Breast Self-Examination
Self-Examination
Palpation
Health Education
Early Detection of Cancer
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Malaysia
Intervention Studies
Questionnaires
Self Care
Physical Examination
Self Tolerance
Self Psychology
Self Mutilation
Ego
Gynecological Examination
American Society of Clinical Oncology 1998 update of recommended breast cancer surveillance guidelines. (1/123)
OBJECTIVE: To determine an effective, evidence-based, postoperative surveillance strategy for the detection and treatment of recurrent breast cancer. Tests are recommended only if they have an impact on the outcomes specified by American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) for clinical practice guidelines. POTENTIAL INTERVENTION: All tests described in the literature for postoperative monitoring were considered. In addition, the data were critically evaluated to determine the optimal frequency of monitoring. OUTCOME: Outcomes of interest include overall and disease-free survival, quality of life, toxicity reduction, and secondarily cost-effectiveness. EVIDENCE: A search was performed to determine all relevant articles published over the past 20 years on the efficacy of surveillance testing for breast cancer recurrence. These publications comprised both retrospective and prospective studies. VALUES: Levels of evidence and guideline grades were rated by a standard process. More weight was given to studies that tested a hypothesis directly relating testing to one of the primary outcomes in a randomized design. BENEFITS, HARMS, AND COSTS: The possible consequences of false-positive and -negative tests were considered in evaluating a preference for one of two tests providing similar information. Cost alone was not a determining factor. RECOMMENDATIONS: The attached guidelines and text summarize the updated recommendations of the ASCO breast cancer expert panel. Data are sufficient to recommend monthly breast self-examination, annual mammography of the preserved and contralateral breast, and a careful history and physical examination every 3 to 6 months for 3 years, then every 6 to 12 months for 2 years, then annually. Data are not sufficient to recommend routine bone scans, chest radiographs, hematologic blood counts, tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen, cancer antigen [CA] 15-5, and CA 27.29), liver ultrasonograms, or computed tomography scans. VALIDATION: The recommendations of the breast cancer expert panel were evaluated and supported by the ASCO Health Services Research Committee reviewers and the ASCO Board of Directors. (+info)A patient-derived disease activity score can substitute for a physician-derived disease activity score in clinical research. (2/123)
OBJECTIVE: Joint counts have a central role in assessing disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They are usually undertaken by physicians or nurses. We investigated whether joint counts can be devolved to patients and evaluated the use of a patient-derived Disease Activity Score (DAS). METHODS: One hundred RA patients attending a specialist unit were evaluated, comparing joint counts by a physician with patient-assessed joint counts and DAS derived from both methods. They were related to other measures of disease activity in the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) core data set and with the Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI; a validated patient self-assessment index). RESULTS: Regression analysis showed no significant differences between a physician's and patient's joint counts and DAS. There were middle to high correlations between patient and physician assessments of tender joints and swollen joints; using R2, this explained 70% of the variance for tender joints and 40% for swollen joints. Kappa analysis showed good agreement between physician and patient assessments of individual joint tenderness (kappa values 0.49-0.84). There was lower agreement for individual swollen joints (kappa values 0.02-0.61). Physician DAS and patient DAS had a similar correlation with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) (r = 0.50 and r = 0.48, respectively). CONCLUSION: The agreements between physician and patient assessments are sufficient to allow patients' assessments to be used for clinical research. This is especially the case with a patient-derived DAS. However, the results are not directly interchangeable and further studies are needed before patients' assessments are used to guide clinical practice. (+info)Evaluation of factors associated with skin self-examination. (3/123)
Early detection and excision of thin lesions may be important in reducing mortality from melanoma. Periodic skin self-examination may be beneficial in identifying thin lesions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors associated with skin self-examination. The study population was comprised of 549 Caucasian residents of Connecticut 18 years of age or older who were selected as controls as part of a population-based case-control study on skin self-examination and melanoma conducted during 1987-1989. Personal interviews were conducted to obtain information on skin self-examination, demographics, history of cancer, phenotypic characteristics, sun exposure habits, and screening and health behaviors. Nevus counts were performed by trained nurse interviewers. Logistic regression was used to model the relationship between the variables of interest and skin self-examination. Female gender was identified a priori as a predictor of skin self-examination, and thus all analyses were stratified by gender. Age, education, and marital status were also identified a priori as important predictor variables and were selected for inclusion in the final models. Skin awareness was a strong factor associated with skin self-examination for both females and males. For females, previous benign biopsy or the presence of an abnormal mole was identified as important for future skin self-examination using our criteria. A family history of cancer, physician examination, and change in diet to reduce cancer risk increased the likelihood of skin self-examination in males but not females. In women, light hair color may increase the likelihood of performing skin self-examination. Older age and college or postgraduate education was associated with a decreased likelihood of performing skin self-examination in both males and females. Identifying factors associated with skin self-examination will enable health care providers to target individuals who may not be performing skin self-examination but who are at increased risk for developing melanoma. (+info)Agreement between self-assessment of melanocytic nevi by patients and dermatologic examination. (4/123)
The number of melanocytic nevi is the strongest risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. As pigmented skin lesions are visible to everybody, the question has been raised about whether people can identify themselves as being at risk for melanoma through self-counting of moles. In 1991, a total of 513 central European melanoma patients and 498 controls were asked to count the total number of nevi and the number of atypical nevi on the whole body. Whole-body examination by dermatologists followed. Agreement was assessed on categorized nevus counts by means of ordinal kappa values and log-linear modeling. Study subjects significantly underestimated the total number of melanocytic nevi (p < 0.0001). Chance-corrected overall agreement was rather poor (kappa = 0.14), and the ability to detect many existing nevi was low. Agreement was higher for atypical melanocytic nevi counts (kappa = 0.37), and the sensitivity to detect more than one atypical nevus was 0.48. Self-assessment of the number of melanocytic nevi was difficult to perform accurately, and people severely underestimated the actual number. Despite these results, people should be encouraged to perform regular skin self-examination for early detection of melanoma. (+info)Feasibility and validity of the RADAI, a self-administered rheumatoid arthritis disease activity index. (5/123)
OBJECTIVE: The goal of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI) is to provide an easy to use assessment of disease activity. It is a self-administered questionnaire that combines five items into a single index: current and past global disease activity, pain, morning stiffness and a joint count. METHODS: A sample of 484 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients was used to assess the internal consistency and the convergent validity of the RADAI. This was achieved by calculating Cronbach's alpha and RADAI item and total score correlations with core set measures and DAS28. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha was 0.87, supporting the summation of the items into a single index. The index correlated best with physicians' global assessment (r = 0.59; P < 0.0001), the Health Assessment Questionnaire (r = 0.55; P < 0.0001) and the number of tender joints (r = 0.55; P < 0.0001). Correlation with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was low (r = 0.27; P < 0.0001). The RADAI and the DAS28 were correlated (r = 0.53; P < 0.0001), but there was low agreement. CONCLUSIONS: The RADAI is valid to assess disease activity in RA patients. However, the RADAI may not automatically replace other measures of disease activity, such as the DAS28. (+info)Association of individual activities of daily living with self-rated health in older people. (6/123)
OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the associations of 18 activities of daily living with self-rated health in older people. DESIGN AND SETTING: cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 781 people aged 65 or over (response rate: 89.9%). METHODS: self-rated health was assessed by the question: "Overall, how would you rate your current health status-very good, good, fair, poor or very poor?" We used the Barthel index and Lawton and Brody's index for basic and instrumental activities of daily living, respectively. We classified subjects into three groups according to their Barthel index score: level 1 (score 100), level 2 (score 91-99) and level 3 (score 0-90). Logistic regression was used to identify associations between each activity and self-rated health. RESULTS: use of stairs [odds ratio (OR) = 4.28, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.82-6.52], ambulation (OR = 3.67, 95% CI: 2.39-5.64) and chair/bed transfer (OR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.68-5.36) were the basic activities of daily living best associated with self-rated health. Among instrumental activities of daily living, ability to handle finances (OR = 2.20), laundry (OR = 2.15) and transport (OR = 2.12) were associated with self-rated health. On the Barthel index, only transport was associated with self-rated health in subjects at levels 1 (OR = 2.55) and 2 (OR = 2.72). For subjects with poor functional status (level 3), no instrumental activities of daily living were related to self-rated health. CONCLUSION: in terms of self-rated health, the most important activities of daily living were those involving mobility. The effect of each instrumental activity of daily living on self-rated health depends on the level of functional capacity in basic activities of daily living. (+info)Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: 13-year results of a randomized trial in women aged 50-59 years. (7/123)
BACKGROUND: Screening for breast cancer with mammography in women aged 50 years or more has been shown to reduce mortality from breast cancer. However, the extent to which mammography contributes to the reduction of mortality in women who also undergo physical examination of the breasts is not known. This study was designed to compare breast cancer mortality following annual screening consisting of two-view mammography and physical examination of the breasts with mortality following annual screening by physical examination only. Breast self-examination was taught to all participants. METHODS: This trial randomly and individually assigned 39 405 women aged 50-59 years, recruited from January 1980 through March 1985, to one of the study arms. The women were followed by record linkage with the Canadian National Cancer Registry and National Mortality Database to December 31, 1993, and by active follow-up of breast cancer patients to June 30, 1996. RESULTS: Randomization achieved virtually equal distribution of demographic and breast cancer risk variables. At the first annual screen, 21% of the cancers found by mammography alone (in the mammography plus physical examination group) were 20 mm or more in size compared with 46% of those found by physical examination in the mammography plus physical examination group and 56% in the physical examination-only group. The corresponding percentages for screens 2-5 were 10%, 42%, and 50%, respectively. Screening detected 267 invasive breast cancers in the mammography plus physical examination group compared with 148 in the physical examination-only group. By December 31, 1993, 622 invasive and 71 in situ breast carcinomas were ascertained in the mammography plus physical examination group, and 610 and 16 were ascertained in the physical examination-only group. At 13-year follow-up, with 107 and 105 deaths from breast cancer in the respective groups, the cumulative rate ratio was 1.02 (95% confidence interval = 0.78-1.33). CONCLUSION: In women aged 50-59 years, the addition of annual mammography screening to physical examination has no impact on breast cancer mortality. (+info)Home sampling versus conventional swab sampling for screening of Chlamydia trachomatis in women: a cluster-randomized 1-year follow-up study. (8/123)
We compared the efficacy of a screening program for urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infections based on home sampling with that of a screening program based on conventional swab sampling performed at a physician's office. Female subjects, comprising students at 17 high schools in the county of Aarhus, Denmark, were divided into a study group (tested by home sampling) and a control group (tested in a physician's office). We assessed the number of new infections and the number of subjects who reported being treated for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) at 1 year of follow-up; 443 (51.1%) of 867 women in the intervention group and 487 (58.5%) of 833 women in the control group were available for follow-up. Thirteen (2.9%) and 32 (6.6%) new infections were identified in the intervention group and the control group, respectively (Wilcoxon exact value, P=.026). Nine (2.1%) women in the intervention group and 20 (4.2%) in the control group reported being treated for PID (P=.045), indicating that a screening strategy involving home sampling is associated with a lower prevalence of C. trachomatis and a lower proportion of reported cases of PID. (+info)Breast self-examination (BSE) is a procedure in which an individual manually checks their own breasts for any changes or abnormalities. The goal of BSE is to detect breast cancer or other breast abnormalities as early as possible. It involves looking at and feeling the breasts for any lumps, thickenings, or other changes in size, shape, or appearance.
The American Cancer Society recommends that women become familiar with how their breasts normally look and feel and report any changes to their healthcare provider. However, they do not recommend regular monthly BSE as a routine screening tool for breast cancer, as it has not been shown to reduce the risk of dying from breast cancer or improve survival rates. Instead, they recommend regular mammograms and clinical breast exams as the most effective ways to detect breast cancer early.
It's important to note that while BSE can help women become more familiar with their breasts and detect changes early, it should not replace regular medical check-ups and mammograms. Any concerns or changes in the breasts should be reported to a healthcare provider as soon as possible for further evaluation.
"Self-examination" is a term used to describe the act of examining one's own body to identify any unusual or changes in bodily functions, appearance, or symptoms that could indicate a potential health issue. It is often recommended as a preventative measure for early detection of certain conditions, such as breast self-examination (BSE) for detecting lumps or abnormalities in the breast tissue that may suggest breast cancer.
However, it's important to note that while self-examinations can be helpful, they are not a substitute for regular medical check-ups and screenings. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional if any concerning symptoms or changes are noticed during a self-examination. They can provide a more thorough evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment plan as needed.
Palpation is a medical examination technique in which a healthcare professional uses their hands to feel the size, shape, and consistency of body parts, including organs, tissues, and bones. It is used to assess the patient's overall health, identify any abnormalities or areas of pain, monitor healing and disease progression, and guide diagnostic and treatment decisions.
During palpation, the healthcare professional applies gentle pressure with their fingers or hands to specific areas of the body, feeling for any changes in texture, temperature, moisture, or movement. The technique can be used to assess various bodily systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems.
Palpation is a valuable tool in physical examinations because it is non-invasive, relatively quick, and cost-effective. It can provide important information that helps healthcare professionals make accurate diagnoses and develop effective treatment plans for their patients.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Suburban Population" is not a medical term. It refers to the people living in suburban areas, which are typically residential districts or communities that lie outside a city center. They are often characterized by single-family homes and less population density than in urban areas. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I would be happy to help with those!
Health education is the process of providing information and strategies to individuals and communities about how to improve their health and prevent disease. It involves teaching and learning activities that aim to empower people to make informed decisions and take responsible actions regarding their health. Health education covers a wide range of topics, including nutrition, physical activity, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, substance abuse prevention, and environmental health. The ultimate goal of health education is to promote healthy behaviors and lifestyles that can lead to improved health outcomes and quality of life.
Early detection of cancer refers to the identification of malignant cells or tumors in their initial stages, before they have had a chance to grow and spread. This is typically achieved through various screening methods and tests that are designed to detect specific types of cancers. The goal of early detection is to increase the chances of successful treatment and improve the overall prognosis for patients.
Some common methods used for early cancer detection include:
1. Regular screenings such as mammograms, colonoscopies, and Pap tests, which can help identify precancerous or cancerous cells in their earliest stages.
2. Imaging tests like CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans, which can help detect tumors that may not be visible through other screening methods.
3. Blood tests that look for specific biomarkers or tumor markers, which can indicate the presence of cancer in the body.
4. Genetic testing to identify individuals who may be at higher risk of developing certain types of cancer due to inherited genetic mutations.
It's important to note that while early detection is an important tool in the fight against cancer, it is not a guarantee of successful treatment or cure. However, it can significantly improve the odds of successful treatment and increase the chances of survival for many patients.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Turkey" is not a medical term. It is a common name for the country located in Eastern Europe and Western Asia, as well as a type of large bird native to North America that is often eaten as a holiday meal. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!
"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices" (HKAP) is a term used in public health to refer to the knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, and behaviors that individuals possess or engage in that are related to health. Here's a brief definition of each component:
1. Health Knowledge: Refers to the factual information and understanding that individuals have about various health-related topics, such as anatomy, physiology, disease processes, and healthy behaviors.
2. Attitudes: Represent the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, or dispositions that people hold towards certain health issues, practices, or services. These attitudes can influence their willingness to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.
3. Practices: Encompass the specific actions or habits that individuals engage in related to their health, such as dietary choices, exercise routines, hygiene practices, and use of healthcare services.
HKAP is a multidimensional concept that helps public health professionals understand and address various factors influencing individual and community health outcomes. By assessing and addressing knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, or unhealthy practices, interventions can be designed to promote positive behavior change and improve overall health status.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malaysia" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Southeast Asia, consisting of thirteen states and three federal territories. If you have any questions about Malaysia's geography, culture, or people, I would be happy to try to help answer those! However, if you have a question related to medicine or healthcare, please provide more details so I can give you an accurate and helpful response.
Intervention studies are a type of clinical research design where the investigator assigns participants into comparison groups, typically to receive or not receive an intervention. The intervention could be a new drug, a medical device, a procedure, or a health promotion program. These studies aim to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the intervention in preventing or treating diseases or conditions.
There are two main types of intervention studies: experimental (or randomized controlled trials) and quasi-experimental designs. In experimental designs, participants are randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group, while in quasi-experimental designs, assignment is not random but based on other factors such as geographical location or time period.
Intervention studies provide valuable evidence for informing clinical practice and health policy decisions. However, they require careful planning, execution, and analysis to minimize bias and ensure valid results.
Breast diseases refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the breast tissue. These can be broadly categorized into non-cancerous and cancerous conditions.
Non-cancerous breast diseases include:
1. Fibrocystic breast changes: This is a common condition where the breast tissue becomes lumpy, tender, and sometimes painful. It is caused by hormonal changes and is most common in women aged 20 to 50.
2. Mastitis: This is an infection of the breast tissue, usually occurring in breastfeeding women. Symptoms include redness, swelling, warmth, and pain in the affected area.
3. Breast abscess: This is a collection of pus in the breast tissue, often caused by bacterial infection. It can be painful and may require surgical drainage.
4. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors made up of glandular and fibrous tissue. They are usually round, firm, and mobile, and can be removed if they cause discomfort.
5. Intraductal papillomas: These are small, wart-like growths that occur in the milk ducts. They may cause nipple discharge, which can be bloody or clear.
Cancerous breast diseases include:
1. Breast cancer: This is a malignant tumor that starts in the breast tissue. It can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. There are several types of breast cancer, including ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, and inflammatory breast cancer.
2. Paget's disease of the nipple: This is a rare form of breast cancer that affects the skin of the nipple and areola. It can cause symptoms such as redness, itching, burning, and flaking of the nipple skin.
3. Phyllodes tumors: These are rare breast tumors that can be benign or malignant. They usually grow quickly and may require surgical removal.
It is important to note that not all breast lumps are cancerous, and many non-cancerous conditions can cause breast changes. However, any new or unusual breast symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to rule out serious conditions such as breast cancer.
Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the breast tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign breast neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors or growths, while malignant breast neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
Breast neoplasms can arise from different types of cells in the breast, including milk ducts, milk sacs (lobules), or connective tissue. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and can spread to other parts of the breast and nearby structures.
Breast neoplasms are usually detected through screening methods such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI, or through self-examination or clinical examination. Treatment options for breast neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.
Mammography is defined as a specialized medical imaging technique used to create detailed X-ray images of the breast tissue. It's primarily used as a screening tool to detect early signs of breast cancer in women who have no symptoms or complaints, as well as a diagnostic tool for further evaluation of abnormalities detected by other imaging techniques or during a clinical breast exam.
There are two primary types of mammography: film-screen mammography and digital mammography. Film-screen mammography uses traditional X-ray films to capture the images, while digital mammography utilizes digital detectors to convert X-rays into electronic signals, which are then displayed on a computer screen. Digital mammography offers several advantages over film-screen mammography, including lower radiation doses, improved image quality, and the ability to manipulate and enhance the images for better interpretation.
Mammography plays a crucial role in reducing breast cancer mortality by enabling early detection and treatment of this disease. Regular mammography screenings are recommended for women over a certain age (typically starting at age 40 or 50, depending on individual risk factors) to increase the chances of detecting breast cancer at an early stage when it is most treatable.
Educational status refers to the level or stage of education that a person has reached. It can be used to describe an individual's educational background, achievements, and qualifications. Educational status can be categorized in various ways, including by level (e.g., elementary school, high school, college, graduate school), years of schooling completed, or type of degree earned (e.g., bachelor's, master's, doctoral).
In medical settings, educational status may be used as a demographic variable to describe the characteristics of a patient population or to identify potential disparities in health outcomes based on education level. Research has shown that higher levels of education are often associated with better health outcomes, including lower rates of chronic diseases and improved mental health. Therefore, understanding a patient's educational status can help healthcare providers tailor their care and education strategies to meet the unique needs and challenges of each individual.
A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.
Self care is a health practice that involves individuals taking responsibility for their own health and well-being by actively seeking out and participating in activities and behaviors that promote healthy living, prevent illness and disease, and manage existing medical conditions. Self care includes a wide range of activities such as:
* Following a healthy diet and exercise routine
* Getting adequate sleep and rest
* Managing stress through relaxation techniques or mindfulness practices
* Practicing good hygiene and grooming habits
* Seeking preventive care through regular check-ups and screenings
* Taking prescribed medications as directed by a healthcare provider
* Monitoring symptoms and seeking medical attention when necessary
Self care is an important part of overall health and wellness, and can help individuals maintain their physical, emotional, and mental health. It is also an essential component of chronic disease management, helping people with ongoing medical conditions to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
A physical examination is a methodical and systematic process of evaluating a patient's overall health status. It involves inspecting, palpating, percussing, and auscultating different parts of the body to detect any abnormalities or medical conditions. The primary purpose of a physical examination is to gather information about the patient's health, identify potential health risks, diagnose medical conditions, and develop an appropriate plan for prevention, treatment, or further evaluation.
During a physical examination, a healthcare provider may assess various aspects of a patient's health, including their vital signs (such as blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and respiratory rate), height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and overall appearance. They may also examine different organ systems, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, musculoskeletal, and genitourinary systems, to identify any signs of disease or abnormalities.
Physical examinations are an essential part of preventive healthcare and are typically performed during routine check-ups, annual physicals, and when patients present with symptoms or concerns about their health. The specific components of a physical examination may vary depending on the patient's age, sex, medical history, and presenting symptoms.
I am not a medical doctor, but I can provide you with some information on this topic. Self-concept is more commonly discussed in psychology than in medicine, but it still has relevance to understanding individual experiences and behaviors in health and illness.
Self-concept refers to an individual's perception, beliefs, and attitudes about themselves, encompassing various dimensions such as:
1. Physical self (how one perceives their physical appearance, abilities, and health)
2. Social self (how one perceives their relationships with others, social roles, and status)
3. Psychological or personal self (how one perceives their personality traits, values, and beliefs)
Self-concept can influence how people view their own health, cope with illness, and engage in health behaviors. For example, a positive self-concept may contribute to better adherence to treatment plans and healthier lifestyle choices, while negative self-concepts might lead to poorer health outcomes due to decreased motivation or self-efficacy.
Understanding an individual's self-concept can help healthcare professionals tailor their communication style, recommendations, and interventions to better meet the patient's needs and preferences.
Self tolerance, also known as immunological tolerance or biological tolerance, is a critical concept in the field of immunology. It refers to the ability of the immune system to distinguish between "self" and "non-self" antigens and to refrain from mounting an immune response against its own cells, tissues, and organs.
In other words, self tolerance is the state of immune non-responsiveness to self antigens, which are molecules or structures that are normally present in an individual's own body. This ensures that the immune system does not attack the body's own cells and cause autoimmune diseases.
Self tolerance is established during the development and maturation of the immune system, particularly in the thymus gland for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells. During this process, immature immune cells that recognize self antigens are either eliminated or rendered tolerant to them, so that they do not mount an immune response against the body's own tissues.
Maintaining self tolerance is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system and for preventing the development of autoimmune diseases, in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues.
Self psychology is a branch of psychoanalysis developed by Heinz Kohut that emphasizes the role of empathy in understanding and treating psychological disorders. It focuses on the self, which includes an individual's sense of identity, self-esteem, and emotional well-being. According to this theory, a healthy self is characterized by a cohesive and stable sense of self, along with the ability to experience joy, pride, and satisfaction. In contrast, a poorly functioning self may result in feelings of emptiness, low self-esteem, and difficulties in forming and maintaining relationships.
Self psychology posits that individuals have certain innate psychological needs, including the need for mirroring (to have one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences affirmed by others), idealization (the ability to admire and look up to others as role models), and twinship (a sense of connection and understanding with others). When these needs are not met in early childhood, it can lead to the development of psychological issues.
In therapy, self psychologists aim to provide a therapeutic environment that meets the patient's emotional needs through empathic listening and understanding. This approach helps the patient develop a stronger and more cohesive sense of self, improve their ability to regulate their emotions, and form healthier relationships with others.
In a medical or healthcare context, self-disclosure generally refers to the act of a patient voluntarily sharing personal, relevant information about themselves with their healthcare provider. This could include details about their lifestyle, thoughts, feelings, experiences, or symptoms that may be pertinent to their health status or treatment. The purpose of self-disclosure is to enhance the provider's understanding of the patient's condition and facilitate more effective care planning, monitoring, and management. It is essential for building trust, fostering open communication, and promoting a strong therapeutic relationship between patients and healthcare providers.
It is important to note that self-disclosure should be encouraged in a safe, respectful, and confidential environment, where the patient feels comfortable sharing personal information without fear of judgment or negative consequences. Healthcare providers must maintain appropriate professional boundaries while still fostering an atmosphere of trust and collaboration with their patients.
Self-mutilation, also known as self-injury or self-harm, refers to the deliberate infliction of pain or damage to one's own body without the intention of committing suicide. It can take many forms, including cutting, burning, scratching, hitting, or piercing the skin. The behavior is often used as a coping mechanism to deal with emotional distress, trauma, or other psychological issues. Self-mutilation can be a sign of serious mental health concerns and should be treated as such. It's important to seek professional help if you or someone you know is engaging in self-harm behaviors.
In psychology, the term "ego" is used to describe a part of the personality that deals with the conscious mind and includes the senses of self and reality. It is one of the three components of Freud's structural model of the psyche, along with the id and the superego. The ego serves as the mediator between the unconscious desires of the id and the demands of the real world, helping to shape behavior that is socially acceptable and adaptive.
It's important to note that this definition of "ego" is specific to the field of psychology and should not be confused with other uses of the term in different contexts, such as its use in popular culture to refer to an inflated sense of self-importance or self-centeredness.
A gynecological examination is a medical procedure performed by a healthcare professional, typically a gynecologist, to evaluate the female reproductive system. The examination may include a variety of tests and procedures, such as:
1. Medical history review: The doctor will ask questions about the patient's menstrual cycle, sexual activity, contraceptive use, pregnancy history, and any symptoms or concerns.
2. External examination: The doctor will inspect the external genitalia for any signs of infection, irritation, or abnormalities.
3. Speculum exam: A speculum, a medical instrument that resembles a duckbill, is inserted into the vagina to allow the doctor to visualize the cervix and vaginal walls. This helps in detecting any abnormalities such as cervical polyps, inflammation, or cancerous growths.
4. Pelvic exam: The doctor will insert gloved fingers into the patient's vagina while simultaneously pressing on the lower abdomen to assess the size, shape, and position of the reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes.
5. Pap test: A sample of cells is collected from the cervix using a spatula or brush and sent to a laboratory for analysis. This helps in detecting any precancerous or cancerous changes in the cervical cells.
6. Other tests: Depending on the patient's age, medical history, and symptoms, additional tests such as STD screening, breast exam, or imaging studies (e.g., ultrasound, MRI) may be recommended.
The frequency and type of gynecological examinations vary depending on a woman's age, health status, and individual needs. Regular check-ups are essential for early detection and prevention of reproductive system-related issues, including sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, and other gynecological conditions.
A neurological examination is a series of tests used to evaluate the functioning of the nervous system, including both the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body). It is typically performed by a healthcare professional such as a neurologist or a primary care physician with specialized training in neurology.
During a neurological examination, the healthcare provider will assess various aspects of neurological function, including:
1. Mental status: This involves evaluating a person's level of consciousness, orientation, memory, and cognitive abilities.
2. Cranial nerves: There are 12 cranial nerves that control functions such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, and movement of the face and neck. The healthcare provider will test each of these nerves to ensure they are functioning properly.
3. Motor function: This involves assessing muscle strength, tone, coordination, and reflexes. The healthcare provider may ask the person to perform certain movements or tasks to evaluate these functions.
4. Sensory function: The healthcare provider will test a person's ability to feel different types of sensations, such as touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and proprioception (the sense of where your body is in space).
5. Coordination and balance: The healthcare provider may assess a person's ability to perform coordinated movements, such as touching their finger to their nose or walking heel-to-toe.
6. Reflexes: The healthcare provider will test various reflexes throughout the body using a reflex hammer.
The results of a neurological examination can help healthcare providers diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the nervous system, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or peripheral neuropathy.
Examination
Imperial examination
Rectal examination
Abdominal examination
Rectovaginal examination
Cross-examination
Redirect examination
Board examination
Cardiovascular examination
Pulmonary examination
TSE (examination)
Kasiski examination
Physical examination
Examination vessel
Comprehensive examination
Matriculation examination
Neurological examination
Music examination
Cardiac examination
Knee examination
Periodontal examination
Back examination
Examination board
Examination Day
Preliminary examination
Examination book
Direct examination
Respiratory examination
Mental examination
Shoulder examination
NHANES - National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Homepage
NNYFS Examination Data
Ear examination: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Hypoglycemia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination
Clinical Assessment-History and Physical Examination
Examination Data
Imperial examination - Wikipedia
Rectal examination - Wikipedia
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications
Plan Examination - Buildings
Final Examination Schedules
Credit Union Examination Survey
FDIC: Trust Examination Manual
eye examination
FDIC: CRA Examination Schedule
SESSION 5. CNS EXAMINATION
2. Examination practice
Entrance examination | UCLouvain
NHANES 2009-2010 Examination Data Overview
Examination Report Modernization | NCUA
Examination dates - Universität Ulm
Examination | Catholic Answers Encyclopedia
Dentistry (State Examination) - JLU
Passport Examination
Petition · Cancel 1st year Examination · Change.org
MEDICAL EXAMINATION Definition & Usage Examples | Dictionary.com
Before your eye examination | RNIB
Abdominal Examination: Overview, Preparation, Technique
Examinations | University College Cork
CDM Examination Schedule
Assessment4
- The eight medical schools in California form a Consortium for the Assessment of Clinical Competence, which enables them to develop and implement a common clinical assessment tool, the Clinical Performance Examination (CPX), for final year medical students across the state. (nih.gov)
- The scholarship examination was a very thorough assessment of student academic performance generally featuring a few different papers including Arithmetic, English, Geography and History. (qld.gov.au)
- To ensure that all theses are assessed independently and that the examination process is free from any perception of bias or preferential treatment, Victoria University has developed and approved conflict of interest guidelines to manage the declaration and assessment of any potential conflicts of interest in the examination process. (edu.au)
- In addition, each firm will be assigned a single point of accountability, a senior leader who has ultimate responsibility for the ongoing risk monitoring, risk assessment, planning and scoping of examinations tailored to the risks of the firm's business activities. (finra.org)
Regulations6
- This guide is intended to assist individuals preparing to take the Municipal Advisor Principal Qualification Examination (Series 54) by highlighting the structure of the examination and providing links to the rules and regulations covered in the content outline via a knowledge resource directory. (msrb.org)
- OER) describe the objectives, content and structure of the degree programmes offered and the regulations and provisions dealing with the organisation of these programmes and the assessments and examinations related to them. (koncon.nl)
- Download the Addendum DNOA Education and Examination Regulations here . (koncon.nl)
- These documents govern in particular the regulations for examinations, such as examination deadlines, the number and form of the examinations that must be passed, and their requirements (the performance monitoring process). (uni-potsdam.de)
- Foreign language skill documentation, combination possibilities, standard time for completing a degree, and the form of academic and examination performance are articulated in the subject-specific regulations. (uni-potsdam.de)
- If new study and examination regulations are adopted, then these apply to those students who are enrolled as of that point in time. (uni-potsdam.de)
20182
- A brief initial screening examination, including vital signs, mental status, and pupils, should be performed to identify immediate measures required to stabilize the patient (Sivilotti 2018). (cdc.gov)
- In men aged 55-69 who have been counseled on the known harms and potential benefits of prostate cancer screening, the U.S. Preventive Service Task Force May 2018 statement states, "The use of digital rectal examination as a screening modality is not recommended because there is a lack of evidence on the benefits. (wikipedia.org)
FINRA4
- Each year, FINRA publishes its Annual Risk Monitoring and Examination Priorities Letter to highlight issues of importance to FINRA's regulatory programs. (finra.org)
- As recently announced , and informed by insights from FINRA360 , FINRA has integrated three different examination programs into a single framework designed to better direct and align examination resources to the risk profiles and business models of member firms. (finra.org)
- In October last year, we published the 2019 Report on Examination Findings and Observations , which provides a summary of key findings, observations and effective practices identified during recent FINRA examinations. (finra.org)
- The total cost to take the Series 54 examination is $265, which includes the MSRB's $150 examination fee and a $115 administrative fee assessed by FINRA for administering the delivery of the examination. (msrb.org)
Candidates8
- subject recommendation") was a civil service examination system in Imperial China administered for the purpose of selecting candidates for the state bureaucracy. (wikipedia.org)
- Candidates who meet the minimum qualifications as stated below may apply for this examination. (surveymonkey.com)
- Candidates that are unsuccessful in the examination must wait six (6) months from the testing date before reapplying to take the examination. (surveymonkey.com)
- Candidates are responsible for obtaining proof of mailing or submission of their examination to Exam Services. (surveymonkey.com)
- For example, candidates possessing qualifying experience amounting to 50% of the required time of Pattern I, and additional experience amounting to 50% of the required time of Pattern II, may be admitted to an examination as meeting 100% of the overall experience requirements. (surveymonkey.com)
- To take the VT specialty examination, candidates must complete the application forms, register with the ARDMS, and pay any exam or renewal fees. (testprepreview.com)
- All RIMS-CRMP-FED candidates must have prior authorization from the RIMS-CRMP Certification Department to take the examination. (rims.org)
- Additional details on taking the examination are provided to candidates in the email they receive from the RIMS-CRMP Certification Department once their application is approved. (rims.org)
Exam5
- Included in the expanded examination system was a military exam, but the military exam never had a significant impact on the Chinese officer corps and military degrees were seen as inferior to their civil counterpart. (wikipedia.org)
- Digital rectal examination (DRE), also known as a prostate exam (Latin: palpatio per anum (PPA), lit. (wikipedia.org)
- All applicants must meet the education and/or experience requirements as stated on this exam bulletin to be accepted into the examination. (surveymonkey.com)
- I confirm that my personal laptop meets the minimum requirements (as stipulated in the Faculty of Law - Laptop Exam Student section of the myCourses course Law-Law-Student Affairs-Examinations) for the laptop exam pilot project. (mcgill.ca)
- To assist individuals preparing for the Series 54 examination, the MSRB released Tips for Exam Day , outlining important items to remember and addressing some frequently asked questions. (msrb.org)
McGill University1
- I elect to write one or more of my law examinations using a laptop with the approved McGill University software during the examination period. (mcgill.ca)
Content3
- There are numerous online resources for preparing to take the Vascular Technology specialty examination for the RVT credential, including content outlines, study guides, and sample questions based on the actual test. (testprepreview.com)
- A content outline is available for the Series 54 examination that details key concepts and rules to be tested on the examination and the percentage of the examination devoted to each topic area. (msrb.org)
- Additionally, to familiarize individuals with the format of the Series 54 examination, the content outline includes sample questions similar to the type of questions that may be found on the examination. (msrb.org)
Systematic3
- A shoulder examination should be performed in a systematic manner. (medscape.com)
- Technique for the systematic examination of colon--rectum specimens. (nih.gov)
- The ingredients to a successful diagnosis of neurological problems are a thorough knowledge of how the normal horse behaves and moves, a systematic examination and experience. (petplace.com)
Cross-examination14
- When my grandfather, an attorney, died, he left me three precious possessions-the gold pocket watch he wore to court, the shingle that hung outside his office, and a well-worn volume by the legendary trial lawyer Francis L. Wellman, The Art of Cross-Examination (4th ed.), published in 1936. (americanbar.org)
- For trial lawyers, Wellman's is among the urtexts of cross-examination, containing essays written by Max Steuer, Emory Bruckner, Lloyd Paul Stryker, Joseph Choate Jr., and other luminaries of their day, analyzing in detail their notable cross-examination triumphs and failures. (americanbar.org)
- Thus, in 1975, Professor Irving Younger caused a sensation when he emerged as the new Prometheus of cross-examination. (americanbar.org)
- He dazzled the profession with a series of taped talks on trial procedure-emphasizing cross-examination-based on lectures given to his Cornell law students. (americanbar.org)
- Younger brought current the lessons of Wellman and his contemporaries, synthesizing the modern art of cross-examination in his iconic "Ten Commandments. (americanbar.org)
- Now, 40 years later, a new bible on cross-examination has emerged, which not only captures the best of Younger, Wellman et al. (americanbar.org)
- For all trial lawyers, the new text, edited by Charles B. Gibbons and titled The Art of Cross-Examination, Essays from the Bench and Bar , is a must-read. (americanbar.org)
- Gibbons has collected some of the best essays on cross-examination published in Litigation journal between Younger's time and the present and organized them thematically. (americanbar.org)
- Ingeniously, he begins with a reprise of Younger's famous lecture on the Ten Commandments of cross-examination, followed by two chapters that presume the difficulty in remembering all 10, seeking to reduce them to their basics (one author postulates four commandments and the other, three). (americanbar.org)
- Then Gibbons shifts gears dramatically, offering an insightful chapter in which Michael Doyen expertly argues the fallacies in Younger's rules and their lack of utility in helping a modern advocate prepare and execute a competent cross-examination. (americanbar.org)
- Doyen argues that Younger's thesis is built on two fallacious premises: that "competence" in cross-examination is a matter of adhering to his Ten Commandments and that only extremely gifted lawyers can master them. (americanbar.org)
- the attempt to understand cross-examination without regard for the larger strategies of the trial. (americanbar.org)
- Much of the rest of the book addresses, in various ways, the goals, strategies, and techniques of cross-examination in the context of "the larger strategies of the trial. (americanbar.org)
- There are other chapters that provide technical guidance on virtually every problem that a litigator will confront on cross-examination. (americanbar.org)
Centers1
- Examinations are currently offered in 33 subjects at test centers across the state. (tn.gov)
19th century2
- In the late 19th century, some critics within Qing China blamed the examination system for stifling scientific and technical knowledge, and urged for some reforms. (wikipedia.org)
- Thomas Chalmers, a Scottish church leader in the 19th century, knew that self-examination can be tiring and fruitless. (desiringgod.org)
Applicants2
- All applicants must meet the education and/or experience requirements for this examination by the cut-off date. (surveymonkey.com)
- One comment indicated that the supplemental examination guidelines will work well since under the supplemental examination guidelines applicants can clearly invoke or not invoke 35 U.S.C. 112, para. (uspto.gov)
Patient's2
- Every physical examination performed in a Division of Indian Health hospital or outpatient facility shall include an examination of the patient's eyes. (ihs.gov)
- [ 1 , 2 ] Good patient's history and careful examination are important to establish the correct diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment. (medscape.com)
Academic3
- Academic and Professional Services staff should liaise with Examinations through [email protected] . (kcl.ac.uk)
- Developed by the College Board, College Level Examination Program (CLEP) exams can be taken by students and adults to assess mastery of postsecondary-level material acquired in a variety of ways, including through general academic instructions, significant independent study or extracurricular work. (tn.gov)
- If the incomplete examination cannot be retrieved from my computer within two working days, the Associate Dean (Academic) will determine remedial options. (mcgill.ca)
Qualification5
- It also includes manufacturer's examination responsibilities, duties of authorized inspectors and requirements for qualification of personnel, inspection and examination. (asme.org)
- As of November 30, 2021, all municipal advisor professionals acting in the capacity of a municipal advisor principal must take and pass the MSRB's Municipal Advisor Principal Qualification Examination (Series 54) to be appropriately qualified to engage in the management, direction, or supervision of the municipal advisory activities of the municipal advisor firm and that of its associated persons. (msrb.org)
- The MSRB stated at that time, at a later date, it would consider a qualification examination for municipal advisor principals. (msrb.org)
- The MSRB believes that, as consistent with the professional qualification standards for the municipal advisor representative-level examination, each municipal advisor principal should demonstrate a specified level of competency of the regulatory requirements and application thereof to the municipal advisory activities of a municipal advisor by passing a principal-level examination. (msrb.org)
- This resource helps answer frequently asked questions about the Municipal Advisor Principal Qualification Examination (Series 54). (msrb.org)
Diagnosis3
- This examination may be used: for the diagnosis of prostatic disorders, benign prostatic hyperplasia and the four types of prostatitis. (wikipedia.org)
- A thorough medical, pharmacological and oral examination will guide the clinician to a correct diagnosis. (medscape.com)
- When the clinical diagnosis of an oral lesion cannot be confirmed with its signs and symptoms, a biopsy of the oral soft tissues with an histopathological examination is warranted. (medscape.com)
Specialty2
- The Vascular Technology (VT) specialty examination is administered by the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS) to certify the continuing competency of ultrasound professionals. (testprepreview.com)
- The VT specialty examination questions are divided into percentage-weighted topics based on knowledge of vascular anatomy and physiology, hemodynamics, diseases, arteriography, angiography, and various diagnostic tests and visualization modalities. (testprepreview.com)
Medscape1
- Cite this: The Colposcopic Examination - Medscape - Sep 01, 2008. (medscape.com)
Examiners2
- Additionally, it also offers support to examiners and examination boards. (tu-chemnitz.de)
- If a potential conflict of interest is not declared by the Research Institute, the candidate or the examiner but discovered during or after the examination, the University may anul one or more of the examiners' reports and replacement examiner/s will be appointed. (edu.au)
Evaluation2
- A mental status examination includes evaluation of alertness, orientation, cognition, and short-term memory. (cdc.gov)
- The oral examination comprises a uniform and consistent inspection of the head and neck and an intraoral evaluation of the hard and soft tissues (see the images below) in conjunction with a thorough medical and dental history. (medscape.com)
Oral examination2
- The oral examination is a defense of the dissertation work in progress. (stanford.edu)
- The oral examination committee, composed of field and nonfield faculty, tests the student on the theory and methodology underlying the research, the areas of application and portions of the major field to which the research is relevant, and the significance of the dissertation research. (stanford.edu)
Examiner4
- the aim of the conflict of interest guidelines is to protect the candidate, examiner and VU against potential negative perceptions during the thesis examination process. (edu.au)
- If an examiner can no longer assess your thesis a replacement examiner will be appointed and given two months to submit an examination report. (edu.au)
- When we receive the examination report we will pay the examiner in accordance with the honorarium set by the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee. (edu.au)
- Do you not agree with a decision taken by an examiner or the examination board? (utwente.nl)
Imperial4
- Aspects of the imperial examination still exist for entry into the civil service of contemporary China, in both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). (wikipedia.org)
- Starting with the Song dynasty, the imperial examination system became a more formal system and developed into a roughly three-tiered ladder from local to provincial to court exams. (wikipedia.org)
- The bureaucratic imperial examinations as a concept has its origins in the year 605 during the short-lived Sui dynasty. (wikipedia.org)
- Its successor, the Tang dynasty, implemented imperial examinations on a relatively small scale until the examination system was extensively expanded during the reign of Wu Zetian. (wikipedia.org)
Supervisory2
- The Tracker Mortgage Examination is the most significant supervisory review that the Central Bank has undertaken in the context of our consumer protection mandate. (centralbank.ie)
- Meaning, regardless of whether such persons have passed other MSRB or MSRB-recognized examinations (such as the Series 53 or Series 24), the MSRB does not intend to waive the principal-level requirement or grandfather individuals who have passed such other examinations or who have experience in functioning in a supervisory capacity. (msrb.org)
Biopsy1
- Histologic examination of biopsy or autopsy tissues is occasionally useful in diagnosing unsuspected cases of rabies that have not been tested by routine methods. (cdc.gov)
NHANES3
- The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) was conducted from October 1988 through October 1994. (cdc.gov)
- The first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) was conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics between 1971 and 1974. (nih.gov)
- The risk factors (systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking) for death from coronary heart disease were compared using results from the seventh cohort examination of 1960-1964 as baseline in Framingham and the NHANES I examination of 1971-1974 as baseline for the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHEFS). (nih.gov)
Responsibilities1
- 1) This transmits revised IRM 4.36.3, Joint Committee Procedures, Examination Team Responsibilities. (irs.gov)
Internal2
- palpation through the anus'), is an internal examination of the rectum performed by a healthcare provider. (wikipedia.org)
- Examination methods are intended to detect surface and internal discontinuities in materials, welds, and fabricated parts and components. (asme.org)
Committee2
- The Subject Examination Committee (SEC) will meet to consider the progress of students in Stage I and Stage II and to arrive at recommendations for the awards to be made at the Modular Examination Committee (MEC). (brookes.ac.uk)
- However, each subject is the responsibility of a specific SEC and it is that SEC which is responsible for monitoring the student records and making recommendations to MEC on the progress of and awards to students on the subject and on any recommendations for an Examination Committee letter. (brookes.ac.uk)
Theses2
- The Graduate Research School has responsibility for the integrity of the examination process for all Higher Degree by Research theses. (edu.au)
- BA and MA theses can be submitted to the Examinations Office at the earliest after at least half of the regular the regular processing time at the Examinations Office. (uni-weimar.de)
Physical8
- Physical Examination of the Shoulder. (medscape.com)
- traditionally, the digital rectal examination (DRE) was considered an essential part of the physical examination for all trauma patients. (wikipedia.org)
- This photograph shows Dr. Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky listening to the heart of a male patient as part of a physical examination to test for the presence of a rheumatic disease. (nih.gov)
- The physical examination begins with an extraoral examination to identify possible lesions (such as rash, erythema, and pigmentation), swelling or facial asymmetry. (medscape.com)
- After the initial observation, your veterinarian will want to do a complete physical examination. (petplace.com)
- There are some systemic diseases, such as liver or kidney disease, that can have neurologic manifestations, that might be picked up on a general physical examination. (petplace.com)
- There may be other indicators of neurologic disease on physical examination. (petplace.com)
- As part of that complete physical examination, your veterinarian will often wish to perform a complete ophthalmologic examination. (petplace.com)
Guidelines8
- Supplemental Examination Guidelines FR 112 Para. (uspto.gov)
- SUMMARY: The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is publishing the final supplemental examination guidelines to be used by Office personnel in their review of patent applications to determine (1) whether a claim limitation invokes 35 U.S.C. 112, para. (uspto.gov)
- 6. Because these supplemental examination guidelines are interpretive rules and general statements of policy, they are exempt from notice and comments rulemaking under 5 U.S.C. 553(b)(A). DATES: The supplemental examination guidelines are effective June 21, 2000. (uspto.gov)
- SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The USPTO published ``Interim Supplemental Examination Guidelines for Determining the Applicability of 35 U.S.C. 112 para. (uspto.gov)
- 6'' in the Federal Register on July 30, 1999, at 64 FR 41392, requesting comments from the public on the supplemental examination guidelines. (uspto.gov)
- The interim supplemental examination guidelines are adopted with modifications as suggested by some of the commentors noted below. (uspto.gov)
- In particular, (1) a statement has been added to the supplemental examination guidelines to clearly state that the guidelines do not constitute substantive rulemaking and hence do not have the force and effect of law, (2) the third prong of the 3-prong analysis for determining whether a claim limitation invokes 35 U.S.C. 112, para. (uspto.gov)
- Discussion of Public Comments Comments were received by the USPTO from three individuals, two bar associations, one law firm and one corporation in response to the request for comments on the interim supplemental examination guidelines. (uspto.gov)
Important3
- This examination was very important to each student as it determined a student's career chances. (qld.gov.au)
- The coming year will mark an important inflection point in FINRA's risk monitoring and examination program. (finra.org)
- It is important to the examination board to maintain the scientific structures and standards of the study program, but also to allow flexible course attendance for students. (uni-weimar.de)
Procedures1
- However the examinations co-existed with other forms of recruitment such as direct appointments for the ruling family, nominations, quotas, clerical promotions, sale of official titles, and special procedures for eunuchs. (wikipedia.org)
Findings1
- Examination findings of fever (with urinary tract infection) and costovertebral angle tenderness are identical to those of other types of calculi. (medscape.com)
Framework1
- The Examination framework also provides that lenders establish an independent appeals process to deal with customers who are dissatisfied with any aspect of the redress package that they receive from lenders in respect of these matters. (centralbank.ie)
Test4
- A Wood lamp examination is a test that uses ultraviolet (UV) light to look at the skin closely. (nih.gov)
- A single office-based FOBT (fecal occult blood test) performed following a digital rectal examination (DRE) is not an adequate screen due to low sensitivity for advanced tumor and colorectal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- The candidate must present two forms of ID to the examination proctor and meet all other test security requirements at the examination location (a list of acceptable forms of identification can be found in the RIMS-CRMP Certification Handbook). (rims.org)
- Continuing Medical Education Examination: Test Identificatio. (lww.com)
Assess2
- This increased usage is also due to the fact that the national licensing examination in the United States, includes a component to assess the clinical skills of the learners (United States Medical Licensure Examination Step 2 CS). (nih.gov)
- The cranial nerve examination should be performed to assess possible neurosensory and neuromuscular deficits. (medscape.com)
Resources1
- More summaries and resources for teaching or studying The Examination . (bookrags.com)
Municipal2
- The first is the municipal examination that weeds out all but a few hundred of the best. (bookrags.com)
- As part of its expanded mandate under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the MSRB implemented the first qualifying examination for municipal advisors. (msrb.org)
National Health1
- o It is essential that you have a copy of 'Plan and Operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94' DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 94-1308, and 'Sample design: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey' DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 92- 1387, before conducting analyses of the data on this data file. (cdc.gov)
Technique1
- Specific details of each phase of the shoulder examination are discussed under Technique . (medscape.com)
Percentage1
- Greater stress should be placed on the postmortem examination in selected cases rather than in a fixed percentage of deaths. (nih.gov)
Principles3
- A review of the Shoulder Joint Anatomy may be beneficial before considering the principles and concepts of the shoulder examination. (medscape.com)
- No Principles of Fraud Examination courses are scheduled at this time. (acfe.com)
- Build a solid foundation in fraud prevention, detection and deterrence with Principles of Fraud Examination. (acfe.com)
Surveillance2
- We are pleased to release FINRA's 2020 Risk Monitoring and Examination Priorities Letter, which describes areas of focus for FINRA's 2020 risk monitoring, surveillance and examination programs. (finra.org)
- This 2020 Risk Monitoring and Examination Priorities Letter describes the areas of focus for FINRA's risk monitoring, surveillance and examination programs in the coming year. (finra.org)
Office3
- The team of the Central Examination Office is the first contact point for students concerning examination issues. (tu-chemnitz.de)
- Students considering updating their laptop's operating system should consult the Student Affairs office in advance, to ensure that the new version of the operating system is compatible with the examination software. (mcgill.ca)
- Any objections to the examination board's decisions must be submitted as a signed letter to the CBE (P.O. Box 127, 7500 AE Enschede, Vrijhof, Room 239B, Student Services office) within six weeks of the date of the original decision by the Examination Board BMT-BME . (utwente.nl)
History1
- The concept of choosing bureaucrats by merit rather than by birth started early in Chinese history, but using written examinations as a tool of selection started in earnest during the Sui dynasty (581-618) then into the Tang dynasty of 618-907. (wikipedia.org)
Vital1
- The mental status, vital signs, and pupillary examination are the most useful elements. (cdc.gov)
Section2
Pages1
- This Study Guide consists of approximately 35 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of The Examination. (bookrags.com)
NOTE1
- Please note that examinations may be affected by restrictions enforced during the COVID-19 pandemic. (iaa.ie)
