Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of salivary glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.
Accessory salivary glands located in the lip, cheek, tongue, floor of mouth, palate and intramaxillary.
"Salivary gland diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function, structure, or health of the salivary glands, leading to symptoms such as dry mouth, swelling, pain, and abnormal secretions."
One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The largest of the three pairs of SALIVARY GLANDS. They lie on the sides of the FACE immediately below and in front of the EAR.
A salivary gland on each side of the mouth below the TONGUE.
Any of the ducts which transport saliva. Salivary ducts include the parotid duct, the major and minor sublingual ducts, and the submandibular duct.
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.
INFLAMMATION of salivary tissue (SALIVARY GLANDS), usually due to INFECTION or injuries.
Glands of external secretion that release its secretions to the body's cavities, organs, or surface, through a duct.
Calculi occurring in a salivary gland. Most salivary gland calculi occur in the submandibular gland, but can also occur in the parotid gland and in the sublingual and minor salivary glands.
MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.
Proteins and peptides found in SALIVA and the SALIVARY GLANDS. Some salivary proteins such as ALPHA-AMYLASES are enzymes, but their composition varies in different individuals.
A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Submandibular Gland Diseases refer to a group of medical conditions affecting the structure and function of the submandibular glands, leading to symptoms such as swelling, pain, difficulty swallowing, and reduced saliva production.
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)
The discharge of saliva from the SALIVARY GLANDS that keeps the mouth tissues moist and aids in digestion.
Submandibular Gland Neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors, which can be benign or malignant, originating from the glandular tissues of the submandibular salivary gland located beneath the mandible (jawbone).
Decreased salivary flow.
The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin.
Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the DERMIS. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct.
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.
Small, sacculated organs found within the DERMIS. Each gland has a single duct that emerges from a cluster of oval alveoli. Each alveolus consists of a transparent BASEMENT MEMBRANE enclosing epithelial cells. The ducts from most sebaceous glands open into a HAIR FOLLICLE, but some open on the general surface of the SKIN. Sebaceous glands secrete SEBUM.
The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system.
A sebaceous gland that, in some animals, acts as an accessory to the lacrimal gland. The harderian gland excretes fluid that facilitates movement of the third eyelid.
An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).
A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.
A benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid.
Aquaporin 5 is a water-specific channel protein that is expressed primarily in alveolar, tracheal, and upper bronchial EPITHELIUM. It plays an important role in maintaining water HOMEOSTASIS in the LUNGS and may also regulate release of SALIVA and TEARS in the SALIVARY GLANDS and the LACRIMAL GLAND.
Radiography of the SALIVARY GLANDS or ducts following injection of contrast medium.
Proteins found in any species of insect.
A usually benign tumor made up predominantly of myoepithelial cells.
Parotid diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or health of the parotid glands, which are the largest salivary glands located in the face, near the ears, and responsible for producing saliva.
A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)
Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.
Two pairs of small oval-shaped glands located in the front and the base of the NECK and adjacent to the two lobes of THYROID GLAND. They secrete PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.
The sebaceous glands situated on the inner surface of the eyelids between the tarsal plates and CONJUNCTIVA.
A family of nonbiting midges, in the order DIPTERA. Salivary glands of the genus Chironomus are used in studies of cellular genetics and biochemistry.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The abundant submucosal mucous glands in the DUODENUM. These glands secrete BICARBONATE IONS; GLYCOPROTEINS; and PEPSINOGEN II.
Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.
Exocrine glands in animals which secrete scents which either repel or attract other animals, e.g. perianal glands of skunks, anal glands of weasels, musk glands of foxes, ventral glands of wood rats, and dorsal glands of peccaries.
The product of meiotic division of zygotes in parasitic protozoa comprising haploid cells. These infective cells invade the host and undergo asexual reproduction producing MEROZOITES (or other forms) and ultimately gametocytes.
INFLAMMATION of the PAROTID GLAND.
A family of hardbacked TICKS, in the subclass ACARI. Genera include DERMACENTOR and IXODES among others.
Large, branched, specialized sweat glands that empty into the upper portion of a HAIR FOLLICLE instead of directly onto the SKIN.
Glycosylated proteins which are part of the salivary glue that Drosophila larvae secrete as a means of fixing themselves to an external substrate for the duration of the pre-pupal and pupal period.
Cells lining the saclike dilatations known as acini of various glands or the lungs.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects.
Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.
A basic leucine zipper transcription factor that is highly homologous to ACTIVATING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 2. It binds the consensus site TGACGTCA of the cyclic AMP response element in partnership with either PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN or activating transcription factor 2.
Presence of small calculi in the terminal salivary ducts (salivary sand), or stones (larger calculi) found in the larger ducts.
A genus of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Rhodnius prolixus is a vector for TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
Increased salivary flow.
Bloodsucking flies of the genus Glossina, found primarily in equatorial Africa. Several species are intermediate hosts of trypanosomes.
Collection of granular epithelial cells in the uterine muscle beneath the placenta that develop during pregnancy in certain species of animals.
The largest genus of TICKS in the family IXODIDAE, containing over 200 species. Many infest humans and other mammals and several are vectors of diseases such as LYME DISEASE, tick-borne encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, TICK-BORNE), and KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE.
The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) that are known vectors of MALARIA.
Neoplasms of the sublingual glands.
Blood-sucking acarid parasites of the order Ixodida comprising two families: the softbacked ticks (ARGASIDAE) and hardbacked ticks (IXODIDAE). Ticks are larger than their relatives, the MITES. They penetrate the skin of their host by means of highly specialized, hooked mouth parts and feed on its blood. Ticks attack all groups of terrestrial vertebrates. In humans they are responsible for many TICK-BORNE DISEASES, including the transmission of ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; TULAREMIA; BABESIOSIS; AFRICAN SWINE FEVER; and RELAPSING FEVER. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp543-44)
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Preparations made from animal tissues or organs (ANIMAL STRUCTURES). They usually contain many components, any one of which may be pharmacologically or physiologically active. Tissue extracts may contain specific, but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific actions.
Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.
A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.
Perianal glands, also known as hepatoid glands, are sebaceous glands located in the perianal region of many mammals, including humans, that produce and secret lubricating oils for skin protection and cleanliness.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Ductless glands that secrete HORMONES directly into the BLOOD CIRCULATION. These hormones influence the METABOLISM and other functions of cells in the body.
The processes of milk secretion by the maternal MAMMARY GLANDS after PARTURITION. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; and OXYTOCIN.
A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.
A genus of PSYCHODIDAE which functions as the vector of a number of pathogenic organisms, including LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; Bartonella bacilliformis, and the Pappataci fever virus (SANDFLY FEVER NAPLES VIRUS).
A hemoflagellate parasite affecting domestic and wild animals, as well as humans and invertebrates. Though it induces an immune response, it is non-pathogenic in humans and other vertebrates. It is cross-reactive with TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI and can thus cause false positives for CHAGAS DISEASE.
A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.
Drugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. They are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy but have been considered for other, e.g. military, purposes.
Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.
A widely distributed genus of TICKS, in the family IXODIDAE, including a number that infest humans and other mammals. Several are vectors of diseases such as TULAREMIA; ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER; COLORADO TICK FEVER; and ANAPLASMOSIS.
Glands situated on each side of the prostate that secrete a fluid component of the seminal fluid into the urethra.
Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.
A benign neoplasm of the ovary.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Sebaceous gland neoplasms are uncommon cutaneous tumors that originate from the sebaceous glands, which can be benign (e.g., seborrheic keratosis, syringoma, trichofolliculoma) or malignant (e.g., sebaceous carcinoma, sebaceomatosis, mucoepidermoid carcinoma).
The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.
Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.
Diseases of the lacrimal apparatus.
Profound physical changes during maturation of living organisms from the immature forms to the adult forms, such as from TADPOLES to frogs; caterpillars to BUTTERFLIES.
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, causing infection involving several organs in mice and rats. Murid herpesvirus is the type species.
Extra large CHROMOSOMES, each consisting of many identical copies of a chromosome lying next to each other in parallel.
A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.
A genus of TICKS, in the family IXODIDAE, widespread in Africa. Members of the genus include many important vectors of animal and human pathogens.
In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Members of the class Arachnida, especially SPIDERS; SCORPIONS; MITES; and TICKS; which transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Retarded growth and deficits in the enteric and parasympathetic nervous system in mice lacking GFR alpha2, a functional neurturin receptor. (1/2115)

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and a related protein, neurturin (NTN), require a GPI-linked coreceptor, either GFR alpha1 or GFR alpha2, for signaling via the transmembrane Ret tyrosine kinase. We show that mice lacking functional GFR alpha2 coreceptor (Gfra2-/-) are viable and fertile but have dry eyes and grow poorly after weaning, presumably due to malnutrition. While the sympathetic innervation appeared normal, the parasympathetic cholinergic innervation was almost absent in the lacrimal and salivary glands and severely reduced in the small bowel. Neurite outgrowth and trophic effects of NTN at low concentrations were lacking in Gfra2-/- trigeminal neurons in vitro, whereas responses to GDNF were similar between the genotypes. Thus, GFR alpha2 is a physiological NTN receptor, essential for the development of specific postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.  (+info)

Gene targeting reveals a critical role for neurturin in the development and maintenance of enteric, sensory, and parasympathetic neurons. (2/2115)

Neurturin (NTN) is a neuronal survival factor that activates the Ret tyrosine kinase in the presence of a GPI-linked coreceptor (either GFR alpha1 or GFR alpha2). Neurturin-deficient (NTN-/-) mice generated by homologous recombination are viable and fertile but have defects in the enteric nervous system, including reduced myenteric plexus innervation density and reduced gastrointestinal motility. Parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal and submandibular salivary gland is dramatically reduced in NTN-/- mice, indicating that Neurturin is a neurotrophic factor for parasympathetic neurons. GFR alpha2-expressing cells in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia are also depleted in NTN-/- mice. The loss of GFR alpha2-expressing neurons, in conjunction with earlier studies, provides strong support for GFR alpha2/Ret receptor complexes as the critical mediators of NTN function in vivo.  (+info)

Purification and cloning of the salivary peroxidase/catechol oxidase of the mosquito Anopheles albimanus. (3/2115)

Salivary homogenates of the adult female mosquito Anopheles albimanus have been shown previously to contain a vasodilatory activity associated with a catechol oxidase/peroxidase activity. We have now purified the salivary peroxidase using high-performance liquid chromatography. The pure enzyme is able to relax rabbit aortic rings pre-constricted with norepinephrine. The peroxidase has a relative molecular mass of 66 907 as estimated by mass spectrometry. Amino-terminal sequencing allowed us to design oligonucleotide probes for isolation of cDNA clones derived from the salivary gland mRNA from female mosquitoes. The full sequence of the cDNA demonstrated homology between A. albimanus salivary peroxidase and several members of the myeloperoxidase gene family. A close comparison of A. albimanus salivary peroxidase with canine myeloperoxidase, for which the crystal structure is known, showed that all six disulfide bridges were conserved and demonstrated identity for all five residues associated with a Ca2+-binding site. In addition, 16 of 26 residues shown to be in close proximity to the heme moiety in the canine myeloperoxidase were identical. We conclude that the salivary peroxidase of A. albimanus belongs to the myeloperoxidase gene family. Other possible functions for this molecule in blood feeding are discussed.  (+info)

Tissue tropism related to vector competence of Frankliniella occidentalis for tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. (4/2115)

The development of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) infection in the midgut and salivary glands of transmitting and non-transmitting thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, was studied to elucidate tissue tropism and the virus pathway within the body of this vector. Immunohistological techniques used in this study showed that the midgut, foregut and salivary glands were the only organs in which virus accumulated. The first signals of infection, observed as randomly distributed fluorescent granular spots, were found in the epithelial cells of the midgut, mainly restricted to the anterior region. The virus subsequently spread to the circular and longitudinal midgut muscle tissues, a process which occurred late in the larval stage. In the adult stage, the infection occurred in the visceral muscle tissues, covering the whole midgut and foregut, and was abolished in the midgut epithelium. The infection of the salivary glands was first observed 72 h post-acquisition, and simultaneously in the ligaments connecting the midgut with these glands. The salivary glands of transmitting individuals appeared heavily or completely infected, while no or only a low level of infection was found in the glands of non-transmitting individuals. Moreover, the development of an age-dependent midgut barrier against virus infection was observed in second instar larvae and adults. The results show that the establishment of TSWV infection in the various tissues and the potential of transmission seems to be regulated by different barriers and processes related to the metamorphosis of thrips.  (+info)

Molecular characterization of a Haemaphysalis longicornis tick salivary gland-associated 29-kilodalton protein and its effect as a vaccine against tick infestation in rabbits. (5/2115)

The use of tick vaccines in mammalian hosts has been shown to be the most promising alternative tick control method to current use of acaricides, which suffers from a number of limitations. However, the success of this method is dependent on the identification, cloning, and in vitro expression of tick molecules involved in the mediation of key physiological roles with respect to the biological success of a tick as a vector and pest. We have sequenced and characterized a Haemaphysalis longicornis tick salivary gland-associated cDNA coding for a 29-kDa extracellular matrix-like protein. This protein is expressed in both unfed and fed immature and mature H. longicornis ticks. The predicted amino acid sequence of p29 shows high homology to sequences of some known extracellular matrix like-proteins with the structural conservation similar to all known collagen proteins. Immunization with the recombinant p29 conferred a significant protective immunity in rabbits, resulting in reduced engorgement weight for adult ticks and up to 40 and 56% mortality in larvae and nymphs that fed on the immunized rabbits. We speculate that this protein is associated with formation of tick cement, a chemical compound that enables the tick to remain attached to the host, and suggest a role for p29 as a candidate tick vaccine molecule for the control of ticks. We have discussed our findings with respect to the search of tick molecules for vaccine candidates.  (+info)

Recombinant feline leukemia virus (FeLV) variants establish a limited infection with altered cell tropism in specific-pathogen-free cats in the absence of FeLV subgroup A helper virus. (6/2115)

Feline leukemia virus subgroup B (FeLV-B) is commonly associated with feline lymphosarcoma and arises through recombination between endogenous retroviral elements inherited in the cat genome and corresponding regions of the envelope (env) gene from FeLV subgroup A (FeLV-A). In vivo infectivity for FeLV-B is thought to be inefficient in the absence of FeLV-A. Proposed FeLV-A helper functions include enhanced replication efficiency, immune evasion, and replication rescue for defective FeLV-B virions. In vitro analysis of the recombinant FeLV-B-like viruses (rFeLVs) employed in this study confirmed these viruses were replication competent prior to their use in an in vivo study without FeLV-A helper virus. Eight specific-pathogen-free kittens were inoculated with the rFeLVs alone. Subsequent hematology and histology results were within normal limits, however, in the absence of detectable viremia, virus expression, or significant seroconversion, rFeLV proviral DNA was detected in bone marrow tissue of 4/4 (100%) cats at 45 weeks postinoculation (pi), indicating these rFeLVs established a limited but persistent infection in the absence of FeLV-A. Altered cell tropism was also noted. Focal infection was seen in T-cell areas of the splenic follicles in 3/4 (75%) rFeLV-infected cats analyzed, while an FeLV-A-infected cat showed focal infection in B-cell areas of the splenic follicles. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the surface glycoprotein portion of the rFeLV env gene amplified from bone marrow tissue collected at 45 weeks pi showed no sequence alterations from the original rFeLV inocula.  (+info)

Fas and Fas-mediated effects on a human salivary cell line in vitro: a model for immune-mediated exocrine damage in Sjogren's syndrome. (7/2115)

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune exocrinopathy characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration and loss of parenchymal tissue in salivary and lacrimal glands. The mechanisms for these histologic alterations are not known. Apoptotic cell death, induced by the ligation of Fas (APO-1/CD95) with Fas ligand (FasL/CD95L) may be an explanation for the tissue damage seen in SS. Fas and FasL were detected in minor salivary glands from SS patients and healthy individuals using immunohistochemical methods. There was increased expression of both Fas and FasL in the patients. The ability of the Fas-FasL pathway to influence epithelial cell growth and survival was demonstrated in vitro using a human submandibular cell line. The presence of Fas receptor was demonstrated on the cells. Anti-Fas antibody triggered cell death. Cells were also grown in the presence of gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma). IFN-gamma induced an upregulation of Fas receptor expression and pre-treatment of cells with IFN-gamma led to enhanced anti-Fas mediated cell death.  (+info)

Salivary glands of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi contain pharmacologically active amounts of adenosine and 5'-AMP. (8/2115)

Salivary gland homogenates of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi contain large amounts of adenosine and 5'-AMP, of the order of 1 nmol per pair of glands, as demonstrated by liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectrometry, mass spectrometry and bioassays. These purines, 75-80 % of which are secreted from the glands following a blood meal, have vasodilatory and anti-platelet activities and probably help the fly to obtain a blood meal. Salivary 5'-AMP is also responsible for the previously reported protein phosphatase inhibitor in the salivary glands of P. papatasi, which is shown to be artifactual in nature as a result of allosteric modification by AMP of the phosphatase substrate used (phosphorylase a).  (+info)

Salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce saliva, which is secreted into the oral cavity to keep the mouth and throat moist, aid in digestion by initiating food breakdown, and help maintain dental health. There are three major pairs of salivary glands: the parotid glands located in the cheeks, the submandibular glands found beneath the jaw, and the sublingual glands situated under the tongue. Additionally, there are numerous minor salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity lining. These glands release their secretions through a system of ducts into the mouth.

Salivary gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the salivary glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva, which helps in digestion, lubrication of food and maintaining oral health. Salivary gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as swelling, painless lumps, or difficulty swallowing if they grow large enough to put pressure on surrounding tissues.

Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can be aggressive and have the potential to invade nearby structures and metastasize (spread) to distant organs. Symptoms of malignant salivary gland neoplasms may include rapid growth, pain, numbness, or paralysis of facial nerves.

Salivary gland neoplasms can occur in any of the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands) or in the minor salivary glands located throughout the mouth and throat. The exact cause of these neoplasms is not fully understood, but risk factors may include exposure to radiation, certain viral infections, and genetic predisposition.

Minor salivary glands are numerous small exocrine glands that produce saliva and are distributed throughout the oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and paranasal sinuses. They are classified as "minor" due to their smaller size compared to the three pairs of major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual). The minor salivary glands are primarily mucous glands, although some contain serous cells. They are responsible for producing approximately 5-10% of the total saliva in the mouth. These glands help moisten the oral cavity, protect the mucosal lining, and facilitate speaking, chewing, and swallowing.

Salivary gland diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the salivary glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva, which helps in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the mouth and throat. The major salivary glands include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

There are several types of salivary gland diseases, including:

1. Salivary Gland Infections: These are usually caused by bacteria or viruses that infect the gland, ducts, or surrounding tissues. The most common infection is called sialadenitis, which can cause pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing.

2. Salivary Gland Stones (Sialolithiasis): These are small, hard deposits that form in the ducts of the salivary glands, causing blockages and leading to swelling, pain, and infection.

3. Salivary Gland Tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors can develop in the salivary glands. Benign tumors are usually slow-growing and cause localized swelling, while malignant tumors may be more aggressive and spread to other parts of the body.

4. Salivary Gland Dysfunction: This refers to conditions that affect the production or flow of saliva, such as Sjogren's syndrome, radiation therapy, dehydration, or certain medications.

5. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like Sjogren's syndrome, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis can affect the salivary glands and cause inflammation, dry mouth, and other symptoms.

6. Salivary Gland Trauma: Injuries to the face or neck can damage the salivary glands and lead to swelling, bleeding, or decreased function.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland diseases require a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional, often involving imaging studies, laboratory tests, and biopsies. Treatment options may include antibiotics, surgery, radiation therapy, or changes in medication or lifestyle.

The submandibular glands are one of the major salivary glands in the human body. They are located beneath the mandible (jawbone) and produce saliva that helps in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the oral cavity. The saliva produced by the submandibular glands contains enzymes like amylase and mucin, which aid in the digestion of carbohydrates and provide moisture to the mouth and throat. Any medical condition or disease that affects the submandibular gland may impact its function and could lead to problems such as dry mouth (xerostomia), swelling, pain, or infection.

The parotid gland is the largest of the major salivary glands. It is a bilobed, accessory digestive organ that secretes serous saliva into the mouth via the parotid duct (Stensen's duct), located near the upper second molar tooth. The parotid gland is primarily responsible for moistening and lubricating food to aid in swallowing and digestion.

Anatomically, the parotid gland is located in the preauricular region, extending from the zygomatic arch superiorly to the angle of the mandible inferiorly, and from the masseter muscle anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle posteriorly. It is enclosed within a fascial capsule and has a rich blood supply from the external carotid artery and a complex innervation pattern involving both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers.

Parotid gland disorders can include salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis), infections, inflammatory conditions, benign or malignant tumors, and autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome.

The sublingual glands are a pair of salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth, beneath the tongue. They are the smallest of the major salivary glands and produce around 5-10% of the total saliva in the mouth. The sublingual glands secrete saliva containing electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), and antibacterial compounds that help in digestion, lubrication, and protection against microorganisms.

The sublingual glands' secretions are released through multiple small ducts called the ducts of Rivinus or minor sublingual ducts, as well as a larger duct called the duct of Wharton, which is a common excretory duct for both sublingual and submandibular glands.

Sublingual gland dysfunction can lead to conditions such as dry mouth (xerostomia), dental caries, or oral infections.

Salivary ducts are the excretory tubules that transport saliva from the major and minor salivary glands to the oral cavity. The main function of these ducts is to convey the salivary secretions, which contain enzymes and lubricants, into the mouth to aid in digestion, speech, and swallowing.

There are two pairs of major salivary glands: the parotid glands and the submandibular glands. Each pair has its own set of ducts. The parotid gland's saliva is drained through the parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, which opens into the oral cavity opposite the upper second molar tooth. The submandibular gland's saliva is transported through the submandibular duct, or Wharton's duct, which empties into the floor of the mouth near the base of the tongue.

Minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the oral cavity and pharynx, and their secretions are drained via small ducts directly into the oral mucosa.

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands, particularly the tear and salivary glands. This can lead to symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, and dryness in other areas of the body. In some cases, it may also affect other organs, leading to a variety of complications.

There are two types of Sjögren's syndrome: primary and secondary. Primary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when the condition develops on its own, while secondary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when it develops in conjunction with another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

The exact cause of Sjögren's syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment typically focuses on relieving symptoms and may include artificial tears, saliva substitutes, medications to stimulate saliva production, and immunosuppressive drugs in more severe cases.

Sialadenitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the salivary gland. It can occur in any of the major salivary glands, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The inflammation may result from bacterial or viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or obstruction of the salivary ducts.

Acute sialadenitis is often caused by bacterial infections and can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing. Chronic sialadenitis, on the other hand, may be caused by recurrent infections, autoimmune disorders like Sjogren's syndrome, or stones in the salivary ducts. Symptoms of chronic sialadenitis can include intermittent swelling, pain, and dry mouth.

Treatment for sialadenitis depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, hydration, and massage of the salivary glands. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove obstructions or damaged tissue in the salivary gland.

Exocrine glands are a type of gland in the human body that produce and release substances through ducts onto an external or internal surface. These glands are responsible for secreting various substances such as enzymes, hormones, and lubricants that help in digestion, protection, and other bodily functions.

Exocrine glands can be further classified into three types based on their mode of secretion:

1. Merocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by exocytosis, where the secretory product is enclosed in a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell. Examples include sweat glands and mucous glands.
2. Apocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by pinching off a portion of the cytoplasm along with the secretory product. An example is the apocrine sweat gland found in the armpits and genital area.
3. Holocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by disintegrating and releasing the entire cell, including its organelles and secretory products. An example is the sebaceous gland found in the skin, which releases an oily substance called sebum.

Salivary gland calculi, also known as salivary duct stones or sialoliths, are small, hard deposits that form in the salivary glands or their ducts. These calculi typically consist of calcium salts and other minerals, and can vary in size from a few millimeters to over a centimeter in diameter.

Salivary gland calculi can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing, particularly during meals. The obstruction of the salivary duct by the calculus can lead to infection or inflammation of the salivary gland (sialadenitis).

The most common location for salivary gland calculi is in the submandibular gland and its duct, followed by the parotid gland and then the sublingual gland. Treatment options for salivary gland calculi include conservative management with hydration, massage, and warm compresses, as well as more invasive procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, sialendoscopy, or surgical removal of the calculus.

Mammary glands are specialized exocrine glands found in mammals, including humans and other animals. These glands are responsible for producing milk, which is used to nurse offspring after birth. The mammary glands are located in the breast region of female mammals and are usually rudimentary or absent in males.

In animals, mammary glands can vary in number and location depending on the species. For example, humans and other primates have two mammary glands, one in each breast. Cows, goats, and sheep, on the other hand, have multiple pairs of mammary glands located in their lower abdominal region.

Mammary glands are made up of several structures, including lobules, ducts, and connective tissue. The lobules contain clusters of milk-secreting cells called alveoli, which produce and store milk. The ducts transport the milk from the lobules to the nipple, where it is released during lactation.

Mammary glands are an essential feature of mammals, as they provide a source of nutrition for newborn offspring. They also play a role in the development and maintenance of the mother-infant bond, as nursing provides opportunities for physical contact and bonding between the mother and her young.

Salivary proteins and peptides refer to the diverse group of molecules that are present in saliva, which is the clear, slightly alkaline fluid produced by the salivary glands in the mouth. These proteins and peptides play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and contributing to various physiological functions.

Some common types of salivary proteins and peptides include:

1. **Mucins**: These are large, heavily glycosylated proteins that give saliva its viscous quality. They help to lubricate the oral cavity, protect the mucosal surfaces, and aid in food bolus formation.
2. **Amylases**: These enzymes break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars, initiating the digestive process even before food reaches the stomach.
3. **Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)**: PRPs contribute to the buffering capacity of saliva and help protect against tooth erosion by forming a protective layer on tooth enamel.
4. **Histatins**: These are small cationic peptides with antimicrobial properties, playing a significant role in maintaining oral microbial homeostasis and preventing dental caries.
5. **Lactoferrin**: An iron-binding protein that exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities, contributing to the overall oral health.
6. **Statherin and Cystatins**: These proteins regulate calcium phosphate precipitation, preventing dental calculus formation and maintaining tooth mineral homeostasis.

Salivary proteins and peptides have attracted significant interest in recent years due to their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Alterations in the composition of these molecules can provide valuable insights into various oral and systemic diseases, making them promising biomarkers for disease detection and monitoring.

A pleomorphic adenoma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that typically develops in the salivary glands, although they can also occur in other areas such as the nasopharynx and skin. "Pleomorphic" refers to the diverse appearance of the cells within the tumor, which can vary in size, shape, and arrangement.

Pleomorphic adenomas are composed of a mixture of epithelial and mesenchymal cells, which can form glandular structures, squamous (scale-like) cells, and areas that resemble cartilage or bone. These tumors tend to grow slowly and usually do not spread to other parts of the body.

While pleomorphic adenomas are generally not dangerous, they can cause problems if they become large enough to press on surrounding tissues or structures. In some cases, these tumors may also undergo malignant transformation, leading to a cancerous growth known as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Surgical removal is the standard treatment for pleomorphic adenomas, and the prognosis is generally good with proper management.

Submandibular gland diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the function or structure of the submandibular glands, which are salivary glands located beneath the jaw and produce saliva. These diseases can be categorized into inflammatory, infectious, obstructive, neoplastic (benign or malignant), and autoimmune disorders.

Some common submandibular gland diseases include:

1. Submandibular sialadenitis: Inflammation of the submandibular gland due to bacterial or viral infections, stones, or autoimmune conditions.
2. Salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis): Calcified deposits that obstruct the ducts leading from the submandibular gland, causing swelling and pain, especially during meals.
3. Submandibular gland tumors: Abnormal growths in the submandibular gland, which can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors may invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
4. Sjögren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the exocrine glands, including the submandibular gland, leading to dry mouth and eyes.
5. IgG4-related disease: A systemic inflammatory condition characterized by the infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells into various organs, including the submandibular gland, causing swelling and damage.
6. Mikulicz's disease: A rare benign lymphoepithelial lesion that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands, including the submandibular gland, leading to enlargement and dryness of the affected glands.
7. Salivary gland dysfunction: Reduced or impaired saliva production due to aging, medications, radiation therapy, or systemic diseases, which can affect the submandibular gland.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of submandibular gland diseases require a thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and sometimes biopsy or surgical intervention.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a rare type of cancer that can occur in various glands and tissues of the body, most commonly in the salivary glands. AdCC is characterized by its slow growth and tendency to spread along nerves. It typically forms solid, cystic, or mixed tumors with distinct histological features, including epithelial cells arranged in tubular, cribriform, or solid patterns.

The term "carcinoma" refers to a malignant tumor originating from the epithelial cells lining various organs and glands. In this case, adenoid cystic carcinoma is a specific type of carcinoma that arises in the salivary glands or other glandular tissues.

The primary treatment options for AdCC include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and sometimes chemotherapy. Despite its slow growth, adenoid cystic carcinoma has a propensity to recur locally and metastasize to distant sites such as the lungs, bones, and liver. Long-term follow-up is essential due to the risk of late recurrences.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops in the salivary glands or, less commonly, in other areas such as the lungs or skin. It is called "mucoepidermoid" because it contains two types of cells: mucus-secreting cells and squamous (or epidermoid) cells.

Mucoepidermoid carcinomas can vary in their behavior, ranging from low-grade tumors that grow slowly and rarely spread to other parts of the body, to high-grade tumors that are aggressive and can metastasize. The treatment and prognosis for mucoepidermoid carcinoma depend on several factors, including the grade and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health.

It is important to note that while I strive to provide accurate and up-to-date information, this definition may not capture all the nuances of this medical condition. Therefore, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Salivation is the process of producing and secreting saliva by the salivary glands in the mouth. It is primarily a reflex response to various stimuli such as thinking about or tasting food, chewing, and speaking. Saliva plays a crucial role in digestion by moistening food and helping to create a food bolus that can be swallowed easily. Additionally, saliva contains enzymes like amylase which begin the process of digesting carbohydrates even before food enters the stomach. Excessive salivation is known as hypersalivation or ptyalism, while reduced salivation is called xerostomia.

Submandibular gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the submandibular glands. These are one of the three pairs of major salivary glands located beneath the jaw and produce saliva that helps in digestion. Submandibular gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms are typically slow-growing, do not invade surrounding tissues, and rarely spread to other parts of the body. Common types of benign submandibular gland neoplasms include pleomorphic adenomas and monomorphic adenomas.

Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are aggressive and can invade nearby structures or metastasize (spread) to distant organs. Common types of malignant submandibular gland neoplasms include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma.

Symptoms of submandibular gland neoplasms may include a painless swelling or mass in the neck, difficulty swallowing, speaking, or breathing, numbness or tingling in the tongue or lips, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor but often involve surgical excision, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or metastasis.

Xerostomia is a medical term that describes the subjective feeling of dryness in the mouth due to decreased or absent saliva flow. It's also commonly referred to as "dry mouth." This condition can result from various factors, including medications, dehydration, radiation therapy, Sjögren's syndrome, and other medical disorders. Prolonged xerostomia may lead to oral health issues such as dental caries, oral candidiasis, and difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing.

Saliva is a complex mixture of primarily water, but also electrolytes, enzymes, antibacterial compounds, and various other substances. It is produced by the salivary glands located in the mouth. Saliva plays an essential role in maintaining oral health by moistening the mouth, helping to digest food, and protecting the teeth from decay by neutralizing acids produced by bacteria.

The medical definition of saliva can be stated as:

"A clear, watery, slightly alkaline fluid secreted by the salivary glands, consisting mainly of water, with small amounts of electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), mucus, and antibacterial compounds. Saliva aids in digestion, lubrication of oral tissues, and provides an oral barrier against microorganisms."

Sweat glands are specialized tubular structures in the skin that produce and secrete sweat, also known as perspiration. They are part of the body's thermoregulatory system, helping to maintain optimal body temperature by releasing water and heat through evaporation. There are two main types of sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine.

1. Eccrine sweat glands: These are distributed throughout the body, with a higher concentration on areas like the palms, soles, and forehead. They are responsible for producing a watery, odorless sweat that primarily helps to cool down the body through evaporation.

2. Apocrine sweat glands: These are mainly found in the axillary (armpit) region and around the anogenital area. They become active during puberty and produce a thick, milky fluid that does not have a strong odor on its own but can mix with bacteria on the skin's surface, leading to body odor.

Sweat glands are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, meaning they function involuntarily in response to various stimuli such as emotions, physical activity, or changes in environmental temperature.

Parotid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the parotid gland, which is the largest of the salivary glands and is located in front of the ear and extends down the neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign parotid neoplasms are typically slow-growing, painless masses that may cause facial asymmetry or difficulty in chewing or swallowing if they become large enough to compress surrounding structures. The most common type of benign parotid tumor is a pleomorphic adenoma.

Malignant parotid neoplasms, on the other hand, are more aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. They may present as rapidly growing masses that are firm or fixed to surrounding structures. Common types of malignant parotid tumors include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

The diagnosis of parotid neoplasms typically involves a thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) to determine the nature of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the neoplasm but may include surgical excision, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Sebaceous glands are microscopic, exocrine glands that are found in the dermis of mammalian skin. They are attached to hair follicles and produce an oily substance called sebum, which is composed of triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, and metabolites of fat-producing cells (fatty acids, cholesterol). Sebum is released through a duct onto the surface of the skin, where it forms a protective barrier that helps to prevent water loss, keeps the skin and hair moisturized, and has antibacterial properties.

Sebaceous glands are distributed throughout the body, but they are most numerous on the face, scalp, and upper trunk. They can also be found in other areas of the body such as the eyelids (where they are known as meibomian glands), the external ear canal, and the genital area.

Abnormalities in sebaceous gland function can lead to various skin conditions, including acne, seborrheic dermatitis, and certain types of skin cancer.

The lacrimal apparatus is a complex system in the eye that produces, stores, and drains tears. It consists of several components including:

1. Lacrimal glands: These are located in the upper outer part of the eyelid and produce tears to keep the eye surface moist and protected from external agents.
2. Tear ducts (lacrimal canaliculi): These are small tubes that drain tears from the surface of the eye into the lacrimal sac.
3. Lacrimal sac: This is a small pouch-like structure located in the inner part of the eyelid, which collects tears from the tear ducts and drains them into the nasolacrimal duct.
4. Nasolacrimal duct: This is a tube that runs from the lacrimal sac to the nose and drains tears into the nasal cavity.

The lacrimal apparatus helps maintain the health and comfort of the eye by keeping it lubricated, protecting it from infection, and removing any foreign particles or debris.

The Harderian gland is a specialized exocrine gland located in many vertebrate species, including birds and mammals. In humans, it is rudimentary and not fully developed. However, in other animals like rodents, lagomorphs (rabbits and hares), and some reptiles, this gland plays a significant role.

The Harderian gland is primarily responsible for producing and secreting lipids, which help to lubricate the eye's surface and the nictitating membrane (third eyelid). This lubrication ensures that the eyes remain moist and protected from dryness and external irritants. Additionally, the secretions of the Harderian gland contain immunoglobulins, which contribute to the animal's immune defense system by providing protection against pathogens.

In some animals, the Harderian gland also has a role in pheromone production and communication. The study and understanding of this gland are particularly important in toxicological research, as it is often used as an indicator of environmental pollutant exposure and their effects on wildlife.

Diptera is an order of insects that includes flies, mosquitoes, and gnats. The name "Diptera" comes from the Greek words "di," meaning two, and "pteron," meaning wing. This refers to the fact that all members of this order have a single pair of functional wings for flying, while the other pair is reduced to small knob-like structures called halteres, which help with balance and maneuverability during flight.

Some common examples of Diptera include houseflies, fruit flies, horseflies, tsetse flies, and midges. Many species in this order are important pollinators, while others can be significant pests or disease vectors. The study of Diptera is called dipterology.

The adrenal glands are a pair of endocrine glands that are located on top of the kidneys. Each gland has two parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. The adrenal cortex produces hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, which regulate metabolism, blood pressure, and other vital functions. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines, including epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help the body respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness.

Adenolymphoma is a rare, benign tumor that arises from the lymphoid tissue found in glandular structures, such as the salivary glands. It is also known as Warthin's tumor or cystic papillary adenolymphoma.

The tumor is composed of multiple cyst-like spaces lined by columnar epithelial cells and surrounded by lymphoid tissue, which may contain lymphocytes, plasma cells, and occasionally, germinal centers. The etiology of adenolymphoma is unclear, but it has been associated with smoking and genetic factors.

Adenolymphomas are typically slow-growing and painless, although they can cause discomfort or facial asymmetry if they become large enough. They are usually diagnosed through imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, followed by a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment of adenolymphoma typically involves surgical excision, which is usually curative. Recurrence after surgery is rare, but long-term follow-up is recommended due to the potential for malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma or other malignancies.

Aquaporin 5 (AQP5) is a type of aquaporin, which is a family of water channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water molecules across cell membranes. Specifically, AQP5 is found in various tissues, including the lungs, salivary and lacrimal glands, sweat glands, and cornea. It plays a crucial role in maintaining water homeostasis and lubrication in these tissues.

In the lungs, AQP5 helps regulate airway surface liquid volume and composition, contributing to proper lung function. In the salivary and lacrimal glands, it aids in fluid secretion, ensuring adequate moisture in the mouth and eyes. In sweat glands, AQP5 facilitates water transport during sweating, helping to regulate body temperature. Lastly, in the cornea, AQP5 helps maintain transparency and hydration, contributing to clear vision.

Defects or dysfunctions in AQP5 can lead to various conditions, such as dry mouth (xerostomia), dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), and potentially impaired lung function.

Sialography is a medical imaging technique used to examine the ducts (salivary glands) that carry saliva from the salivary glands to the mouth. In this procedure, a radiopaque contrast material is injected into the salivary gland, and then X-rays or other forms of imaging are taken to visualize the shape and any abnormalities in the ducts.

The contrast material outlines the ducts on the images, allowing healthcare professionals to identify any blockages, narrowing, dilations, stones, or other abnormalities that may be present in the salivary glands. Sialography is typically used to diagnose and manage conditions such as salivary gland inflammation, obstruction, or infection.

It's worth noting that sialography has been largely replaced by newer imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI, which do not require the injection of a contrast material and are generally considered safer and more comfortable for patients. However, sialography may still be used in certain cases where these other methods are not sufficient to make an accurate diagnosis.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Insect Proteins" is not a recognized medical term. However, I can provide some information about insect protein from a nutritional and food science perspective.

Insect proteins refer to the proteins that are obtained from insects. Insects are a rich source of protein, and their protein content varies by species. For example, mealworms and crickets have been found to contain approximately 47-63% and 60-72% protein by dry weight, respectively.

In recent years, insect proteins have gained attention as a potential sustainable source of nutrition due to their high protein content, low environmental impact, and the ability to convert feed into protein more efficiently compared to traditional livestock. Insect proteins can be used in various applications such as food and feed additives, nutritional supplements, and even cosmetics.

However, it's important to note that the use of insect proteins in human food is not widely accepted in many Western countries due to cultural and regulatory barriers. Nonetheless, research and development efforts continue to explore the potential benefits and applications of insect proteins in the global food system.

Myoepithelioma is a very rare, benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the myoepithelial cells, which are found in various glands throughout the body, including salivary glands, sweat glands, and mammary glands. These tumors typically appear as slow-growing, painless masses. While they are usually benign, some myoepitheliomas can become malignant (cancerous) and invasive, leading to more serious health concerns. Treatment for myoepithelioma typically involves surgical removal of the tumor.

Parotid diseases refer to conditions that affect the parotid glands, which are the largest of the salivary glands and are located in front of each ear. These glands produce saliva that helps in digestion and keeps the mouth moist. Parotid diseases can cause swelling, pain, dry mouth, or difficulty swallowing, among other symptoms. Some common parotid diseases include:

1. Parotid gland infection (also called parotitis) - an inflammation of the parotid gland due to bacterial or viral infections.
2. Salivary gland stones (also called sialolithiasis) - calcified deposits that form in the salivary ducts and can block the flow of saliva.
3. Salivary gland tumors - abnormal growths that can be benign or malignant, and may require surgical removal.
4. Parotid gland inflammation (also called sialadenitis) - an inflammation of the parotid gland due to autoimmune disorders, radiation therapy, or dehydration.
5. Parotid gland cysts (also called ranula or mucocele) - fluid-filled sacs that form in the salivary gland or duct.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of parotid diseases require a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional, often involving imaging studies, laboratory tests, and biopsies.

Carcinoma, acinar cell is a type of pancreatic cancer that originates in the acinar cells of the pancreas. The acinar cells are responsible for producing digestive enzymes. This type of cancer is relatively rare and accounts for less than 5% of all pancreatic cancers. It typically presents with symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, and jaundice. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

In medical terms, a "lip" refers to the thin edge or border of an organ or other biological structure. However, when people commonly refer to "the lip," they are usually talking about the lips on the face, which are part of the oral cavity. The lips are a pair of soft, fleshy tissues that surround the mouth and play a crucial role in various functions such as speaking, eating, drinking, and expressing emotions.

The lips are made up of several layers, including skin, muscle, blood vessels, nerves, and mucous membrane. The outer surface of the lips is covered by skin, while the inner surface is lined with a moist mucous membrane. The muscles that make up the lips allow for movements such as pursing, puckering, and smiling.

The lips also contain numerous sensory receptors that help detect touch, temperature, pain, and other stimuli. Additionally, they play a vital role in protecting the oral cavity from external irritants and pathogens, helping to keep the mouth clean and healthy.

Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is a radioactive pharmaceutical preparation used in medical diagnostic imaging. It is a technetium-99m radiopharmaceutical, where technetium-99m is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99, which emits gamma rays and has a half-life of 6 hours. Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is used as a contrast agent in various diagnostic procedures, such as imaging of the thyroid, salivary glands, or the brain, to evaluate conditions like inflammation, tumors, or abnormalities in blood flow. It is typically administered intravenously, and its short half-life ensures that the radiation exposure is limited.

The parathyroid glands are four small endocrine glands located in the neck, usually near or behind the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a critical role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and bones. PTH helps maintain the balance of these minerals by increasing the absorption of calcium from food in the intestines, promoting reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and stimulating the release of calcium from bones when needed. Additionally, PTH decreases the excretion of calcium through urine and reduces phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased phosphate excretion. Disorders of the parathyroid glands can result in conditions such as hyperparathyroidism (overactive glands) or hypoparathyroidism (underactive glands), which can have significant impacts on calcium and phosphate homeostasis and overall health.

Meibomian glands are sebaceous glands located in the eyelids, specifically at the rim of the eyelid near the lashes. They produce an oily substance called meibum that forms the outermost layer of the tear film, helping to prevent evaporation and keep the eye surface lubricated. The Meibomian glands play a crucial role in maintaining the health and comfort of the eyes by providing stability to the tear film and protecting the eye from irritants and dryness.

Chironomidae is a family of nematoceran flies, also known as non-biting midges or lake flies. They are often mistaken for mosquitoes due to their similar appearance, but they do not bite and are not vectors for disease. Chironomidae species can be found in various aquatic habitats such as lakes, rivers, and wetlands. The larvae of these flies are an important food source for many fish and other aquatic organisms. Adult chironomids are also known to emerge in large numbers in a synchronized fashion, particularly near bodies of water, which can be a nuisance to nearby human populations.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Brunner glands, also known as submucosal glands of Brunner, are tubulo-acinar exocrine glands located in the submucosa of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. These glands secrete alkaline mucus that helps neutralize the acidic chyme (partially digested food) entering from the stomach, providing a more favorable environment for the enzymes involved in nutrient absorption and protecting the duodenal mucosa from acid-induced damage.

Palatal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur on the palate, which is the roof of the mouth. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slower growing and less likely to spread, while malignant neoplasms are more aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and organs.

Palatal neoplasms can have various causes, including genetic factors, environmental exposures, and viral infections. They may present with symptoms such as mouth pain, difficulty swallowing, swelling or lumps in the mouth, bleeding, or numbness in the mouth or face.

The diagnosis of palatal neoplasms typically involves a thorough clinical examination, imaging studies, and sometimes biopsy to determine the type and extent of the growth. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or spread of the neoplasm.

Scent glands are specialized sebaceous (oil) or sudoriferous (sweat) glands in various animals that produce and release scents for different purposes, such as marking territory, attracting mates, or providing warning signals. These scents can be released through various methods, including rubbing, spraying, or secreting onto fur or skin. Examples of scent glands include the anal glands in dogs and cats, the musk glands in deer, and the civet gland in civets. In humans, scent glands are not as developed or specialized, but some sebaceous glands can produce scents associated with personal body odor.

Sporozoites are a stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic protozoans, including Plasmodium species that cause malaria. They are infective forms that result from the sporulation of oocysts, which are produced in the vector's midgut after the ingestion of gametocytes during a blood meal.

Once mature, sporozoites are released from the oocyst and migrate to the salivary glands of the vector, where they get injected into the host during subsequent feedings. In the host, sporozoites infect liver cells, multiply within them, and eventually rupture the cells, releasing merozoites that invade red blood cells and initiate the erythrocytic stage of the parasite's life cycle.

Sporozoites are typically highly motile and possess a unique gliding motility, which enables them to traverse various host tissues during their invasion process. This invasive ability is facilitated by an actin-myosin motor system and secretory organelles called micronemes and rhoptries, which release adhesive proteins that interact with host cell receptors.

In summary, sporozoites are a crucial stage in the life cycle of Plasmodium parasites, serving as the infective forms responsible for transmitting malaria between hosts via an insect vector.

Parotitis is the medical term for inflammation of the parotid gland, which is one of the major salivary glands located in the face, near the ear. The condition can result from various causes, including bacterial or viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or obstruction of the salivary ducts.

Parotitis can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing. In some cases, it may also lead to fever, chills, and general malaise. The diagnosis of parotitis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and sometimes imaging studies or laboratory tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the specific cause but may include antibiotics, pain relievers, hydration, and measures to improve salivary flow.

Ixodidae is a family of arachnids commonly known as hard ticks. Here's a more detailed medical definition:

Ixodidae is a family of tick species, also known as hard ticks, which are obligate ectoparasites of many different terrestrial vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. They have a hard, shield-like structure on their dorsal surface called the scutum, and a prominent mouthpart called the hypostome, which helps them anchor themselves onto their host's skin during feeding.

Hard ticks are vectors of various bacterial, viral, and protozoan diseases that can affect both humans and animals. Some of the diseases transmitted by Ixodidae include Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and tularemia.

Ixodidae species have a complex life cycle that involves three developmental stages: larva, nymph, and adult. Each stage requires a blood meal from a host to progress to the next stage or to reproduce. The length of the life cycle varies depending on the species and environmental conditions but can take up to several years to complete.

Proper identification and control of Ixodidae populations are essential for preventing tick-borne diseases and protecting public health.

Apocrine glands are a type of sweat gland found in mammals, including humans. They are most concentrated in areas with dense hair follicles, such as the axillae (armpits) and genital region. These glands release their secretions into the hair follicle, which then reaches the skin surface through the pores.

Apocrine glands become active during puberty and are associated with the production of odorous sweat. The sweat produced by apocrine glands is initially odorless but can acquire a smell when it comes into contact with bacteria on the skin surface, which break down the organic compounds in the sweat. This can contribute to body odor.

It's important to note that while apocrine glands are often associated with body odor, they do not cause body odor directly. The odor is produced when the sweat from apocrine glands mixes with bacteria on the skin surface.

'Glue proteins' in Drosophila (fruit flies) refer to a group of adhesive proteins that play a crucial role during the metamorphosis stage of their life cycle. Specifically, these proteins are produced by the salivary glands of the larval stage and are later used to construct a protein-based structure called the "glue" or "spit," which helps the pupa attach itself to various surfaces during its transformation into an adult fly.

The two main types of glue proteins in Drosophila are:

1. Sex peptide (SP): A small signaling protein that is involved in post-mating responses in female fruit flies, influencing their receptivity to remating and egg-laying behavior. SP is a component of the male fruit fly's seminal fluid and gets transferred to the female during mating.
2. Polycomb group proteins (PcG): A set of chromatin-associated factors that regulate gene expression by modifying the structure of chromatin, leading to transcriptional repression. PcG proteins are essential for maintaining the proper spatial organization and identity of body segments during Drosophila development.

While Sex peptide is directly involved in the adhesive properties of the glue, Polycomb group proteins play a more indirect role by regulating gene expression during the developmental stages of Drosophila.

Acinar cells are the type of exocrine gland cells that produce and release enzymes or other secretory products into a lumen or duct. These cells are most commonly found in the acini (plural of acinus) of the pancreas, where they produce digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine to help break down food.

The acinar cells in the pancreas are arranged in clusters called acini, which are surrounded by a network of ducts that transport the secreted enzymes to the duodenum. Each acinus contains a central lumen, into which the digestive enzymes are released by the acinar cells.

Acinar cells have a distinctive morphology, with a large, centrally located nucleus and abundant cytoplasm that contains numerous secretory granules. These granules contain the enzymes that are synthesized and stored within the acinar cells until they are released in response to hormonal or neural signals.

In addition to their role in digestion, acinar cells can also be found in other exocrine glands, such as the salivary glands, where they produce and release enzymes that help to break down food in the mouth.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Ecdysone is a steroid hormone that triggers molting in arthropods, including insects. It's responsible for the regulation of growth and development in these organisms. When ecdysone binds to specific receptors within the cell, it initiates a cascade of events leading to the shedding of the old exoskeleton and the formation of a new one. This process is essential for the growth and survival of arthropods, as their rigid exoskeletons do not allow for expansion. By understanding ecdysone and its role in insect development, researchers can develop targeted strategies to control pest insect populations.

A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.

The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.

In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.

It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.

CREB-1, or cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein 1, is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression in response to various cellular signals. It binds to the cAMP response element (CRE) sequence in the promoter region of target genes and activates their transcription. CREB-1 is widely expressed in different tissues and is involved in several biological processes, including metabolism, learning, memory, and stress responses. Phosphorylation of CREB-1 at specific serine residues, such as Ser-133, is required for its activation and subsequent binding to the CRE sequence.

Salivary duct calculi, also known as salivary gland stones or salivary duct stones, are small, hard deposits that form in the salivary glands or their ducts. These stones typically consist of calcium salts and other minerals, and they can range in size from tiny grains to larger pebbles.

Salivary duct calculi can cause a variety of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing. They may also lead to infection or inflammation of the salivary glands. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the stones and relieve the associated symptoms.

The formation of salivary duct calculi is thought to be related to a variety of factors, including dehydration, decreased saliva production, and changes in the composition of saliva. People who have certain medical conditions, such as gout or hyperparathyroidism, may also be at increased risk for developing these stones.

"Rhodnius" is not a medical term, but rather it refers to a genus of true bugs in the family Reduviidae. These small, wingless insects are known as "bugs" and are commonly found in tropical regions of the Americas. They feed on plant sap and are also known to be vectors for certain diseases, such as Chagas disease, which is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. However, they are not typically associated with human medicine or medical conditions.

Sialorrhea is the medical term for excessive drooling or saliva production. It's not necessarily a condition where the person produces too much saliva, but rather, they are unable to control the normal amount of saliva in their mouth due to various reasons such as neurological disorders, developmental disabilities, or structural issues that affect swallowing and oral motor function.

Common causes include cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Down syndrome, stroke, intellectual disability, and certain medications. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition and may include medication adjustments, behavioral interventions, oral devices, or even surgical procedures in severe cases.

Tsetse flies are not a medical condition but rather insects that can transmit diseases. Here is their medical relevance:

Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are large, biting flies found primarily in tropical Africa. They are vectors for African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness in humans and Nagana in animals. The fly ingests the parasite when it takes a blood meal from an infected host, then transmits the disease to another host through its saliva during subsequent feedings. This makes tsetse flies medically relevant due to their role in spreading these diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "metrial gland" does not have a recognized medical definition. It seems there might be some misunderstanding or misspelling in your query. If you intended to ask about "mammary glands," which are the milk-producing organs found in female mammals, I would be happy to provide more information on those!

"Ixodes" is a genus of tick that includes several species known to transmit various diseases to humans and animals. These ticks are often referred to as "hard ticks" because of their hard, shield-like plate on their backs. Ixodes ticks have a complex life cycle involving three stages: larva, nymph, and adult. They feed on the blood of hosts during each stage, and can transmit diseases such as Lyme disease, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, and Powassan virus disease.

The most common Ixodes species in North America is Ixodes scapularis, also known as the black-legged tick or deer tick, which is the primary vector of Lyme disease in this region. In Europe, Ixodes ricinus, or the castor bean tick, is a widespread and important vector of diseases such as Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and several other tick-borne pathogens.

Ixodes ticks are typically found in wooded or grassy areas with high humidity and moderate temperatures. They can be carried by various hosts, including mammals, birds, and reptiles, and can survive for long periods without feeding, making them efficient disease vectors.

Secretory rate refers to the amount or volume of a secretion produced by a gland or an organ over a given period of time. It is a measure of the productivity or activity level of the secreting structure. The secretory rate can be quantified for various bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, digestive enzymes, hormones, or milk, depending on the context and the specific gland or organ being studied.

In clinical settings, measuring the secretory rate might involve collecting and analyzing samples over a certain duration to estimate the production rate of the substance in question. This information can be helpful in diagnosing conditions related to impaired secretion, monitoring treatment responses, or understanding the physiological adaptations of the body under different circumstances.

'Anopheles' is a genus of mosquitoes that are known for their role in transmitting malaria parasites to humans. These mosquitoes have a distinctive resting posture, with their abdomens raised and heads down, and they typically feed on human hosts at night. Only female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the malaria parasite, as they require blood meals to lay eggs.

There are over 400 species of Anopheles mosquitoes worldwide, but only about 30-40 of these are considered significant vectors of human malaria. The distribution and behavior of these mosquitoes can vary widely depending on the specific species and geographic location.

Preventing and controlling the spread of malaria involves a variety of strategies, including the use of insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, antimalarial drugs, and vaccines. Public health efforts to reduce the burden of malaria have made significant progress in recent decades, but the disease remains a major global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

Sublingual gland neoplasms refer to the abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the sublingual salivary glands, which are located beneath the tongue in the floor of the mouth. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign sublingual gland neoplasms are typically slow-growing and cause little to no discomfort, although they may become large enough to interfere with speaking, swallowing, or breathing. Malignant sublingual gland neoplasms, on the other hand, can grow rapidly, invade surrounding tissues, and potentially spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

The most common type of benign sublingual gland neoplasm is a pleomorphic adenoma, while malignant tumors may include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, or squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment options for sublingual gland neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor but often involve surgical excision, with or without radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or metastasis.

A medical definition of "ticks" would be:

Ticks are small, blood-sucking parasites that belong to the arachnid family, which also includes spiders. They have eight legs and can vary in size from as small as a pinhead to about the size of a marble when fully engorged with blood. Ticks attach themselves to the skin of their hosts (which can include humans, dogs, cats, and wild animals) by inserting their mouthparts into the host's flesh.

Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis. It is important to remove ticks promptly and properly to reduce the risk of infection. To remove a tick, use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible and pull upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick, as this can cause the mouthparts to break off and remain in the skin. After removing the tick, clean the area with soap and water and disinfect the tweezers.

Preventing tick bites is an important part of protecting against tick-borne diseases. This can be done by wearing protective clothing (such as long sleeves and pants), using insect repellent containing DEET or permethrin, avoiding wooded and brushy areas with high grass, and checking for ticks after being outdoors.

Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.

Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agonist, which means it stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system by binding to muscarinic receptors. It is primarily used in the treatment of dry mouth (xerostomia) caused by radiation therapy or Sjögren's syndrome, as well as in the management of glaucoma due to its ability to construct the pupils and reduce intraocular pressure. Pilocarpine can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions and chronic bronchitis. It is available in various forms, including tablets, ophthalmic solutions, and topical gels.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Tissue extracts refer to the substances or compounds that are extracted from various types of biological tissues, such as plants, animals, or microorganisms. These extracts contain bioactive molecules, including proteins, peptides, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and other small molecules, which can have therapeutic or diagnostic potential. The process of tissue extraction involves homogenizing the tissue, followed by separation and purification of the desired components using various techniques such as centrifugation, filtration, chromatography, or precipitation.

In medical research and clinical settings, tissue extracts are often used to study the biochemical and molecular properties of cells and tissues, investigate disease mechanisms, develop diagnostic tests, and identify potential drug targets. Examples of tissue extracts include cell lysates, subcellular fractions, organelle preparations, plasma membrane extracts, nuclear extracts, and various types of protein or nucleic acid extracts. It is important to note that the quality and purity of tissue extracts can significantly impact the accuracy and reproducibility of experimental results, and appropriate controls and validation methods should be employed to ensure their proper use.

Epithelial cells are types of cells that cover the outer surfaces of the body, line the inner surfaces of organs and glands, and form the lining of blood vessels and body cavities. They provide a protective barrier against the external environment, regulate the movement of materials between the internal and external environments, and are involved in the sense of touch, temperature, and pain. Epithelial cells can be squamous (flat and thin), cuboidal (square-shaped and of equal height), or columnar (tall and narrow) in shape and are classified based on their location and function.

The digestive system is a complex group of organs and glands that process food. It converts the food we eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. The digestive system also eliminates waste from the body. It is made up of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.

The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Other organs that are part of the digestive system include the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands.

The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The food then travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where it is broken down further by stomach acids. The digested food then moves into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining waste material passes into the large intestine, where it is stored until it is eliminated through the anus.

The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play important roles in the digestive process as well. The liver produces bile, a substance that helps break down fats in the small intestine. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine.

Overall, the digestive system is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. It plays a critical role in maintaining our health and well-being.

Epithelium is the tissue that covers the outer surface of the body, lines the internal cavities and organs, and forms various glands. It is composed of one or more layers of tightly packed cells that have a uniform shape and size, and rest on a basement membrane. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they do not contain blood vessels, and are supplied with nutrients by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue.

Epithelial cells perform a variety of functions, including protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensation. They can be classified based on their shape and the number of cell layers they contain. The main types of epithelium are:

1. Squamous epithelium: composed of flat, scalelike cells that fit together like tiles on a roof. It forms the lining of blood vessels, air sacs in the lungs, and the outermost layer of the skin.
2. Cuboidal epithelium: composed of cube-shaped cells with equal height and width. It is found in glands, tubules, and ducts.
3. Columnar epithelium: composed of tall, rectangular cells that are taller than they are wide. It lines the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
4. Pseudostratified epithelium: appears stratified or layered but is actually made up of a single layer of cells that vary in height. The nuclei of these cells appear at different levels, giving the tissue a stratified appearance. It lines the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
5. Transitional epithelium: composed of several layers of cells that can stretch and change shape to accommodate changes in volume. It is found in the urinary bladder and ureters.

Epithelial tissue provides a barrier between the internal and external environments, protecting the body from physical, chemical, and biological damage. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the exchange of substances between the body and its environment.

Perianal glands, also known as hepatoid glands or circumanal glands, are specialized sebaceous glands located in the perianal region of many mammals, including dogs and cats. These glands are found in the skin around the anus and are responsible for producing a scent that is unique to each individual animal. The secretions from these glands play a role in territorial marking and communication.

In humans, there are no true perianal glands, but there are some sweat glands located in the perianal region that can sometimes become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions such as hidradenitis suppurativa or perianal abscesses. However, these conditions are not related to the perianal glands found in animals.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Endocrine glands are ductless glands in the human body that release hormones directly into the bloodstream, which then carry the hormones to various tissues and organs in the body. These glands play a crucial role in regulating many of the body's functions, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

Examples of endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pineal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Each of these glands produces specific hormones that have unique effects on various target tissues in the body.

The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to regulate many bodily functions through a complex network of feedback mechanisms. Disorders of the endocrine system can result in a wide range of symptoms and health problems, including diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, and sexual dysfunction.

Lactation is the process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals, including humans, for the nourishment of their young. This physiological function is initiated during pregnancy and continues until it is deliberately stopped or weaned off. The primary purpose of lactation is to provide essential nutrients, antibodies, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immune system of newborns and infants.

The process of lactation involves several hormonal and physiological changes in a woman's body. During pregnancy, the hormones estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth and development of the mammary glands. After childbirth, the levels of these hormones drop significantly, allowing another hormone called prolactin to take over. Prolactin is responsible for triggering the production of milk in the alveoli, which are tiny sacs within the breast tissue.

Another hormone, oxytocin, plays a crucial role in the release or "let-down" of milk from the alveoli to the nipple during lactation. This reflex is initiated by suckling or thinking about the baby, which sends signals to the brain to release oxytocin. The released oxytocin then binds to receptors in the mammary glands, causing the smooth muscles around the alveoli to contract and push out the milk through the ducts and into the nipple.

Lactation is a complex and highly regulated process that ensures the optimal growth and development of newborns and infants. It provides not only essential nutrients but also various bioactive components, such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and growth factors, which protect the infant from infections and support their immune system.

In summary, lactation is the physiological process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young. It involves hormonal changes, including the actions of prolactin, oxytocin, estrogen, and progesterone, to regulate the production, storage, and release of milk.

'Drosophila melanogaster' is the scientific name for a species of fruit fly that is commonly used as a model organism in various fields of biological research, including genetics, developmental biology, and evolutionary biology. Its small size, short generation time, large number of offspring, and ease of cultivation make it an ideal subject for laboratory studies. The fruit fly's genome has been fully sequenced, and many of its genes have counterparts in the human genome, which facilitates the understanding of genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.

Here is a brief medical definition:

Drosophila melanogaster (droh-suh-fih-luh meh-lon-guh-ster): A species of fruit fly used extensively as a model organism in genetic, developmental, and evolutionary research. Its genome has been sequenced, revealing many genes with human counterparts, making it valuable for understanding genetic mechanisms and their role in human health and disease.

"Phlebotomus" is a genus of sandflies, which are small flies that are known to transmit various diseases such as leishmaniasis. These flies are typically found in warm and humid regions around the world, particularly in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The females of this genus feed on the blood of mammals, including humans, for egg production. It is important to note that not all species of Phlebotomus are vectors of disease, but those that are can cause significant public health concerns in affected areas.

Trypanosoma rangeli is a species of protozoan parasite that belongs to the family Trypanosomatidae. It is primarily found in various insects, particularly in triatomine bugs (also known as "kissing bugs"), which serve as its vectors. This parasite is closely related to another more well-known species called Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in humans and other mammals.

Unlike T. cruzi, however, T. rangeli is not typically associated with causing severe or life-threatening diseases in humans. In fact, most human infections with T. rangeli are considered to be asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic. Some people may experience localized reactions, such as swelling and redness at the site of the insect bite, while a small number of cases might develop fever, headache, or muscle pain.

It is important to note that although T. rangeli infections are generally not harmful to humans, they can still have significant impacts on public health by complicating the diagnosis and treatment of Chagas disease, which can be caused by T. cruzi. The two species can co-infect both vectors and mammalian hosts, making it difficult to distinguish between them based on clinical symptoms or laboratory tests alone.

In summary, Trypanosoma rangeli is a protozoan parasite that primarily infects insects but can also be found in humans and other mammals. While it is not typically associated with severe disease in humans, its presence can complicate the diagnosis and management of Chagas disease caused by T. cruzi.

"Drosophila" is a genus of small flies, also known as fruit flies. The most common species used in scientific research is "Drosophila melanogaster," which has been a valuable model organism for many areas of biological and medical research, including genetics, developmental biology, neurobiology, and aging.

The use of Drosophila as a model organism has led to numerous important discoveries in genetics and molecular biology, such as the identification of genes that are associated with human diseases like cancer, Parkinson's disease, and obesity. The short reproductive cycle, large number of offspring, and ease of genetic manipulation make Drosophila a powerful tool for studying complex biological processes.

Radiation-protective agents, also known as radioprotectors, are substances that help in providing protection against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. They can be used to prevent or reduce damage to biological tissues, including DNA, caused by exposure to radiation. These agents work through various mechanisms such as scavenging free radicals, modulating cellular responses to radiation-induced damage, and enhancing DNA repair processes.

Radiation-protective agents can be categorized into two main groups:

1. Radiosensitizers: These are substances that make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation therapy, increasing their susceptibility to damage and potentially improving treatment outcomes. However, radiosensitizers do not provide protection to normal tissues against radiation exposure.

2. Radioprotectors: These agents protect both normal and cancerous cells from radiation-induced damage. They can be further divided into two categories: direct and indirect radioprotectors. Direct radioprotectors interact directly with radiation, absorbing or scattering it away from sensitive tissues. Indirect radioprotectors work by neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species generated during radiation exposure, which would otherwise cause damage to cellular structures and DNA.

Examples of radiation-protective agents include antioxidants like vitamins C and E, chemical compounds such as amifostine and cysteamine, and various natural substances found in plants and foods. It is important to note that while some radiation-protective agents have shown promise in preclinical studies, their efficacy and safety in humans require further investigation before they can be widely used in clinical settings.

'Drosophila proteins' refer to the proteins that are expressed in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This organism is a widely used model system in genetics, developmental biology, and molecular biology research. The study of Drosophila proteins has contributed significantly to our understanding of various biological processes, including gene regulation, cell signaling, development, and aging.

Some examples of well-studied Drosophila proteins include:

1. HSP70 (Heat Shock Protein 70): A chaperone protein involved in protein folding and protection from stress conditions.
2. TUBULIN: A structural protein that forms microtubules, important for cell division and intracellular transport.
3. ACTIN: A cytoskeletal protein involved in muscle contraction, cell motility, and maintenance of cell shape.
4. BETA-GALACTOSIDASE (LACZ): A reporter protein often used to monitor gene expression patterns in transgenic flies.
5. ENDOGLIN: A protein involved in the development of blood vessels during embryogenesis.
6. P53: A tumor suppressor protein that plays a crucial role in preventing cancer by regulating cell growth and division.
7. JUN-KINASE (JNK): A signaling protein involved in stress response, apoptosis, and developmental processes.
8. DECAPENTAPLEGIC (DPP): A member of the TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta) superfamily, playing essential roles in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.

These proteins are often studied using various techniques such as biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and structural biology to understand their functions, interactions, and regulation within the cell.

Dermacentor is a genus of ticks that includes several species known to transmit diseases to humans and animals. Some of the notable species in this genus are:

1. Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick): This species is widely distributed across western North America and can transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colorado tick fever, and tularemia.
2. Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick): Found throughout the United States, this tick can transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and human ehrlichiosis.
3. Dermacentor reticulatus (Ornate cow tick or Marsh tick): This species is distributed in Europe and parts of Asia and can transmit diseases like tick-borne encephalitis, louping ill, and babesiosis.
4. Dermacentor marginatus (Marginated tick): Found primarily in Europe, this tick transmits various pathogens causing diseases such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and rickettsialpox.
5. Dermacentor nitens (Brazilian pampas tick): This species is native to South America and can transmit Rickettsia rickettsii, the bacterium that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Dermacentor ticks are known for their hard, shield-like structures called scutums on their backs and their long mouthparts called hypostomes, which they use to feed on the blood of their hosts. They typically prefer large mammals as hosts but will also feed on humans and other animals if necessary.

The bulbourethral glands, also known as Cowper's glands, are a pair of pea-sized exocrine glands located in the male reproductive system. They are situated in the deep perineal pouch, posterior to the membranous part of the urethra and inferior to the prostate gland.

The bulbourethral glands produce a clear, slippery, alkaline secretion known as pre-ejaculate or Cowper's fluid. This fluid is released into the urethra through separate ducts during sexual arousal and serves to lubricate the urethra and neutralize any residual acidic urine in the urethra, creating a more favorable environment for sperm survival and transport.

Bulbourethral glands play an essential role in maintaining the health and functionality of the male reproductive system. Issues with these glands can lead to complications like painful ejaculation or discomfort during sexual activity.

Cockroaches are not a medical condition or disease. They are a type of insect that can be found in many parts of the world. Some species of cockroaches are known to carry diseases and allergens, which can cause health problems for some people. Cockroach allergens can trigger asthma symptoms, especially in children. Additionally, cockroaches can contaminate food and surfaces with bacteria and other germs, which can lead to illnesses such as salmonellosis and gastroenteritis.

If you have a problem with cockroaches in your home or workplace, it is important to take steps to eliminate them to reduce the risk of health problems. This may include cleaning up food and water sources, sealing entry points, and using pesticides or hiring a professional pest control service.

Papillary cystadenoma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the glandular cells in various organs. It is characterized by the growth of finger-like projections (papillae) inside the cysts. These tumors can occur in different parts of the body, including the ovaries, pancreas, and the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum).

In general, papillary cystadenomas are slow-growing and do not typically spread to other organs. However, they can cause symptoms such as pain or discomfort if they become large enough to press on surrounding tissues. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor. It is important to note that while papillary cystadenomas are generally benign, there is a small risk that they may undergo malignant transformation and develop into cancerous tumors over time. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is recommended to monitor for any changes in the tumor or the development of new symptoms.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Sebaceous gland neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the sebaceous glands, which are small oil-producing glands found in the skin. These glands are responsible for producing sebum, a natural oil that helps keep the skin and hair moisturized. Sebaceous gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign sebaceous gland neoplasms include:

* Seborrheic keratosis: These are common, harmless growths that appear as rough, scaly patches on the skin. They can be tan, brown, or black in color and vary in size from small to large.
* Sebaceous adenoma: This is a benign tumor that arises from the sebaceous glands. It typically appears as a small, yellowish bump on the skin.

Malignant sebaceous gland neoplasms include:

* Sebaceous carcinoma: This is a rare but aggressive form of skin cancer that arises from the sebaceous glands. It often appears as a hard, painless nodule on the eyelid or other areas of the face and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
* Basal cell carcinoma: While not exclusively a sebaceous gland neoplasm, basal cell carcinomas can sometimes arise from the sebaceous glands. These are slow-growing but invasive skin cancers that typically appear as pearly or flesh-colored bumps on the skin.

It is important to have any new or changing growths on the skin evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine whether they are benign or malignant and to develop an appropriate treatment plan if necessary.

Morphogenesis is a term used in developmental biology and refers to the process by which cells give rise to tissues and organs with specific shapes, structures, and patterns during embryonic development. This process involves complex interactions between genes, cells, and the extracellular environment that result in the coordinated movement and differentiation of cells into specialized functional units.

Morphogenesis is a dynamic and highly regulated process that involves several mechanisms, including cell proliferation, death, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. These processes are controlled by genetic programs and signaling pathways that respond to environmental cues and regulate the behavior of individual cells within a developing tissue or organ.

The study of morphogenesis is important for understanding how complex biological structures form during development and how these processes can go awry in disease states such as cancer, birth defects, and degenerative disorders.

Organ specificity, in the context of immunology and toxicology, refers to the phenomenon where a substance (such as a drug or toxin) or an immune response primarily affects certain organs or tissues in the body. This can occur due to various reasons such as:

1. The presence of specific targets (like antigens in the case of an immune response or receptors in the case of drugs) that are more abundant in these organs.
2. The unique properties of certain cells or tissues that make them more susceptible to damage.
3. The way a substance is metabolized or cleared from the body, which can concentrate it in specific organs.

For example, in autoimmune diseases, organ specificity describes immune responses that are directed against antigens found only in certain organs, such as the thyroid gland in Hashimoto's disease. Similarly, some toxins or drugs may have a particular affinity for liver cells, leading to liver damage or specific drug interactions.

Lacrimal apparatus diseases refer to conditions that affect the structure and function of the lacrimal system, which is responsible for producing, storing, and draining tears. The lacrimal apparatus includes the lacrimal glands, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct.

Diseases of the lacrimal apparatus can cause a range of symptoms, including watery eyes, redness, pain, swelling, and discharge. Some common conditions that affect the lacrimal apparatus include:

1. Dry eye syndrome: A condition in which the lacrimal glands do not produce enough tears or the tears are of poor quality, leading to dryness, irritation, and inflammation of the eyes.
2. Dacryocystitis: An infection of the lacrimal sac that can cause pain, swelling, redness, and discharge from the eye.
3. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction: A blockage in the nasolacrimal duct that can cause watery eyes, discharge, and recurrent infections.
4. Epiphora: Excessive tearing or watering of the eyes due to overflow of tears from the eye because of blocked tear ducts or increased production of tears.
5. Canaliculitis: An infection of the lacrimal canaliculi that can cause swelling, redness, and discharge from the eye.
6. Lacrimal gland tumors: Rare tumors that can affect the lacrimal glands and cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and protrusion of the eyeball.

Treatment for lacrimal apparatus diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

Biological metamorphosis is a complex process of transformation that certain organisms undergo during their development from embryo to adult. This process involves profound changes in form, function, and structure of the organism, often including modifications of various body parts, reorganization of internal organs, and changes in physiology.

In metamorphosis, a larval or juvenile form of an animal is significantly different from its adult form, both morphologically and behaviorally. This phenomenon is particularly common in insects, amphibians, and some fish and crustaceans. The most well-known examples include the transformation of a caterpillar into a butterfly or a tadpole into a frog.

The mechanisms that drive metamorphosis are regulated by hormonal signals and genetic programs. In many cases, metamorphosis is triggered by environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, or food availability, which interact with the organism's internal developmental cues to initiate the transformation. The process of metamorphosis allows these organisms to exploit different ecological niches at different stages of their lives and contributes to their evolutionary success.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Muromegalovirus" is not a recognized term in medical literature or in virology. It's possible there may be a misunderstanding or typo in your query. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) is a virus that infects rodents and is studied in laboratory settings to understand gammaherpesvirus biology and pathogenesis, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which are human pathogens. If you meant to ask about Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), that is a different virus and is a member of the betaherpesvirinae subfamily, which can cause serious disease in mice.

If you could provide more context or clarify your question, I would be happy to help further.

Polytene chromosomes are highly specialized and significantly enlarged chromosomes that are formed by the endoreduplication process, where multiple rounds of DNA replication occur without cell division. This results in the formation of several identical sister chromatids that remain tightly associated with each other, forming a single, visually thick and banded structure. These chromosomes are typically found in the cells of certain insects, such as dipteran flies, and are particularly prominent during the larval stages of development. Polytene chromosomes play crucial roles in various biological processes, including growth, development, and gene regulation. The distinctive banding pattern observed in polytene chromosomes is often used in genetic studies to map the locations of specific genes within the genome.

"Aedes" is a genus of mosquitoes that are known to transmit various diseases, including Zika virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. These mosquitoes are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They are distinguished by their black and white striped legs and thorax. Aedes aegypti is the most common species associated with disease transmission, although other species such as Aedes albopictus can also transmit diseases. It's important to note that only female mosquitoes bite and feed on blood, while males feed solely on nectar and plant juices.

"Rhipicephalus" is a genus of ticks that are commonly found in many parts of the world, including Africa, Europe, and Asia. These ticks are known to parasitize various mammals, birds, and reptiles, and can transmit a variety of diseases to their hosts. Some species of Rhipicephalus ticks are capable of transmitting serious diseases to humans, such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and African tick-bite fever. These ticks are usually found in grassy or wooded areas, and can be carried by animals such as cattle, sheep, and deer. They are typically reddish-brown in color and have a hard, shield-shaped body. Proper identification and prevention measures are important for avoiding tick bites and reducing the risk of tick-borne diseases.

Chromosomes are thread-like structures that exist in the nucleus of cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. They are composed of DNA and proteins, and are typically present in pairs in the nucleus, with one set inherited from each parent. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes come in different shapes and forms, including sex chromosomes (X and Y) that determine the biological sex of an individual. Changes or abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes can lead to genetic disorders and diseases.

Cystadenocarcinoma is a type of tumor that arises from the epithelial lining of a cyst, and it has the potential to invade surrounding tissues and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. It typically affects glandular organs such as the ovaries, pancreas, and salivary glands.

Cystadenocarcinomas can be classified into two types: serous and mucinous. Serous cystadenocarcinomas produce a watery fluid, while mucinous cystadenocarcinomas produce a thick, mucus-like fluid. Both types of tumors can be benign or malignant, but malignant cystadenocarcinomas are more aggressive and have a higher risk of metastasis.

Symptoms of cystadenocarcinoma depend on the location and size of the tumor. In some cases, there may be no symptoms until the tumor has grown large enough to cause pain or other problems. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, along with any affected surrounding tissue. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may also be used in some cases to help prevent recurrence or spread of the cancer.

Arachnid vectors are arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida that are capable of transmitting infectious diseases to humans and other animals. Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks. Among these, ticks and some mites are the most significant as disease vectors.

Ticks can transmit a variety of bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens, causing diseases such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, tularemia, and several types of encephalitis. They attach to the host's skin and feed on their blood, during which they can transmit pathogens from their saliva.

Mites, particularly chiggers and some species of birds and rodents mites, can also act as vectors for certain diseases, such as scrub typhus and rickettsialpox. Mites are tiny arachnids that live on the skin or in the nests of their hosts and feed on their skin cells, fluids, or blood.

It is important to note that not all arachnids are disease vectors, and only a small percentage of them can transmit infectious diseases. However, those that do pose a significant public health risk and require proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and checking for and promptly removing attached ticks.

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a molecular biology technique used to detect and localize specific nucleic acid sequences, such as DNA or RNA, within cells or tissues. This technique involves the use of a labeled probe that is complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence. The probe can be labeled with various types of markers, including radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes, or enzymes.

During the ISH procedure, the labeled probe is hybridized to the target nucleic acid sequence in situ, meaning that the hybridization occurs within the intact cells or tissues. After washing away unbound probe, the location of the labeled probe can be visualized using various methods depending on the type of label used.

In situ hybridization has a wide range of applications in both research and diagnostic settings, including the detection of gene expression patterns, identification of viral infections, and diagnosis of genetic disorders.

Immunoenzyme techniques are a group of laboratory methods used in immunology and clinical chemistry that combine the specificity of antibody-antigen reactions with the sensitivity and amplification capabilities of enzyme reactions. These techniques are primarily used for the detection, quantitation, or identification of various analytes (such as proteins, hormones, drugs, viruses, or bacteria) in biological samples.

In immunoenzyme techniques, an enzyme is linked to an antibody or antigen, creating a conjugate. This conjugate then interacts with the target analyte in the sample, forming an immune complex. The presence and amount of this immune complex can be visualized or measured by detecting the enzymatic activity associated with it.

There are several types of immunoenzyme techniques, including:

1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): A widely used method for detecting and quantifying various analytes in a sample. In ELISA, an enzyme is attached to either the capture antibody or the detection antibody. After the immune complex formation, a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme, producing a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
2. Immunoblotting (Western blot): A method used for detecting specific proteins in a complex mixture, such as a protein extract from cells or tissues. In this technique, proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane, where they are probed with an enzyme-conjugated antibody directed against the target protein.
3. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): A method used for detecting specific antigens in tissue sections or cells. In IHC, an enzyme-conjugated primary or secondary antibody is applied to the sample, and the presence of the antigen is visualized using a chromogenic substrate that produces a colored product at the site of the antigen-antibody interaction.
4. Immunofluorescence (IF): A method used for detecting specific antigens in cells or tissues by employing fluorophore-conjugated antibodies. The presence of the antigen is visualized using a fluorescence microscope.
5. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A method used for detecting and quantifying specific antigens or antibodies in liquid samples, such as serum or culture supernatants. In ELISA, an enzyme-conjugated detection antibody is added after the immune complex formation, and a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme to produce a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.

These techniques are widely used in research and diagnostic laboratories for various applications, including protein characterization, disease diagnosis, and monitoring treatment responses.

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique used in molecular biology to amplify and detect specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for the detection and quantification of RNA viruses, as well as for the analysis of gene expression.

The process involves two main steps: reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the first step, reverse transcriptase enzyme is used to convert RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by reading the template provided by the RNA molecule. This cDNA then serves as a template for the PCR amplification step.

In the second step, the PCR reaction uses two primers that flank the target DNA sequence and a thermostable polymerase enzyme to repeatedly copy the targeted cDNA sequence. The reaction mixture is heated and cooled in cycles, allowing the primers to anneal to the template, and the polymerase to extend the new strand. This results in exponential amplification of the target DNA sequence, making it possible to detect even small amounts of RNA or cDNA.

RT-PCR is a sensitive and specific technique that has many applications in medical research and diagnostics, including the detection of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). It can also be used to study gene expression, identify genetic mutations, and diagnose genetic disorders.

... adult salivary glands. Less than 100 genes are more specifically expressed in the salivary gland. The salivary gland specific ... The salivary glands are detailed below: The two parotid glands are major salivary glands wrapped around the mandibular ramus in ... The sublingual glands are a pair of major salivary glands located inferior to the tongue, anterior to the submandibular glands ... The submandibular glands (previously known as submaxillary glands) are a pair of major salivary glands located beneath the ...
There are three paired major salivary glands in humans: the parotid glands, the submandibular glands, and the sublingual glands ... Congenital disorders of the salivary glands are rare. They include: Aplasia Atresia Ectopic salivary gland tissue Stafne defect ... Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis is a salivary gland manifestation of IgG4-related disease. Frey's syndrome Salivary gland ... "Salivary glands: Inflammation: Sialadenitis". Pathology Outlines. Retrieved 2013-12-05. Steve C Lee, MD, PhD. "Salivary Gland ...
... is relative underdevelopment of the Salivary glands. Salivary gland hypoplasia tends to produce ... ISBN 978-93-5090-850-1. v t e (Salivary gland pathology, All stub articles, Disease stubs). ...
The major salivary glands consist of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The minor salivary glands consist of ... also known as mucous gland adenomas or neoplasms, are tumours that form in the tissues of salivary glands. The salivary glands ... "Salivary Gland Cancer". MedicineNet. Vaishali H Anand et al. FNAC and Histopathology of Salivary Gland Tumors. SEAJCRR. 2014 ... "About salivary gland cancer , Salivary gland cancer , Cancer Research UK". www.cancerresearchuk.org. Retrieved 17 November 2017 ...
The tubarial salivary glands, also known as the tubarial glands, are a pair of salivary glands found in humans between the ... The tubarial salivary glands bind to PSMA, which is how they were discovered. The glands were discovered by a group of Dutch ... Pacha, Aswathi (October 22, 2020). "New pair of salivary glands in humans discovered". The Hindu. Valstar, Matthijs H.; de ... Netherlands Cancer Institute (October 16, 2020). "Cancer researchers discover new salivary gland". Medical Xpress. v t e ( ...
... is hyperplasia of the terminal duct of salivary glands. There are two types: Acinar adenomatoid ... "Non-neoplastic lesions of the salivary glands: New entities and diagnostic problems". Current Diagnostic Pathology. 12 (1): 22- ...
... is congenital blockage or absence of the orifice of a major salivary gland duct or part of the duct ... The submandibular salivary gland duct is usually involved, having failed to cannulate during embryological development. The ... ISBN 978-93-5025-374-8. v t e (Salivary gland pathology, All stub articles, Disease stubs, Human reproduction stubs). ... Graamans K; van den Hans A (6 December 2012). Diagnosis of salivary gland disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 115 ...
... (also termed salivary gland agenesis) is the congenital absence of salivary glands. Usually the term ... Kwon, SY; Jung, EJ; Kim, SH; Kim, TK (February 2006). "A case of major salivary gland agenesis". Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 126 (2 ... Taji, SS; Savage, N; Holcombe, T; Khan, F; Seow, WK (2011). "Congenital aplasia of the major salivary glands: literature review ... Example syndromes which have been reported with salivary gland aplasia include hereditary ectodermal dysplasia, mandibulofacial ...
... involving a salivary gland or duct. Salivary gland fistulae are almost always related to the parotid gland or duct, although ... A salivary gland fistula (plural fistulae) is a fistula (i.e. an abnormal, epithelial-lined tract) ... van der Waal I (6 December 2012). Diseases of the Salivary Glands Including Dry Mouth and Sjögren's Syndrome: Diagnosis and ... however salivary fistula can occur as a complication of surgery, or if the duct becomes obstructed with a calculus. Most ...
... heterotopic or salivary gland choristoma. An accessory salivary gland is ectopic salivary gland tissue with a salivary gland ... may also occur within an accessory salivary gland tissue. Salivary gland heterotopia is where salivary gland acini cells are ... The most common location of accessory salivary gland tissue is an extra major salivary gland in front of the parotid gland. It ... Salivary gland neoplasm occurrence within heterotopic salivary gland tissue is rare. Stafne defect Barnes L (2008). Surgical ...
Human immunodeficiency virus salivary gland disease (abbreviated to HIV-SGD, and also termed HIV-associated salivary gland ... Gradual enlargement of the major salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands. This swelling may be on one side or both ... ISBN 978-1-55009-345-2. Jeffers, L; Webster-Cyriaque, JY (April 2011). "Viruses and salivary gland disease (SGD): lessons from ... Witt RL (1 January 2011). Salivary Gland Diseases: Surgical and Medical Management. Thieme. pp. 60-61. ISBN 978-1-60406-537-4. ...
... whose structure and features closely resemble those of cancers that form in the major salivary glands (parotid glands, ... Salivary gland-like carcinomas of the lung generally refers a class of rare cancers that arise from the uncontrolled cell ... Icotinib has been temporarily effective at treating salivary gland-like carcinoma of the lung but loses efficiency after three ... and pembrolizumab was effective for primary salivary gland‐type lung adenocarcinoma diagnosed due to esophageal stricture: A ...
The paired submandibular glands (historically known as submaxillary glands) are major salivary glands located beneath the floor ... Submandibular gland inflammation as seen on ultrasound Submandibular gland Submandibular gland Submandibular gland lateral view ... www.cancer.org/cancer/salivaryglandcancer/detailedguide/salivary-gland-cancer-what-is-salivary-gland-cancer (CS1 maint: ... The submandibular gland is one of the major three glands that provide the mouth with saliva. The two other types of salivary ...
Salivary glands are bilobed. The color of the shell is a tan brown. The width of the shell is 5.3-6.5 mm. The height of the ...
Salivary gland • Samir Ghawshah • Samuel Bemis • Samuel Cartwright • Scaling and root planing • Schulich School of Medicine & ... Sublingual gland • Submandibular gland • Sulcular epithelium • :Superior alveolar artery • Superior mouth • Supernumerary roots ... Parotid gland • Patterson Dental • Paul Beresford • Paul N. Cyr • Pedodontics • Pemphigus • Peninsula College of Medicine and ...
A sialoblastoma is a low-grade salivary gland neoplasm that recapitulates primitive salivary gland anlage. It has previously ... "The congenital basal cell adenoma of salivary glands. Contribution to the differential diagnosis of congenital salivary gland ... The majority of the tumors are identified in the parotid salivary gland, although the submandibular gland can also be affected ... Herrmann BW, Dehner LP, Lieu JE (Feb 2005). "Congenital salivary gland anlage tumor: a case series and review of the literature ...
2006) interpreted as salivary glands. They also found evidence of other parts of the digestive tract: a gullet connecting to ... radula salivary glands stomach foot - wrinkles on top gonads ,, = intestine = anus ctenidia ("gills") Odontogriphus was ... A large gland apparently overlies the posterior portion of the gut. A pair of structures on either side of the intestine and a ...
Thickened secretions from salivary glands. Insulin and glucagon secretion from pancreas. Inhibit histamine-release from mast ... Increase protein content of secretions from lacrimal glands. Receptor also present in cerebellum. Bronchiole dilation (targeted ...
... may be associated with salivary duct strictures and salivary stones. It is common in both the parotid glands and ... is inflammation of the duct system of a salivary gland. This is compared to sialadenitis, which is inflammation of the gland ... in which there is sudden swelling of the salivary glands. It is associated with other allergic conditions such as asthma, ... submandibular glands. The treatment is as for sialadenitis. It may appear on a CT scan or MRI scan as enhancement and dilation ...
Salivary Gland Diseases: Surgical and Medical Management. Thieme. pp. 126-128. ISBN 978-1-60406-537-4. (Salivary gland ... Basal cell adenoma is a rare, low-grade benign salivary gland neoplasm. The most common involved site is the parotid gland, ... however other possible sites include the submandibular gland, minor salivary glands of upper lip, buccal mucosa, palate and ... González-García, R; Nam-Cha, SH; Muñoz-Guerra, MF; Gamallo-Amat, C (1 March 2006). "Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland. ...
Salivary gland pathology). ... and massaging the gland may give rise to frothy saliva or air ... is a rare cause of parotid gland swelling which occurs when air is forced through the parotid (Stensen) duct resulting in ... ultrasound and computed tomography may all show air in the parotid gland and duct. Management is simply by avoidance of the ...
A ranula is a type of mucocele, and therefore could be classified as a disorder of the salivary glands. Usually a ranula is ... The most usual source of the mucin spillage is the sublingual salivary gland, but ranulae may also arise from the submandibular ... "Salivary Gland Surgery". unsupplied. Retrieved 8 February 2013. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ranula. DermAtlas ... Ranulae present as a swelling of connective tissue consisting of collected mucin from a ruptured salivary gland caused by local ...
... (also termed salivary duct stenosis) is narrowing of the duct of a major salivary gland. Strictures are ... where there is pain and swelling of the involved salivary gland upon salivary stimulation with the sight, smell and taste of ... McGurk M; Combes J (8 November 2012). Controversies in the Management of Salivary Gland Disease. OUP Oxford. pp. 287-299. ISBN ... Then, when salivary secretion is stimulated, the mucus plug becomes stuck in the stricture. The backlog of saliva behind the ...
Carlson E; Ord R (16 March 2009). Textbook and Color Atlas of Salivary Gland Pathology: Diagnosis and Management. John Wiley & ... ISBN 978-1-4377-1963-5. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Salivary gland ... They are a relatively common complication following surgery to the salivary glands, commonly parotidectomy (removal of the ... Myers EN; Ferris RL (14 August 2007). Salivary Gland Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 244. ISBN 978-3-540-47072 ...
Salivary gland Pleomorphic adenoma Di Palma, S. (Jul 2013). "Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, with particular emphasis on ... The signs and symptoms are similar to other malignant salivary gland tumours; however, it may have been preceded by an ... Findings that suggest a malignant salivary gland tumour include rapid growth, facial weakness (due to facial nerve compression ... Steve C Lee, MD, PhD (22 December 2022). "Salivary Gland Neoplasms". Medscape.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: ...
52 years) than most other salivary gland cancers. Occurrences in children are quite common. Salivary gland cancers seem on the ... Other sites of primary tumors have included the submandibular gland and other major and minor salivary glands. There have been ... Acinic cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor representing 2% of all salivary tumors. 90% of the time found in the parotid gland, ... Lee SC (22 December 2022). "Salivary Gland Neoplasms". Medscape. Updated: Jan 13, 2021 Diagrams by Mikael Häggström, MD ...
Myers, Eugene N.; Ferris, Robert L. (2007). Salivary Gland Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 82. ISBN ...
salivary gland infection. sternocleidomastoid tumor of infancy. benign tumor. Rare causes of neck masses in children include: ... Lavini, Corrado; Moran, Cesar A.; Morandi, Uliano; Schoenhuber, Rudolf (2009-05-08). Thymus Gland Pathology: Clinical, ... Anastasiadis, Kyriakos; Ratnatunga, Chandi (2007-06-07). The Thymus Gland: Diagnosis and Surgical Management. Springer Science ...
... is cystic dilation of the ducts of salivary glands. It may be caused by salivary duct strictures or stones (sialolithiasis). It ...
2005). "Chapter 9 "Benign tumors, cysts, and tumor-like conditions of the salivary glands". Salivary Gland Diseases: Surgical ... The gland most likely affected is the parotid gland. In fact, it is the only tumor virtually restricted to the parotid gland. ... Warthin's tumor, also known as papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, is a benign cystic tumor of the salivary glands containing ... ISBN 1-58890-414-8. Steve C Lee, MD, PhD (22 December 2022). "Salivary Gland Neoplasms". Medscape.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ...
"Sialoadenitis: inflammation of the salivary glands". The Medical Consumer's Advocate. 2001-01-04. Retrieved 2011-01-04. Stevens ...
Dock LL (1916). "Drugs Acting On The Salivary Glands". Text-Book Of Materia Medica For Nurses. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Retrieved ... "Inhibition of salivary secretion by activation of cannabinoid receptors". Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.). pp ...
... but is also known to occur in other major and minor salivary glands, including the parotid gland. Overall, salivary gland ... salivary gland malignancies account for 3-5% of all head and neck cancers. However, salivary tumors show a great deal of ... Formation of a hard salivary calculus or sialolith by accumulation of calcium salts in the duct of the salivary gland (a ... Abnormalities of the salivary gland ducts leading to excessive accumulation or retention of ductal secretions, which can excite ...
... functional salivary glands (as in Lophocoronidae)." The moths are mostly day-flying. The larvae live in silken galleries among ...
Two salivary glands discharge via a common conductor into the subsequent "throat", which makes up the first part of the front ... The slime glands themselves are probably modified crural glands. All three structures correspond to an evolutionary origin in ... A pair of former nephridia in the head were converted secondarily into the salivary glands, while another pair in the final ... the rearmost glands are also known as anal glands. A penis-like structure has so far been found only in males of the genus ...
These glands are modified salivary glands. They use these silk glands to make silk for cocoons and shelters. Located below the ... Some caterpillars, especially members of Papilionidae, contain an osmeterium, a Y-shaped protrusible gland found in the ... The larvae have silk glands which are located on the labium. ... lepidopterans consists of paired ovaries and accessory glands ...
... possess large salivary glands. The structure of these glands was first described and detailed by Heinrich Weber in ...
The salivary glands (30) produce saliva; the salivary ducts lead from the glands to the reservoirs and then forward through the ... Prothoracic glands are diffuse, paired glands located at the back of the head or in the thorax. These glands secrete an ... insects also have paired salivary glands and salivary reservoirs. These structures usually reside in the thorax (adjacent to ... Salivary secretions from the labial glands dilute the ingested food. In mosquitoes (Diptera), which are blood-feeding insects, ...
... adult salivary glands. Less than 100 genes are more specifically expressed in the salivary gland. The salivary gland specific ... The salivary glands are detailed below: The two parotid glands are major salivary glands wrapped around the mandibular ramus in ... The sublingual glands are a pair of major salivary glands located inferior to the tongue, anterior to the submandibular glands ... The submandibular glands (previously known as submaxillary glands) are a pair of major salivary glands located beneath the ...
Read about some of the causes of irritated and swollen glands such as mumps. ... Salivary gland disorders may affect your ability to make saliva. ... Salivary gland tumors (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * ... Your salivary glands are in your mouth. You have three pairs of major salivary glands and hundreds of small (minor) glands. ... Problems with salivary glands can cause them to become irritated and swollen. You may have symptoms such as:. *A bad taste in ...
Tumors of the salivary glands are uncommon and represent 2-4% of head and neck neoplasms. They may be broadly categorized into ... Palatal minor salivary glands are the most common anatomic subsite affected by minor salivary gland tumors; most series ... encoded search term (Benign Tumors of Minor Salivary Glands) and Benign Tumors of Minor Salivary Glands What to Read Next on ... Tumors of the major and minor salivary glands account for only 2-4% of head and neck neoplasms. Most (~70%) salivary gland ...
Get information about salivary gland cancer, including where it starts, how it is diagnosed and treated, and resources and ... What is salivary gland cancer?. Salivary gland cancer is a rare type of head and neck cancer. It starts in one of the salivary ... Salivary gland cancer. Salivary gland cancer can start in any of the glands that make spit (saliva). ... Symptoms of salivary gland cancer. The most common symptom of salivary gland cancer is a swelling on the side of the face, just ...
Find in-depth information about salivary gland tumors and how Memorial Sloan Ketterings doctors can help. ... Tumors also form in the other salivary glands, such as the submandibular gland, the sublingual gland, and the minor salivary ... Salivary gland cancer is a rare type of head and neck cancer. It begins when the cells that make up the salivary glands grow ... What You Need to Know about Salivary Gland Cancer. * Salivary gland surgery is best performed by doctors who are board ...
You will find information about the estimated number of people who will be diagnosed with salivary gland cancer each year. You ... Worldwide, an estimated 53,583 people were diagnosed with salivary gland cancer in 2020. However, salivary gland cancer is ... Experts measure relative survival rate statistics for salivary gland salivary gland cancer every 5 years. This means the ... It offers drawings of body parts often affected by salivary gland cancer. Use the menu to choose a different section to read in ...
... a cancer treatment that can cause damage to salivary glands and leave lasting complications. ... salivary gland tissue. They dubbed these newly identified glands as "tubarial glands," based on their location above the torus ... and draining system of the sublingual gland-one of the three major salivary glands-the authors suggest that the new glands ... major gland is somewhat controversial. "Of course, you could say that its just a cluster of minor salivary glands that are all ...
Salivary Gland Disorders As the name implies, the salivary glands produce saliva, which helps moisten the mouth, assist ... We have three "major salivary glands" on each side of the neck in addition to hundreds of tiny "minor salivary glands" imbedded ... Salivary gland disorders are rather rare, and thus often poorly understood. Every salivary disorder is unique in its symptoms, ... Patients who develop a tumor of the salivary glands will notice a mass that slowly grows over time. At USF Health, we have ...
... of primary salivary gland malignancies. In the head and neck region, the parotid gland is the predominant site of origin and ... is a low-grade malignant salivary neoplasm that constitutes approximately 17% ... of primary salivary gland malignancies. In the head and neck region, the parotid gland is the predominant site of origin and ... Acinic cell carcinoma of the salivary glands: a literature review Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 2009;2(1):259-64. doi: 10.1016/ ...
salivary gland cancer (DOID:8850) Alliance: disease page Synonyms: malignant neoplasm of salivary gland Alt IDs: DOID:8873, ... Human Disease Modeled: salivary gland cancer. Associated Mouse Gene: Gon4l Allelic Composition. Genetic Background. Reference. ... Definition: An oral cavity cancer that is located_in the salivary gland. ...
Salivary Gland, Duct - Metaplasia, Squamous Narrative. Comment:. Metaplasia is a change in which one terminally differentiated ... Salivary gland, Duct - Metaplasia, Squamous in a male F344/N rat from a chronic study (higher magnification of Figure 1). The ... Salivary gland, Duct - Metaplasia, Squamous in a male F344/N rat from a chronic study (higher magnification of Figure 3). The ... Salivary gland, Duct - Metaplasia, Squamous in a male F344/N rat from a chronic study (higher magnification of Figure 5). The ...
The Icd-10 code range for Diseases of oral cavity and salivary glands K00-K14 is medical classification list by the World ... Diseases of oral cavity and salivary glands ICD-10-CM Code range K00-K14. The ICD-10 code range for Diseases of oral cavity and ... ICD-10 Code range (K00-K14), Diseases of oral cavity and salivary glands contains ICD-10 codes for Diseases of tongue, ... salivary glands K00-K14 is medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). ...
Viral Gene Transfer to Developing Mouse Salivary Glands. J.C. HSU, G. DIPASQUALE, J.S. HARUNAGA, T. ONODERA, M.P. HOFFMAN, J.A ... Functionalizing PLGA Nanofiber Scaffolds to Regulate Salivary Gland Cell Behavior. S.I. CANTARA1, R. JEAN-GILLES1, S.J. ... 147 Salivary Gland Structure and Function Friday, March 23, 2012: 3:30 p.m.-4:45 p.m. ... The Effect of PMMA/Hydroxyapatite Adsorbed Salivary Proteins on C. albicans. D. VUKOSAVLJEVIC1, W. CUSTODIO2, A.A. CURY2, and W ...
Your oral surgeon will drool over this cute salivary gland pin, celebrating a gland that makes the snacks go down easy. Cute ... Mouth-watering salivary gland gifts here at I Heart Guts! ... All About Your Salivary Glands What do salivary glands do and ... Mouth-watering salivary gland gifts here at I Heart Guts! Your oral surgeon will drool over this cute salivary gland pin, ... The major players in the salivary game are the parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual glands, all located in your ...
Salivary gland - histology slide This is a histology slide of the salivary gland.. Histology slide courtesy of Mt. Hood ...
Did your doctor misdiagnose or fail to diagnose salivary gland cancer in you or your loved one? You might have grounds for a ... Salivary Gland Cancer Misdiagnosis Lawyer. Did your doctor misdiagnose or fail to diagnose salivary gland cancer in you or your ... Salivary Gland Cancer Survival Rates by Stage. It is so important for a doctor to correctly diagnose salivary gland cancer as ... Risk Factors for Salivary Gland Cancer. In addition to recognizing when your symptoms could be associated with salivary gland ...
... J ... technique and peroperative management of tracheal and carinal replacement with aortic allografts for large salivary gland-type ...
Mouse C57 Salivary gland, Sublingual Paraffin Sections from ZYAGEN. Cat Number: MP-318-C57. UK & Europe Distribution. ... Mouse C57 Salivary gland, Sublingual Paraffin Sections , MP-318-C57 Zyagen Mouse Sections Mouse C57 Salivary gland, Sublingual ... Mouse C57 Salivary gland, Sublingual Paraffin Sections , MP-318-C57 , Zyagen. Tissues are fixed in 10% neutral buffered ... Mouse C57 Salivary gland, Sublingual Paraffin Sections , MP-318-C57. Rating Required Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 ...
... the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland neoplasms remain com... ... Neoplasms that arise in the salivary glands are relatively rare, yet they represent a wide variety of both benign and malignant ... The salivary glands are divided into 2 groups: the major salivary glands and the minor salivary glands. The major salivary ... the parotid glands, the submandibular glands, and the sublingual glands. [6] The minor salivary glands comprise 600-1000 small ...
Read more about our Salivary Gland Cancer Treatments here or call us at 888-272-8811. ... New Hope Unlimited is with you in the fight against Salivary Gland Cancer. ... The major salivary gland has three sets:. *Parotid glands. These are the largest salivary glands in your mouth. About 70 ... Major and minor are the two main types of salivary glands. Most salivary gland cancers start in the major glands found on each ...
Expression of WNT16 in salivary gland tissue. Antibody staining with in immunohistochemistry. ... OVARY PANCREAS PARATHYROID GLAND PITUITARY GLAND PLACENTA PROSTATE RECTUM RETINA SALIVARY GLAND SEMINAL VESICLE SKELETAL MUSCLE ... TISSUE SALIVARY GLAND ADIPOSE TISSUE ADRENAL GLAND AMYGDALA APPENDIX BASAL GANGLIA BONE MARROW BREAST CEREBELLUM CEREBRAL ... Minor Salivary Gland. Average nTPM: 0.0 Samples: 162. Max nTPM: 2.0. Min nTPM: 0.0. Std nTPM: 0.1. Median nTPM: 0.0. ...
A novel vaccine against mosquito-borne Zika virus based on mosquito salivary gland protein AgBR1. Award Information ... Some mosquito salivary components facilitate viral spread in the host. We. will develop a vaccine candidate based on the A. ... In Phase I, a proof-of-principle has been established for a novel strategy of prophylaxis, targeting one salivary. protein ... against ZIKV infection, as the cellular immune response against mosquito salivary antigens is poorly understood.. In addition, ...
Salivary gland cancer is an erratic disease in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the salivary glands. Most salivary ... Salivary gland cancer is an erratic disease in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the salivary glands. Most salivary ... The Study Explore the Product Types of Salivary Gland Cancer Market: Parotid glands, Submandibular glands, Sublingual glands ... The Global Salivary Gland Cancer Market in terms of investment potential in various segments of the market and illustrate the ...
Brought to you by Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside the US and Canada)-dedicated to using leading-edge science to save and improve lives around the world. Learn more about the MSD Manuals and our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge.. ...
... whether you are a patient with salivary gland disease, a physician seeking information, potential resident or an interested lay ... Center for Sialendoscopy and Salivary Gland Disorders. *Center for Sialendoscopy and Salivary Gland Disorders Home ... We hope that you will find the information here to be helpful, whether you are a patient with salivary gland disease, a ... We work to advance the science and treatment of salivary gland diseases by participating in research and training of other ...
... and other salivary gland cancers that have come back and/or spread to other parts of the body. Research in other cancers has ... Recurrent/Metastatic Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma and Other Salivary Gland Cancers Purpose The purpose of this study is to see if ... The use of pembrolizumab and lenvatinib in patients with ACC and other salivary gland cancers is considered investigational. ... Patients must have ACC or other salivary gland cancer that came back or spread despite prior therapy. ...
... and the University of Auckland has found no link between mobile phone use and salivary gland cancers. Published August 2021. ... including cancers of the parotic and other salivary glands. We examined the incidence time trends of parotid and other salivary ... The results do not indicate that mobile phone use increased the incidence of parotid or other salivary gland cancers. An ... Mobile phone use and trends in the incidence of cancers of the parotid and other salivary glands ...
Benign salivary gland tumors are firm. Benign salivary gland tumors are commoner than cancerous ones. Wish you good health!. ... Can you have a blocked duct of the salivary gland without pain? I only have a swollen salivary gland but no pain. I have a doc ... What are statistics of malignant salivary gland tumors of the parotid gland?Not tumors in general.Cancerous ones.How many ... Can a salivary gland tumor be diagnosed with just a physical exam such as looking at it and feeling it from a ent? I was ...
Browse through KHCCs website to learn about the treatment of Salivary Gland Cancer as well as its causes, symptoms, diagnosis ... Salivary Gland Cancer. Salivary gland cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that affects the glands that produce saliva, ... Treatment of salivary gland cancer at KHCC Treatment depends on many factors, such as the patients age, the stage of the ... Factors that may increase the risk of developing salivary gland cancer. *Radiation to the head or neck (for cancerous or non- ...
  • Memorial Sloan Kettering is a leading center for the treatment of salivary gland tumors. (mskcc.org)
  • At USF Health, we have established a dedicated center devoted to the study and treatment of salivary gland disorders. (usf.edu)
  • Although researchers have learned much from the study of this diverse group of tumors over the years, the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland neoplasms remain complex and challenging problems for the head and neck surgeon. (medscape.com)
  • We are three surgeons with subspecialty training in, and a passion for, the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland diseases. (umc.edu)
  • Using advanced techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland disease, we educate residents, medical students and our patients about diseases and treatment options related to salivary gland disorders. (umc.edu)
  • We work to advance the science and treatment of salivary gland diseases by participating in research and training of other physicians. (umc.edu)
  • F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scanning can be used to plan treatment of salivary gland malignancies by detecting lymph node metastases that require a neck dissection or by finding distant metastases that may not have caused abnormalities in routine blood work. (medscape.com)
  • Benign salivary gland tumors represent a diverse group of neoplasms with varied clinical behaviors. (medscape.com)
  • Tumors of the major and minor salivary glands account for only 2-4% of head and neck neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the DNA ploidy and S-Phase Fraction (SPF) of some Salivary Gland Tumors (SGTs) in Egyptian patients and to investigate the correlation between these two biological parameters and the presumptive behavior of these neoplasms. (researchgate.net)
  • Neoplasms that arise in the salivary glands are relatively rare, yet they represent a wide variety of both benign and malignant histologic subtypes as seen in the image below. (medscape.com)
  • Some common salivary gland neoplasms are listed in the table below. (medscape.com)
  • Salivary gland neoplasms make up 6% of all head and neck tumors. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] The incidence of salivary gland neoplasms as a whole is approximately 5.5 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States, with malignant neoplasms accounting for 0.9 cases per 100,000. (medscape.com)
  • Salivary gland neoplasms most commonly appear in the sixth decade of life. (medscape.com)
  • Among salivary gland neoplasms, 80% arise in the parotid glands, 10-15% arise in the submandibular glands, and the remainder arise in the sublingual and minor salivary glands. (medscape.com)
  • Most series report that about 80% of parotid neoplasms are benign, with the relative proportion of malignancy increasing in the smaller glands. (medscape.com)
  • The most common tumor of the parotid gland is the pleomorphic adenoma , which represents about 60% of all parotid neoplasms, as seen in the table below. (medscape.com)
  • Almost half of all submandibular gland neoplasms and most sublingual and minor salivary gland tumors are malignant. (medscape.com)
  • Salivary gland neoplasms are rare in children. (medscape.com)
  • In children, 35% of salivary gland neoplasms are malignant. (medscape.com)
  • Contrasting information was derived through a literature review by Louredo et al, which indicated that in pediatric patients, most salivary gland neoplasms (75.4%) are malignant. (medscape.com)
  • Salivary gland neoplasms occurred with slightly greater frequency in girls (57.4% of patients) than in boys. (medscape.com)
  • Salivary gland neoplasms are abnormal cells growing in the salivary gland or in the ducts that drain the glands. (medtigo.com)
  • With a male-to-female ratio of 1:2 overall and 1:3 for benign tumors, salivary gland neoplasms more frequently affect women. (medtigo.com)
  • The equitable distribution of benign and malignant neoplasms makes up 10 to 15% of all salivary gland tumors in the submandibular gland. (medtigo.com)
  • Salivary gland neoplasms have variable morphology and are considered to develop from the same stem cell pathways as healthy salivary gland tissues. (medtigo.com)
  • [ 1 ] The incidence of salivary gland neoplasms as a whole is approximately 1.5 cases per 100,000 individuals in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • The etiology of salivary gland neoplasms is not fully understood. (medscape.com)
  • Recent evidence suggests that the bicellular stem cell theory is the more probable etiology of salivary gland neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • Minor salivary gland neoplasms are often difficult to assess on examination, and the use of preoperative CT scanning or MRI is important for determining the extent of tumor, which is otherwise not clinically appreciable. (medscape.com)
  • This imaging is particularly valuable for salivary gland neoplasms in the paranasal sinus, where skull-base or intracranial extension may alter the resectability of the tumors. (medscape.com)
  • You will find information about the estimated number of people who will be diagnosed with salivary gland cancer each year. (cancer.net)
  • How many people are diagnosed with salivary gland cancer? (cancer.net)
  • Worldwide, an estimated 53,583 people were diagnosed with salivary gland cancer in 2020. (cancer.net)
  • Your risk of salivary gland cancer increases with age. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • The older one gets, the higher the risk of salivary gland cancer rises. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • If you have been exposed to radiation in the head or neck areas, either during past medical treatment or in the workplace, your risk of salivary gland cancer could be elevated. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • Submandibular gland (ouhsc.edu) - from a Pathology Quiz . (librepathology.org)
  • Sialolithiasis is the most frequent pathology affecting the salivary glands . (bvsalud.org)
  • A minor salivary gland may have a common excretory duct with another gland, or may have its own excretory duct. (wikipedia.org)
  • As compared with the major salivary glands, the minor salivary glands are more numerous, are reduced in volume with regard to tissue size, have an abbreviated duct system, and have a paucity of capsular tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Squamous metaplasia of the salivary duct should be diagnosed and graded based on the number of areas involved and the thickness of the squamous epithelium. (nih.gov)
  • Salivary gland, Duct - Metaplasia, Squamous in a male F344/N rat from a chronic study. (nih.gov)
  • Saliva gland acinar cells are chloride and sodium secreting, and the isotonic fluid produced is rendered hypotonic by salivary gland duct cells as it flows to the mouth. (searchandrestore.com)
  • For example antidiuretic hormone facilitates water reabsorption by striated duct, aldosterone causes increased sodium reabsorption by striated duct, testosterone and thyroxine increase salivary secretion [2, 8, 9]. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Which is duct does the parotid gland secrete saliva? (searchandrestore.com)
  • Here is a summary of the major salivary glands and their ducts relevant to us #RDH #FutureRDH: The parotid gland secretes saliva through the Stensen's duct. (searchandrestore.com)
  • The submandibular gland secretes saliva through the Wharton's duct. (searchandrestore.com)
  • The sublingual gland secretes saliva through the Bartholin's duct. (searchandrestore.com)
  • If an obstruction of the major salivary glands is suspected, it may be necessary to anesthetize the opening of the salivary ducts in the mouth, and to probe, and dilate the duct to help an obstructive stone pass. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) were equally (37%) the most common pathological subtypes. (ecancer.org)
  • Carcinoma ex pleomorphic carcinoma with a salivary duct carcinoma component. (librepathology.org)
  • Almost 80% of these lithiasis affect the submandibular gland , in the Wharton duct whilst 20% occur in the parotid gland in the Stenon duct. (bvsalud.org)
  • Minimally-invasive gland-preserving techniques such as sialendoscopy (combined or not with transoral duct surgery ) are nowadays considered to be the method of first choice. (bvsalud.org)
  • The approach to a suspected tumor of the minor salivary glands begins with a thorough history and a physical examination. (medscape.com)
  • Patients who develop a tumor of the salivary glands will notice a mass that slowly grows over time. (usf.edu)
  • That is, as the size of the gland decreases, the incidence of malignancy of a tumor in the gland increases in approximately these proportions. (medscape.com)
  • Successful diagnosis and treatment of patients with salivary gland tumors require a thorough understanding of tumor etiology, biologic behavior of each tumor type, and salivary gland anatomy. (medscape.com)
  • Should I go to a oral surgeon or ENT doc for a salivary tumor? (healthtap.com)
  • Shortly after, a tiny tumor appears in salivary gland. (healthtap.com)
  • Can a salivary gland tumor be diagnosed with just a physical exam such as looking at it and feeling it from a ent? (healthtap.com)
  • Benign cylindromas can slowly undergo malignant transformation into adenoid cystic carcinomas, the most common malignant tumor of minor salivary glands (and of the trachea). (merckmanuals.com)
  • True malignant mixed tumor (carcinosarcoma) of tonsillar minor salivary gland origin: diagnostic imaging and endovascular therapeutic embolization. (ajnr.org)
  • All cases of brain tumor and salivary gland tumor , diagnosed in Finland in 1996, were identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry . (emf-portal.org)
  • 13 % of brain tumor cases, 12 % of salivary gland cases, and 11 % of the controls had ever subscribed to a cellular phone network. (emf-portal.org)
  • Does cell phone use increase the chances of parotid gland tumor development? (emf-portal.org)
  • However, in her case, it was a tumor growing in her salivary gland about the size of a kumquat fruit. (oil-testimonials.com)
  • Pleomorphic adenoma makes up 36% of all submandibular tumors and is the most frequent benign submandibular tumor.9.5% to 14.7% of all salivary gland tumors are minor salivary gland tumors, with the palate being the most often affected area. (medtigo.com)
  • Even though consuming alcohol and smoking do not enhance the incidence of various salivary cancers, studies have shown a high correlation between tobacco use and Warthin's tumor. (medtigo.com)
  • The outcome of benign salivary gland tumors varies greatly depending on the tumor histology, with tumor progression and recurrence rates. (medtigo.com)
  • In the multicellular theory, each tumor type is associated with a specific differentiated cell of origin within the salivary gland unit. (medscape.com)
  • Drug therapy is more often recommended for advanced salivary gland cancers and may be offered through a clinical trial testing new treatments to see how well they work. (mskcc.org)
  • Our services range from the diagnosis of inflammatory conditions to complex surgical removal of salivary gland cancers. (usf.edu)
  • Most salivary gland cancers start in the major glands found on each side of the face. (newhopemedicalcenter.com)
  • As for cancers of the minor salivary glands, they often begin in the roof of the mouth. (newhopemedicalcenter.com)
  • New Hope Unlimited treats head and neck cancers with a diverse team of conventional and alternative medicine specialists with training in salivary gland cancers. (newhopemedicalcenter.com)
  • There has been a significant increase in the use of mobile phones over the last three decades and a possible association with head cancers has been suggested, including cancers of the parotic and other salivary glands. (arpansa.gov.au)
  • We examined the incidence time trends of parotid and other salivary gland cancers in Australia to ascertain the influence of increased mobile phone use. (arpansa.gov.au)
  • Analyses of incidence time trends were carried out using Poisson regression to estimate the annual percentage change (APC) in the incidence of salivary gland cancers of all available national registration data from 1982 to 2016, as well as specific time periods (1982−1993, 1994−2005, 2006−2016) representing changes in the prevalence of mobile phone use. (arpansa.gov.au)
  • The incidence for other salivary gland cancers was stable during all the periods. (arpansa.gov.au)
  • The results do not indicate that mobile phone use increased the incidence of parotid or other salivary gland cancers. (arpansa.gov.au)
  • The purpose of this study is to see if treatment with both lenvatinib and pembrolizumab is effective for advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and other salivary gland cancers that have come back and/or spread to other parts of the body. (mskcc.org)
  • A register-based case-control study on cellular telephone use and brain tumors and salivary gland cancers was conducted in Finland. (emf-portal.org)
  • The results showed no association between brain tumors or salivary gland cancers and the use of cellular phone . (emf-portal.org)
  • Salivary gland tumours are rare cancers with variable course and prognosis. (ecancer.org)
  • To report clinical outcomes in terms of disease control and toxicity in patients with major salivary gland cancers (SGCs) treated with proton beam therapy. (allenpress.com)
  • For the study, the researchers analyzed data from a large BRCA mutation database to identify patients with salivary gland cancers. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • According to the American Cancer Society, salivary gland cancers make up less than 1% of cancers in the United States, occurring in approximately 1 in 100,000 Americans per year. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • This study suggests that patients with BRCA mutations may require surveillance for salivary gland cancers in addition to other types of cancer. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • La présente étude a estimé les fréquences relatives du cancer de la cavité buccale et du pharynx chez des patients yéménites atteints de cancers enregistrés en 2007 et 2008. (who.int)
  • The salivary glands in many vertebrates including mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike the other two major glands, the ductal system of the sublingual glands does not have intercalated ducts and usually does not have striated ducts, either, so saliva exits directly from 8-20 excretory ducts known as the Rivinus ducts. (wikipedia.org)
  • The tubarial glands are suggested as a fourth pair of salivary glands situated posteriorly in the nasopharynx and nasal cavity, predominantly with mucous glands, and its ducts opening into the dorsolateral pharyngeal wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • Squamous metaplasia is usually the result of chronic irritation, but it can have other causes (e.g., hypovitamnosis A). In the salivary ducts, metaplasia of the normally cuboidal ductal epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium has been seen in response to chemicals, ionizing radiation, viral infections, vitamin A deficiency, and blockage of ducts by salivary calculi. (nih.gov)
  • edit on Wikidata] The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Sialolithiasis, or salivary calculus, is a disease of the salivary glands, characterized by the formation of mineralized structures within the excretory salivary ducts or the glandular parenchyma. (bvsalud.org)
  • The major salivary glands are paired and develop from the oral mucosa and stay connected to it by small ducts. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • The salivary glands of termites are composed of several secretory acini connected by ducts. (unesp.br)
  • Striated ducts are well developed in this salivary gland. (digitalhistology.org)
  • [ 2 , 3 ] Although 75% of parotid gland tumors are benign, slightly more than 50% of tumors of the submandibular gland and 60-80% of minor salivary gland tumors are found to be malignant. (medscape.com)
  • Around 70 percent of salivary gland tumors are benign. (mskcc.org)
  • Most salivary gland tumors are benign and occur in the parotid glands. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Salivary gland cancer is a rare type of head and neck cancer. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • After examining data from a cohort of more than 700 head and neck cancer patients, they reported that the radiotherapy dose to the gland area was associated with dry mouth and swallowing difficulties after treatment. (the-scientist.com)
  • We have three "major salivary glands" on each side of the neck in addition to hundreds of tiny "minor salivary glands" imbedded within the lining of the head and neck. (usf.edu)
  • In the head and neck region, the parotid gland is the predominant site of origin and women are usually more frequently diagnosed than men. (nih.gov)
  • Salivary gland cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that affects the glands that produce saliva, which are found in the floor of the mouth near the jawbone. (khcc.jo)
  • According to new findings published in the journal JAMA Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , researchers at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center in Columbus, Ohio, have found that mutations with the genes breast cancer 1 and 2, early onset (BRCA1 and BRCA2) may increase a person's risk for developing salivary gland cancer . (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • A head and neck surgeon use anesthesia to numb the salivary gland opening and free the blockage present in the gland. (whiletrue.live)
  • As the name implies, the salivary glands produce saliva, which helps moisten the mouth, assist digestion, and maintain dental health. (usf.edu)
  • Salivary glands produce saliva which keeps mouth moist, helps protect teeth from rapid decay, and helps in digestion of food. (whiletrue.live)
  • The survival rates for salivary gland cancer vary based on several factors. (cancer.net)
  • Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) is a low-grade malignant salivary neoplasm that constitutes approximately 17% of primary salivary gland malignancies. (nih.gov)
  • In children and adolescents, salivary gland tumors make up 0.5% of all malignancies. (medscape.com)
  • Salivary gland malignancies have been related in studies to former radiation exposure, with pleomorphic adenomas accounting for 50% of radiation-induced tumors. (medtigo.com)
  • The first hint of this new gland emerged while Wouter Vogel, a radiation oncologist at the Netherlands Cancer Institute (NCI), was probing for damage to salivary glands after radiotherapy for cancer in the head, neck, or brain-injuries that can lead to issues such as problems with digestion, speech, and an increase in oral infections. (the-scientist.com)
  • If the salivary gland mass isn't cancerous, radiation therapy may not be required. (whiletrue.live)
  • Xerostomia (dry mouth symptoms) is a group of incurable debilitating conditions of salivary glands caused by aging, radiation/chemical exposure, or aberrant inflammation in the salivary glands. (lu.se)
  • Benign minor salivary gland tumors thus are relatively uncommon neoplastic entities. (medscape.com)
  • Cancerous and non-cancerous tumors may develop in the salivary glands also. (whiletrue.live)
  • In other words, among patients whose doctors diagnose and treat salivary gland cancer while still in stage 1, more than nine out of 10 are still alive after five years. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • How do doctors treat salivary gland cancer? (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most benign and malignant salivary gland tumors manifest as a painless mass. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Mutations with the genes breast cancer 1 and 2 may increase risk for developing salivary gland cancer. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Based on the tubarial glands' similarities to the volume and draining system of the sublingual gland-one of the three major salivary glands-the authors suggest that the new glands should be classified as a fourth major gland. (the-scientist.com)
  • Tumors also form in the other salivary glands, such as the submandibular gland, the sublingual gland, and the minor salivary glands. (mskcc.org)
  • The parotid gland is the only gland that secretes purely serous saliva, while the sublingual gland and minor salivary glands secrete mainly mucous saliva. (searchandrestore.com)
  • The sublingual gland has a small, almond shape and lies in front of the submandibular gland under the tongue. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • Causes of salivary gland problems include infections, obstruction, or cancer . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Salivary gland cancer can start in any of the glands that make spit (saliva). (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • The most common symptom of salivary gland cancer is a swelling on the side of the face, just in front of the ear or under the jawbone. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • The TNM staging system is used to stage salivary gland cancer. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • The type of salivary gland cancer means the type of cell the cancer started in. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • Mucoepidermoid carcinomas are the most common type of salivary gland cancer. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • Survival for salivary gland cancer depends on several factors. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • Treatment for salivary gland cancer depends on where the cancer is, the size, whether it has spread anywhere else and your health. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • Find out about the latest UK research looking at salivary gland cancer as well as information about clinical trials. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • Getting practical and emotional support can help you to cope with a diagnosis of salivary gland cancer. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • However, salivary gland cancer is uncommon in the United States, with about 2,000 to 2,500 new cases diagnosed each year. (cancer.net)
  • In 2020, an estimated 22,778 people died from salivary gland cancer worldwide. (cancer.net)
  • What is the survival rate for salivary gland cancer? (cancer.net)
  • There are different types of statistics that can help doctors evaluate a person's chance of recovery from salivary gland cancer. (cancer.net)
  • Relative survival rate looks at how likely people with salivary gland cancer are to survive for a certain amount of time after their initial diagnosis or start of treatment compared to the expected survival of similar people without this cancer. (cancer.net)
  • It is important to remember that statistics on the survival rates for people with salivary gland cancer are only an estimate. (cancer.net)
  • Experts measure relative survival rate statistics for salivary gland salivary gland cancer every 5 years. (cancer.net)
  • This means the estimate may not reflect the results of advancements in how salivary gland cancer is diagnosed or treated from the last 5 years. (cancer.net)
  • It offers drawings of body parts often affected by salivary gland cancer. (cancer.net)
  • The findings may have implications for radiotherapy, a cancer treatment that can cause damage to salivary glands and leave lasting complications. (the-scientist.com)
  • Together, they went through the PSMA PET/CT scans of more than 100 patients with prostate or urethral gland cancer and found similar signals in the nasopharynx region in those individuals as well. (the-scientist.com)
  • MSK's salivary cancer experts, including surgeon Jay Boyle, are dedicated to treating salivary tumors while preserving your appearance and function. (mskcc.org)
  • An oral cavity cancer that is located_in the salivary gland. (jax.org)
  • Oral cancer is a bummer, but we've got a mouthful of parotid gland cancer gift ideas to make that dreadful diagnosis easier to swallow. (iheartguts.com)
  • Did your doctor misdiagnose or fail to diagnose salivary gland cancer in you or your loved one? (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • If your doctor did not correctly diagnose salivary gland cancer despite having ample evidence of the condition, you could have grounds for a medical malpractice lawsuit. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • Salivary gland cancer is rare, affecting fewer than 1 percent of cancer patients. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • When dealing with a patient with salivary gland cancer, doctors have a critical duty to diagnose and treat them promptly. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • Salivary gland cancer produces a handful of common symptoms. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • Although these symptoms are also frequently associated with other, more benign conditions, your doctor should assume salivary gland cancer is a possibility until he or she can rule it out. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • In addition to recognizing when your symptoms could be associated with salivary gland cancer, your doctor also needs to be aware of the risk factors for the condition. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • Men are significantly more likely than women to develop salivary gland cancer. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • Although most people who develop salivary gland cancer have no family history of the disease, in rare cases a family may have much higher than average rates of salivary gland cancer. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • It is so important for a doctor to correctly diagnose salivary gland cancer as early as possible, because the disease is highly treatable when caught early. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • Once salivary gland cancer reaches stage 4, significantly fewer than half of all patients will survive at least five years. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • Melton attorney can help you hold your doctor accountable for misdiagnosing your salivary gland cancer. (medicalmalpracticehelp.com)
  • Salivary gland cancer occurs when abnormal cells in these glands grow out of control. (newhopemedicalcenter.com)
  • Currently, what causes salivary gland cancer is unclear. (newhopemedicalcenter.com)
  • Why Choose Us for Salivary Gland Cancer Alternative Treatment? (newhopemedicalcenter.com)
  • The incidence of parotid gland cancer was stable for the periods 1982−1993 and 1994−2005. (arpansa.gov.au)
  • During 2006−2016 there was a large decrease in parotid gland cancer for males (APC: -3.71, 95 %CI: -6.66 to -0.67) and a large increase in females (4.80, 1.77-7.91) for adults aged 20−59 years. (arpansa.gov.au)
  • An increase in parotid gland cancer in females since 2006 may be attributed to other possible risk factors specific to this gender. (arpansa.gov.au)
  • Having one or more of these risk factors does not mean that a person will definitely get salivary gland cancer. (khcc.jo)
  • Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common salivary gland cancer, typically occurring in people in their 20s to 50s. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Of 5,754 people with BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations, three (0.052%) had salivary gland cancer, suggesting that the disease is 17 times more likely to occur in people with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations compared with those in the general population. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • The risk of developing cancer in a salivary gland might be higher in people with mutations in either of two genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer, according to a new study by researchers at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC - James). (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Although salivary gland cancer is rare, this retrospective study suggests it occurs 17 times more often in people with inherited mutations in genes called BRCA1 and BRCA2, than those in the general population. (cancertherapyadvisor.com)
  • Salivary gland cancer is cancer in the organs that make your saliva. (msdmanuals.com)
  • How can doctors tell if I have salivary gland cancer? (msdmanuals.com)
  • If doctors suspect salivary gland cancer, they'll do a biopsy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ Des études en milieu hospitalier ont révélé des fréquences relatives très élevées du cancer oropharyngé au Yémen. (who.int)
  • We treat patients with a range of both benign and malignant salivary conditions. (usf.edu)
  • This study on 279 tumours of the salivary glands was conducted to analyse whether the assessment of DNA ploidy by flow cytometry may assist histopathology in discriminating benign from malignant types of tumours. (researchgate.net)
  • Twelve of 50 malignant salivary gland tumours were aneuploid. (researchgate.net)
  • The most obvious value of DNA flow cytometry in salivary gland tumours is thus its contribution to assist histopathology in identifying potentially malignant lesions. (researchgate.net)
  • All patients seeking treatment for incurable advanced salivary gland tumours from October 2018 to September 2022 were included. (ecancer.org)
  • Our analysis highlights the variable disease biology of advanced salivary gland tumours and throws light on the various possible treatment targets and strategies. (ecancer.org)
  • Most tumours in this gland are benign. (librepathology.org)
  • Minor salivary gland biopsy for inflammatory (e.g. (usf.edu)
  • A painless salivary mass is the most common sign and is evaluated by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Biopsy can be done to remove salivary gland tissue to aid in diagnosis, particularly if doctor suspects it as an autoimmune disorder that affects salivary glands. (whiletrue.live)
  • There are three paired salivary glands that are responsible for the production of saliva, the submandibular glands, the sublingual glands and the parotid glands. (searchandrestore.com)
  • My Ph.D. studies have focused on the regeneration of salivary gland, which is an organ that is responsible for the production of saliva in our mouths. (lu.se)
  • Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common salivary gland malignancy in children. (medscape.com)
  • Sjögren's syndrome is one of the common salivary gland disorders. (whiletrue.live)
  • Sjogren's syndrome (SS) affects the salivary glands leading to dry mouth and a reduced quality of life in many patients, therefore, many novel cell-based therapies to prevent or repair salivary gland function loss are being studied. (nii.ac.jp)
  • During my thesis, we evaluated whether cell-derived strategies, in this case, extracellular vesicles (EVs) could be a potential new therapy to repair salivary gland injury and restore function following radiotherapy or in autoimmune diseases. (lu.se)
  • Every salivary disorder is unique in its symptoms, but in general there will be some type of swelling noticed either along the cheeks or under the jaw. (usf.edu)
  • Any kind of blockage in these salivary glands are the most common source of discomfort, and these blocked glands can cause painful symptoms. (whiletrue.live)
  • We also demonstrated that in an animal model of Sjögren's syndrome, which exhibit dry mouth symptoms, that hDPSCs-EVs could inhibit the acquisition of the senescent phenotype in salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) and alleviate the loss of glandular function. (lu.se)
  • A study from the Netherlands, by Valstar et al, found an overall 20-year recurrence rate for salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas of 6.7%, with the first recurrence arising at a median of 7 years. (medscape.com)
  • Those located in the minor salivary glands had a lower recurrence risk than did pleomorphic adenomas in the parotid glands. (medscape.com)
  • Pleomorphic adenomas (also known as mixed-type tumors) are the most common benign salivary gland tumors. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Pleomorphic, cystic, and canalicular adenomas are the three most typical benign small salivary gland tumors. (medtigo.com)
  • Non-cancerous tumors affect the parotid glands includes pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin's tumors. (whiletrue.live)
  • Benign pleomorphic adenomas can also grow in the submandibular gland and the minor salivary glands, but this is also rare in occurrence. (whiletrue.live)
  • Vogel was using a new technique for detecting cells in the salivary glands-PSMA PET/CT, a form of. (the-scientist.com)
  • Around 70% of saliva in the oral cavity is produced by the submandibular glands, though they are much smaller than the parotid glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Salivary glands can be classified as serous, mucous, or seromucous (mixed). (wikipedia.org)
  • The secretion produced is mainly mucous in nature, but it is categorized as a mixed gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • The submandibular gland secretes both types in a 3:2 ratio of serous to mucous respectively. (searchandrestore.com)
  • The salivary glands are composed of two types of secretory cells, serous and mucous. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • The sublingual glands contain mostly mucous cells. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • Treatment for salivary gland disorders depends on the type of salivary gland disorder and how advanced it is. (whiletrue.live)
  • We hope that you will find the information here to be helpful, whether you are a patient with salivary gland disease, a physician seeking information, potential resident or an interested lay person. (umc.edu)
  • How is the diagnosis of salivary gland disease made? (searchandrestore.com)
  • The diagnosis of salivary gland disease depends upon a careful history, a physical examination, and laboratory tests. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Sialadenitis or also called sialodenitis is an infection of salivary gland which often results from stones made of calcium blocking the gland. (whiletrue.live)
  • The submandibular glands (previously known as submaxillary glands) are a pair of major salivary glands located beneath the lower jaws, superior to the digastric muscles. (wikipedia.org)
  • The sublingual glands are a pair of major salivary glands located inferior to the tongue, anterior to the submandibular glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Submandibular glands. (newhopemedicalcenter.com)
  • The major salivary glands consist of the following 3 pairs of glands: the parotid glands, the submandibular glands, and the sublingual glands. (medscape.com)
  • There are three pairs of major salivary glands: the parotid glands, the submandibular glands, and the sublingual glands. (searchandrestore.com)
  • About the size of a walnut, the submandibular glands are located below the jaw. (searchandrestore.com)
  • We describe the surgical technique and peroperative management of tracheal and carinal replacement with aortic allografts for large salivary gland-type carcinoma and report the results with a mean 34 months' follow-up. (nih.gov)
  • It has been shown that many salivary proteins enhance infectivity and pathogenesis of arboviruses by modulating immune responses at the bite site. (sbir.gov)
  • The major proteins present in saliva are secreted by salivary glands, creating viscoelasticity and enabling the coating of oral surfaces with saliva. (searchandrestore.com)
  • In general, the risk of malignancy is greater in smaller salivary glands than in larger salivary glands (eg, the parotid gland has a lower risk of malignancy than minor salivary glands). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Squamous cells in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of salivary gland lesions: potential pitfalls in cytologic diagnosis. (duke.edu)
  • A spectrum of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the salivary glands may contain squamous cells. (duke.edu)
  • This gland can usually be felt via palpation of the neck, as it is in the superficial cervical region and feels like a rounded ball. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interleukin-7/Interferon axis drives T-cell and salivary gland epithelial cell interactions in Sjögren's syndrome. (quanterix.com)
  • Salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) play an active role in pSS pathophysiology. (quanterix.com)
  • Phenotypic salivary gland cell epithelial markers (e.g. (lu.se)
  • In conclusion, hDPSCs-EVs reduced senescence of salivary gland epithelial cells in both murine irradiation and Sjögren's syndrome models and may become a promising future for xerostomia patients. (lu.se)
  • During this PhD thesis, we aimed to evaluate whether cell-derived strategies (e.g., extracellular vesicles, EVs) could be a potential new therapy to ameliorate salivary gland injury and restore function after radiotherapy or in autoimmune diseases. (lu.se)
  • Salivary gland disorders are rather rare, and thus often poorly understood. (usf.edu)
  • Given the rarity of these conditions, we have the specialized skills to treat the full breadth of salivary disorders with cutting edge technologies such as salivary gland endoscopy. (usf.edu)
  • This suggests that m2 macrophage-like cells are an effective therapy for alterations in salivary glands caused by immune disorders such as Sjogren's syndrome. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Although rare, sialolithiasis can also occur in the minor salivary glands. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study presents three cases of sialolithiasis of minor salivary glands of the upper and lower lip, addresses their clinical characteristics and correlation with microscopic findings, diagnosis and treatment plans. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sialolithiasis occurs when stones made of calcium gets deposited in the salivary glands. (whiletrue.live)
  • They produce 20% of the total salivary content in the oral cavity. (wikipedia.org)
  • About 5% of saliva entering the oral cavity comes from these glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Around 800 to 1,000 minor salivary glands are located throughout the oral cavity within the submucosa of the oral mucosa in the tissue of the buccal, labial, and lingual mucosa, the soft palate, the lateral parts of the hard palate, and the floor of the mouth or between muscle fibers of the tongue. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ICD-10 code range for Diseases of oral cavity and salivary glands K00-K14 is medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). (aapc.com)
  • Your oral surgeon will drool over this cute salivary gland pin , celebrating a gland that makes the snacks go down easy. (iheartguts.com)
  • Although the oral cavity and upper lip are the most common sites, they can develop in any region of the oral cavity that contains minor salivary glands. (bvsalud.org)
  • Several glands associated with the oral cavity secrete saliva . (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • Most saliva is produced by major or extrinsic salivary glands that lie outside the oral cavity and empty their secretions into it. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • Minor or intrinsic salivary glands within the oral cavity alter the output slightly (note: extrinsic glands lie outside of oral cavity, intrinsic glands lie within oral cavity). (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • The submandibular, parotid, and sublingual salivary glands in association with the left side of oral cavity. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • These stones can block the glands, and that can partially or completely stop the flow of saliva in the oral cavity. (whiletrue.live)
  • Maintaining good oral hygiene is vital for successful salivary gland treatment. (whiletrue.live)
  • Inspired by the memory of patients she met during her time as a student studying oral surgery in China, she has spent the past four years researching a regenerative medicine strategy that can be used to repair the function of the salivary gland. (lu.se)
  • Humans have three paired major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual), as well as hundreds of minor salivary glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • The salivary glands are detailed below: The two parotid glands are major salivary glands wrapped around the mandibular ramus in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • This discovery may explain mouth dryness after radiotherapy despite the avoidance of the three major glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are 1 to 2 mm in diameter and unlike the major glands, they are not encapsulated by connective tissue, only surrounded by it. (wikipedia.org)
  • You have three pairs of major salivary glands and hundreds of small (minor) glands. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As well as 3 major pairs of salivary glands we have over 600 smaller, minor salivary glands throughout the lining of the mouth and throat. (cancerresearchuk.org)
  • Vincent Vander Poorten, an otorhinolaryngologist at University Hospital Leuven (UZ Leuven) in Belgium who was not involved in this study but has collaborated with the authors on other projects, says that while he agrees that the authors have found a new cluster of minor glands, whether the tubarial gland is truly a separate, major gland is somewhat controversial. (the-scientist.com)
  • The major players in the salivary game are the parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual glands, all located in your head with drainage into your mouth so they can help grease up your meals for eating. (iheartguts.com)
  • Major and minor are the two main types of salivary glands. (newhopemedicalcenter.com)
  • The salivary glands are divided into 2 groups: the major salivary glands and the minor salivary glands. (medscape.com)
  • Schematic showing the major salivary glands. (librepathology.org)
  • When food enters, the major glands activate and large amounts of saliva pour out. (anatomyandphysiologyi.com)
  • And we owe it all to salivary glands, three pairs of organs in the cheek and floor of the mouth. (dentcarenow.com)
  • About 85% of salivary gland tumors occur in the parotid glands, followed by the submandibular and minor salivary glands, and about 1% occur in the sublingual glands. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Approximately 80% occur in the submandibular gland, followed by the parotid and sublingual glands. (bvsalud.org)
  • Less than 5% of occurrences of salivary gland tumors occur in children, and most of these tumors tend to be benign and vascular. (medtigo.com)
  • An estimated 700 deaths (0.4 per 100,000 for males and 0.2 per 100,000 for females) related to salivary gland tumors occur annually. (medscape.com)