A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.
Study of mental processes and behavior of schizophrenics.
A chronic form of schizophrenia characterized primarily by the presence of persecutory or grandiose delusions, often associated with hallucination.
Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in SCHIZOPHRENIA; senile dementia; transient psychosis following surgery; or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus.
A type of schizophrenia characterized by frequent incoherence; marked loosening of associations, or grossly disorganized behavior and flat or grossly inappropriate affect that does not meet the criteria for the catatonic type; associated features include extreme social withdrawal, grimacing, mannerisms, mirror gazing, inappropriate giggling, and other odd behavior. (Dorland, 27th ed)
An obsolete concept, historically used for childhood mental disorders thought to be a form of schizophrenia. It was in earlier versions of DSM but is now included within the broad concept of PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS.
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
A type of schizophrenia characterized by abnormality of motor behavior which may involve particular forms of stupor, rigidity, excitement or inappropriate posture.
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia.
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
The artificial language of schizophrenic patients - neologisms (words of the patient's own making with new meanings).
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.
A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.
A scale comprising 18 symptom constructs chosen to represent relatively independent dimensions of manifest psychopathology. The initial intended use was to provide more efficient assessment of treatment response in clinical psychopharmacology research; however, the scale was readily adapted to other uses. (From Hersen, M. and Bellack, A.S., Dictionary of Behavioral Assessment Techniques, p. 87)
A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates.
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.
The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.
The ability of the BRAIN to suppress neuronal responses to external sensory inputs, such as auditory and visual stimuli. Sensory filtering (or gating) allows humans to block out irrelevant, meaningless, or redundant stimuli.
Cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders. These may be the result of substance use, trauma, or other causes.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)
Adaptation of the person to the social environment. Adjustment may take place by adapting the self to the environment or by changing the environment. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996)
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
Measurable biological (physiological, biochemical, and anatomical features), behavioral (psychometric pattern) or cognitive markers that are found more often in individuals with a disease than in the general population. Because many endophenotypes are present before the disease onset and in individuals with heritable risk for disease such as unaffected family members, they can be used to help diagnose and search for causative genes.
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
A complex involuntary response to an unexpected strong stimulus usually auditory in nature.
A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.
The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.
A component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH concerned with research, overall planning, promoting, and administering mental health programs and research. It was established in 1949.
Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.
Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Dibenzothiazepines are a class of heterocyclic chemical compounds that contain a dibenzothiazepine ring structure, which have been used in the development of various pharmaceutical drugs, particularly as tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, and anticonvulsants, but their use has declined due to side effects and the development of newer drugs.
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
Remembrance of information for a few seconds to hours.
Mental activity, not predominantly perceptual, by which one apprehends some aspect of an object or situation based on past learning and experience.
One of the convolutions on the medial surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES. It surrounds the rostral part of the brain and CORPUS CALLOSUM and forms part of the LIMBIC SYSTEM.
Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.
Enzyme that catalyzes the movement of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionone to a catechol or a catecholamine.
The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function.
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.
Groups that serve as a standard for comparison in experimental studies. They are similar in relevant characteristics to the experimental group but do not receive the experimental intervention.
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
The perceiving of attributes, characteristics, and behaviors of one's associates or social groups.
A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.
A social group consisting of parents or parent substitutes and children.
The conscious portion of the personality structure which serves to mediate between the demands of the primitive instinctual drives, (the id), of internalized parental and social prohibitions or the conscience, (the superego), and of reality.
A phenothiazine used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES. Its properties and uses are generally similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.
A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.
The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.
A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.
The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.
Physiological changes that occur in bodies after death.
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
A psychological theory based on dimensions or categories used by a given person in describing or explaining the personality and behavior of others or of himself. The basic idea is that different people will use consistently different categories. The theory was formulated in the fifties by George Kelly. Two tests devised by him are the role construct repertory test and the repertory grid test. (From Stuart Sutherland, The International Dictionary of Psychology, 1989)
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.
The science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. The term is also applied to the data themselves and to the summarization of the data.
Frequency and quality of negative emotions, e.g., anger or hostility, expressed by family members or significant others, that often lead to a high relapse rate, especially in schizophrenic patients. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 7th ed)
A negative shift of the cortical electrical potentials that increases over time. It is associated with an anticipated response to an expected stimulus and is an electrical event indicative of a state of readiness or expectancy.
Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.
Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.
Specialized instruction for students deviating from the expected norm.
A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
A late-appearing component of the event-related potential. P300 stands for a positive deflection in the event-related voltage potential at 300 millisecond poststimulus. Its amplitude increases with unpredictable, unlikely, or highly significant stimuli and thereby constitutes an index of mental activity. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 6th ed)
Persons or animals having at least one parent in common. (American College Dictionary, 3d ed)
Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue.
Chronic mental disorders in which there has been an insidious development of a permanent and unshakeable delusional system (persecutory delusions or delusions of jealousy), accompanied by preservation of clear and orderly thinking. Emotional responses and behavior are consistent with the delusional state.
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)
The ability to attribute mental states (e.g., beliefs, desires, feelings, intentions, thoughts, etc.) to self and to others, allowing an individual to understand and infer behavior on the basis of the mental states. Difference or deficit in theory of mind is associated with ASPERGER SYNDROME; AUTISTIC DISORDER; and SCHIZOPHRENIA, etc.
A peptide factor originally identified by its ability to stimulate the phosphorylation the erbB-2 receptor (RECEPTOR, ERBB-2). It is a ligand for the erbB-3 receptor (RECEPTOR, ERBB-3) and the erbB-4 receptor. Variant forms of NEUREGULIN-1 occur through alternative splicing of its mRNA.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
The interference with or prevention of a behavioral or verbal response even though the stimulus for that response is present; in psychoanalysis the unconscious restraining of an instinctual process.
The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
Age of the biological father.
Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).
Training of the mentally or physically disabled in work skills so they may be returned to regular employment utilizing these skills.
Mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the behavior and/or stimulus.
Methods for visualizing REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW, metabolic, electrical, or other physiological activities in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM using various imaging modalities.
'Nerve tissue proteins' are specialized proteins found within the nervous system's biological tissue, including neurofilaments, neuronal cytoskeletal proteins, and neural cell adhesion molecules, which facilitate structural support, intracellular communication, and synaptic connectivity essential for proper neurological function.
The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.
The ability to learn and to deal with new situations and to deal effectively with tasks involving abstractions.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.
The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.
Special hospitals which provide care to the mentally ill patient.
A form of psychiatric treatment, based on Freudian principles, which seeks to eliminate or diminish the undesirable effects of unconscious conflicts by making the patient aware of their existence, origin, and inappropriate expression in current emotions and behavior.
The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness.
Growth of habitual patterns of behavior in childhood and adolescence.
Cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.
A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
The analysis of a sequence such as a region of a chromosome, a haplotype, a gene, or an allele for its involvement in controlling the phenotype of a specific trait, metabolic pathway, or disease.
A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
Includes both producing and responding to words, either written or spoken.

Improving social interaction in chronic psychotic using discriminated avoidance ("nagging"): experimental analysis and generalization. (1/7917)

Three social-interaction behaviors of a withdrawn chronic schizophrenic were increased using a discriminated avoidance ("nagging") procedure. The three behaviors were: (a) voice volume loud enough so that two-thirds of his speech was intellibible at a distance of 3m; (b) duration of speech of at least 15 sec; (c) placement of hands and elbows on the armrests of the chair in which he was sitting. "Nagging" consisted of verbal prompts to improve performance when the behaviors did not meet their criteria. A combined withdrawal and multiple-baseline design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the procedure, and the contingency was sequentially applied to each of the three behaviors in each of four different interactions to determine the degree of stimulus and response generalization. Results indicated that the contingency was the effective element in increasing the patient's appropriate performance, and that there was a high degree of stimulus generalization and a moderate degree of response generalization. After the patient's discharge from the hospital, the durability of improvement across time and setting was determined in followup sessions conducted at a day treatment center and at a residential care home. Volume and duration generalized well to the new settings, while arm placement extinguished immediately.  (+info)

Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia. (2/7917)

BACKGROUND: Although a family history of schizophrenia is the best-established risk factor for schizophrenia, environmental factors such as the place and season of birth may also be important. METHODS: Using data from the Civil Registration System in Denmark, we established a population-based cohort of 1.75 million persons whose mothers were Danish women born between 1935 and 1978. We linked this cohort to the Danish Psychiatric Central Register and identified 2669 cases of schizophrenia among cohort members and additional cases among their parents. RESULTS: The respective relative risks of schizophrenia for persons with a mother, father, or sibling who had schizophrenia were 9.31 (95 percent confidence interval, 7.24 to 11.96), 7.20 (95 percent confidence interval, 5.10 to 10.16), and 6.99 (95 percent confidence interval, 5.38 to 9.09), as compared with persons with no affected parents or siblings. The risk of schizophrenia was associated with the degree of urbanization of the place of birth (relative risk for the capital vs. rural areas, 2.40; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.13 to 2.70). The risk was also significantly associated with the season of birth; it was highest for births in February and March and lowest for births in August and September. The population attributable risk was 5.5 percent for a history of schizophrenia in a parent or sibling, 34.6 percent for urban place of birth, and 10.5 percent for the season of birth. CONCLUSIONS: Although a history of schizophrenia in a parent or sibling is associated with the highest relative risk of having the disease, the place and season of birth account for many more cases on a population basis.  (+info)

Search for retroviral related DNA polymorphisms using RAPD PCR in schizophrenia. (3/7917)

Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is widely used to detect polymorphisms in many organisms. Individual (or strain) specific amplified bands are generated with single or pairs of primers in PCR reactions and can serve as genetic markers. We have used this method to generate a large number of reproducible bands with single primers, random and retroviral related, on 92 human DNA samples. Theoretically, RAPD PCR presents a logical approach for assessing variability among individuals. We used ten retroviral related primers (12, 20 and 22 bp) and eight random primers (10 bp) to assess individual differences in the context of testing the retroviral hypothesis for schizophrenia. Three pairs of discordant monozygotic twins, four pairs of discordant full sibs and 53 schizophrenic individuals with 25 of their unrelated matched controls were analyzed. Ten of these primers resulted in a total of approx. 850 amplified bands (65-110 bands per primer). Almost all of these bands were identical among each individual analyzed. However, the results are inconclusive with respect to the retroviral hypothesis for schizophrenia. The general lack of RAPD polymorphism in this study may argue for mechanisms other than rearrangements such as inversions, associated with the evolution of the human genome.  (+info)

The size and fibre composition of the corpus callosum with respect to gender and schizophrenia: a post-mortem study. (4/7917)

In this study the cross-sectional area (in n = 14 female controls, 15 male controls, 11 female patients with schizophrenia, 15 male patients with schizophrenia) and fibre composition (in n = 11 female controls, 10 male controls, 10 female patients with schizophrenia, 10 male patients with schizophrenia) of the corpus callosum in post-mortem control and schizophrenic brains was examined. A gender x diagnosis interaction (P = 0.005) was seen in the density of axons in all regions of the corpus callosum except the posterior midbody and splenium. Amongst controls, females had greater density than males; in patients with schizophrenia this difference was reversed. A reduction in the total number of fibres in all regions of the corpus callosum except the rostrum was observed in female schizophrenic patients (P = 0.006; when controlling for brain weight, P = 0.053). A trend towards a reduced cross-sectional area of the corpus callosum was seen in schizophrenia (P = 0.098); however, this is likely to be no more than a reflection of an overall reduction in brain size. With age, all subregions of the corpus callosum except the rostrum showed a significant reduction in cross-sectional area (P = 0.018) and total fibre number (P = 0.002). These findings suggest that in schizophrenia there is a subtle and gender-dependent alteration in the forebrain commissures that may relate to the deviations in asymmetry seen in other studies, but the precise anatomical explanation remains obscure.  (+info)

The neuropsychopharmacology of phencyclidine: from NMDA receptor hypofunction to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. (5/7917)

Administration of noncompetitive NMDA/glutamate receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine, to humans induces a broad range of schizophrenic-like symptomatology, findings that have contributed to a hypoglutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia. Moreover, a history of experimental investigations of the effects of these drugs in animals suggests that NMDA receptor antagonists may model some behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia in nonhuman subjects. In this review, the usefulness of PCP administration as a potential animal model of schizophrenia is considered. To support the contention that NMDA receptor antagonist administration represents a viable model of schizophrenia, the behavioral and neurobiological effects of these drugs are discussed, especially with regard to differing profiles following single-dose and long-term exposure. The neurochemical effects of NMDA receptor antagonist administration are argued to support a neurobiological hypothesis of schizophrenia, which includes pathophysiology within several neurotransmitter systems, manifested in behavioral pathology. Future directions for the application of NMDA receptor antagonist models of schizophrenia to preclinical and pathophysiological research are offered.  (+info)

The use of atypical antipsychotics in the management of schizophrenia. (6/7917)

Long-term drug treatment of schizophrenia with conventional antipsychotics has limitations: an estimated quarter to one third of patients are treatment-resistant; conventional antipsychotics have only a modest impact upon negative symptoms (poverty of thought, social withdrawal and loss of affect); and adverse effects, particularly extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Newer, so-called atypical, antipsychotics such as olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole and clozapine (an old drug which was re-introduced in 1990) are claimed to address these limitations. Atypical agents are, at a minimum, at least as effective as conventional drugs such as haloperidol. They also cause substantially fewer extrapyramidal symptoms. However, some other adverse effects are more common than with conventional drugs. For example, clozapine carries a significant risk of serious blood disorders, for which special monitoring is mandatory; it also causes troublesome drowsiness and increased salivation more often than conventional agents. Some atypical agents cause more weight gain or QT prolongation than older agents. The choice of therapy is, therefore, not straightforward. At present, atypical agents represent an advance for patients with severe or intolerable EPS. Most published evidence exists to support the use of clozapine, which has also been shown to be effective in schizophrenia refractory to conventional agents. However, the need for compliance with blood count monitoring and its sedative properties make careful patient selection important. The extent of any additional direct benefit offered by atypical agents on negative symptoms is not yet clear. The lack of a depot formulation for atypical drugs may pose a significant practical problem. To date, only two double-blind studies in which atypical agents were compared directly have been published. Neither provides compelling evidence for the choice of one agent over another. Atypical agents are many times more expensive than conventional drugs. Although drug treatment constitutes only a small proportion of the costs of managing schizophrenia, the additional annual cost of the use of atypical agents in, say, a quarter of the likely U.K. schizophrenic population would be about 56 M pound sterling. There is only limited evidence of cost-effectiveness. Atypical antipsychotics are not currently licensed for other conditions where conventional antipsychotics are commonly used, such as behaviour disturbance or dementia in the elderly. Their dose, and place in treatment in such cases have yet to be determined.  (+info)

No correlation between A(-1438)G polymorphism in 5-HT2A receptor gene promoter and the density of frontal cortical 5-HT2A receptors in schizophrenia. (7/7917)

The A(-1438)G promoter polymorphism of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2a receptor (5-HT2AR) gene and its influence on the cortical density of 5-HT2AR was studied using brain tissue donated at autopsy from 58 schizophrenic and 64 non-schizophrenic subjects. A linkage between genotypes for the A(-1438)G and a T102C polymorphic site identified in a previous study was observed. Our data suggest no association of the A(-1438)G polymorphism with schizophrenia and no effect of the promoter genotype upon 5-HT2AR densities in either the schizophrenic or non-schizophrenic groups.  (+info)

Differential effects of mental stress on plasma homovanillic acid in schizophrenia and normal controls. (8/7917)

We previously reported that mental stress by Kraepelin's arithmetic test decreases plasma homovanillic acid (pHVA) levels in psychiatrically normal healthy human subjects. The present study was undertaken to determine whether this pattern of changes in pHVA concentrations resulting from mental stress is altered in patients with schizophrenia. Fourteen male patients with schizophrenia including those under ongoing neuroleptic treatment and 14 normal male volunteers participated in the study. Following overnight fast and restricted physical activity, the subjects performed Kraepelin's arithmetic test for 30 minutes. Plasma samples were collected immediately before and after the test for measurement of pHVA levels. A significant diagnosis by Kraepelin's test effect was observed due to a decrease in pHVA levels by the Kraepelin test in control subjects but not in patients with schizophrenia. Changes in pHVA levels during the Kraepelin test positively correlated with pre-test pHVA levels in control subjects, while this correlation was not observed in patients with schizophrenia. These results may be further support for the presence of a dopamine-dependent restitutive system in the brain. The absence of response of pHVA levels to mental stress in patients with schizophrenia may indicate that the dopamine restitutive system in these patients is disrupted or already down-regulated, as previously predicted.  (+info)

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It often includes hallucinations (usually hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech and behavior. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment and management. It significantly impairs social and occupational functioning, and it's often associated with reduced life expectancy due to comorbid medical conditions. The exact causes of schizophrenia are not fully understood, but research suggests that genetic, environmental, and neurodevelopmental factors play a role in its development.

I must clarify that there is no such thing as "Schizophrenic Psychology." The term schizophrenia is used to describe a specific and serious mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It's important not to use the term casually or inaccurately, as it can perpetuate stigma and misunderstanding about the condition.

Schizophrenia is characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that aren't there), delusions (false beliefs that are not based on reality), disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. These symptoms can impair a person's ability to function in daily life, maintain relationships, and experience emotions appropriately.

If you have any questions related to mental health conditions or psychology, I would be happy to provide accurate information and definitions.

Paranoid Schizophrenia is a subtype of Schizophrenia, which is a chronic and severe mental disorder. It is characterized by the presence of prominent delusions and auditory hallucinations. The delusions in paranoid schizophrenia often involve themes of persecution or grandiosity. Individuals with this subtype usually have a clear sense of self and maintain relatively well-preserved cognitive functions and affect. However, their symptoms can significantly impact their ability to function in daily life, social relationships, and vocational activities. It's important to note that schizophrenia is a complex disorder, and its diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional based on a comprehensive evaluation of the individual's symptoms, history, and mental status examination.

Antipsychotic agents are a class of medications used to manage and treat psychosis, which includes symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, disordered thought processes, and agitated behavior. These drugs work by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is believed to play a role in the development of psychotic symptoms. Antipsychotics can be broadly divided into two categories: first-generation antipsychotics (also known as typical antipsychotics) and second-generation antipsychotics (also known as atypical antipsychotics).

First-generation antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and fluphenazine, were developed in the 1950s and have been widely used for several decades. They are generally effective in reducing positive symptoms of psychosis (such as hallucinations and delusions) but can cause significant side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as rigidity, tremors, and involuntary movements, as well as weight gain, sedation, and orthostatic hypotension.

Second-generation antipsychotics, such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole, were developed more recently and are considered to have a more favorable side effect profile than first-generation antipsychotics. They are generally effective in reducing both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis (such as apathy, anhedonia, and social withdrawal) and cause fewer EPS. However, they can still cause significant weight gain, metabolic disturbances, and sedation.

Antipsychotic agents are used to treat various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, delusional disorder, and other conditions that involve psychosis or agitation. They can be administered orally, intramuscularly, or via long-acting injectable formulations. The choice of antipsychotic agent depends on the individual patient's needs, preferences, and response to treatment, as well as the potential for side effects. Regular monitoring of patients taking antipsychotics is essential to ensure their safety and effectiveness.

Disorganized Schizophrenia is a subtype of Schizophrenia, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DS-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association. It is characterized by disorganized speech, behavior, and/or flat or inappropriate emotional expression.

The individual with Disorganized Schizophrenia may have difficulty organizing their thoughts and conveying them coherently, leading to speech that is rambling, fragmented, or irrelevant. Their behavior can be disorganized or bizarre, and they may have trouble with routine activities like grooming and hygiene. Emotional expression may be inappropriate to the situation, such as laughing at a sad event, or it may be flattened, with minimal emotional response.

It's important to note that only a qualified mental health professional can make a diagnosis of Disorganized Schizophrenia or any other mental health disorder. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia or any other mental health concern, it's important to seek professional help.

Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a rare and severe form of schizophrenia that begins before the age of 13. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) defines it as a disorder characterized by the presence of at least two active symptom categories (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms) for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (with some symptoms persisting for at least 6 months).

The onset of schizophrenia in children can be insidious and may present with subtle changes in behavior, social interactions, and emotional expression. Symptoms may include:

* Delusions: False beliefs that are not based on reality and are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.
* Hallucinations: Perception of stimuli without an external source, such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not there.
* Disorganized speech: Incoherent or irrelevant speech, frequent derailment, or inability to maintain a conversation.
* Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior: Marked impairment in personal hygiene, self-care, and interpersonal relationships, or unusual motor behaviors such as rigidity, stupor, or agitation.
* Negative symptoms: Reduced emotional expression, avolition (lack of motivation), alogia (poverty of speech), or anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure).

Childhood-onset schizophrenia can have a profound impact on a child's development, academic performance, and social relationships. Early identification and intervention are crucial for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term disability. Treatment typically involves a combination of antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy, and supportive services to address the complex needs of children with this disorder.

Psychotic disorders are a group of severe mental health conditions characterized by distorted perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that lead to an inability to recognize reality. The two most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are when a person sees, hears, or feels things that aren't there, while delusions are fixed, false beliefs that are not based on reality.

Other symptoms may include disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms such as apathy and lack of emotional expression. Schizophrenia is the most well-known psychotic disorder, but other types include schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, shared psychotic disorder, and substance-induced psychotic disorder.

Psychotic disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, trauma, and substance abuse. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support services to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Catatonic Schizophrenia is a subtype of Schizophrenia characterized by severe psychomotor disturbances such as stupor (reduced reaction to stimuli), mutism (inability to speak), negativism (resistance to instructions or movements), posturing (assuming and maintaining unusual poses), rigidity, agitation, or excitation. These symptoms can lead to significant impairment in daily functioning and quality of life. It is important to note that this subtype is less commonly used in current psychiatric classification systems, as the focus has shifted towards a more comprehensive description of symptom dimensions that cut across traditional diagnostic categories.

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales are standardized assessment tools used by mental health professionals to evaluate and rate the severity of a person's psychiatric symptoms and functioning. These scales provide a systematic and structured approach to measuring various aspects of an individual's mental health, such as mood, anxiety, psychosis, behavior, and cognitive abilities.

The purpose of using Psychiatric Status Rating Scales is to:

1. Assess the severity and improvement of psychiatric symptoms over time.
2. Aid in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning.
3. Monitor treatment response and adjust interventions accordingly.
4. Facilitate communication among mental health professionals about a patient's status.
5. Provide an objective basis for research and epidemiological studies.

Examples of Psychiatric Status Rating Scales include:

1. Clinical Global Impression (CGI): A brief, subjective rating scale that measures overall illness severity, treatment response, and improvement.
2. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): A comprehensive scale used to assess the symptoms of psychosis, including positive, negative, and general psychopathology domains.
3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): Scales used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms.
4. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): A scale used to assess the severity of manic or hypomanic symptoms.
5. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R): Scales that measure a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology.
6. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): A scale used to rate an individual's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health-illness.

It is important to note that Psychiatric Status Rating Scales should be administered by trained mental health professionals to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is defined by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior. The disorder is often characterized by individuals having difficulty with expressing emotions and relating to others. They may also experience unusual perceptions, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there, but these are not as severe as in Schizophrenia. It is important to note that this disorder can cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning.

Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.

'Schizophrenic language' is not a formal medical term, but the concept refers to the unusual and often disturbed patterns of speech that can be observed in individuals with schizophrenia. These language abnormalities are considered one of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and can include:

1. **Word Salad (Incoherent Speech)**: This is when a person's speech becomes disorganized, fragmented, and lacks logical or understandable connections between words, phrases, or sentences. It may seem like the individual is randomly stringing together words without any clear meaning.

2. **Neologisms (Made-Up Words)**: These are new words or phrases that have been invented by the individual. They may be understandable only to the person using them.

3. **Tangentiality (Straying Off Topic)**: This is when a person's responses are indirect and unrelated to the topic being discussed, although they may start off on topic. The speaker may stray further and further from the original point until they are no longer discussing it at all.

4. **Perseveration (Persistent Repetition)**: This is when a person repeats certain words, phrases, or ideas over and over again, even when they are not relevant to the conversation.

5. **Illogical Thinking/Conclusions**: A person's thoughts may not follow a logical sequence, leading to illogical conclusions or statements that do not make sense in the context of the conversation.

6. **Thought Disorder**: This is a broader term that includes various disturbances in thinking and thought processes, which can then manifest as abnormalities in speech.

It's important to note that these symptoms can vary widely from person to person, and not everyone with schizophrenia will experience all of them. Furthermore, these symptoms should be evaluated and diagnosed by a qualified mental health professional.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic medication that is primarily used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autistic disorder). It works by helping to restore the balance of certain natural substances in the brain. Risperidone belongs to a class of drugs called benzisoxazole derivatives.

This medication can decrease aggression and schizophrenic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusional thinking, and hostility. It may also help to improve your mood, thoughts, and behavior. Some forms of risperidone are also used for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder (a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior).

It's important to note that this is a general medical definition, and the use of risperidone should always be under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have potential side effects and risks.

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic medication that is primarily used to treat schizophrenia in patients who have not responded to other antipsychotic treatments. It is also used off-label for the treatment of severe aggression, suicidal ideation, and self-injurious behavior in individuals with developmental disorders.

Clozapine works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, particularly the D4 receptor, which is thought to be involved in the development of schizophrenia. It also has a strong affinity for serotonin receptors, which contributes to its unique therapeutic profile.

Clozapine is considered a medication of last resort due to its potential side effects, which can include agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cell count), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), seizures, orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing), and weight gain. Because of these risks, patients taking clozapine must undergo regular monitoring of their blood counts and other vital signs.

Despite its potential side effects, clozapine is often effective in treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia and has been shown to reduce the risk of suicide in some patients. It is available in tablet and orally disintegrating tablet formulations.

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is a widely used clinician-rated scale for assessing the severity of psychopathology in individuals with mental illness. It consists of 18 items, each rated on a 7-point scale (1=not present to 7=extremely severe), that measure various symptoms such as depression, anxiety, hostility, hallucinations, and unusual thoughts. The BPRS is often used in research and clinical settings to monitor treatment response and symptom changes over time.

A delusion is a fixed, false belief that is firmly held despite evidence to the contrary and is not shared by others who hold similar cultural or religious beliefs. Delusions are a key symptom of certain psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and delusional disorder. They can also be seen in other medical conditions, such as dementia, brain injury, or substance abuse.

Delusions can take many forms, but some common types include:

* Persecutory delusions: the belief that one is being targeted or harmed by others
* Grandiose delusions: the belief that one has special powers, talents, or importance
* Erotomanic delusions: the belief that someone, often of higher social status, is in love with the individual
* Somatic delusions: the belief that one's body is abnormal or has been altered in some way
* Religious or spiritual delusions: the belief that one has a special relationship with a deity or religious figure

Delusions should not be confused with overvalued ideas, which are strongly held beliefs based on subjective interpretation of experiences or evidence. Overvalued ideas may be shared by others and can sometimes develop into delusions if they become fixed and firmly held despite contradictory evidence.

A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimuli. They are sensory experiences that feel real, but are generated from inside the mind rather than by external reality. Hallucinations can occur in any of the senses, causing individuals to hear sounds, see visions, or smell odors that aren't actually present. They can range from relatively simple experiences, such as seeing flashes of light, to complex experiences like seeing and interacting with people or objects that aren't there. Hallucinations are often associated with certain medical conditions, mental health disorders, or the use of certain substances.

The prefrontal cortex is the anterior (frontal) part of the frontal lobe in the brain, involved in higher-order cognitive processes such as planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior. It also plays a significant role in working memory and executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is divided into several subregions, each associated with specific cognitive and emotional functions. Damage to the prefrontal cortex can result in various impairments, including difficulties with planning, decision making, and social behavior regulation.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Affective disorders, psychotic are a category of mental health conditions characterized by significant disturbances in mood, thinking, and behavior. These disorders combine the symptoms of both mood disorders (such as depression or bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders (such as schizophrenia).

In psychotic affective disorders, individuals experience severe changes in their mood, such as prolonged periods of depression or mania, along with psychotic features like hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized thinking and speech. These symptoms can significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life and may require intensive treatment, including medication and therapy.

Examples of psychotic affective disorders include:

1. Psychotic Depression: A severe form of major depressive disorder that includes psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations, often with a theme of guilt or worthlessness.
2. Bipolar Disorder with Psychotic Features: During manic or depressive episodes, some individuals with bipolar disorder may experience psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations. These symptoms can vary in intensity and may require hospitalization and intensive treatment.
3. Schizoaffective Disorder: A mental health condition that includes features of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder. Individuals with this disorder experience psychotic symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, along with significant changes in mood.

It is essential to seek professional help if you suspect you or someone you know may have a psychotic affective disorder. Early intervention and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life.

Sensory gating is a term used in neuroscience and psychology to describe the brain's ability to filter out redundant or unnecessary sensory information. It is a fundamental process that allows the nervous system to focus attention on relevant stimuli while suppressing irrelevant ones, thereby preventing overwhelming of the brain with too much information.

In medical terms, sensory gating is often assessed through the use of electrophysiological measures such as event-related potentials (ERPs) or auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). One commonly used measure of sensory gating is the P50 suppression ratio, which compares the amplitude of the P50 waveform in response to the first and second stimuli in a paired-stimulus paradigm. A reduced P50 suppression ratio indicates impaired sensory gating, which has been associated with various neurological and psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Overall, sensory gating is a crucial mechanism for maintaining appropriate sensory processing and cognitive functioning in everyday life.

Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, and Other Cognitive Disorders are conditions that affect cognitive abilities such as thinking, memory, perception, and judgment. Here are brief medical definitions of each:

1. Delirium: A serious disturbance in mental abilities that results in confused thinking and reduced awareness of the environment. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation. Delirium often comes on suddenly and can be caused by various factors such as medication side effects, infection, or illness.
2. Dementia: A chronic and progressive decline in cognitive abilities that affects memory, language, problem-solving, and judgment. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, but other conditions such as vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia can also cause it. Dementia can significantly interfere with daily life and activities.
3. Amnestic Disorders: A group of conditions that primarily affect memory. These disorders can be caused by brain injury, illness, or substance abuse. The most common amnestic disorder is Korsakoff's syndrome, which is caused by alcohol abuse and results in significant memory loss and confusion.
4. Other Cognitive Disorders: This category includes a range of conditions that affect cognitive abilities but do not fit into the categories of delirium, dementia, or amnestic disorders. Examples include mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is a decline in cognitive abilities that does not interfere significantly with daily life, and various cognitive disorders caused by brain injury or disease.

It's important to note that these conditions can overlap and may co-occur with other mental health or neurological disorders. Proper diagnosis and treatment require a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified healthcare professional.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Haloperidol is an antipsychotic medication, which is primarily used to treat schizophrenia and symptoms of psychosis, such as delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, or disordered thought. It may also be used to manage Tourette's disorder, tics, agitation, aggression, and hyperactivity in children with developmental disorders.

Haloperidol works by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, which helps to regulate mood and behavior. It is available in various forms, including tablets, liquid, and injectable solutions. The medication can cause side effects such as drowsiness, restlessness, muscle stiffness, and uncontrolled movements. In rare cases, it may also lead to more serious neurological side effects.

As with any medication, haloperidol should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider, who will consider the individual's medical history, current medications, and other factors before prescribing it.

Social adjustment, in the context of mental health and psychology, refers to an individual's ability to adapt and function effectively within their social environment. It involves developing and maintaining positive relationships with others, fulfilling various social roles (such as being a family member, friend, or employee), and meeting the expectations and demands of one's social group.

Social adjustment can be affected by various factors, including an individual's personality traits, coping skills, mental and physical health status, and life experiences. Poor social adjustment can lead to feelings of isolation, loneliness, and dissatisfaction with life, as well as increased risk for mental health problems such as depression and anxiety.

Assessing social adjustment is an important aspect of mental health care, as it can provide valuable insights into an individual's overall functioning and quality of life. Treatments such as psychotherapy and social skills training may be used to help improve social adjustment in individuals who are struggling in this area.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Genetic predisposition to disease refers to an increased susceptibility or vulnerability to develop a particular illness or condition due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations from one's parents. These genetic factors can make it more likely for an individual to develop a certain disease, but it does not guarantee that the person will definitely get the disease. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and interactions between genes also play crucial roles in determining if a genetically predisposed person will actually develop the disease. It is essential to understand that having a genetic predisposition only implies a higher risk, not an inevitable outcome.

An endophenotype is a measurable biological or neurophysiological characteristic that is associated with a particular disease or disorder. It is thought to be a heritable component that contributes to the development and expression of the disease, and can be used to help understand the underlying genetic and neural mechanisms of the disorder. Endophenotypes are often quantifiable and can be observed in individuals both with and without the disorder, making them useful for research purposes. They may include biochemical measures, neurophysiological measures, neuroanatomical measures, or cognitive/neural performance measures.

Brain mapping is a broad term that refers to the techniques used to understand the structure and function of the brain. It involves creating maps of the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in the brain by correlating these processes with physical locations or activities within the nervous system. Brain mapping can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), and others. These techniques allow researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during different tasks or thoughts, helping to shed light on how the brain processes information and contributes to our experiences and behaviors. Brain mapping is an important area of research in neuroscience, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

A startle reaction is a natural, defensive response to an unexpected stimulus that is characterized by a sudden contraction of muscles, typically in the face, neck, and arms. It's a reflexive action that occurs involuntarily and is mediated by the brainstem. The startle reaction can be observed in many different species, including humans, and is thought to have evolved as a protective mechanism to help organisms respond quickly to potential threats. In addition to the muscle contraction, the startle response may also include other physiological changes such as an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

Benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs that have been widely used for their sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. They act by enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders, insomnia, seizures, and muscle spasms. They can also be used as premedication before medical procedures to produce sedation, amnesia, and anxiolysis. Some examples of benzodiazepines include diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), lorazepam (Ativan), and temazepam (Restoril).

While benzodiazepines are effective in treating various medical conditions, they can also cause physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Long-term use of benzodiazepines can lead to tolerance, meaning that higher doses are needed to achieve the same effect. Abrupt discontinuation of benzodiazepines can result in severe withdrawal symptoms, including seizures, hallucinations, and anxiety. Therefore, it is important to taper off benzodiazepines gradually under medical supervision.

Benzodiazepines are classified as Schedule IV controlled substances in the United States due to their potential for abuse and dependence. It is essential to use them only as directed by a healthcare provider and to be aware of their potential risks and benefits.

The frontal lobe is the largest lobes of the human brain, located at the front part of each cerebral hemisphere and situated in front of the parietal and temporal lobes. It plays a crucial role in higher cognitive functions such as decision making, problem solving, planning, parts of social behavior, emotional expressions, physical reactions, and motor function. The frontal lobe is also responsible for what's known as "executive functions," which include the ability to focus attention, understand rules, switch focus, plan actions, and inhibit inappropriate behaviors. It is divided into five areas, each with its own specific functions: the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca's area, prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. Damage to the frontal lobe can result in a wide range of impairments, depending on the location and extent of the injury.

Cerebral dominance is a concept in neuropsychology that refers to the specialization of one hemisphere of the brain over the other for certain cognitive functions. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language functions such as speaking and understanding spoken or written language, while the right hemisphere is dominant for non-verbal functions such as spatial ability, face recognition, and artistic ability.

Cerebral dominance does not mean that the non-dominant hemisphere is incapable of performing the functions of the dominant hemisphere, but rather that it is less efficient or specialized in those areas. The concept of cerebral dominance has been used to explain individual differences in cognitive abilities and learning styles, as well as the laterality of brain damage and its effects on cognition and behavior.

It's important to note that cerebral dominance is a complex phenomenon that can vary between individuals and can be influenced by various factors such as genetics, environment, and experience. Additionally, recent research has challenged the strict lateralization of functions and suggested that there is more functional overlap and interaction between the two hemispheres than previously thought.

In a medical or psychological context, attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on certain aspects of the environment while ignoring other things. It involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli, sensory inputs, or internal thoughts while blocking out irrelevant distractions. Attention can be divided into different types, including:

1. Sustained attention: The ability to maintain focus on a task or stimulus over time.
2. Selective attention: The ability to concentrate on relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant ones.
3. Divided attention: The capacity to pay attention to multiple tasks or stimuli simultaneously.
4. Alternating attention: The skill of shifting focus between different tasks or stimuli as needed.

Deficits in attention are common symptoms of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD, dementia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Assessment of attention is an essential part of neuropsychological evaluations and can be measured using various tests and tasks.

The temporal lobe is one of the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain, located on each side of the head roughly level with the ears. It plays a major role in auditory processing, memory, and emotion. The temporal lobe contains several key structures including the primary auditory cortex, which is responsible for analyzing sounds, and the hippocampus, which is crucial for forming new memories. Damage to the temporal lobe can result in various neurological symptoms such as hearing loss, memory impairment, and changes in emotional behavior.

Dibenzothiazepines are a class of heterocyclic chemical compounds that contain a dibenzothiazepine ring structure. This structure is composed of a benzene ring fused to a thiazepine ring, which is itself formed by the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring (a seven-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms).

In the medical field, dibenzothiazepines are known for their pharmacological properties and have been used in the development of various drugs. Some dibenzothiazepine derivatives exhibit antipsychotic, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant activities. However, due to their potential for adverse effects and the availability of safer alternatives, they are not widely used in clinical practice today.

It is important to note that specific dibenzothiazepine compounds may have unique properties and uses beyond their general classification as a chemical class. Always consult medical literature or healthcare professionals for accurate information on specific drugs or compounds.

Computer-assisted image processing is a medical term that refers to the use of computer systems and specialized software to improve, analyze, and interpret medical images obtained through various imaging techniques such as X-ray, CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), ultrasound, and others.

The process typically involves several steps, including image acquisition, enhancement, segmentation, restoration, and analysis. Image processing algorithms can be used to enhance the quality of medical images by adjusting contrast, brightness, and sharpness, as well as removing noise and artifacts that may interfere with accurate diagnosis. Segmentation techniques can be used to isolate specific regions or structures of interest within an image, allowing for more detailed analysis.

Computer-assisted image processing has numerous applications in medical imaging, including detection and characterization of lesions, tumors, and other abnormalities; assessment of organ function and morphology; and guidance of interventional procedures such as biopsies and surgeries. By automating and standardizing image analysis tasks, computer-assisted image processing can help to improve diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and consistency, while reducing the potential for human error.

Short-term memory, also known as primary or active memory, is the system responsible for holding and processing limited amounts of information for brief periods of time, typically on the order of seconds to minutes. It has a capacity of around 7±2 items, as suggested by George Miller's "magic number" theory. Short-term memory allows us to retain and manipulate information temporarily while we are using it, such as remembering a phone number while dialing or following a set of instructions. Information in short-term memory can be maintained through rehearsal, which is the conscious repetition of the information. Over time, if the information is not transferred to long-term memory through consolidation processes, it will be forgotten.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "thinking" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a cognitive process, which is a general term used to describe various mental activities related to perception, reasoning, memory, attention, language use, learning, and problem-solving. These processes are studied across many fields, including psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics.

If you're looking for medical definitions of cognitive processes or conditions that affect cognition, I'd be happy to help! Please provide more details.

The gyrus cinguli, also known as the cingulate gyrus, is a structure located in the brain. It forms part of the limbic system and plays a role in various functions such as emotion, memory, and perception of pain. The gyrus cinguli is situated in the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere, adjacent to the corpus callosum, and curves around the frontal portion of the corpus callosum, forming a C-shaped structure. It has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and chronic pain syndromes.

Substance-induced psychosis is a type of psychosis that is caused by the use of drugs, alcohol, or other substances. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) defines substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder as follows:

A. Presence of one (or more) of the following symptoms:

1. Delusions.
2. Hallucinations.
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence).

B. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is caused by the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a combination of substances.

C. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium and is not better explained by a psychotic disorder that is not substance/medication-induced. The symptoms in Criterion A developed during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal, or after exposure to a medication.

D. The disturbance causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

E. The disturbance is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder).

It's important to note that the diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis requires a thorough medical and psychiatric evaluation to determine if the symptoms are caused by substance use or another underlying mental health condition.

Auditory evoked potentials (AEP) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the brain in response to sound stimuli. These tests are often used to assess hearing function and neural processing in individuals, particularly those who cannot perform traditional behavioral hearing tests.

There are several types of AEP tests, including:

1. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) or Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the brainstem in response to a click or tone stimulus. It is often used to assess the integrity of the auditory nerve and brainstem pathways, and can help diagnose conditions such as auditory neuropathy and retrocochlear lesions.
2. Middle Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (MLAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the cortical auditory areas of the brain in response to a click or tone stimulus. It is often used to assess higher-level auditory processing, and can help diagnose conditions such as auditory processing disorders and central auditory dysfunction.
3. Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (LLAEP): This test measures the electrical activity generated by the cortical auditory areas of the brain in response to a complex stimulus, such as speech. It is often used to assess language processing and cognitive function, and can help diagnose conditions such as learning disabilities and dementia.

Overall, AEP tests are valuable tools for assessing hearing and neural function in individuals who cannot perform traditional behavioral hearing tests or who have complex neurological conditions.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, characterized by its intricate folded structure and wrinkled appearance. It is a region of great importance as it plays a key role in higher cognitive functions such as perception, consciousness, thought, memory, language, and attention. The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, each containing four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These areas are responsible for different functions, with some regions specializing in sensory processing while others are involved in motor control or associative functions. The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies, and is covered by a layer of white matter that consists mainly of myelinated nerve fibers.

Perceptual disorders are conditions that affect the way a person perceives or interprets sensory information from their environment. These disorders can involve any of the senses, including sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. They can cause a person to have difficulty recognizing, interpreting, or responding appropriately to sensory stimuli.

Perceptual disorders can result from damage to the brain or nervous system, such as from a head injury, stroke, or degenerative neurological condition. They can also be caused by certain mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia or severe depression.

Symptoms of perceptual disorders may include:

* Misinterpretations of sensory information, such as seeing things that are not there or hearing voices that are not present
* Difficulty recognizing familiar objects or people
* Problems with depth perception or spatial awareness
* Difficulty judging the size, shape, or distance of objects
* Trouble distinguishing between similar sounds or colors
* Impaired sense of smell or taste

Perceptual disorders can have a significant impact on a person's daily life and functioning. Treatment may involve medication, therapy, or rehabilitation to help the person better cope with their symptoms and improve their ability to interact with their environment.

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of catecholamines, which are neurotransmitters and hormones such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. COMT mediates the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to a catechol functional group in these molecules, resulting in the formation of methylated products that are subsequently excreted.

The methylation of catecholamines by COMT regulates their concentration and activity in the body, and genetic variations in the COMT gene can affect enzyme function and contribute to individual differences in the metabolism of these neurotransmitters. This has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric conditions, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Reality testing is a psychological concept that refers to the ability to distinguish between what is real and what is not. It is the process of comparing one's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, or perceptions with external reality, to determine their accuracy and validity. This skill is essential for effective functioning in daily life, as it helps individuals to navigate their environment, make sound decisions, and respond appropriately to different situations.

In psychiatric and psychological assessments, reality testing is often evaluated as a measure of cognitive and emotional stability. Individuals with impaired reality testing may have difficulty distinguishing between what is real and what is imagined, which can be indicative of various mental health conditions, such as psychosis, schizophrenia, or severe depression. Reality testing is an essential aspect of maintaining a grasp on consensual reality and is crucial for successful social interactions and interpersonal relationships.

Memory disorders are a category of cognitive impairments that affect an individual's ability to acquire, store, retain, and retrieve memories. These disorders can be caused by various underlying medical conditions, including neurological disorders, psychiatric illnesses, substance abuse, or even normal aging processes. Some common memory disorders include:

1. Alzheimer's disease: A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects older adults and is characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities, including memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making skills.
2. Dementia: A broader term used to describe a group of symptoms associated with a decline in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, but other causes include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.
3. Amnesia: A memory disorder characterized by difficulties in forming new memories or recalling previously learned information due to brain damage or disease. Amnesia can be temporary or permanent and may result from head trauma, stroke, infection, or substance abuse.
4. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI): A condition where an individual experiences mild but noticeable memory or cognitive difficulties that are greater than expected for their age and education level. While some individuals with MCI may progress to dementia, others may remain stable or even improve over time.
5. Korsakoff's syndrome: A memory disorder often caused by alcohol abuse and thiamine deficiency, characterized by severe short-term memory loss, confabulation (making up stories to fill in memory gaps), and disorientation.

It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if you or someone you know experiences persistent memory difficulties, as early diagnosis and intervention can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.

There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.

However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.

Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and utilizing information. These processes include perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognitive functions allow us to interact with our environment, understand and respond to stimuli, learn new skills, and remember experiences.

In a medical context, cognitive function is often assessed as part of a neurological or psychiatric evaluation. Impairments in cognition can be caused by various factors, such as brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), infections, toxins, and mental health conditions. Assessing cognitive function helps healthcare professionals diagnose conditions, monitor disease progression, and develop treatment plans.

A control group, in the context of medical research or clinical trials, is a group of participants in a study who do not receive the experimental intervention or treatment that is being tested. Instead, they typically receive standard of care, a placebo, or no treatment at all. The control group serves as a comparison group to help researchers evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the new intervention or treatment being studied. By comparing the outcomes of the experimental group (those who received the new intervention) to the control group, researchers can determine whether any observed differences in outcomes are likely due to the intervention itself, rather than other factors.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.

EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.

EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.

Social perception, in the context of psychology and social sciences, refers to the ability to interpret and understand other people's behavior, emotions, and intentions. It is the process by which we make sense of the social world around us, by observing and interpreting cues such as facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and situational context.

In medical terminology, social perception is not a specific diagnosis or condition, but rather a cognitive skill that can be affected in various mental and neurological disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. For example, individuals with autism may have difficulty interpreting social cues and understanding other people's emotions and intentions, while those with schizophrenia may have distorted perceptions of social situations and interactions.

Healthcare professionals who work with patients with cognitive or neurological disorders may assess their social perception skills as part of a comprehensive evaluation, in order to develop appropriate interventions and support strategies.

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative drug that was originally developed as an intravenous anesthetic in the 1950s. It can lead to distortions of time, space and body image, hallucinations, and a sense of physical invulnerability.

It can also cause numbness, loss of coordination, and aggressive behavior. High doses can lead to seizures, coma, and death. Long-term use can lead to memory loss, difficulties with speech and thinking, and mental health issues such as depression and suicidal thoughts. It is classified as a Schedule II drug in the United States, indicating it has a high potential for abuse but also an accepted medical use.

The term "family" in a medical context often refers to a group of individuals who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption and who consider themselves to be a single household. This can include spouses, parents, children, siblings, grandparents, and other extended family members. In some cases, the term may also be used more broadly to refer to any close-knit group of people who provide emotional and social support for one another, regardless of their biological or legal relationship.

In healthcare settings, understanding a patient's family dynamics can be important for providing effective care. Family members may be involved in decision-making about medical treatments, providing care and support at home, and communicating with healthcare providers. Additionally, cultural beliefs and values within families can influence health behaviors and attitudes towards medical care, making it essential for healthcare professionals to take a culturally sensitive approach when working with patients and their families.

In psychology, the term "ego" is used to describe a part of the personality that deals with the conscious mind and includes the senses of self and reality. It is one of the three components of Freud's structural model of the psyche, along with the id and the superego. The ego serves as the mediator between the unconscious desires of the id and the demands of the real world, helping to shape behavior that is socially acceptable and adaptive.

It's important to note that this definition of "ego" is specific to the field of psychology and should not be confused with other uses of the term in different contexts, such as its use in popular culture to refer to an inflated sense of self-importance or self-centeredness.

Fluphenazine is an antipsychotic medication that belongs to the class of phenothiazines. It works by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, which helps to reduce the symptoms of psychosis such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thought.

Fluphenazine is available in several forms, including oral tablets, orally disintegrating tablets, and injectable solutions. It may be used for the treatment of schizophrenia, psychotic disorders, and other conditions associated with elevated levels of dopamine in the brain.

Like all antipsychotic medications, fluphenazine can cause side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as stiffness, tremors, and spasms of the face and neck muscles, as well as other systemic side effects like weight gain, sedation, and orthostatic hypotension. It is essential to use fluphenazine under the close supervision of a healthcare provider who can monitor for side effects and adjust the dosage accordingly.

Human chromosome pair 22 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell in the human body. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins, forming a complex structure called a chromatin.

Chromosome pair 22 is one of the 22 autosomal pairs of human chromosomes, meaning they are not sex chromosomes (X or Y). Chromosome 22 is the second smallest human chromosome, with each arm of the chromosome designated as p and q. The short arm is labeled "p," and the long arm is labeled "q."

Chromosome 22 contains several genes that are associated with various genetic disorders, including DiGeorge syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, and cat-eye syndrome, which result from deletions or duplications of specific regions on the chromosome. Additionally, chromosome 22 is the location of the NRXN1 gene, which has been associated with an increased risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia when deleted or disrupted.

Understanding the genetic makeup of human chromosome pair 22 can provide valuable insights into human genetics, evolution, and disease susceptibility, as well as inform medical diagnoses, treatments, and research.

Neural pathways, also known as nerve tracts or fasciculi, refer to the highly organized and specialized routes through which nerve impulses travel within the nervous system. These pathways are formed by groups of neurons (nerve cells) that are connected in a series, creating a continuous communication network for electrical signals to transmit information between different regions of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Neural pathways can be classified into two main types: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent). Sensory neural pathways carry sensory information from various receptors in the body (such as those for touch, temperature, pain, and vision) to the brain for processing. Motor neural pathways, on the other hand, transmit signals from the brain to the muscles and glands, controlling movements and other effector functions.

The formation of these neural pathways is crucial for normal nervous system function, as it enables efficient communication between different parts of the body and allows for complex behaviors, cognitive processes, and adaptive responses to internal and external stimuli.

Functional laterality, in a medical context, refers to the preferential use or performance of one side of the body over the other for specific functions. This is often demonstrated in hand dominance, where an individual may be right-handed or left-handed, meaning they primarily use their right or left hand for tasks such as writing, eating, or throwing.

However, functional laterality can also apply to other bodily functions and structures, including the eyes (ocular dominance), ears (auditory dominance), or legs. It's important to note that functional laterality is not a strict binary concept; some individuals may exhibit mixed dominance or no strong preference for one side over the other.

In clinical settings, assessing functional laterality can be useful in diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, where understanding any resulting lateralized impairments can inform rehabilitation strategies.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is a type of genetic variation that occurs when a single nucleotide (A, T, C, or G) in the DNA sequence is altered. This alteration must occur in at least 1% of the population to be considered a SNP. These variations can help explain why some people are more susceptible to certain diseases than others and can also influence how an individual responds to certain medications. SNPs can serve as biological markers, helping scientists locate genes that are associated with disease. They can also provide information about an individual's ancestry and ethnic background.

Methylazoxymethanol Acetate (MAM) is not a medication or therapeutic agent used in human medicine. It is a research tool, specifically a neurotoxin, that is used in laboratory studies to help understand the development and organization of the nervous system, particularly in relation to neurodegenerative disorders and brain injuries.

MAM is primarily used in animal models, often rats or mice, to study the effects of early life exposure to neurotoxic substances on brain development. It is known to cause widespread degeneration of nerve cells (neurons) and disruption of normal neural connections, which can provide valuable insights into the processes underlying various neurological conditions.

However, it's important to note that MAM is not used as a treatment or therapy in human medicine due to its neurotoxic properties.

Dopamine D2 receptor is a type of metabotropic G protein-coupled receptor that binds to the neurotransmitter dopamine. It is one of five subtypes of dopamine receptors (D1-D5) and is encoded by the gene DRD2. The activation of D2 receptors leads to a decrease in the activity of adenylyl cyclase, which results in reduced levels of cAMP and modulation of ion channels.

D2 receptors are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and play important roles in various physiological functions, including motor control, reward processing, emotion regulation, and cognition. They are also involved in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, drug addiction, and Tourette syndrome.

D2 receptors have two main subtypes: D2 short (D2S) and D2 long (D2L). The D2S subtype is primarily located in the presynaptic terminals and functions as an autoreceptor that regulates dopamine release, while the D2L subtype is mainly found in the postsynaptic neurons and modulates intracellular signaling pathways.

Antipsychotic drugs, which are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders, work by blocking D2 receptors. However, excessive blockade of these receptors can lead to side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), tardive dyskinesia, and hyperprolactinemia. Therefore, the development of drugs that selectively target specific subtypes of dopamine receptors is an active area of research in the field of neuropsychopharmacology.

The "age of onset" is a medical term that refers to the age at which an individual first develops or displays symptoms of a particular disease, disorder, or condition. It can be used to describe various medical conditions, including both physical and mental health disorders. The age of onset can have implications for prognosis, treatment approaches, and potential causes of the condition. In some cases, early onset may indicate a more severe or progressive course of the disease, while late-onset symptoms might be associated with different underlying factors or etiologies. It is essential to provide accurate and precise information regarding the age of onset when discussing a patient's medical history and treatment plan.

"Postmortem changes," also known as "autolysis" or "decomposition," refer to the natural biological processes that occur in a deceased body after death. These changes include various chemical, physical, and biological alterations such as livor mortis (pooling of blood), algor mortis (drop in body temperature), rigor mortis (stiffening of muscles), putrefaction (breakdown by microorganisms), and decomposition by insects and other animals. These changes help forensic experts estimate the time since death, known as the postmortem interval.

Dopamine is a type of neurotransmitter, which is a chemical messenger that transmits signals in the brain and nervous system. It plays several important roles in the body, including:

* Regulation of movement and coordination
* Modulation of mood and motivation
* Control of the reward and pleasure centers of the brain
* Regulation of muscle tone
* Involvement in memory and attention

Dopamine is produced in several areas of the brain, including the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. It is released by neurons (nerve cells) and binds to specific receptors on other neurons, where it can either excite or inhibit their activity.

Abnormalities in dopamine signaling have been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric conditions, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction.

Personal Construct Theory (PCT) is not a medical term per se, but rather a psychological theory developed by George Kelly in the 1950s. It is a theory of personality and psychotherapy that emphasizes an individual's unique way of construing or making sense of their experiences. According to PCT, people are active scientists who constantly test their assumptions about the world through their personal construct systems.

In medical settings, PCT may be used as a framework for understanding patients' perspectives and beliefs about their illnesses and treatments. This can help healthcare professionals tailor interventions to individual patients' needs and improve communication and collaboration between patients and healthcare providers. However, it is important to note that PCT is not a widely recognized or established medical concept, but rather a psychological theory that has been applied in various fields, including healthcare.

Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.

It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.

Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.

A facial expression is a result of the contraction or relaxation of muscles in the face that change the physical appearance of an individual's face to convey various emotions, intentions, or physical sensations. Facial expressions can be voluntary or involuntary and are a form of non-verbal communication that plays a crucial role in social interaction and conveying a person's state of mind.

The seven basic facial expressions of emotion, as proposed by Paul Ekman, include happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, anger, and contempt. These facial expressions are universally recognized across cultures and can be detected through the interpretation of specific muscle movements in the face, known as action units, which are measured and analyzed in fields such as psychology, neurology, and computer vision.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

Auditory perceptual disorders, also known as auditory processing disorders (APD), refer to a group of hearing-related problems in which the ears are able to hear sounds normally, but the brain has difficulty interpreting or making sense of those sounds. This means that individuals with APD have difficulty recognizing and discriminating speech sounds, especially in noisy environments. They may also have trouble identifying where sounds are coming from, distinguishing between similar sounds, and understanding spoken language when it is rapid or complex.

APD can lead to difficulties in academic performance, communication, and social interactions. It is important to note that APD is not a hearing loss, but rather a problem with how the brain processes auditory information. Diagnosis of APD typically involves a series of tests administered by an audiologist, and treatment may include specialized therapy and/or assistive listening devices.

Statistics, as a topic in the context of medicine and healthcare, refers to the scientific discipline that involves the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data or quantifiable data in a meaningful and organized manner. It employs mathematical theories and models to draw conclusions, make predictions, and support evidence-based decision-making in various areas of medical research and practice.

Some key concepts and methods in medical statistics include:

1. Descriptive Statistics: Summarizing and visualizing data through measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation).
2. Inferential Statistics: Drawing conclusions about a population based on a sample using hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and statistical modeling.
3. Probability Theory: Quantifying the likelihood of events or outcomes in medical scenarios, such as diagnostic tests' sensitivity and specificity.
4. Study Designs: Planning and implementing various research study designs, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional surveys.
5. Sampling Methods: Selecting a representative sample from a population to ensure the validity and generalizability of research findings.
6. Multivariate Analysis: Examining the relationships between multiple variables simultaneously using techniques like regression analysis, factor analysis, or cluster analysis.
7. Survival Analysis: Analyzing time-to-event data, such as survival rates in clinical trials or disease progression.
8. Meta-Analysis: Systematically synthesizing and summarizing the results of multiple studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of a research question.
9. Biostatistics: A subfield of statistics that focuses on applying statistical methods to biological data, including medical research.
10. Epidemiology: The study of disease patterns in populations, which often relies on statistical methods for data analysis and interpretation.

Medical statistics is essential for evidence-based medicine, clinical decision-making, public health policy, and healthcare management. It helps researchers and practitioners evaluate the effectiveness and safety of medical interventions, assess risk factors and outcomes associated with diseases or treatments, and monitor trends in population health.

Expressed Emotion (EE) is a term used in the field of psychiatry and psychology to describe the level of criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement expressed by family members or close relatives towards an individual with a mental illness. It is measured through a standardized interview called the Camberwell Family Interview (CFI). High levels of EE have been found to be associated with poorer outcomes in individuals with mental illness, particularly those with severe and persistent conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) is a slow negative shift in brain potentials that occurs between the presentation of a warning stimulus and an imperative stimulus, which requires a response from the subject. It is typically recorded over the frontal-central region of the scalp and reflects anticipatory attention and preparation for action. The amplitude of the CNV has been found to be related to various factors such as the difficulty or uncertainty of the upcoming task, motivation, and emotional arousal. It is often used in research on cognitive processes, motor control, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Emotions are complex psychological states that involve three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Emotions can be short-lived, such as a flash of anger, or more long-lasting, such as enduring sadness. They can also vary in intensity, from mild irritation to intense joy or fear.

Emotions are often distinguished from other psychological states, such as moods and temperament, which may be less specific and more enduring. Emotions are typically thought to have a clear cause or object, such as feeling happy when you receive good news or feeling anxious before a job interview.

There are many different emotions that people can experience, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and shame. These emotions are often thought to serve important adaptive functions, helping individuals respond to challenges and opportunities in their environment.

In medical contexts, emotions may be relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of various mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. Abnormalities in emotional processing and regulation have been implicated in many psychiatric illnesses, and therapies that target these processes may be effective in treating these conditions.

Social behavior, in the context of medicine and psychology, refers to the ways in which individuals interact and engage with others within their social environment. It involves various actions, communications, and responses that are influenced by cultural norms, personal values, emotional states, and cognitive processes. These behaviors can include but are not limited to communication, cooperation, competition, empathy, altruism, aggression, and conformity.

Abnormalities in social behavior may indicate underlying mental health conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or personality disorders. Therefore, understanding and analyzing social behavior is an essential aspect of diagnosing and treating various psychological and psychiatric conditions.

"Remedial teaching" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is a term commonly used in the field of education to refer to specialized instruction or tutoring designed to help students who are experiencing difficulties in mastering certain skills or concepts. This type of teaching is often provided in addition to regular classroom instruction and may be individualized or small group in nature. The goal of remedial teaching is to bring the student's skill level up to par with their peers, so that they can succeed in the regular education curriculum.

It is important to note that while remedial teaching is not a medical term, it can be used as an intervention for students who have learning difficulties or disabilities, which may be identified through a psychoeducational assessment conducted by a school psychologist or other qualified professional. In some cases, remedial teaching may be recommended as part of a student's Individualized Education Program (IEP) or 504 plan, which are documents that outline the accommodations and services that students with disabilities are entitled to receive in order to ensure their access to a free and appropriate education.

A nerve net, also known as a neural net or neuronal network, is not a medical term per se, but rather a concept in neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI). It refers to a complex network of interconnected neurons that process and transmit information. In the context of the human body, the nervous system can be thought of as a type of nerve net, with the brain and spinal cord serving as the central processing unit and peripheral nerves carrying signals to and from various parts of the body.

In the field of AI, artificial neural networks are computational models inspired by the structure and function of biological nerve nets. These models consist of interconnected nodes or "neurons" that process information and learn patterns through a process of training and adaptation. They have been used in a variety of applications, including image recognition, natural language processing, and machine learning.

Acoustic stimulation refers to the use of sound waves or vibrations to elicit a response in an individual, typically for the purpose of assessing or treating hearing, balance, or neurological disorders. In a medical context, acoustic stimulation may involve presenting pure tones, speech sounds, or other types of auditory signals through headphones, speakers, or specialized devices such as bone conduction transducers.

The response to acoustic stimulation can be measured using various techniques, including electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), behavioral observations, or functional imaging methods like fMRI. Acoustic stimulation is also used in therapeutic settings, such as auditory training programs for hearing impairment or vestibular rehabilitation for balance disorders.

It's important to note that acoustic stimulation should be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) are brain responses that are directly related to a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event. P300 is a positive deflection in the ERP waveform that occurs approximately 300 milliseconds after the onset of a rare or unexpected stimulus. It is often used as an index of cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and decision-making. The amplitude of the P300 component is typically larger for targets than for non-targets, and it is thought to reflect the amount of attentional resources allocated to the processing of the stimulus. Additionally, the latency of the P300 component can be used as an indicator of the speed of cognitive processing.

It's important to note that ERPs are measured using electroencephalography (EEG) and it requires averaging multiple trials to extract the signal from the noise. Also, P300 is just one component of ERP, there are other components like N100, P100, N200 etc which also have their own significance in understanding the cognitive processes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "siblings" is not a medical term. It is a term used in genealogy and sociology to refer to the brothers and sisters that someone has. Sibling relationships can have medical implications, such as when inherited genetic disorders are present in a family, but the term "siblings" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Verbal learning is a type of learning that involves the acquisition, processing, and retrieval of information presented in a verbal or written form. It is often assessed through tasks such as list learning, where an individual is asked to remember a list of words or sentences after a single presentation or multiple repetitions. Verbal learning is an important aspect of cognitive functioning and is commonly evaluated in neuropsychological assessments to help identify any memory or learning impairments.

Paranoid disorders are a category of mental disorders characterized by the presence of paranoia, which is defined as a persistent and unfounded distrust or suspicion of others. This can include beliefs that others are trying to harm you, deceive you, or are plotting against you. These beliefs are not based in reality and are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental conditions, includes two paranoid disorders: Delusional Disorder and Paranoid Personality Disorder.

Delusional disorder is characterized by the presence of one or more delusions for a month or longer, with no significant hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. The individual's functioning is not markedly impaired and behavior is not obviously odd or bizarre.

Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. The individual may appear cold and aloof or may be explosively angry if they feel threatened.

It's important to note that these disorders can cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of a paranoid disorder, it's important to seek help from a qualified mental health professional.

The hippocampus is a complex, curved formation in the brain that resembles a seahorse (hence its name, from the Greek word "hippos" meaning horse and "kampos" meaning sea monster). It's part of the limbic system and plays crucial roles in the formation of memories, particularly long-term ones.

This region is involved in spatial navigation and cognitive maps, allowing us to recognize locations and remember how to get to them. Additionally, it's one of the first areas affected by Alzheimer's disease, which often results in memory loss as an early symptom.

Anatomically, it consists of two main parts: the Ammon's horn (or cornu ammonis) and the dentate gyrus. These structures are made up of distinct types of neurons that contribute to different aspects of learning and memory.

Psychometrics is a branch of psychology that deals with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, such as the development and standardization of tests used to measure intelligence, aptitude, personality, attitudes, and other mental abilities or traits. It involves the construction and validation of measurement instruments, including the determination of their reliability and validity, and the application of statistical methods to analyze test data and interpret results. The ultimate goal of psychometrics is to provide accurate, objective, and meaningful measurements that can be used to understand individual differences and make informed decisions in educational, clinical, and organizational settings.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Drug-induced dyskinesia is a movement disorder that is characterized by involuntary muscle movements or abnormal posturing of the body. It is a side effect that can occur from the long-term use or high doses of certain medications, particularly those used to treat Parkinson's disease and psychosis.

The symptoms of drug-induced dyskinesia can vary in severity and may include rapid, involuntary movements of the limbs, face, or tongue; twisting or writhing movements; and abnormal posturing of the arms, legs, or trunk. These symptoms can be distressing and negatively impact a person's quality of life.

The exact mechanism by which certain medications cause dyskinesia is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve changes in the levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in regulating movement. In some cases, adjusting the dose or switching to a different medication may help alleviate the symptoms of drug-induced dyskinesia. However, in severe cases, additional treatments such as deep brain stimulation or botulinum toxin injections may be necessary.

Theory of Mind (ToM) is not a medical term per se, but rather a concept from psychology and cognitive science. It refers to the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, understanding that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own. This cognitive skill enables us to explain and predict people's behaviors based on their mental states, fostering social cognition and interaction.

While ToM is not a medical definition itself, impairments in Theory of Mind have been associated with various medical and neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, and other psychiatric disorders. In these cases, difficulties in understanding others' mental states may lead to challenges in social communication and interaction.

Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is a growth factor that belongs to the neuregulin family and is involved in the development and function of the nervous system. It is a protein that is encoded by the NRG1 gene and is expressed in various tissues, including the brain. NRG-1 plays important roles in the regulation of neuronal survival, migration, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity. It acts as a ligand for the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which are involved in intracellular signaling pathways that control various cellular processes. Abnormalities in NRG-1 signaling have been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

Psychomotor performance refers to the integration and coordination of mental processes (cognitive functions) with physical movements. It involves the ability to perform complex tasks that require both cognitive skills, such as thinking, remembering, and perceiving, and motor skills, such as gross and fine motor movements. Examples of psychomotor performances include driving a car, playing a musical instrument, or performing surgical procedures.

In a medical context, psychomotor performance is often used to assess an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), such as bathing, dressing, cooking, cleaning, and managing medications. Deficits in psychomotor performance can be a sign of neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, or depression.

Assessment of psychomotor performance may involve tests that measure reaction time, coordination, speed, precision, and accuracy of movements, as well as cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. These assessments can help healthcare professionals develop appropriate treatment plans and monitor the progression of diseases or the effectiveness of interventions.

"Paternal age" is a term used to describe the age of a father at the time of conception. It is often considered in relation to the potential impact on genetic health and the risk of certain genetic conditions in offspring. As a father's age increases, there is a higher chance of mutations occurring during the formation of sperm cells, which can potentially lead to an increased risk of certain genetic disorders such as Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, and Schinzel-Giedion midface retraction syndrome. However, it is important to note that while the risk does increase with paternal age, the overall likelihood remains relatively low.

Anhedonia is a medical term that describes the inability to feel pleasure. It is a common symptom of depression and other mental health disorders, such as schizophrenia. Anhedonia can manifest as a lack of interest in activities that were once enjoyed, a reduced ability to experience pleasure from social interactions or sexual activity, or an inability to feel positive emotions like happiness or joy.

Anhedonia is different from simply feeling sad or down. It is a more profound and persistent loss of the ability to experience pleasure, which can significantly impact a person's quality of life and overall well-being. The exact cause of anhedonia is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to changes in brain chemistry and function, particularly in areas involved in reward processing and motivation. Treatment for anhedonia typically involves addressing the underlying mental health condition, such as depression or schizophrenia, through a combination of medication and therapy.

Vocational rehabilitation is a process that aims to help individuals with disabilities, injuries, or illnesses to obtain and maintain suitable employment. It is a coordinated program of services that may include assessment, counseling, training, job development, and placement. The goal is to assist the individual in acquiring the necessary skills and abilities to return to work or to begin a new career path. This process often involves collaboration between healthcare professionals, vocational counselors, and employers to ensure that the individual's needs are met and that they are able to perform their job duties safely and effectively.

Affective symptoms refer to emotional or mood-related disturbances that can occur in various medical and psychological conditions. These symptoms may include:

1. Depression: feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, changes in appetite and sleep patterns, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide.
2. Anxiety: excessive worry, fear, or nervousness, often accompanied by physical symptoms such as a rapid heartbeat, sweating, and trembling.
3. Irritability: easily annoyed or agitated, often leading to outbursts of anger or frustration.
4. Mania or hypomania: abnormally elevated mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, and impulsive or risky behavior.
5. Apathy: lack of interest, motivation, or emotion, often leading to social withdrawal and decreased activity levels.
6. Mood lability: rapid and unpredictable shifts in mood, ranging from extreme happiness to sadness, anger, or anxiety.

Affective symptoms can significantly impact a person's quality of life and ability to function in daily activities. They may be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, stress, trauma, and medical conditions. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing affective symptoms and improving overall well-being.

Functional neuroimaging is a branch of medical imaging that involves the use of various techniques to measure and visualize the metabolic activity or blood flow in different regions of the brain. These measurements can be used to infer the level of neural activation in specific brain areas, allowing researchers and clinicians to study the functioning of the brain in various states, such as during rest, cognitive tasks, or disease processes.

Some common functional neuroimaging techniques include:

1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): This technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves to measure changes in blood flow and oxygenation levels in the brain, which are associated with neural activity.
2. Positron Emission Tomography (PET): This technique involves the injection of a small amount of radioactive tracer into the body, which is taken up by active brain cells. The resulting gamma rays are then detected and used to create images of brain activity.
3. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT): Similar to PET, SPECT uses a radioactive tracer to measure blood flow in the brain, but with lower resolution and sensitivity.
4. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS): This technique uses near-infrared light to measure changes in oxygenation levels in the brain, providing a non-invasive and relatively inexpensive method for studying brain function.

Functional neuroimaging has numerous applications in both research and clinical settings, including the study of cognitive processes, the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and the development of new treatments and interventions.

Nerve tissue proteins are specialized proteins found in the nervous system that provide structural and functional support to nerve cells, also known as neurons. These proteins include:

1. Neurofilaments: These are type IV intermediate filaments that provide structural support to neurons and help maintain their shape and size. They are composed of three subunits - NFL (light), NFM (medium), and NFH (heavy).

2. Neuronal Cytoskeletal Proteins: These include tubulins, actins, and spectrins that provide structural support to the neuronal cytoskeleton and help maintain its integrity.

3. Neurotransmitter Receptors: These are specialized proteins located on the postsynaptic membrane of neurons that bind neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons, triggering a response in the target cell.

4. Ion Channels: These are transmembrane proteins that regulate the flow of ions across the neuronal membrane and play a crucial role in generating and transmitting electrical signals in neurons.

5. Signaling Proteins: These include enzymes, receptors, and adaptor proteins that mediate intracellular signaling pathways involved in neuronal development, differentiation, survival, and death.

6. Adhesion Proteins: These are cell surface proteins that mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, playing a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of neural circuits.

7. Extracellular Matrix Proteins: These include proteoglycans, laminins, and collagens that provide structural support to nerve tissue and regulate neuronal migration, differentiation, and survival.

A "social environment" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, but it is often used in the context of public health and social sciences to refer to the physical and social conditions, relationships, and organized institutions that influence the health and well-being of individuals and communities.

The social environment includes factors such as:

* Social support networks (family, friends, community)
* Cultural norms and values
* Socioeconomic status (income, education, occupation)
* Housing and neighborhood conditions
* Access to resources (food, healthcare, transportation)
* Exposure to discrimination, violence, and other stressors

These factors can have a significant impact on health outcomes, as they can influence behaviors related to health (such as diet, exercise, and substance use), as well as exposure to disease and access to healthcare. Understanding the social environment is essential for developing effective public health interventions and policies that promote health equity and reduce health disparities.

'Diseases in Twins' is a field of study that focuses on the similarities and differences in the occurrence, development, and outcomes of diseases among twins. This research can provide valuable insights into the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to various medical conditions.

Twins can be classified into two types: monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes, while dizygotic twins share about 50%, similar to non-twin siblings. By comparing the concordance rates (the likelihood of both twins having the same disease) between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, researchers can estimate the heritability of a particular disease.

Studying diseases in twins also helps understand the role of environmental factors. When both twins develop the same disease, but they are discordant for certain risk factors (e.g., one twin smokes and the other does not), it suggests that the disease may have a stronger genetic component. On the other hand, when both twins share similar risk factors and develop the disease, it implies that environmental factors play a significant role.

Diseases in Twins research has contributed to our understanding of various medical conditions, including infectious diseases, cancer, mental health disorders, and developmental disorders. This knowledge can lead to better prevention strategies, early detection methods, and more targeted treatments for these diseases.

I must clarify that I cannot provide a "medical definition" of intelligence, as intelligence is not a concept that is typically defined within the field of medicine. Intelligence is a term used to describe the ability to learn, understand, and make judgments or decisions based on reason, experience, and information. It is often measured through various cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, critical thinking, creativity, and knowledge acquisition.

The concept of intelligence is studied in many fields, including psychology, neuroscience, and education. In medicine, healthcare professionals may assess a person's cognitive abilities to better understand their health status or develop treatment plans. However, there is no specific "medical definition" for intelligence. Instead, it is a multifaceted concept that can be influenced by various genetic, environmental, and experiential factors.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Reference values, also known as reference ranges or reference intervals, are the set of values that are considered normal or typical for a particular population or group of people. These values are often used in laboratory tests to help interpret test results and determine whether a patient's value falls within the expected range.

The process of establishing reference values typically involves measuring a particular biomarker or parameter in a large, healthy population and then calculating the mean and standard deviation of the measurements. Based on these statistics, a range is established that includes a certain percentage of the population (often 95%) and excludes extreme outliers.

It's important to note that reference values can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, race, and other demographic characteristics. Therefore, it's essential to use reference values that are specific to the relevant population when interpreting laboratory test results. Additionally, reference values may change over time due to advances in measurement technology or changes in the population being studied.

"Prenatal exposure delayed effects" refer to the adverse health outcomes or symptoms that become apparent in an individual during their development or later in life, which are caused by exposure to certain environmental factors or substances while they were still in the womb. These effects may not be immediately observable at birth and can take weeks, months, years, or even decades to manifest. They can result from maternal exposure to various agents such as infectious diseases, medications, illicit drugs, tobacco smoke, alcohol, or environmental pollutants during pregnancy. The delayed effects can impact multiple organ systems and may include physical, cognitive, behavioral, and developmental abnormalities. It is important to note that the risk and severity of these effects can depend on several factors, including the timing, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the individual's genetic susceptibility.

A psychiatric hospital is a type of medical facility that specializes in the treatment and care of patients with mental illnesses or disorders. These hospitals provide inpatient and outpatient services, including evaluation, diagnosis, and therapy for various psychiatric conditions such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and substance use disorders.

Psychiatric hospitals typically have a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, and occupational therapists, who work together to provide comprehensive care for patients. The treatment modalities used in psychiatric hospitals may include medication management, individual and group therapy, psychoeducation, and milieu therapy.

Psychiatric hospitals may also offer specialized programs for specific populations, such as children and adolescents, older adults, or individuals with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders. The goal of psychiatric hospitals is to stabilize patients' symptoms, improve their functioning, and help them develop the skills necessary to manage their mental health condition in the community.

Psychoanalytic therapy, also known as psychoanalysis, is a type of in-depth talk therapy that aims to bring unconscious motivations and internal conflicts into conscious awareness. It was developed by Sigmund Freud and is based on the theory that people's behavior and feelings are strongly affected by unconscious motives.

The therapy involves regular, often frequent, sessions with a psychoanalyst. The patient is encouraged to talk freely about whatever comes to mind, including dreams, fantasies, and free associations. The analyst listens carefully and interprets the underlying meanings and patterns in the patient's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to help the patient understand and resolve their internal conflicts, which are often rooted in early childhood experiences. This can lead to improved mental health, better relationships, and increased self-awareness. It's important to note that this type of therapy requires a significant time commitment and can be emotionally challenging.

Psychopathology is a branch of psychology and medicine that involves the study and classification of mental disorders, including their causes, symptoms, and treatment. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws on various methods and perspectives from psychology, neuroscience, genetics, sociology, and other related disciplines to understand and explain abnormal behavior and mental processes.

The term "psychopathology" can also refer specifically to the presence of a mental disorder or to the symptoms and features of a particular mental disorder. For example, one might say that someone has a psychopathology or that they exhibit certain psychopathological symptoms.

Psychopathology is often contrasted with normal psychology, which focuses on understanding and explaining typical behavior and mental processes. However, it is important to note that the boundary between normal and abnormal behavior is not always clear-cut, and many psychological phenomena exist on a continuum rather than falling neatly into one category or the other.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "personality development" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a concept that is more commonly found in psychology and personal growth contexts. In those fields, personality development refers to the process by which a person's character, behaviors, thoughts, and patterns of emotion are formed, structured, and changed throughout their life. This process can be influenced by genetic factors, environmental influences, and individual experiences. If you have any questions related to mental health or psychology, I would be happy to try to help answer them!

Dopamine receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that bind to and respond to the neurotransmitter dopamine. There are five subtypes of dopamine receptors (D1-D5), which are classified into two families based on their structure and function: D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, and D4).

Dopamine receptors play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including movement, motivation, reward, cognition, emotion, and neuroendocrine regulation. They are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system, with high concentrations found in the basal ganglia, limbic system, and cortex.

Dysfunction of dopamine receptors has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), drug addiction, and depression. Therefore, drugs targeting dopamine receptors have been developed for the treatment of these conditions.

Cognitive Therapy (CT) is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. It is a form of talk therapy where the therapist and the patient work together to identify and change negative or distorted thinking patterns and beliefs, with the goal of improving emotional response and behavior.

Cognitive Therapy is based on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all interconnected, and that negative or inaccurate thoughts can contribute to problems like anxiety and depression. By identifying and challenging these thoughts, patients can learn to think more realistically and positively, which can lead to improvements in their mood and behavior.

In cognitive therapy sessions, the therapist will help the patient identify negative thought patterns and replace them with healthier, more accurate ways of thinking. The therapist may also assign homework or exercises for the patient to practice between sessions, such as keeping a thought record or challenging negative thoughts.

Cognitive Therapy has been shown to be effective in treating a wide range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is often used in combination with other forms of treatment, such as medication, and can be delivered individually or in group settings.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Basal ganglia diseases are a group of neurological disorders that affect the function of the basal ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cells located deep within the brain. The basal ganglia play a crucial role in controlling movement and coordination. When they are damaged or degenerate, it can result in various motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and difficulty with balance and walking.

Some examples of basal ganglia diseases include:

1. Parkinson's disease - a progressive disorder that affects movement due to the death of dopamine-producing cells in the basal ganglia.
2. Huntington's disease - an inherited neurodegenerative disorder that causes uncontrolled movements, emotional problems, and cognitive decline.
3. Dystonia - a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.
4. Wilson's disease - a rare genetic disorder that causes excessive copper accumulation in the liver and brain, leading to neurological and psychiatric symptoms.
5. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) - a rare brain disorder that affects movement, gait, and balance, as well as speech and swallowing.
6. Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) - a rare neurological disorder characterized by progressive loss of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, leading to stiffness, rigidity, and difficulty with movement and coordination.

Treatment for basal ganglia diseases varies depending on the specific diagnosis and symptoms but may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Genetic association studies are a type of epidemiological research that aims to identify statistical associations between genetic variations and particular traits or diseases. These studies typically compare the frequency of specific genetic markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in individuals with a given trait or disease to those without it.

The goal of genetic association studies is to identify genetic factors that contribute to the risk of developing common complex diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, or cancer. By identifying these genetic associations, researchers hope to gain insights into the underlying biological mechanisms of these diseases and develop new strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

It's important to note that while genetic association studies can identify statistical associations between genetic markers and traits or diseases, they cannot prove causality. Further research is needed to confirm and validate these findings and to understand the functional consequences of the identified genetic variants.

Amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant drug that works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain, such as dopamine and norepinephrine. It is used medically to treat conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity, due to its appetite-suppressing effects.

Amphetamines can be prescribed in various forms, including tablets, capsules, or liquids, and are available under several brand names, such as Adderall, Dexedrine, and Vyvanse. They are also known by their street names, such as speed, uppers, or wake-ups, and can be abused for their euphoric effects and ability to increase alertness, energy, and concentration.

Long-term use of amphetamines can lead to dependence, tolerance, and addiction, as well as serious health consequences, such as cardiovascular problems, mental health disorders, and malnutrition. It is essential to use amphetamines only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and follow their instructions carefully.

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor, which are found in the membranes of excitatory neurons in the central nervous system. They play a crucial role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory processes. NMDA receptors are ligand-gated channels that are permeable to calcium ions (Ca2+) and other cations.

NMDA receptors are composed of four subunits, which can be a combination of NR1, NR2A-D, and NR3A-B subunits. The binding of the neurotransmitter glutamate to the NR2 subunit and glycine to the NR1 subunit leads to the opening of the ion channel and the influx of Ca2+ ions.

NMDA receptors have a unique property in that they require both agonist binding and membrane depolarization for full activation, making them sensitive to changes in the electrical activity of the neuron. This property allows NMDA receptors to act as coincidence detectors, playing a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning.

Abnormal functioning of NMDA receptors has been implicated in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and chronic pain. Therefore, NMDA receptors are a common target for drug development in the treatment of these conditions.

In the context of medical and clinical psychology, particularly in the field of applied behavior analysis (ABA), "verbal behavior" is a term used to describe the various functions or purposes of spoken language. It was first introduced by the psychologist B.F. Skinner in his 1957 book "Verbal Behavior."

Skinner proposed that verbal behavior could be classified into several categories based on its function, including:

1. Mand: A verbal operant in which a person requests or demands something from another person. For example, saying "I would like a glass of water" is a mand.
2. Tact: A verbal operant in which a person describes or labels something in their environment. For example, saying "That's a red apple" is a tact.
3. Echoic: A verbal operant in which a person repeats or imitates what they have heard. For example, saying "Hello" after someone says hello to you is an echoic.
4. Intraverbal: A verbal operant in which a person responds to another person's verbal behavior with their own verbal behavior, without simply repeating or imitating what they have heard. For example, answering a question like "What's the capital of France?" is an intraverbal.
5. Textual: A verbal operant in which a person reads or writes text. For example, reading a book or writing a letter are textual.

Understanding the function of verbal behavior can be helpful in assessing and treating communication disorders, such as those seen in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). By identifying the specific functions of a child's verbal behavior, therapists can develop targeted interventions to help them communicate more effectively.

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"Pseudo-neurotic Schizophrenia , Psycho-Babble". www.dr-bob.org. Retrieved 2015-11-09. "ICD-10. Schizophrenia, schizotypal and ... Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia is in the Russian adapted version of the ICD-10 (code F21.3). It is also in ICD-10 listed as a ... Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia is a postulated mental disorder categorized by the presence of two or more symptoms of mental ... The diagnosis of pseudoneurotic schizophrenia can be made with clinical observation and by various psychiatrical exams by a ...
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"Lakshmi Menon's 'AGP Schizophrenia' trailer is out; movie to release on Pongal". The Times of India. 10 January 2022. Retrieved ... AGP Schizophrenia at IMDb (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Use dmy dates from ... AGP (Schizophrenia) is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language psychological thriller film directed by Ramesh Subramaniyan and starring ... The makers marketed it as "the first female schizophrenia Tamil film". The film was shot in Chennai, Tiruvannamalai, and ...
... , or hebephrenia, was a subtype of schizophrenia prior to 2013. Subtypes of schizophrenia were no ... The most prominent features of disorganized schizophrenia are not delusions and hallucinations, as in paranoid schizophrenia, ... Co., (Text), 1919 How Schizophrenia is diagnosed Hebephrenic Schizophrenia Diagnostic Criteria American Psychiatric Association ... but they are most prominent in disorganized schizophrenia. This form of schizophrenia is typically associated with early onset ...
... was thought to be the most severe subtype of schizophrenia, as it had "an acute onset and rapid ... In psychiatry, catastrophic schizophrenia or schizocaria is an obsolete term for a rare and acute form of schizophrenia leading ... In modern terms, catastrophic schizophrenia would likely be defined as 'acute-onset chronic schizophrenia with poor prognosis ... According to Strauss, catastrophic schizophrenia took a similar course to catatonic schizophrenia and hebephrenia, with all ...
... in the modern classification of mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1989 [archived 2013-04-15];15(4 ... Sluggish schizophrenia or slow progressive schizophrenia (Russian: вялотеку́щая шизофрени́я, romanized: vyalotekushchaya ... Because of diagnoses of sluggish schizophrenia, Russia in 1974 had 5-7 cases of schizophrenia per 1,000 population, compared to ... The Soviet model of schizophrenia is based on the hypothesis that a fundamental characteristic (by which schizophrenia spectrum ...
Schizophrenia or Schizophrenic may also refer to: Schizophrenia (Sepultura album), 1987 Schizophrenia (Wayne Shorter album), ... Look up schizophrenia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal behavior ... 2010 Schizophrenia (film), a 1997 Russian crime film Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), a complication of delegation ... Cultural jet lag All pages with titles containing Schizophrenia All pages with titles beginning with Schizophrenia This ...
Arieti begins his book stating that it is difficult to define schizophrenia. He asks if schizophrenia is an illness and answers ... He believes schizophrenia is an unrealistic way to represent both the self and the world and praises psychiatrist Adolf Meyer ... He later developed schizophrenia in his teens, not long after returning to home from a private school. Gabriel expressed his ... Arieti's views on schizophrenia are nowadays known as part of the trauma model of mental disorders, an alternative to the ...
... (French: Capitalisme et Schizophrénie) is a serial composed of two volumes, Anti-Oedipus (1972, ... ISBN 0-262-63143-1. Reading Notes on Deleuze and Guattari, Capitalism and Schizophrenia by Michael Hardt v t e (Articles with ... 1 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. 2 vols. 1972-1980. Trans. of L'Anti-Oedipe. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. ISBN 0-8264-7695- ... 2 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. 2 vols. 1972-1980. Trans. of Mille Plateaux. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. ISBN 0-8264-7694 ...
Subtypes of schizophrenia are no longer recognized as separate conditions from schizophrenia by DSM-5 or ICD-11. Before 2013, ... Psychiatry portal Physical health in schizophrenia The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease Montreal ... "Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia , Schizophrenia Bulletin , Oxford Academic." OUP Academic, ... schizophrenia' is required to achieve this therapeutic goal remains contentious. Accounts of a schizophrenia-like syndrome are ...
The causes of schizophrenia that underlie the development of schizophrenia, a psychiatric disorder, are complex and not clearly ... Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (July 2014). "Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia- ... Shenton ME, Dickey CC, Frumin M, McCarley RW (April 2001). "A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research ... Ellison-Wright I, Bullmore E (March 2009). "Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia". Schizophrenia ...
Babies born during periods of famine were up to twice as likely to develop schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorder. ... Another study investigated the rates of schizophrenia of adoptees: adoptees with a genetic history of schizophrenia that were ... Oh G, Petronis A (November 2008). "Environmental studies of schizophrenia through the prism of epigenetics". Schizophrenia ... Prenatal Maternal Stress (PNMS) is also associated with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). Several ...
... (SCARF) was founded in 1984 with the primary objective of providing quality care and ... Schizophrenia-related organizations, Organizations established in 1984, Schizophrenia). ...
As schizophrenia is foremost a disorder of the consciousness, it has been suggested that schizophrenia exists as an unwanted ... The evolution of schizophrenia refers to the theory of natural selection working in favor of selecting traits that are ... The risk of schizophrenia is higher among those who experienced prenatal maternal viral infections like influenza, rubella, ... This mechanism can be seen in the carriers for the schizophrenia gene who express both the dominant and recessive allele. These ...
Schizophrenia is the second studio album by Brazilian thrash metal band Sepultura, released on October 30, 1987 by Cogumelo ... "Schizophrenia - Sepultura". AllMusic. Retrieved 2005-05-11. Avelar, Idelber (2011). "Otherwise National: Locality and Power in ... "Portuguesecharts.com - Sepultura - Schizophrenia". Hung Medien. Retrieved October 21, 2022. Shapiro, Marc (1993). Andreas ... Roadrunner Records signed them and released Schizophrenia internationally before seeing the band perform in person. Kisser ...
The International Late-Onset Schizophrenia Group) (February 2000). "Late-onset schizophrenia and very-late-onset schizophrenia- ... Schizophrenia is a major cause of disability. Approximately three quarters of people with schizophrenia have ongoing disability ... There seem to be gender differences regarding the impact of aging on schizophrenia. Men with schizophrenia tend to have more ... International Study of Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 26 (4): 835-846. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033498. PMID ...
"History". Schizophrenia Research Forum. Retrieved 2008-06-17. Foundation Web-based Schizophrenia Research Forum Honored by ACNP ... and discussion about research on schizophrenia. It hosts a number of resources such as What We Know About Schizophrenia, Animal ... The Schizophrenia Forum was founded in 2005 by science editor Hakon Heimer as a project of the National Alliance for Research ... Schizophrenia Research Forum is a web knowledge environment dedicated to news, information resources, ...
Howard R, Rabins PV, Seeman MV, Jeste DV (February 2000). "Late-onset schizophrenia and very-late-onset schizophrenia-like ... October 2013). "Definition and description of schizophrenia in the DSM-5". Schizophrenia Research. 150 (1): 3-10. doi:10.1016/j ... October 2013). "Definition and description of schizophrenia in the DSM-5". Schizophrenia Research. 150 (1): 3-10. doi:10.1016/j ... Tsuang MT, Faraone SV (October 1995). "The case for heterogeneity in the etiology of schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research. 17 ...
The causes of schizophrenia are unclear, but it seems that genetics play a heavy role, as individuals with a family history are ... "Atypical Antipsychotics for Schizophrenia." Psych Central. N.p., 17 July 2016. Web. 14 Apr. 2017". Mohr, S. (1 November 2006 ... It is rare for a child to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, in part because of the difficulty in establishing what erroneous ... In general, religion has been found to have "both a protective and a risk increasing effect" for schizophrenia. A common report ...
Prevalence of mental disorders Sex differences in schizophrenia van Os J, Kapur S (August 2009). "Schizophrenia". Lancet. 374 ( ... Brown AS, Susser ES (November 2008). "Prenatal nutritional deficiency and risk of adult schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin ... of schizophrenia, with men and women being susceptible to different types (see causes of schizophrenia). This is further ... "Differences in distribution of ages of onset in males and females with schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research. 33 (3): 179-183 ...
Hebephrenic schizophrenia, F20.2 = Catatonic schizophrenia, F20.3 = Undifferentiated schizophrenia (same reference) World ... Simple-type schizophrenia is a sub-type of schizophrenia included in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), in ... In the ICD-11, there is no longer a diagnostic category of simple schizophrenia, and all subtypes of schizophrenia have been ... a film was made showing the clinical characteristics of simple-type schizophrenia. Definition of this type of schizophrenia is ...
Cochrane Schizophrenia Group) (April 2019). "Peer support for people with schizophrenia or other serious mental illness". The ... Ruddy R, Milnes D (October 2005). Ruddy R (ed.). "Art therapy for schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses". The Cochrane ... Ruddy RA, Dent-Brown K (January 2007). Ruddy R (ed.). "Drama therapy for schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses". The ... July 2005). "Tropisetron improves deficits in auditory P50 suppression in schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research. 76 (1): 67-72 ...
People with schizophrenia are at a higher than average risk of physical ill health, and earlier death than the general ... Schizophrenia also affects the attendance to cancer screening which is seen as one of the factors leading to shorter life ... Schizophrenia and smoking Elias M (2007-05-03). "Mentally ill die 25 years earlier, on average". Titre : Mentally ill die 25 ... "Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). " ...
Childhood schizophrenia (very early onset schizophrenia) develops before the age of 13 years and is quite rare (frequency is 1 ... Schizophrenia is strongly heritable, but many people who appear to carry schizophrenia-associated genes may not develop the ... Risk factors of schizophrenia at Curlie "Schizophrenia". National Institute of Mental Health. (CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of ... Risk factors of schizophrenia include many genetic and environmental phenomena. The prevailing model of schizophrenia is that ...
... is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Walsh Medical Media. It ... "Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses". MIAR: Information Matrix for the Analysis of Journals. University of Barcelona. ... "Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses". NLM Catalog. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2021-03-10. ... "Source details: Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses". Scopus Preview. Elsevier. Retrieved 2021-03-10. " ...
... devoted to the study of schizophrenia and related disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin Official website The Schizophrenia Forum v ... The Schizophrenia International Research Society is an academic organization with a global scope, ... Schizophrenia-related organizations, Mental health organizations in Tennessee, All stub articles, United States health ...
Schizophrenia leads to an increased risk of dementia. Most people with schizophrenia are not aggressive, and are more likely to ... Worldwide, schizophrenia is the most common psychotic disorder. The frequency of schizophrenia varies across the world, within ... Schizophrenia at Curlie Schizophrenia at Wikipedias sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from ... Onset over the age of 60, which may be difficult to differentiate as schizophrenia, is known as very-late-onset schizophrenia- ...
Schizophrenia is a serious brain illness that can include hearing voices that arent there and thinking others are trying to ... Schizophrenia is a serious brain illness. People who have it may hear voices that arent there. They may think other people are ... Symptoms of schizophrenia usually start between ages 16 and 30. Men often develop symptoms at a younger age than women. People ... Childhood Schizophrenia (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Also in Spanish ...
... and schizophrenia symptoms including paranoia and hearing voices. Learn about paranoid schizophrenia and schizophrenia ... and guidelines on schizophrenia, also called schizoaffective disorder, ... Schizophrenia : Review in-depth clinical information, latest medical news, ... S2 Episode 6: MDMA for the Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia ...
Scientists have developed an innovative method for diagnosing schizophrenia by collecting neural tissues from the nose. The ... Sniffing out schizophrenia. Date:. April 29, 2013. Source:. American Friends of Tel Aviv University. Summary:. Scientists have ... "Sniffing out schizophrenia." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 29 April 2013. ,www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2013. /. 04. /. ... "Sniffing out schizophrenia." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com. /. releases. /. 2013. /. 04. /. 130429130548.htm (accessed ...
If youre dealing with a psychotic illness like schizophrenia, you may feel frightened or overwhelmed. And thats normal. ... What Is Schizophrenia?. Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain that interferes with normal thoughts, feelings and behaviors. ... Schizophrenia is the most common kind of "psychosis"-a term meaning to be out of touch with reality. But its not the only kind ... Schizophrenia isnt like other medical conditions. You cant detect it from a blood test, CAT scan or PET scan. A diagnosis of ...
Read about schizophrenia definition, test, causes, and medication. ... Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that causes symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech and behavior ... What is the definition of schizophrenia? What is paranoid schizophrenia? Read about schizophrenia types and learn about ... "Late-onset schizophrenia and very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: an international consensus." American Journal of ...
Is schizophrenia a disability, and how can you claim benefits?. Some people with schizophrenia may be eligible to claim social ... Average age of onset for schizophrenia: What to know. Symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear in a persons 20s. However, the ... Schizophrenia and genetics: What is the link?. Written by Morgan Meissner, PhD 6 studies cited ... Paranoia and schizophrenia: What you need to know. Written by Yvette Brazier 6 studies cited ...
A recent cartoon by Steve Kelley of the New Orleans Times-Picayune puts a twist on Obamas success schizophrenia. The cartoons ...
NIMH is conducting a Facebook Live on schizophrenia. ... hosted a Facebook Live event on schizophrenia.. Schizophrenia ... Its important to know how to recognize the symptoms of schizophrenia and seek help as early as possible. Effective treatment ... Home , News & Events , Meetings and Events , Event Summaries for 2023 , Facebook Live: Understanding Schizophrenia ... led a discussion on the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia, risk factors, treatments, as well as the latest NIMH-supported ...
If you have schizophrenia, marijuana use will make it worse. Anyone with persistent psychotic symptoms should be kept far away ... And yet, on a nationwide basis, theres been no increase in diagnoses of schizophrenia. It affects less than 1 percent of the ... Among other things, no one with schizophrenia should get near the stuff, and if you have a family history of severe mental ... Even if marijuana affects the onset of schizophrenia, the real-world effect is probably small. If the risk increases by as much ...
Emulating schizophrenia in a dish. Columbia University. Journal. Nature Communications. DOI. 10.1038/s41467-022-31073-1. ... Emulating schizophrenia in a dish A chance observation spawns a versatile new strategy for taking on some of humanitys most ... "This could help us study short-term memory loss in schizophrenia, in which a similar absence of stable connections could be at ... MoNNets can list another resume item to strengthen their candidacy as petri-dish models of schizophrenia: when the researchers ...
Alongside medications and psychotherapy, exercise can improve life with schizophrenia. ... With schizophrenia, youre at risk for physical health conditions. ... Whats the Link Between Exercise and Schizophrenia?. With schizophrenia, you may gain weight. This could happen because of an ... Living with Schizophrenia: "Exercise and Schizophrenia.". Psychopharmacology Bulletin: "Exercise as a Treatment for ...
... recommendations represent best-practice guidelines for using aripiprazole in the acute and long-term treatment of schizophrenia ... Is There a Link Between Cannabis Use Disorder and Schizophrenia in Young Males? 0.25 CME / CE / ABIM MOC Credits Clinical ... Short-Term Trials. Short-term studies in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia have shown that, compared with ... Studies have been conducted with aripiprazole in stable patients with chronic schizophrenia.[32,34] One of these studies ...
Schizophrenia: Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatment. What is schizophrenia? Read about schizophrenia types and learn about ... "Late-onset schizophrenia and very-late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis: an international consensus." American Journal of ... "What causes schizophrenia?" Science Nov. 2010: 1-16.. Hedgecoe, A. "Schizophrenia and the narrative of enlightened ... "Symptomatology of the initial prodromal phase in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 28.3 (2002): 415-429.. Gregory, A., P. ...
Schizophrenia is notoriously difficult to treat, but a recent study shows that stimulating the brain with magnetic pulses ... The origin of schizophrenias voices. The voices, or auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), heard by people with schizophrenia ... Hearing voices is so common in schizophrenia that it is often used as a "principal indicator" of a schizophrenia diagnosis. ... Hearing voices is a common symptom of schizophrenia.. Schizophrenia is a highly disruptive psychiatric condition affecting an ...
Reactions to being a mom with schizophrenia from the YouTube channel host of ... Inside Schizophrenia Podcast: The Influence of Culture on Schizophrenia Presentation. Does schizophrenia look the same way in ... Inside Schizophrenia Podcast: Unpacking the Stigma of Schizophrenia. Guest Brandon Kohrt, MD, PhD, joins to discuss stigma ... But what about somebody living with schizophrenia raising a ten-year-old, a 15-year-old, a 20-year-old? Have you thought that ...
There is now robust evidence that schizophrenia is associated with an increased risk of violence. Across Europe, the numbers of ... The groups with schizophrenia were similar in terms of age of onset and duration of illness, levels of psychotic symptoms, and ... People with schizophrenia are at increased risk, as compared to the general population, to be convicted for violent crimes ... With regard to schizophrenia and psychoses, it has to be said that particularly, non-delusional suspiciousness and the presence ...
To promote Schizophrenia Demo and grow its popularity (top games), use the embed code provided on your homepage, blog, forums ... www.moddb.com/games/schizophrenia-demo,Schizophrenia Demo game - ModDB,/a,. ... Thanks for voting and helping Schizophrenia Demo on its quest to become the 2023 Indie of the Year. You are now in with a ... a href=https://www.moddb.com/games/schizophrenia-demo title=View Schizophrenia Demo on ModDB target=_blank,,img src= ...
... strives to provide the finest possible clinical care for individuals with schizophrenia ... Featured ArticleSchizophrenia Learn important facts about Schizophrenia and what you need to know such as: causes, symptoms and ... The Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center strives to provide the finest possible clinical care for individuals with schizophrenia ... Second Opinion Consultation Service for Schizophrenia. This clinic at Johns Hopkins Hospital offers a one-time, second opinion ...
He adds: In time, with a suitable screening method for schizophrenia using brain imaging, preventative psychiatry becomes a ...
... Founded nearly 50 years ago by carers of people living with schizophrenia, Rethink Mental Illness ... In 2011, we founded the Schizophrenia Commission, which published a groundbreaking report called Schizophrenia - The Abandoned ... public understanding of schizophrenia and the physical health outcomes for people living with schizophrenia - with people ... "Attitudes to mental illness have improved, in part thanks to Time to Change our anti stigma campaign, but schizophrenia remains ...
Its likely that youve common across many myths and exaggerations about schizophrenia in the news and media. Lets look at 5 ... The epidemiology of schizophrenia can show who may be at risk for schizophrenia, but it cant decide whether an individual will ... Misconceptions about schizophrenia in the media. Sensationalized portrayals of people with schizophrenia in movies, news ... How Faith and Spirituality Can Affect Schizophrenia Symptoms. People with schizophrenia may not be more likely to be religious ...
Schizophrenia is associated with somatic mutations occurring in utero Cell Press. Journal. Cell Genomics. Funder. Harvard/MIT ... Schizophrenia-associated somatic copy number variants from 12,834 cases reveal recurrent NRXN1 and ABCB11 disruptions (IMAGE) ... Health and medicine/Diseases and disorders/Psychiatric disorders/Psychotic disorders/Schizophrenia * /Life sciences/Genetics/ ... Schizophrenia-associated somatic copy number variants from 12,834 cases reveal recurrent NRXN1 and ABCB11 disruptions ...
Schizophrenia is a type of mental illness that can change how you think and act, as well as how you feel. Learn more about the ... Schizophrenia may cause a type of speech difficulty called alogia. Its thought that trouble with speech in schizophrenia is ... What is schizophrenia? (2020).. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/schizophrenia/what-is-schizophrenia. ... Schizophrenia may cause a state of catatonia, in which you lie unusually still for long periods of time. On the flipside, you ...
Schizophrenia may be caused by a body chemical or by a life crisis, but in both cases, a nutritional approach can do wonders ... Schizophrenia may be caused by a body chemical or by a life crisis, but in both cases, a nutritional approach can do wonders.. ... SCHIZOPHRENIA:THE DIETARY THEORIES. What Doctors Dont Tell You6 min read ... The most common vitamin deficiency in schizophrenia may well be folic acid. It may even be a major cause of the schizophrenic ...
"We discovered a new pathway that plays a part in schizophrenia," said Illana Gozes, Ph.D., the Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair ... Gozes team found RNA evidence of decreased levels of beclin 1 in the hippocampus of schizophrenia patients, a brain region ... Developing drugs to boost beclin 1 levels and restart autophagy could offer a new way to treat schizophrenia, the researchers ... The scientists also looked at protein levels in the blood of schizophrenia patients. They found no difference in beclin 1 ...
The definition of childhood schizophrenia has evolved over time and is now believed to be a virulent childhood version of the ... Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a severe form of psychotic disorder that occurs at age 12 years or younger and is often ... Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders in the first-degree relatives of children with schizophrenia: ... First-degree relatives of children with schizophrenia have a higher prevalence rate of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum ...
Schizophrenia generally appears in late adolescence or early adulthood - however, it can emerge at any time in life. It is one ... Causes of schizophrenia. A combination of genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of schizophrenia. ... Symptoms of schizophrenia. The symptoms of schizophrenia fall into three broad categories:. • positive symptoms,. • negative ... Most of the time, people do not get schizophrenia after age 45.3 Schizophrenia rarely occurs in children, but awareness of ...
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some ... Left untreated, schizophrenia can result in severe problems that affect every area of life. Complications that schizophrenia ... Helping someone who may have schizophrenia. If you think someone you know may have symptoms of schizophrenia, talk to him or ... Schizophrenia (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2018.. *Valton V, et al. Comprehensive review: Computational modeling of schizophrenia. ...
  • Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are the same for any psychosis and are sometimes referred to as psychotic symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Psychosis noted for the first time in a person who is later diagnosed with schizophrenia is referred to as a first-episode psychosis (FEP). (wikipedia.org)
  • Schizophrenia is the most common kind of "psychosis"-a term meaning to be out of touch with reality. (massgeneral.org)
  • The thought problems associated with schizophrenia are described as psychosis, in that the person's thinking is completely out of touch with reality at times. (medicinenet.com)
  • People with a family history of schizophrenia who have a transient psychosis have a 20-40% chance of being diagnosed one year later. (boloji.com)
  • Psychosis can happen if schizophrenia is left untreated. (psychcentral.com)
  • And for some individuals, psychosis may also be the first obvious sign of schizophrenia. (psychcentral.com)
  • I don't have schizophrenia/psychosis but I have overstimulation so bad that even going to the store for 10mins I have to come home and lay in a dark quiet room for several mins to hours. (healthyplace.com)
  • Schizophrenia is a complicated mental health problem related to psychosis . (mind.org.uk)
  • It's also possible to experience an episode of psychosis (one of the most common symptoms of schizophrenia) without having any particular condition. (mind.org.uk)
  • Typical and atypical antipsychotics provide a treatment for people with schizophrenia, with either a reduction in the episodes of psychosis or a reduction in the severity of the symptoms. (cochrane.org)
  • According to one model, schizophrenia would occur due to an abnormally aggressive synaptic pruning process, leading to a reduction in synaptic connectivity beyond a psychosis threshold, resulting in a fragmented or disconnected brain. (health.am)
  • Hydrocephalus ( 7 ), increased ventricular size ( 8 ), and cognitive impairment ( 9 ) have also been noted in some persons with schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Diagnosis Schizophrenia is characterized by psychosis (loss of contact with reality), hallucinations (false perceptions), delusions (false beliefs), disorganized speech and behavior, flattened affect. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Psychosis is a severe mental disorder which can be acute, transient, chronic or episodic, occurring as a primary disorder, such as schizophrenia, or as part of a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder, or secondary to conditions such as alcohol or drug abuse, medical illnesses (e.g. (who.int)
  • Hallucinations occur at some point in the lifetimes of 80% of those with schizophrenia and most commonly involve the sense of hearing (most often hearing voices), but can sometimes involve any of the other senses of taste, sight, smell and touch. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paranoid-type schizophrenia is distinguished by paranoid behavior, including delusions and auditory hallucinations. (medicinenet.com)
  • One of the most disturbing symptoms for people with schizophrenia and those around them are hallucinations. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The voices, or auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), heard by people with schizophrenia vary substantially. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • She said, "[F]irstly, it seems that we now can say with some certainty that we have found a specific anatomical area of the brain associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In patients with a history of autism spectrum disorder or a communication disorder of childhood onset, the additional diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations, in addition to the other required symptoms or schizophrenia are also present for at least 1 month (or less if successfully treated). (medscape.com)
  • The validity of a diagnosis of childhood-onset schizophrenia has been a point of concern for some, due to difficulty in differentiating pediatric patients' reports of visual hallucinations from imaginary figures (which may be developmentally normal). (medscape.com)
  • Nowhere is this more evident than with schizophrenia, a catch all term used to describe individuals who supposedly have lost contact with reality, and suffer from delusions, hallucinations, illogical thought processes and generally disturbed behaviour. (healthy.net)
  • Schizophrenia is characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions , disorganized thinking, and abnormal behaviors. (healthline.com)
  • Schizophrenia is a chronic condition that can cause a wide range of distressing symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, and impaired social functioning. (healthline.com)
  • Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Schizophrenia is a long-term mental health condition that causes a range of psychological symptoms, ranging from changes in behaviour through to hallucinations and delusions. (yahoo.com)
  • In her recent article, Hallucinations of the "China Dream:" Forbidden Voice, Articulation, and Schizophrenia in China , published in Medical Anthropology , Yang discusses the contents of voices heard by people diagnosed with schizophrenia in China. (sfu.ca)
  • These categories refer to symptoms that are typical of a schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic disorder (eg, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, catatonic behavior), that cause substantial social and occupational distress and impairment, but that do not meet the full criteria for any specific disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • People with schizophrenia can have delusions that seem bizarre, such as believing that neighbors can control their behaviour with magnetic waves. (boloji.com)
  • Delusions occur in most people with schizophrenia. (mayoclinic.org)
  • We know from the scholarly literature that t he content of delusions experienced by people diagnosed with schizophrenia in China has changed over time. (sfu.ca)
  • No actual delusions or other symptoms of schizophrenia are present. (medscape.com)
  • As a result of these symptoms, individuals with schizophrenia can also have problems in their social functioning. (massgeneral.org)
  • The Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center strives to provide the finest possible clinical care for individuals with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders and related conditions as well as support for their families. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Individuals with schizophrenia have more than twice the rate of death than those without the disorder. (medicinenet.com)
  • In the past, schizophrenia was often incorrectly associated with violent behavior, leading to widespread misconceptions about individuals with schizophrenia being dangerous or unpredictable. (healthline.com)
  • Factors such as substance misuse, a history of violence, and a lack of appropriate treatment and support are more significant predictors of violent behavior in individuals with schizophrenia, just as they are in the general population. (healthline.com)
  • Research suggests that lifestyle and behavioral factors of individuals with schizophrenia may impact physical health. (psychcentral.com)
  • Thanks for voting and helping Schizophrenia Demo on it's quest to become the 2023 Indie of the Year . (moddb.com)
  • For a diagnosis of schizophrenia, the described symptoms need to have been present for at least six months (according to the DSM-5) or one month (according to the ICD-11). (wikipedia.org)
  • These may be present in any of the different psychoses and are often transient, making early diagnosis of schizophrenia problematic. (wikipedia.org)
  • A diagnosis of schizophrenia must come from an experienced doctor who evaluates the symptoms and rules out other physical problems that could be causing them-for example, drug and/or alcohol abuse, or a brain tumor. (massgeneral.org)
  • Experts explain the role blood tests play in the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Hearing voices is so common in schizophrenia that it is often used as a " principal indicator " of a schizophrenia diagnosis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • However, those individuals meeting the criteria for catatonia would receive an additional diagnosis of catatonia associated with schizophrenia to indicate the presence of the comorbidity. (medscape.com)
  • One study on the validity of a diagnosis of early-onset schizophrenia in Denmark found a correspondence of 88.8%, comparing the diagnosis listed in the Denmark registry to a clinical diagnosis based on symptoms reported in patient records. (medscape.com)
  • Early diagnosis of schizophrenia can help reduce symptoms and complications. (psychcentral.com)
  • If you're worried that your schizophrenia diagnosis doesn't match how you feel, it's important to discuss it with your mental health team. (mind.org.uk)
  • 80 patients having diagnosis of schizophrenia according to ICD-10 are assigned to treatment with olanzapine (N=20), risperidone (N=20) and haloperidol (N=40). (who.int)
  • In addition to medications and psychotherapy , research shows that exercise can help prevent and treat schizophrenia. (webmd.com)
  • Developing drugs to boost beclin 1 levels and restart autophagy could offer a new way to treat schizophrenia, the researchers say. (genengnews.com)
  • There was an association confirmed with variation in the gene that codes for a receptor for the brain chemical messenger dopamine, which is known to be the target for antipsychotic medications used to treat schizophrenia. (nih.gov)
  • Some medications used to treat schizophrenia inhibit the replication of T. gondii in cell culture. (cdc.gov)
  • Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by significant alterations in perception, thoughts, mood and behavior. (wikipedia.org)
  • Schizophrenia is one of the psychotic mental disorders and is characterized by symptoms of thought, behavior, and social problems. (medicinenet.com)
  • Experts found that when people with schizophrenia adopt an exercise program, their self-esteem, social interest, and behavior improve. (webmd.com)
  • Schizophrenia is a mental disorder often characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to recognize what is real. (boloji.com)
  • Because schizophrenia affects a person's thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior, it may make it difficult to find and hold a job. (psychcentral.com)
  • Schizophrenia involves a range of problems with thinking (cognition), behavior and emotions. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Schizophrenia , a term introduced by Bleuler , names a persistent, often chronic and usually serious mental disorder affecting a variety of aspects of behavior, thinking, and emotion. (behavenet.com)
  • Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a widely investigated behavior to study the mechanisms of disorders such as anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar mania. (lu.se)
  • Many people with schizophrenia have other mental disorders, especially substance use disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Given that an individual can have various predominant symptoms of schizophrenia at different times as well as at the same time, the most recent Diagnostic Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has done away with what used to be described as five types of schizophrenia. (medicinenet.com)
  • As with most other mental disorders, schizophrenia is not directly passed from one generation to another genetically, and there is no single specific cause for this illness. (medicinenet.com)
  • Our extensive research efforts are driven by that same passion to find the causes of schizophrenia and related disorders and to develop treatments to improve the lives of patients everywhere. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • MoNNets could be a great help here because they're well suited for both teasing out the biological bases of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders and for efficiently vetting hundreds or thousands of possible pharmacological treatments," added Gogos, who studies schizophrenia. (eurekalert.org)
  • Davies, E.J. "Developmental aspects of schizophrenia and related disorders: possible implications for treatment strategies. (medicinenet.com)
  • The results were presented at the ECNP conference - held in Paris, France - and will be published at a later date in Schizophrenia Bulletin: The Journal of Psychoses and Related Disorders . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) cautions that although the essential features of schizophrenia are the same in childhood, it is harder to diagnose. (medscape.com)
  • It is important to consider these more common disorders of childhood before attributing symptoms to schizophrenia. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to the five symptom domain areas identified in the diagnostic criteria, the assessment of cognition, depression, and mania symptom domains is vital for making critically important distinctions between schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. (medscape.com)
  • Folks with schizophrenia may be more likely to have drug or alcohol use disorders. (psychcentral.com)
  • Schizophrenia is one of the world's most misunderstood and socially stigmatized mental health disorders. (medicalert.org)
  • Schizophrenia is typically diagnosed by ruling out other mental health disorders first and confirming that symptoms are not due to medications, drugs, or a medical condition. (medicalert.org)
  • More recent studies using serological confirmation of infection have found an association between HSV-2, influenza, genital and reproductive infection, and T. gondii exposure during pregnancy and schizophrenia spectrum disorders in offspring. (health.am)
  • Introduction to Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders- brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder-are characterized. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treatment with antipsychotics can cause metabolic side effects leading to medical disorders among the patients suffering from schizophrenia. (who.int)
  • Short-term studies in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia have shown that, compared with placebo, aripiprazole 10-30 mg/day is effective for the treatment of both positive and negative symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • For example, people with schizophrenia who continue to suffer from residual symptoms have more trouble thinking than those whose negative symptoms are adequately managed with treatment. (medicinenet.com)
  • Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are typically seen through decreased motivation and social withdrawal. (healthline.com)
  • Below, you'll find some of the most common negative symptoms of schizophrenia. (healthline.com)
  • It's important to note, however, that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (i.e., reduced emotional expression and low motivation) are difficult to treat with medication. (healthline.com)
  • Some authors have suggested that loxapine is more effective than typical antipsychotics in reducing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, that extrapyramidal adverse effects are not usually seen at clinically effective antipsychotic doses and that it should therefore be classed as atypical. (cochrane.org)
  • Research shows that people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder have a better quality of life when their family members tend to be more supportive and less critical of them. (medicinenet.com)
  • If depression exists in patients with schizophrenia, a more careful evaluation of symptom duration may help to clarify whether it could be schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or a psychotic depression. (healthline.com)
  • With schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder , feeling overstimulated strikes often-- in large crowds or even small family dinner parties. (healthyplace.com)
  • Like many people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, I've worn ear plugs to art gallery openings. (healthyplace.com)
  • Schizophrenia is a highly disruptive psychiatric condition affecting an estimated 1.1 percent of adults in the United States each year. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The American Psychiatric Association removed schizophrenia subtypes from the DSM-5 because they didn't appear to help with providing better targeted treatment, or predicting treatment response. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, people with schizophrenia who are living in the community (not in a psychiatric institution) are about 14 times more likely to be the victim of a violent crime than the perpetrator. (healthline.com)
  • The largest genomic dragnet of any psychiatric disorder to date has unmasked 108 chromosomal sites harboring inherited variations in the genetic code linked to schizophrenia , 83 of which had not been previously reported. (nih.gov)
  • The Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium (PGC) reports on its genome-wide analysis of nearly 37,000 cases and more than 113,000 controls in the journal Nature, July 21, 2014. (nih.gov)
  • Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric disease with strong evidence of genetic risk factors. (nih.gov)
  • Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe psychiatric disorder, with a prevalence of 1-2% world-wide and substantial health- and social care costs. (lu.se)
  • Schizophrenia is a disabling psychiatric disorder related with an aberrant functional coupling between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex that might be crucial for cognitive dysfunction . (bvsalud.org)
  • Trauma, particularly in childhood, may increase the risk of psychotic symptoms and the development of schizophrenia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • A combination of genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of schizophrenia. (boloji.com)
  • Two other studies found that exposure to cats in childhood was a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. (cdc.gov)
  • The causes of schizophrenia may include genetic and environmental factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within these molecules, which help to regulate our genetic code, they were able to identify a microRNA which is highly elevated in those with schizophrenia, compared to individuals who do not have the disease. (sciencedaily.com)
  • By combining data from all available schizophrenia genetic samples, researchers supported by the National Institutes of Health powered the search for clues to the molecular basis of the disorder to a new level. (nih.gov)
  • The "skyline" - Manhattan plot graph of genetic variation associated with schizophrenia - has risen dramatically over the past few years, Due to the enhanced ability to detect subtle effects of common gene variants that comes with larger sample sizes. (nih.gov)
  • The overlap strongly suggests that common and rare variant studies are complementary rather than antagonistic, and that mechanistic studies driven by rare genetic variation will be informative for schizophrenia," say the researchers. (nih.gov)
  • People with schizophrenia may have the disease because they are unlucky enough to end up with an extremely rare combination of genes, according to a genetic study of the devastating illness. (newscientist.com)
  • Like most mental illnesses, no single genetic mutation sparks schizophrenia, but studies of families hint that genes play a large part. (newscientist.com)
  • Among the 150 with schizophrenia and 268 healthy people McClellan's team studied, those with the condition were three times likelier than healthy people to have such genetic glitches. (newscientist.com)
  • However, progress in genetic studies on schizophrenia during the past ten years has revealed several replicated linkage loci, which span over multiple chromosomal regions. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we introduce the overview of recent progress in genetic studies that converge to depict the hypothesis of glutamatergic hypofunction in schizophrenia. (nih.gov)
  • In this study, we investigated the genetic association of the MnSOD allele with schizophrenia and TD in a Japanese sample through case-control studies. (nature.com)
  • These schizophrenia susceptibility CNV loci demonstrate that schizophrenia is, at least in part, genetic in origin and provide the basis for further investigation of mutations associated with the disease. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, neuronal-related genes and genetic pathways are starting to emerge from the CNV loci associated with schizophrenia. (nih.gov)
  • Genetic polymorphisms that amplify the inflammatory response to infection have been found among patients with schizophrenia, suggesting that genetic factors may confer heightened sensitivity to infection and other prenatal insults. (health.am)
  • An increased occurrence of schizophrenia in family members of affected persons suggests that genetic factors play a role in its etiology, and some candidate predisposing genes have been identified. (cdc.gov)
  • There is a huge paucity in genetic and pharmacogenetic data focused on SUD in schizophrenia. (medscape.com)
  • Prior to the development of the full-blown disorder, people who go on to develop schizophrenia often exhibit subtler and/or less specific symptoms, also called prodromal symptoms. (medicinenet.com)
  • Those who go on to develop schizophrenia may experience transient or self-limiting psychotic symptoms and the non-specific symptoms of social withdrawal, irritability, dysphoria, and clumsiness during the prodromal phase. (boloji.com)
  • Their network structures and signaling behaviors are less stable compared to MoNNets grown with brain cells lacking the schizophrenia genes. (eurekalert.org)
  • Yet evidence from the study supports the view that most variants associated with schizophrenia appear to exert their effects via the turning on and off of genes rather than through coding for proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Many of the schizophrenia-linked mutations occurred in genes linked to brain development. (newscientist.com)
  • Schizophrenia is a relatively common but genetically complex disorder, making the identification of susceptibility genes formidable. (nih.gov)
  • The emergence of candidate disease genes, as well as the advances in mapping out molecular pathways involved in schizophrenia , will likely pave the road to understanding and treating an incredibly serious and debilitating disorder. (health.am)
  • Of the prevailing explanatory models, the majority of evidence supports the gene - environment interaction model, which asserts that OCs interact with genes associated with schizophrenia to increase risk for the disorder. (health.am)
  • Title : Toxoplasma gondii and Schizophrenia Personal Author(s) : Torrey, E. Fuller;Yolken, Robert H. (cdc.gov)
  • According to a 2017 review, it's estimated that about 40 percent of people with schizophrenia may experience depression. (healthline.com)
  • In fact, research published in 2017 shows that early descriptions of schizophrenia were actually very similar to how DID is described now. (healthline.com)
  • Researchers at Johns Hopkins University collected samples of olfactory neurons from patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and a control group of non-affected individuals, then sent them to Dr. Shomron's TAU lab. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Psychiatry researchers Akira Sawa (Director of The Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center)and Thomas Sedlak have found that glutamate in broccoli sprouts may improve chemical imbalances in people with schizophrenia. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • In the new work, researchers grew MoNNets from mouse brain cells carrying gene variants associated with schizophrenia. (eurekalert.org)
  • MoNNets can list another resume item to strengthen their candidacy as petri-dish models of schizophrenia: when the researchers bathed the MoNNets with drugs known to bolster cognitive health in mice genetically engineered to emulate schizophrenia, the MoNNets' cells and circuitry became more stable and exhibited more normal-looking network activity. (eurekalert.org)
  • The researchers hope NAP will be just the first of their many discoveries to improve understanding and treatment of schizophrenia. (genengnews.com)
  • Findings confirm that it's possible to develop risk profile scores based on schizophrenia-associated variants that may be useful in research - but for now aren't ready to be used clinically as a predictive test, say the researchers. (nih.gov)
  • It is these mutations, the researchers hypothesise, that underlie many cases of schizophrenia. (newscientist.com)
  • Most researchers think that schizophrenia is caused by lots of gene mutations that are relatively common among humans. (newscientist.com)
  • LONDON (Reuters) - A 'brain training' iPad game developed in Britain may improve the memory of patients with schizophrenia, helping them in their daily lives at home and at work, researchers said on Monday. (yahoo.com)
  • The researchers said this was important, since lack of motivation is a common feature of schizophrenia. (yahoo.com)
  • To see if glial cells contribute to schizophrenia , the researchers first took samples of skin cells from people who developed schizophrenia in childhood, before age 13. (livescience.com)
  • The mice with these faulty cells also exhibited anti-social and anxious behaviors, similar to the behaviors seen in people with schizophrenia, the researchers said. (livescience.com)
  • Researchers believe that psychological triggers such as extremely stressful life events could cause schizophrenia to develop in people who are already at risk of developing the disorder. (medicalert.org)
  • These symptoms tend to be the most persistent and difficult aspect of the condition, and they account for a large part of the long-term disability seen in people with schizophrenia. (healthline.com)
  • He adds: 'In time, with a suitable screening method for schizophrenia using brain imaging, preventative psychiatry becomes a realistic possibility. (schizophrenia.com)
  • The findings in the study ("Autophagy has a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia"), published in Molecular Psychiatry, could advance the understanding of schizophrenia and enable the development of new diagnostic tests and drug treatments for the disease, according to the scientists. (genengnews.com)
  • We need a way of treating the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as problems with episodic memory, but slow progress is being made towards developing a drug treatment,' said Barbara Sahakian from the department of psychiatry at Cambridge University. (yahoo.com)
  • 1 Department of Schizophrenia Research, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry. (nih.gov)
  • Learn important facts about Schizophrenia and what you need to know such as: causes, symptoms and treatments for it. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Mental health services need to assess the risk of violence among patients with schizophrenia and provide treatments that directly target antisocial and aggressive behaviour. (researchgate.net)
  • Learn more about different treatments for chronic schizophrenia here. (healthline.com)
  • We included all randomised controlled clinical trials relevant to the care of schizophrenia that compared loxapine to other treatments. (cochrane.org)
  • But the authors said the chimeric mice that were developed in this study could be used in the future to test new treatments for schizophrenia, and thus speed up the process of finding new therapies for the disease. (livescience.com)
  • The Clozapine Consultation Clinic at Johns Hopkins Hospital offers a one-time, second opinion evaluation for patients with schizophrenia who may benefit from clozapine. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • We collaborate across divisions, departments, institutions and patients and families who participate in our research studies to expand our knowledge of schizophrenia and related conditions. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • This lab-dish-to-disease correspondence suggests that MoNNets, comprising a few million cells, can mimic at least some of the cellular and neuron-circuitry features of brains of patients with schizophrenia comprising tens of billions of cells, Dr. Tomer said. (eurekalert.org)
  • In clinical trials involving patients with acute relapse of chronic schizophrenia, significant reductions from baseline in the mean Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score, which were comparable to those seen with haloperidol or risperidone, were observed with aripiprazole, [ 29 , 30 ] and efficacy was maintained long term. (medscape.com)
  • Guideline Watch: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia. (medicinenet.com)
  • Gabrovsek, V.P. "Inpatient group therapy of patients with schizophrenia. (medicinenet.com)
  • In total, 59 schizophrenia patients were involved in the trial. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a severe form of psychotic disorder that occurs at age 12 years or younger and is often chronic and persistently debilitating, with worse outcomes than patients who have later onset of symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • Here, we show a brain-specific reduction in beclin1 expression in postmortem hippocampus of schizophrenia patients, not detected in peripheral lymphocytes. (genengnews.com)
  • More specifically, Dr. Gozes' team found RNA evidence of decreased levels of beclin 1 in the hippocampus of schizophrenia patients, a brain region central to learning and memory. (genengnews.com)
  • Its deficit suggests that the process is indeed blocked in schizophrenia patients. (genengnews.com)
  • Our research suggests that normalizing beclin 1 levels in schizophrenia patients could restore balance and prevent harmful brain-cell death. (genengnews.com)
  • The scientists also looked at protein levels in the blood of schizophrenia patients. (genengnews.com)
  • Previous studies have shown that ADNP is also deregulated in the brains of schizophrenia patients. (genengnews.com)
  • Five percent of healthy people had very rare deletions or duplications in their DNA, while 15% of schizophrenia patients had such mutations. (newscientist.com)
  • The difference was even more striking among a second group of patients, who developed schizophrenia as children - a full 20% possessed rare gene deletions or duplications. (newscientist.com)
  • Homing in on such mutations in schizophrenia patients should offer quick insights into more general causes of the disease, McClellan says. (newscientist.com)
  • According to the neurodevelopmental model, patients with schizophrenia may have too many, too few, or unnecessary synaptic connections that are eliminated during adolescence, which results in the onset of psychotic symptomatology. (health.am)
  • This lack of neural connectivity throughout the brain reflects the challenges faced by patients with schizophrenia , with deficits in most areas, including cognitive, social, emotional, and perceptual difficulties. (health.am)
  • OCs have been found to be repeatedly associated with schizophrenia outcome, occurring in the histories of 20 - 30% of patients with schizophrenia and 5 - 10% of the overall population. (health.am)
  • A history of hypoxia-associated OCs differentiates between patients with schzophrenia and their nonschizophrenic siblings, and leads to a form of schizophrenia characterized by earlier age of onset and greater neuroanatomical abnormalities. (health.am)
  • To examine the recent literature regarding sudden death in patients with schizophrenia and synthesize salient conclusions based on this evidence. (medscape.com)
  • The life expectancy of patients with schizophrenia has been estimated to be 10-25 years less than the general population. (medscape.com)
  • Nonetheless, a major limitation in schizophrenia research remains the lack of clinically relevant animal models, which in turn hampers the development of novel effective therapies for the patients. (lu.se)
  • Aims: To study the effects on glucose and lipid metabolism with the use of atypical and typical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia Methods: The present study is a 12 weeks open label prospective study of antipsychotic drugs olanzapine, risperidone and haloperidol in patients with schizophrenia. (who.int)
  • As you might know, there's a lot of confusion and stigma surrounding schizophrenia. (massgeneral.org)
  • Ms. Kennedy West, along with her husband Rob, started the very popular YouTube channel Living Well With Schizophrenia, intended as both an educational resource and as a tool to help reduce stigma and connect people living through similar challenges. (psychcentral.com)
  • Attitudes to mental illness have improved, in part thanks to Time to Change our anti stigma campaign, but schizophrenia remains stubbornly misunderstood. (rethink.org)
  • Misconceptions around schizophrenia persist due to misinformation, stigma, regional differences, and the complex nature of the illness. (healthline.com)
  • Schizophrenia is a complex and often misunderstood mental illness, and misinformation and stigma surrounding the condition are still prevalent in many societies. (healthline.com)
  • Learn more about the stigma of schizophrenia and violence here. (healthline.com)
  • The lack of knowledge about schizophrenia and the stigma associated with it can be dangerous for anyone living with the condition. (medicalert.org)
  • Scientists have developed an innovative method for diagnosing schizophrenia by collecting neural tissues from the nose. (sciencedaily.com)
  • If, for example, a person has a family history of schizophrenia, this test could reveal whether they too suffer from the disease. (sciencedaily.com)
  • These results are interesting because the "hypoglutamatergic hypothesis" for pathophysiology of schizophrenia has been articulated since the early eighties. (nih.gov)
  • Most people diagnosed with schizophrenia are aged between 18 and 35. (mind.org.uk)
  • Why do people diagnosed with schizophrenia in China hear "voices" of state leaders? (sfu.ca)
  • Among people diagnosed with schizophrenia, she analyzes the relationship between ideological "reification" or narrowing, social alienation and mental distress. (sfu.ca)
  • DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia requires at least two of the following five symptoms to be present for a month. (medscape.com)
  • The study found a notable overlap between protein-related functions of some linked common variants and rare variants associated with schizophrenia in other studies. (nih.gov)
  • Symptoms of schizophrenia usually appear in a person's 20s. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are ones that are atypically present, as they can disrupt a person's grasp of reality. (healthline.com)
  • That said, the notion that smoking marijuana significantly increases the risk of schizophrenia in the future is not really supported by the literature. (motherjones.com)
  • Recent epidemiologic studies indicate that infectious agents may contribute to some cases of schizophrenia. (cdc.gov)
  • This review focuses on evidence specifically linking infection with Toxoplasma gondii to the etiology of some cases of schizophrenia. (cdc.gov)
  • A new study confirms the brain region involved in generating the"voices" that occur in schizophrenia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Another possible symptom seen in clinical depression, a desire to withdraw from others is another symptom that can occur in schizophrenia. (healthline.com)
  • How Does Exercise Help With Schizophrenia? (webmd.com)
  • While the first episode of schizophrenia tends to occur from 18-25 years of age for men, the age of onset for women peaks initially from 25-30 years of age and again at about 40 years of age. (medicinenet.com)
  • A study found that concentrated fish oil greatly reduced symptoms in more people who had recently experienced a first episode of schizophrenia than did a placebo. (consumerlab.com)
  • A person with schizophrenia can have varying symptoms that might change over time. (massgeneral.org)
  • Yet for the person with schizophrenia, they have the full force and impact of a normal experience. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Individual mutations might contribute to schizophrenia and other mental illness, but proving a cause-effect relationship in a single patient is nearly impossible, says Daniel Weinberger , a schizophrenia expert at the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland. (newscientist.com)
  • Problems with the brain's "helper cells" may contribute to schizophrenia, a new study in mice suggests. (livescience.com)
  • Sometimes colloquially but inaccurately referred to as split personality disorder , schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, debilitating mental illness . (medicinenet.com)
  • Almost half of people with schizophrenia will suffer from a drug-use disorder (for example, alcohol, marijuana , or other drug) during their lifetime. (medicinenet.com)
  • Three distinct phenotypes of offenders with schizophrenia have been identified: individuals with a childhood onset of conduct disorder who display antisocial and aggressive behaviour both before and after schizophrenia onset, individuals with no history of conduct problems who begin engaging in aggressive behaviour at the onset of illness, and individuals who engage in a severe physical assault after many years of illness. (researchgate.net)
  • [ 1 ] The definition of childhood schizophrenia has evolved over time and is now believed to be a virulent childhood version of the same disorder exhibited in adolescents and adults. (medscape.com)
  • One reason for this misconception may be that the distinction between schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder (previously, multiple personality disorder) was weaker in the past. (healthline.com)
  • Schizophrenia can be a challenging condition to manage, but with appropriate treatment and support, many individuals with the disorder are able to hold jobs and live independently. (healthline.com)
  • While the suspect variation identified so far only explains only about 3.5 percent of the risk for schizophrenia, these results warrant exploring whether using such data to calculate an individual's risk for developing the disorder might someday be useful in screening for preventive interventions," explained Thomas R. Insel, M.D., director of the NIH's National Institute of Mental Health, one funder of the study. (nih.gov)
  • Prior to the new study, schizophrenia genome-wide studies had identified only about 30 common gene variants associated with the disorder. (nih.gov)
  • Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. (mayoclinic.org)
  • People with schizophrenia often lack awareness that their difficulties stem from a mental disorder that requires medical attention. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that affects approximately 24 million people (0.32% or 1 in 300 people) worldwide. (medicalert.org)
  • Viewing schizophrenia as a developmental disorder encourages exploration into possible early intervention and prevention strategies in individuals who are genetically susceptible. (health.am)
  • Both infection and proinflammatory cytokines have been linked to increased fetal hypoxia, which has been associated with schizophrenia and many of the brain abnormalities linked to the disorder. (health.am)
  • These categories sometimes apply early in a schizophrenia spectrum disorder before it has fully manifested. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive illness) may be difficult to distinguish from each other. (medscape.com)
  • In delusional disorder , the person has a variety of paranoid beliefs, but these beliefs are not bizarre and are not accompanied by any other symptoms of schizophrenia. (medscape.com)
  • For example, a person who is functioning well at work but becomes unreasonably convinced that his or her spouse is having an affair has a delusional disorder rather than schizophrenia. (medscape.com)
  • The oddness in this disorder is not as extreme as that observed in schizophrenia. (medscape.com)
  • Worldwide, 25 million people suffer from schizophrenia, the most common psychotic disorder. (who.int)
  • Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that usually appears in late adolescence or early adulthood. (bvsalud.org)
  • And yet, on a nationwide basis, there's been no increase in diagnoses of schizophrenia . (motherjones.com)
  • Some significant episodes of psychotic symptoms do not fulfill criteria for other diagnoses in the schizophrenia spectrum. (msdmanuals.com)
  • People who experience the first episode of this mental illness after the age of 40 years are considered to have late-onset schizophrenia. (medicinenet.com)
  • GAD1 (2q31.1), which encodes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-67), is associated with childhood onset schizophrenia and cortical gray matter volume loss. (medicinenet.com)
  • The findings of this study argue that glial cell dysfunction may be the basis of childhood-onset schizophrenia," Dr. Steve Goldman, co-director of the Center for Translational Neuromedicine at the University of Rochester Medical Center and lead author of the study, said in a statement . (livescience.com)
  • Does Weed Cause Schizophrenia? (motherjones.com)
  • Additional studies have found that while drugs do not directly cause schizophrenia, drug abuse can increase the risk of developing the condition. (medicalert.org)
  • One 2018 review points out that the long-term outcome of schizophrenia depends a great deal on whether a person has consistent access to mental health care. (psychcentral.com)
  • A 2018 study found people who stop treatment for schizophrenia also have greater chances of experiencing long-term complications and symptom relapse. (psychcentral.com)
  • Despite severity, the evidence from low-income countries shows that treatment halves the chance of relapse of schizophrenia after one year, with up to 77% being relapse free. (who.int)
  • [ 32 ] Consistent with published trial results, a recent Cochrane review of clinical data noted that aripiprazole has comparable antipsychotic efficacy to conventional and other atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. (medscape.com)
  • Current management of schizophrenia: Antipsychotic monotherapy versus combination therapy. (medicinenet.com)
  • To determine the effects of loxapine compared with placebo, typical and other atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia and related psychoses. (cochrane.org)
  • Positive symptoms are those symptoms that are not normally experienced, but are present in people during a psychotic episode in schizophrenia. (wikipedia.org)
  • These are called "positive symptoms": People with schizophrenia experience them, others don't. (massgeneral.org)
  • Schizophrenia is often described in terms of positive and negative (or deficit) symptoms Positive symptoms are those that most individuals do not normally experience but are present in people with schizophrenia. (boloji.com)
  • Effective treatment can help people with schizophrenia engage in school or work, maintain meaningful personal relationships, and enjoy independent, fulfilling lives. (nih.gov)
  • While physical activity can have benefits, it's not a replacement for schizophrenia treatment . (webmd.com)
  • Compared with placebo, improvements in symptoms of schizophrenia were evident as early as 1 week of treatment with aripiprazole. (medscape.com)
  • Combined ECT and neuroleptic therapy in treatment-refractory schizophrenia: prediction of outcome. (medicinenet.com)
  • Overall, medication alone may not be sufficient for managing schizophrenia, and other forms of treatment, such as therapy or social skills training may also be important in achieving optimal outcomes. (healthline.com)
  • People with schizophrenia require lifelong treatment. (mayoclinic.org)
  • though it is unclear whether there is a fundamental deregulation of SOD in schizophrenia or whether these activities reflect effects of long-term neuroleptic treatment. (nature.com)
  • Loxapine may be effective for the treatment of schizophrenia but does not differ greatly from the older typical antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, trifluperazine, perphenazine) or other atypicals (risperidone, quetipine) in respect of treatment efficacy. (cochrane.org)
  • CBT is never a first line of treatment for schizophrenia. (mentalhelp.net)
  • Establishing the role of T. gondii in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia might lead to new medications for its prevention and treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent studies provided evidence for the bioactive role of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of various central nervous system (CNS)-related diseases including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Schizophrenia disease and glioma neoplasia . (bvsalud.org)
  • Long-term hospitalization is used on a small number of people with severe schizophrenia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among other things, no one with schizophrenia should get near the stuff, and if you have a family history of severe mental illness you might want to think twice about using it. (motherjones.com)
  • DeVylder, J.E. "Prevention of schizophrenia and severe mental illness. (medicinenet.com)
  • In recognition of National Mental Health Awareness Month, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) hosted a Facebook Live event on schizophrenia . (nih.gov)
  • Schizophrenia is a type of mental health condition that can change how you think and act, as well as how you feel. (healthline.com)
  • To diagnose schizophrenia, a mental health professional, like a psychiatrist , will conduct an exam along with tests to rule out other possible neurological or mental health conditions. (healthline.com)
  • Schizophrenia is a serious brain illness. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A debilitating mental illness, schizophrenia can be difficult to diagnose. (sciencedaily.com)
  • If you know-or if you even suspect-that you or a loved one has schizophrenia or some other psychotic illness, you've come to the right place. (massgeneral.org)
  • The Schizophrenia Clinical and Research Program at Massachusetts General Hospital is recognized throughout the world as a leader in evaluating and treating this type of illness. (massgeneral.org)
  • If you're dealing with a psychotic illness like schizophrenia, you may feel frightened or overwhelmed. (massgeneral.org)
  • Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. (nih.gov)
  • Why Is Physical Illness a Risk With Schizophrenia? (webmd.com)
  • But experts now know that additional physical illness is also a major risk if you have schizophrenia. (webmd.com)
  • Over 75% of people with schizophrenia will develop another chronic illness. (webmd.com)
  • Founded nearly 50 years ago by carers of people living with schizophrenia, Rethink Mental Illness has a long-standing focus on improving the care, support and rights of people affected by the condition. (rethink.org)
  • In 2011, we founded the Schizophrenia Commission, which published a groundbreaking report called Schizophrenia - The Abandoned Illness the following year. (rethink.org)
  • It's important to challenge and correct any misconceptions about schizophrenia and foster empathy and understanding toward those living with the illness. (healthline.com)
  • To minimize the developmental disruption associated with schizophrenia, much work has recently been done to identify and treat the prodromal (pre-onset) phase of the illness, which has been detected up to 30 months before the onset of symptoms. (boloji.com)
  • Although the significance of this connection for the illness process remains a mystery, epidemiologic evidence has long hinted at possible immune system involvement in schizophrenia. (nih.gov)
  • Schizophrenia is a chronic and relapsing serious mental illness with a lifetime prevalence of about 1% worldwide. (cochrane.org)
  • The British Columbia Schizophrenia Society (BCSS) is a non-profit, province-wide family support system dedicated to supporting individuals who have or are impacted by schizophrenia, educating the public, raising funds for research, and advocating for better services for people with schizophrenia and other serious and persistent mental illness. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Typically, your symptoms will occur for 6 months or longer to be considered schizophrenia. (healthline.com)
  • In men, schizophrenia symptoms typically start in the early to mid-20s. (mayoclinic.org)