller ticipation, 12% were not living in Linxian at the time due studies have reported HCV prevalence rates of 0% to 3% to temporary employment, 4% were excluded for medical in rural populations from various Chinese provinces (5-7). (cdc.gov)
- A CITF-funded study, published in Research Synthesis Methods, found that implementing a natural language processing (NLP) tool for abstract screening in a living systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was feasible and beneficial in a real-world context. (covid19immunitytaskforce.ca)
- We estimated the population prevalence of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including unreported infections, through a Seroprevalence Study of Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Retention and Transmission (K-SMART) in 258 communities throughout Korea. (e-epih.org)
- Prevalence and sociobehavioural data among DUs are therefore available in most countries but no study has taken into account in the sampling weights one important aspect of the way of life of DUs, namely that they can use one or more specialized services during the study period. (hal.science)
Epidemiology4
- Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology for Respondent-Driven Sampling Studies: 'STROBE-RDS' Statement. (equator-network.org)
- The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. (equator-network.org)
- A national cross-sectional study among drug-users in France: epidemiology of HCV and highlight on practical and statistical aspects of the design. (hal.science)
- BACKGROUND: Epidemiology of HCV infection among drug users (DUs) has been widely studied. (hal.science)
Antibodies9
- Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies in Geneva, Switzerland (SEROCoV-POP): A Population-Based Study. (acc.org)
- Over the course of the study, 219 of 2,766 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. (acc.org)
- The study estimates 1 in 10 people have developed detectable antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Switzerland. (acc.org)
- With some studies reporting a rapid loss of antibodies weeks after exposure to SARS-CoV-2, the seroprevalence might be an underestimate of the true exposure. (acc.org)
- A study funded and led by the CITF, published in CMAJ , found that as of March 2023, over 75% of people in Canada had antibodies due to a SARS-CoV-2 infection. (covid19immunitytaskforce.ca)
- In a study now published in Infectious Diseases , CITF-funded researchers from Héma-Québec reported on the development of a novel analytical approach to detect recent SARS-CoV-2 infections based on anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. (covid19immunitytaskforce.ca)
- Methods and Results- We analyzed enrollment sera from 3168 Canadian patients in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study for antibodies to C pneumoniae , H pylori , CMV, and HAV and measured the relation between serostatus and 494 adjudicated trial outcomes of myocardial infarction, stroke, or CV death over 4.5 years of follow-up. (mcmaster.ca)
- This study was undertaken to (1) assess the presence of maternally acquired measles-specific IgG antibodies among infants less than 9 months of age in Bangui, Central African Republic and (2) determine the immune status of vaccination-age children and the concordance with reported vaccination status. (hal.science)
- The K-SMART represents the first nationwide, community-based seroepidemiologic survey of COVID-19, confirming that most individuals possess antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and that a significant number of unreported cases existed. (e-epih.org)
WATERBORNE PATHOGENS1
- Furthermore, although numerous studies exist on the pathogenicity of various waterborne pathogens few have sought to describe their life history or ecology. (nationalacademies.org)
Surveillance2
- Furthermore, this study lays the foundation for a surveillance system to continuously monitor transmission at the community level and the response to COVID-19. (e-epih.org)
- The moderate risk of RESTV recurring among humans in the Philippines and its potential pathogenicity in humans reinforces the need for early detection, surveillance and continued studies of RESTV pathogenesis and its health consequences. (who.int)
Infections2
- Men who provide traditional viral RNA for confirmation of HCV infections are a serious global public barber services were identified and en- infection. (who.int)
- Conclusions- Exposure to CMV but not to C pneumoniae , H pylori , or HAV was associated with a slight excess risk of subsequent myocardial infarction, stroke, or CV death in HOPE study patients, and total pathogen score based on these infections predicted a small increased hazard of CV events. (mcmaster.ca)
Preprint3
- Methods Population studies with sample size of at least 500 and published as peer-reviewed papers or preprints as of May 12, 2020 were retrieved from PubMed, preprint servers, and communications with experts. (researchgate.net)
- A CITF-funded study, published in preprint and not yet peer-reviewed, found that the reporting of SARS-CoV-2 seroepidemiologic studies needs improvement, particularly in providing adequately detailed information about laboratory methods. (covid19immunitytaskforce.ca)
- CITF-funded researchers at Héma-Québec, led by Drs. Marc Germain and Dr. Renée Bazin, published a preprint, not yet peer reviewed, reporting on the characteristics of the plasma donors whose samples are used to study COVID-19 immunity in Quebec. (covid19immunitytaskforce.ca)
Vaccination1
- ABSTRACT A cross-sectional seroepidemiological study was conducted in the Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaër region of Morocco in 2007 among 267 barbers and 529 clients, all men with no history of hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination. (who.int)
Methods2
- Methods Participants (n=5158, aged 15-59 years) were included from three independent nationwide population-based serosurveillance studies in 1996, 2007 and 2017. (bmj.com)
- METHODS: In this study, we present the results of a serological screening of the healthcare workers (HCWs) on a ward for infectious diseases in Sweden with a point-of-care antibody test 8 weeks after an outbreak of COVID-19. (lu.se)
Serology1
- This is the earliest documented COVID-19 study with RT-PCR, serology, and pre-exposure test data on the entirety of the exposed population (n=333). (health.mil)
Factors2
- The objectives of this study are to determine the seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) among subfertile couples (husband and wife) of The Lembaga Penduduk dan Pembangunan Keluarga Negara (LPPKN) Subfertility Clinic and the factors associated with it (i.e. socio-demographic, duration of marriage, infertility factor, knowledge, attitude, practice of risky sexual behaviour (RSB) and predictors of Chlamydia trachomatis infection). (upm.edu.my)
- Socio-economic factors and the outcomes of this seroprevalence study enable us to identify priority areas for intervention. (biomedcentral.com)
Vaccines1
- Overall, each model has its advantages and disadvantages and is differentially suited for studies of dengue pathogenesis and immunopathogenesis and/or pre-clinical testing of antiviral drugs and vaccines. (mdpi.com)
Seroprevalence studies4
- Objective To estimate the infection fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from data of seroprevalence studies. (researchgate.net)
- Estimates of infection fatality rates inferred from seroprevalence studies tend to be much lower than original speculations made in the early days of the pandemic. (researchgate.net)
- Seroprevalence studies provide an accurate measure of SARS-CoV-2 spread and the presence of asymptomatic cases. (biomedcentral.com)
- Thus, seroprevalence studies identify the infection burden in communities leading to more appropriate control measures for local epidemic expansion. (biomedcentral.com)
Viral1
- This study highlights the value of rapid, onboard diagnostic testing to quickly identify an outbreak and enumerate cases, as well as the serological testing to flag potential cases missed with standard viral case identification methodologies. (health.mil)
Longitudinal2
- Fancourt D, Steptoe A, Bu F. Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study. (smw.ch)
- Zavada J, Dixon WG, Askling J. Launch of a checklist for reporting longitudinal observational drug studies in rheumatology: a EULAR extension of STROBE guidelines based on experience from biologics registries. (equator-network.org)
REporting6
- STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association Studies. (equator-network.org)
- STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA): An Extension of the STROBE Statement. (equator-network.org)
- First draft of the STROBE checklist of items to be included when reporting observational studies in conference abstracts. (equator-network.org)
- Sharp SJ, Poulaliou M, Thompson SG, White IR, Wood AM. A review of published analyses of case-cohort studies and recommendations for future reporting. (equator-network.org)
- The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) Statement. (equator-network.org)
- Researchers showed that there was a median adherence to reporting items of 48% per study, as evaluated via the Reporting of Seroepidemiologic studies-SARS-CoV-2 (ROSES-S) guideline. (covid19immunitytaskforce.ca)
Middle Aged1
- Background We studied humoral and cellular responses against SARS-CoV-2 longitudinally in a homogeneous population of healthy young/middle-aged men of South Asian ethnicity with mild COVID-19. (researchgate.net)
Participants2
Cross- sect1
- The study is a cross- sectional study involving 112 infertile couples who underwent fertility treatment at LPPKN Subfertility Clinic from February 2018 until February 2019. (upm.edu.my)
Prospective1
- Prospective studies of European HGE are needed. (johnshopkins.edu)
Symptomatic1
- About 11% of live-born infants with congenital CMV infection were symptomatic, but the inter-study differences in definitions of symptomatic cases limit the interpretation of these data. (nih.gov)
Pilot study1
- Magnesium-based, bioresorbable implants for pediatric elbow fractures, a single center pilot study for osteosynthesis with Magnezix screws in fractures of the Epicondylus ulnaris and Condylus radialis. (kispisg.ch)
Populations1
- been studied (2), but the distribution of HCV varies con- siderably among populations. (cdc.gov)
Estimates1
- The studies were assessed for design features and seroprevalence estimates. (researchgate.net)
Nationwide1
- In a nationwide study conducted cer, the most common cancers in the Linxian region. (cdc.gov)
Survey1
- In 2004-2005, we conducted a national seroepidemiologic survey of DUs, based on a random sampling design using the Generalised Weight Share Method (GWSM) and on blood testing. (hal.science)
Data2
- Results Twelve studies were identified with usable data to enter into calculations. (researchgate.net)
- The study data might open a new window for improvement in the treatment of hypertensive patients with COVID-19 and myocardial injury. (bvsalud.org)
Cytomegalovirus1
- We reviewed studies that reported results of systematic cytomegalovirus (CMV) screening on fetuses and/or live-born infants. (nih.gov)
Patients1
- Sixteen patients (ten with one or more intestinal fistula) developed abdominal wall dehiscence were included in this study. (who.int)
Switzerland1
- Similar to other studies in Europe and the United States, SEROCoV-POP revealed a low seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 in Switzerland, despite being an area with a relatively high number of cases. (acc.org)
Child1
- Journal of Child and Family Studies. (syr.edu)
Outcomes1
- Recent studies provided evidence on the relationship between social status and exposure patterns, the likelihood of diagnosis, and infection outcomes for COVID-19 in Santiago. (biomedcentral.com)
Blood2
- Studies on blood donors were included, but studies on healthcare workers were excluded. (researchgate.net)
- Two studies of blood samples from 1988 and 2006-07 showed the highest number of carriers was found in people born from 1927 to 1937 (people age 8 to 18 in 1945). (wikipedia.org)